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AP US History timeline Flashcards

important dates in U.S. history 1607-1947

8458119018	1607	the settlement of Jamestown; the beginning of colonization in what would become the US	0
8458119019	1619	the first Africans arrive in Virginia; the start of racism and boom of the slave industry	1
8458119020	1620	signing of the MAyflower Compact; the first document resembling constitution	2
8458119021	1636	Harvard college established	3
8458119022	1639	the first colonial constitution signed in Connecticut	4
8458119023	1647	Massachusetts passes 1st compulsory schooling law; education in the US	5
8458119024	1649	Maryland Toleration act passed; allowed freedom of worship	6
8458119025	1676	Bacon's Rebellion; American and Native American conflict	7
8458119026	1735	Great Awakening led by Jonathan Edwards; American dependency on religion	8
8458119027	1754	Albany Conference and beginning of French and Indian War; attempted to unite colonies and British troops in America	9
8458119028	1763	Treaty of Paris and Proclamation of 1763; ended the war and French colonists left, British colonists could not expand beyond the Appalachian mountains	10
8458119029	1765	Quartering Act & Stamp Act; food and quartering for british troops and stamped paper certifying payment of tax; US antagonizing Britain, Stamp Act congress- established intercolonial unity	11
8458119030	1767	Townshend Act- light import taxes- led to more antagonism of G.B.	12
8458119031	1770	Boston Massacre- harmed eleven civilians in an anti-redcoat incident	13
8458119032	1776	British set fire to Norfolk, Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense- the beginning of US fight to independence	14
8458119033	1777	Burgoyne surrenders to Horatio Gates at Saratoga- American victory	15
8458119034	1778	French made open alliance with Americans; American victory	16
8458119035	1781	Cornwallis surrenders to G. Washington, Rochambeau, & de Grasse- US victory	17
8458119036	1783	treaty of paris, US independence	18
8458119037	1781	articles of confederation ratified by all 13 colonies	19
8458119038	1786	Shay's Rebellion- shows the weakness of articles of confederation	20
8458119039	1787	Constitutional convention, G.W. elected (missing Rhode Island) the forming of American Gov.	21
8458119040	1789	George Washington elected unanimously- first president	22
8458119041	1790	D.C. created on the Potomac river	23
8458119042	1791	James Madison wrote Bill of Rights & passed them (Hamilton creates Bank of the United States) formation of modern government	24
8458119043	1793	two political groups created- Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans and Hamilton Federalists; the appearance of political parties	25
8458119044	1797	Washington leaves office- set the precedent of only two terms	26
8458119045	1808	Marbury v. Madison sets the precedent that the Supreme court has the ability to interpret the constitution	27
8458119046	1807	Embargo Act- tried to get France and G.B. to repect America by preventing the exportation of goods	28
8458119047	1812	war of 1812 which tried to get freedom of the sea etc., but considered poorly fought because of American disunity	29
8458119048	1814	The burning of D.C.- americans still fighting for independence	30
8458119049	1820	land Act of 1820 gave west cheap land, expansion into the west	31
8458119050	1823	Monroe doctrine- nonintervention and non-colonialisation American dominance in the Americas	32
8458119051	1828	Calhouns attepmt to nullify jackson's tariff of 1828; the nation becomes divided again	33
8458119052	1832	Tarrif of 1832 lowered tariff of 1828 from 45% to 10%	34
8458119053	1833	Force Bill which allowed the president to use navy and army to collect tariffs and such if necessary	35
8458119054	1846	the establishment of an independent treasury; keeping gov. separate from banks	36
8458119055	1849	regular steamboat service to california starts- uniting US and manifest destiny	37
8458119056	1850	compromise of 1850 and fugitive slave law- sectionalism growing the balance weakening	38
8458119057	1852	Franklin Pierce dark horse president, Democrats win because Whigs are divided	39
8458119058	1854	the opening of Tokyo by Perry, international trade and relations	40
8458119059	1857	Lecompton Constitution Kansas applying for statehood, allowing people to vote for slavery, more sectionalism	41
8458119060	1858	Abraham Lincoln runs against Senator Douglas	42
8458119061	1859	John Brown tries to sieze federal arsenal at harpers ferry; creation of a martyr for abolitionism	43
8458119062	1860	Lincoln wins presidency with only 40% of the vote, angering the south	44
8458119063	1861	the creation of the confederate states of America, America splits up	45
8458119064	1863	federal draft law passed; forced people to join army to fight for the war effort	46
8458119065	1865	the war ends after Grant burns Richmond	47
8458119066	1867	The Reconstruction Act passed in order to rebuild south and enforce state reentrance laws	48
8458119067	1877	compromise of 1877 ended reconstruction and racism began to run rampant again	49
8458119068	end of the 19th century	era of good feelings; corrupt leaders lack of transparency ran rampant rise of yellow journalism and becoming world powers	50
8458119069	WWI	war to end war, Germany breaks the sussex pledge and declares unrestricted submarine warfare, the zimmerman note is intercepted and US enters the war, the fourteen points- steps towards peace,	51
8458119070	1919	the beginning of the first red scare, the decline of labor unions, americans fear communism	52
8458119071	1920's	gangsters, hollywood, new immigrants law, and the radio revolution, KKK; lots of culture, lots of racism	53
8458119072	1950's	Eisenhower era, focused on the family life, more white-collar workers than ever before, rampant racism, rock and roll, Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka	54
8458119073	1941	Pearl Harbor, Japan attacks military base in Hawaii, US enters WWII	55
8458119074	1945	allies finally take rome, americans reach rhine river and german surrender, manhattan project, Japan surrenders	56
8458119075	1950	cold war and the second red scare, the threat of nuclear war, relations with russia and the domino theory	57
8458119076	1953	CIA coup in Iran to protect supplies in middle east; US intervening in foreign affairs and coups	58
8458119077	1954	French ask for help from Americans in Vietnam; Military embarrassment in asia after korea	59
8458119078	1973	bombing of cambodia ended, domino theory if one falls the rest will fall	60
8458119079	1816	the end of the federalist party; change of parties in the US, nationalism	61
8458119080	1824	the establishment of the AMerican system the birth of the whigs	62
8458119081	1936	the return of progressivism and new deal ends as WW2 approaches	63

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 22 & 21 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 22 World War I and its Aftermath, 1914-1920

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8669448595	Allied Powers	In World War I, Great Britain, France, and Russia were known by this name. (p. 455)	0
8669448596	Central Powers	In World War I, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire were known by this name. (p. 455)	1
8669448597	neutrality	A declaration of a country that it will not choose sides in a war. The Unites States was a neutral country at the beginning of World War I. (p. 455)	2
8669448598	submarine warfare	Germany's greatest hope against British sea power was this new type of warfare. (p. 455)	3
8669448599	Lusitania	On May 7, 1915 a British passenger ship was sunk by German torpedoes and 128 American passengers died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, and moved the country towards war. (p. 455).	4
8669448600	Sussex Pledge	In March 1916 an unarmed merchant ship, the Sussex, was sunk by the Germans. Germany made a pledge that they would not sink anymore merchant ships without warning. This kept the U.S. out of the war for a little while longer. (p. 456)	5
8669448601	propaganda	Britain controlled the daily war news that was cabled to the United States. They supplied the American press with many stories of German soldier committing atrocities. (p. 457)	6
8669448602	ethnic support	In the early part of World War I Americans supported neutrality. However, 30 per-cent were first or second generation immigrants and their support was usually based on their ancestry. (p. 456)	7
8669448603	preparedness	The United States was not prepared to fight a war and initial President Wilson resisted action. However, in late 1915 he pushed for an expansion of the armed forces. (p. 458)	8
8669448604	election of 1916	Election between Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) and Charles Evans Hughes (Republican). Wilson won the election, his slogan was: "He kept us out of war". (p. 458)	9
8669448605	Robert LaFollette	This Congressman was one of the few who voted against the World War I declaration of war. (p. 460)	10
8669448606	Jeanette Rankin	The first woman to serve in Congress. She one of the few in Congress who voted against the World War I declaration of war. (p. 460)	11
8669448607	Edward House	In 1915, he was President Wilson chief foreign policy adviser. He traveled to London, Paris, and Berlin to negotiate a peace settlement, but was unsuccessful. (p. 459)	12
8669448608	Zimmermann telegram	In March 1917, the U.S. newspapers carried the story that Britain had intercepted a telegram from the German government to the Mexican government offering German support if Mexico declared war against the U.S. (p. 459)	13
8669448609	Russian Revolution	The revolution against the autocratic tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a republic in March 1917. (p. 459)	14
8669448610	declaration of war	In April 1917, President Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. (p. 460)	15
8669448611	war industry boards	During World War I, they set production priorities and established centralized control over raw materials and prices. (P. 460)	16
8669448612	Food Administration	During World War I, this government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food for overseas shipment to the troops. (p. 460)	17
8669448613	Railroad Administration	During World War I, this agency took public control of the railroads to coordinate traffic and promote standard equipment. (p. 460)	18
8669448614	National War Labor Board	During World War I, former president William Howard Taft led this organization, which arbitrated disputes between workers and employers. (p. 461)	19
8669448615	taxes and bonds	President Wilson raised $33 million in two years by increasing taxes and selling Liberty Bonds. (p. 461)	20
8669448616	Selective Service Act	In 1917, this law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. Men were chosen by lottery. Eventually, 2.8 million were called by lottery, in addition to the nearly 2 million who volunteered. (p. 462)	21
8669448617	service of African Americans	In World War I, nearly 400,000 African Americans served in segregated military units. (p 462)	22
8669448618	Committee on Public Information	A propaganda organization that created numerous posters, short films, and pamphlets explaining the war to Americans and encouraging them to purchase war bonds to gain support for World War I. (p. 461)	23
8669448619	George Creel	Head of the Committee on Public Information. He persuaded the nation's artists and advertising agencies to create thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures promoting the war. (p. 461)	24
8669448620	anti-German hysteria	During World War I, Germans were labeled as the cause of the war and targeted with negative ads and comments. (p. 461)	25
8669448621	Espionage Act	In 1917, this law imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. (p. 461)	26
8669448622	Sedition Act	In 1918, this law made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment. About 1000 people were jailed because of the law, one of them was Eugene Debs. (p. 461)	27
8669448623	Eugene Debs	He was one of the founders of the Socialist party that was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. Starting in 1900, he was the Socialist party's presidential nominee in five elections. Around 1920, he was sentenced to ten years in federal prison for speaking out against World War I. (p. 440, 461)	28
8669448624	Schenck v. United States	A 1919 Supreme Court case, in which the constitutionality of the Espionage Act was upheld in the case of a man who was imprisoned for distributing pamphlets against the draft. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes said the right to free speech could be limited when it represented a "clear and present danger" to public safety. (p. 461)	29
8669448625	wartime jobs for women	As men joined the military many of their former jobs were taken by women. (p. 462)	30
8669448626	attitudes toward suffrage	Women's contribution to the war effort prompted President Wilson and Congress to support the 19th amendment. (p. 462)	31
8669448627	migration of blacks and Hispanics	During World War I, many Mexicans crossed the border to take jobs in agriculture and mining. African Americans moved to the North for new job opportunities. (p. 462)	32
8669448628	Bolsheviks withdraw	A second revolution in Russia by Bolsheviks (Communists) took it out of World War I. (p. 463)	33
8669448629	American Expeditionary Force	In the summer of 1918, hundreds of thousands of American troops went to France as members of this force under General John J. Pershing. (p. 463)	34
8669448630	John J. Pershing	U.S. general who led the American Expeditionary Force into France in World War I. (p. 463)	35
8669448631	Western front	In World War I, the region of Northern France where the forces of the Allied Powers and the Central Powers battled each other. (p. 463)	36
8669448632	November 11, 1918	On this date, Germany signed a World War I armistice in which they agreed to surrender their arms, give up much of their navy, and evacuate occupied territory. (p. 463)	37
8669448633	peace without victory	In January 1917, before the U.S. had entered the war, Woodrow Wilson said the the United States would insist on this. (p. 464)	38
8669448634	Fourteen Points	After the end of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace. It called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms, and a general association of nations. (p. 464)	39
8669448635	Wilson in Paris	In January 1919, President Wilson traveled to the World War I peace conference held at the Palace of Versailles outside Paris. (p. 464)	40
8669448636	Big Four	The term for the the four most important leaders (on the Allied side) during Word War I and at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson - United States, David Lloyd George - Great Britain, George Clemenceau - France, and Vittorio Orlando - Italy. (p. 465)	41
8669448637	Treaty of Versailles	The World War I peace conference which included the victorious Allied Powers (United States, Great Britain, and France). The defeated Germany agreed to the following terms: 1) Germany had to disarm. 2) Germany had to pay war reparations. 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing the war. 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons. 5) Germany had to accept French occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years. 6) Territories taken from Germany: Austria-Hungary, and Russia were given their independence (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia) 7) Signers joined the League of Nations which includes Article X; that each member nation would stand ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of the other nations. (p. 465)	42
8669448638	self determination	In World War I, territories one controlled by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia were taken by the Allies. Applying the principle of self-determination, independence was granted to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, and Poland; and the new nations of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were established. (p. 465)	43
8669448639	League of Nations	International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation. However, it was greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. (p. 466)	44
8669448640	Article X	The Treaty of Versailles required signers join the League of Nations. The League of Nations charter, Article X, called on each member nation to be ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of the other nations. (p. 465)	45
8669448641	election of 1918	In this mid-term congressional election Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress. This was a problem for Democrat President Woodrow Wilson because he need Republican votes to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. (p. 466)	46
8669448642	Henry Cabot Lodge	In 1919, after World War I, he led a group of senators known as the "reservationists", who would accept the U.S. joining the League of Nations if certain reservations were added to the agreement. The United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles nor joined the League of Nations. (p. 466)	47
8669448643	Irreconcilables	In 1919, senators who voted against the Treaty of Versailles because it required the United States to join the League of Nations. (p. 466)	48
8669448644	Reservationists	In 1919, senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made. They were led by Henry Cabot Lodge. (p. 466)	49
8669448645	Wilson's stroke	President Woodrow Wilson went on a speaking tour to rally public support for the Treaty of Versailles which required joining the League of Nations. In September 1919, he collapsed after delivering a speech in Colorado. He returned to Washington and a few days later suffered a massive stroke from which he never recovered. (p. 466)	50
8669448646	rejection of treaty	The Treaty of Versailles required the U.S. to join the League of Nations. It was never ratified by Congress. (p. 466)	51
8669448647	recession, loss of jobs	In 1921, the U.S. plunged into recession and 10 percent of the workforce was unemployed. (p. 467)	52
8669448648	falling farm prices	After World War I, European farm product came back on the market, farm prices fell, which hurt farmers in the United States. (p. 466)	53
8669448649	Red Scare	After World War I, anti-communist hysteria caused this phenomenon. (p. 467)	54
8669448650	anti-radical hysteria	After World War I, xenophobia, (intense or irrational dislike of foreign people) increased. This lead to restrictions of immigration in the 1920s. (p. 467)	55
8669448651	Palmer raids	Prompted by a series of unexplained bombings, in 1920, this operation was coordinated by Attorney General Mitchell Palmer. Federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organizations in many cities. (p. 467)	56
8669448652	xenophobia	Intense or irrational dislike of foreign peoples. (p. 467)	57
8669448653	strikes of 1919	Major strike in Seattle where 60,000 unionists held a peaceful strike for higher pay. Boston police went on strike to protest firing of police officers who tried to unionize and Governor Calvin Coolidge sent in National Guard. U.S. Steel Corporation had a strike, after considerable violence, the strike was broken by state and federal troops. (p. 467)	58
8669448654	Boston police strike	Officers went on strike to protest the firing of a few officers because they tried to unionize. (p. 467)	59
8669448655	race riots	The migration of African Americans to the north led to rioting in East St. Louis and Chicago, where 40 people were killed. (p. 467)	60
8669448656	urban middle class	Most Progressives were urban middle-class men and women. They included: doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers, office workers, and middle managers. (p. 432)	61
8669448657	male and female	The Progressive were composed of both men and women. (p. 432)	62
8669448658	white, old stock Protestants	Native-born, their churches preached against vice and taught social responsibility. (p. 432)	63
8669448659	professional associations	Groups of individuals who share a common profession and are often organized for common political purposes related to that profession. (p. 432)	64
8669448660	Pragmatism	In the early 20th century this philosophy focused on using a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. They encouraged experimentation to find solutions that would produce a well-functioning democratic society. (p. 433)	65
8669448661	William James	In the early 20th century, he was an advocate of the new philosophy of pragmatism. He argued that people should take a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. (p. 433)	66
8669448662	John Dewey	He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. (p. 433)	67
8669448663	Frederick W. Taylor	An engineer who sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management, especially time-management studies. (p. 433)	68
8669448664	scientific management	A management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operation, then find ways to minimize the time needed to complete the work. (p. 433)	69
8669448665	Henry Demarest Lloyd	In 1894, he wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth". He attacked the practices of Standard Oil and the railroads. (p. 434)	70
8669448666	Standard Oil Company	An oil trust with control of many oil refinery companies, which created a monopoly in the oil industry. (p. 434)	71
8669448667	Lincoln Steffans	He wrote "The Shame of the Cities" (1904) which described in detail the corruption that characterized big-city politics. (p. 434)	72
8669448668	Ida Tarbell	A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1902 series "The History of the Standard Oil Company". (p. 434)	73
8669448669	Jacob Riis	In 1890, he wrote "How The Other Half Lives", which showed the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. (p. 434)	74
8669448670	Theodore Dreiser	An American author who wrote "The Financier" and "The Titan", novels which portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of an industrialist. (p. 434)	75
8669448671	Australian ballot	A government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890. (p. 435)	76
8669448672	direct primary	A nominating process where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office. (p. 435)	77
8669448673	Robert La Follett	In 1903, this Progressive Wisconsin Governor introduced a new system which allowed the voters to directly choose party candidates (direct primary), rather than being selected by party bosses. (p. 435)	78
8669448674	Seventeenth Amendment	In 1913, this constitutional amendment was passed. It required that all U.S. senators be elected by a popular vote. (p. 435)	79
8669448675	direct election of senators	In 1899, Nevada became the first state to elect U.S. senators directly. Previously state legislatures had chosen them. (p. 435)	80
8669448676	initiative, referendum, and recall	Amendments to state constitutions made changes to politics. An initiative allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislature to the voters in a general direct election. A referendum is the method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval. A recall allowed voters to remove a politician from office before their term was completed. (p. 435)	81
8669448677	municipal reform	City bosses and their corrupt alliance with local businesses such as trolley lines and utility companies were targeted for reform by Progressives. (p. 436)	82
8669448678	Samuel M. Jones	This Toledo mayor used "Golden Rule" as his middle name. He instituted free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds. (p. 436)	83
8669448679	Tom L. Johnson	This Cleveland mayor devoted himself to the cause of tax reform and three-cent trolley fares. He fought for public controlled city utilities and services, but failed. (p. 436)	84
8669448680	commission plan	A city's government would be divided into several departments, which would each be placed under the control of an expert commissioner. (p. 436)	85
8669448681	city manager plan	Legislation designed to break up political machines and replace traditional political management of cities with trained professional urban planners and managers. (p. 436)	86
8669448682	Charles Evans Hughes	In New York, he battled fraudulent insurance companies. (p. 436)	87
8669448683	Hiram Johnson	In California, he fought against the economic and political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad. (p. 436)	88
8669448684	Wisconsin Idea	A series of Progressive measures that included a direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions. (p. 436)	89
8669448685	regulatory commissions	Progressives created state regulatory commissions to monitor railroads, utilities, and business such as insurance. (p. 436)	90
8669448686	state Prohibition laws	By 1915, two-thirds of the states had passed these laws which prohibited the sale of alcohol. (p 437)	91
8669448687	National Child Labor Committee	They proposed child labor laws which were adopted by many of the states. (p. 437)	92
8669448688	compulsory school attendance	Many states passed laws, which made it mandatory for children to go to public schools. (p. 437)	93
8669448689	Florence Kelley	She was a reformer who promoted state laws which protected women from long working hours. (p. 437)	94
8669448690	National Consumers' League	This organization was formed in the 1890's, under the leadership of Florence Kelly. They attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions. (p. 437)	95
8669448691	Lochner v. New York	A 1905, this Supreme Court case ruled against a state law that limited workers to a ten-hour workday. (p 437)	96
8669448692	Muller v. Oregon	A 1908 Supreme Court case, it ruled that women needed special protection against working long hours. (p. 437)	97
8669448693	Triangle Shirtwaist fire	In 1911, a high-rise garment factory burned, killing 146 people, mostly women. (p. 437)	98
8669448694	Square Deal	Economic policy by President Theodore Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers. (p. 438)	99
8669448695	anthracite coal miners' strike 1902	Pennsylvania coal miners went on strike for an increase in pay and a shorter working day. When the mine owners refused to negotiate, President Theodore Roosevelt threatened to seize control of the mines. A compromise was finally agreed upon. (p. 438)	100
8669448696	trust-busting	President Theodore Roosevelt broke up the railroads and Standard Oil by using the Sherman Antitrust Act. (p. 438)	101
8669448697	bad vs. good trusts	President Theodore Roosevelt did make a distinction between breaking up "bad trusts", which harmed the public and stifled competition, and regulating "good trusts" which through efficiency and low prices dominated a market. (p. 438)	102
8669448698	Elkins Act	This 1903 act allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers. (p. 438)	103
8669448699	Hepburn Act	This 1906 act tightened existing railroad regulation. It empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records. (p. 438)	104
8669448700	Uptown Sinclair; "The Jungle"	He wrote "The Jungle" which described the Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry. (p. 438)	105
8669448701	Pure Food and Drug Act	This 1906 act forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. (p. 438)	106
8669448702	Meat Inspection Act	This 1906 act provided federal inspectors to visit meatpacking plants to insure that they met sanitation standards. (p. 439)	107
8669448703	conservation of public lands	President Theodore Roosevelt's most original and lasting contribution in domestic policy may have been his efforts to protect the nation's natural resources. (p. 439)	108
8669448704	Newlands Reclamation Act	A 1902 act that provide public land for irrigation projects in western states. (p. 439)	109
8669448705	White House Conference of Governors	A conference at the White House which publicized the need for conservation. (p. 439)	110
8669448706	Gifford Pinchot	First head of the U.S. Forest Service under President Theodore Roosevelt (p. 439)	111
8669448707	Socialist Party of American	This third party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. Their platform called for radical reforms such as public ownership of the railroads, utilities, and even some major industries such as oil and steel. (p. 440)	112
8669448708	Eugene V. Debs	One of the founders of the Socialist party and the party's presidential candidate from 1900 to 1920. (p. 440)	113
8669448709	Bull Moose Party	Nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to nominate Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 presidential election. (p. 441)	114
8669448710	New Nationalism; New Freedom	In the election of 1912, the Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were the main competitors. Roosevelt called for a "New Nationalism", with more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage (voting rights), and more social welfare programs. Wilson supported a "New Freedom", which would limit both big business and big government, bring about reform by ending corruption, and revive competition by supporting small business. (p. 441)	115
8669448711	Mann-Elkins Act	This 1910 act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies. (p. 432)	116
8669448712	Sixteenth Amendment, federal income tax	Ratified in 1913, this constitutional amendment, explicitly permitted Congress to levy a federal income tax. (p. 439)	117
8669448713	Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909	In 1909, President William Howard Taft signed this bill which raised the tariffs on most imports. (p. 440)	118
8669448714	firing of Pinchot	In 1910, he was head of the Forest Service, but was fired by President Taft. (p. 440)	119
8669448715	Underwood Tariff	In 1913, this tariff substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years. To compensate for the reduced tariff revenues, the bill included a graduated income tax with rates from 1 to 6 percent. (p. 442)	120
8669448716	Federal Reserve Act	In 1914, this act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. It still plays a major role in the American economy today. (p. 442)	121
8669448717	Federal Reserve Board	This board was organized to supervise twelve district banks in the Federal Reserve Bank system. (p. 442)	122
8669448718	Clayton Antitrust Act	In 1914, this antitrust legislation strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies. It exempted unions from being prosecuted as trusts. (p. 442)	123
8669448719	Federal Trade Commision	A federal regulatory agency, established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy. (p. 442)	124
8669448720	Federal Farm Loan Act	A 1916, 12 regional federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates. (p. 443)	125
8669448721	racial segregation laws	In the Progressive era (1901 - 1917), racial segregation was the rule in the South and the unofficial policy in the North. (p. 443)	126
8669448722	increased lynching	In the Progressive era, thousands of blacks were lynched (hung) by racist mobs. (p. 443)	127
8669448723	Booker T. Washington	This African American progressive argued that African Americans should concentrate on learning industrial skills in order to get better wages. (p. 443)	128
8669448724	W. E. B. Du Bois	This African American was a northerner with a college education. He argued that African American should demand equal political and social rights, which he believed were a prerequisite for economic independence. (p. 444)	129
8669448725	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People	This organization's mission was to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African Americans. (p. 444)	130
8669448726	National Urban League	Formed in 1911, this organization helped African Americans migrating from the south to northern cities. (p. 444)	131
8669448727	Carrie Chapman Catt	A suffragette, she worked to obtain the right for women to vote. She was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. (p. 445)	132
8669448728	National American Woman Suffrage Association	A group formed in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. (p. 445)	133
8669448729	Alice Paul	A suffragette who focused on obtaining an amendment to the Constitution for women's suffrage (voting rights). (p. 445)	134
8669448730	National Woman's party	In 1916, Alice Paul formed this organization to focus on winning the support of Congress and the president for a Constitutional amendment for women's suffrage. (p. 445)	135
8669448731	Nineteenth Amendment	In 1920, this amendment passed which gave women the right to vote. (p. 445)	136
8669448732	League of Woman Voters	Organized by Carrie Chapman Catt. A civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues. (p. 445)	137
8669448733	Margaret Sanger	She founded an organization the became Panned Parenthood. They advocated for birth-control education. (p. 445)	138

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AP US History Period 8 (1945-1980) Flashcards

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9793597959	Cold War	A state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc and powers in the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but 1947-91 is common.	0
9793597960	authoritarian	A form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.	1
9793597961	communist	A political system focused on creating a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money, and the state. Purists of the communist movement also advocated for a violent overthrow of the upper class by the lower classes in order to create such a society.	2
9793597962	free-market economy	A system in which the prices for goods and services are set freely by consent between vendors and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority.	3
9793597963	collective security	A type of coalition building strategy in which a group of nations agrees not to attack each other and to defend each other against an attack from one of the others, if such an attack is made.	4
9793597964	Détente	A French term often used in reference to the general easing of the geo-political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States which began in 1969, as a foreign policy of U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford called détente; a "thawing out" or "un-freezing" at a period roughly in the middle of the Cold War.	5
9793597965	ICBM	Inter-continental Ballistic Missile - a ballistic missile with a minimum range of more than 5,500 kilometers (3,400 mi) primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more nuclear warheads).	6
9793597966	SALT Talks	Two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union—the Cold War superpowers—on the issue of armament control. The two rounds of talks and agreements were SALT I and SALT II.	7
9793597967	Tet Offensive	One of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched on January 30, 1968, by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam against the forces of the South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam, the United States, and their allies. A campaign of surprise attacks against military and civilian commands and control centers throughout South Vietnam	8
9793597968	Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)	A student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main representations of the New Left. The organization developed and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at its last convention in 1969.	9
9793597969	Martin Luther King, Jr.	An American Baptist minister, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.	10
9793597970	nonviolent resistance	The practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, without using violence. Common examples: Boycotts, Sit-ins	11
9793597971	boycott	To withdraw from commercial or social relations with (a country, organization, or person) as a punishment or protest.	12
9793597972	sit-In	A form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change.	13
9793597973	Executive Order 9981	Issued by President Harry S. Truman on July 26, 1948. It abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.	14
9793597974	Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954, Warren)	Unanimous decision declaring the "separate but equal" clause of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling unconstitutional.	15
9793597975	Civil Rights Act of 1964	A landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States[5] that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.	16
9793597976	The Great Society	A set of domestic programs in the United States launched by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964-65. The main goal was the elimination of poverty and racial injustice.	17
9793597977	The Baby Boom	(1946-1964) The period of time when the number of annual births exceeded 2 per 100 women (or approximately 1% of the total population size) in the United States.	18
9793597978	social mobility	The movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between layers or tiers in an open system of social stratification.	19
9793597979	suburb	A residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city.	20
9793597980	Sun Belt	A region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the Southeast and Southwest (the geographic southern United States). Another rough boundary of the region is the area south of the 36th parallel, north latitude.	21
9793597981	Counterculture	A subculture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society, often in opposition to mainstream cultural mores. Such opinions became more visible and popular, especially in the 1960s and early 1970s in response to the Vietnam War.	22
9793597982	Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)	Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.	23
9793597983	Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)	Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.	24
9793597984	Miranda v. Arizona (1966)	The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.	25
9793597985	Roe v. Wade (1973)	The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.	26
9793597986	Dwight D. Eisenhower	A World War II hero and former supreme commander of NATO who became U.S. president in 1953 after easily defeating Democratic opponent Adlai E. Stevenson.	27
9793597987	Dixiecrats	Conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats with J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as a canidate.	28
9793597988	Truman Doctrine	President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology; mainly helped Greece and Turkey.	29
9793597989	Marshall Plan	A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe and encourage loyalty and friendliness to the United States and democracy (instead of influence from the Soviet Union). This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.	30
9793597990	Joseph McCarthy	The senator of Wisconsin; he charged 205 State Department employees, and accused them of being communist party members, but they were never proven. Eventually he came across as a bully, and his popularity plunged.	31
9793597991	Soviet Union	A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.	32
9793597992	Containment	A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances.	33
9793597993	NSC-68	A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment.	34
9793597994	Domino Theory	A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.	35
9793597995	Martin Luther King, Jr.	U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)	36
9793597996	Malcolm X	Minister of the Nation of Islam, urged blacks to claim their rights by any means necessary, more radical than other civil rights leaders of the time.	37
9793597997	Little Rock Nine	In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence pushed Eisenhower's patience to the breaking point. He immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.	38
9793597998	Voting Rights Act of 1965	A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.	39
9793597999	Sputnik	First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.	40
9793598000	John F. Kennedy	35th President of the United States 35th President of the United States; only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize; events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War; assassinated in Dallas, TX in 1963	41
9793598001	Election of 1960	Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Issues centered around the Cold War and economy. Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.	42
9793598002	Kent State Shootings	Incident in which National Guard troops fired at a group of students during an antiwar protest at Kent State University in Ohio, killing four people.	43
9793598003	Golf of Tonkin Resolution	Bill passed in 1964 that gave President Johnson authority to take "all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the U.S." after an alleged attack on a naval vessel off the coast of Vietnam. It gave Johnson the ability to send over a large amount of combat troops to Vietnam.	44
9793598004	War Powers Act	1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.	45
9793598005	Richard Nixon	Elected President in 1968 and 1972 representing the Republican party. He was responsible for getting the United States out of the Vietnam War by using "Vietnamization", which was the withdrawal of 540,000 troops from South Vietnam for an extended period. He was responsible for the Nixon Doctrine. Was the first President to ever resign, due to the Watergate scandal.	46
9793598006	New Conservatism	This mostly republican political movement started as a reaction to the New Deal policies of the 1930's. Its goal was to reduce the role of government.	47
9793598007	Iron Curtain	A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War. The barrier isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world.	48
9793598008	Fair Deal	An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.	49
9793598009	Rosenberg Trial	The controversial 1951 trial of two Americans, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, charged with passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union; the two were sentenced to death and executed in 1953, making them the only American civilians to be put to death for spying during the Cold War.	50
9793598010	Rollback	A strategy that called for liberating countries that were under Soviet dominion.	51
9793598011	House Un-American Activities Committee	The House of Representatives established the Committee on Un-American Activities, popularly known as "HUAC," in order to investigate "subversion." Represented the political group associated with McCarthy's anti-communism.	52
9793598012	Interstate Act	The largest public works project in the US history in acted during the Eisenhower administration it was designed for military and economic purposes.	53
9793598013	Suez Crisis	Nasser took over the Suez Canal to show separation of Egypt from the West, but Israel, the British, Iraq, and France were all against Nasser's action. The U.S. stepped in before too much serious fighting began.	54
9793598014	Massive Retaliation	The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.	55
9793598015	U-2 Incident	The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.	56
9793598016	Levvitown	Post-WWII Suburban areas that were practically factory made and then put together which each house look the same.	57
9793598017	Operation Wetback	Program which apprehended and returned some one million illegal immigrants to Mexico - end of the Braceros program started during WWII.	58
9793598018	Affluent Society	Term used by economist John Kenneth Galbraith to describe the American economy in the 1950s, during which time many Americans joined the middle class and became enraptured with appliances and homes in the suburbs.	59
9793598019	Beats	Young people, many of whom were writers and artists, who discussed their dissatisfaction with the American society of the 1950s.	60
9793598020	Hippies	Members of the youthful counterculture that dominated many college campuses in the 1960s; rather than promoting a political agenda, they challenged conventional sexual standards, rejected traditional economic values, and encouraged the use of drugs.	61
9793598021	Betty Frieden	Author of The Feminine Mystique (1963) she spoke out against women seeking fulfillment solely as wives and mothers and wanted women to "establish goals that will permit them to find their own identity."	62
9793598022	Warren Court	The Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech.	63
9793598023	CORE	Congress of Racial Equality, and organization founded in 1942 that worked for black civil rights.	64
9793598024	NAACP	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional.	65
9793598025	SCLC	The Southern Christian Leadership Conference is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC, which is closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement.	66
9793598026	Freedom rides	1961 event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses.	67
9793598027	SNCC	(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee) a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement.	68
9793598028	March on Washington	In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.	69
9793598029	Black Power	A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.	70
9793598030	Black Panthers	A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.	71
9793598031	Cesar Chavez	Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.	72
9793598032	Elvis Presley	1950s; a symbol of the rock-and-roll movement of the 50s when teenagers began to form their own subculture, dismaying to conservative parents; created a youth culture that ridiculed phony and pretentious middle-class Americans, celebrated uninhibited sexuality and spontaneity; foreshadowed the coming counterculture of the 1960s.	73
9793598033	Equal Rights Amendment	A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.	74
9793598034	Silent Spring	A book written (Rachel Carson) to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development.	75

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AP US History - People Flashcards

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4918215502	Anne Hutchinson	American colonist (born in England) who was banished from Boston for her religious views (1591-1643)	0
4918215503	Benjamin Franklin	printer whose success as an author led him to take up politics	1
4918215504	Congregationalists	The more extreme Puritans who believed every congregation ought to be autonomous, a law unto itself controlled by neither bishops nor Presbyterian assemblies.	2
4918215505	George Whitefield	Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."	3
4918215506	Hugenots	originally a pejorative term for French Calvinists, later the official title for members of the Reformed religion, Calvinists	4
4918215507	John Smith	English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia	5
4918215508	Jonathan Edwards	American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)	6
4918215509	Pilgrims	Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.	7
4918215510	Pocahontas	a Powhatan woman (the daughter of Powhatan) who befriended the English at Jamestown and is said to have saved Captain John Smith's life (1595-1617)	8
4918215511	Powhatan Confederacy	The organization of Powhatan Tribes led by Chief Powhatan. Jamestown colonists traded with these natives.	9
4918215512	Puritans	Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.	10
4918215513	Roger Williams	English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism	11
4918215514	Sir Walter Raleigh	English courtier (a favorite of Elizabeth I) who tried to colonize Virginia	12
4918215515	Separatists	People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.	13
4918215516	John Adams	America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."	14
4918215517	John Quincy Adams	6th President of the United States; made a system of weights and measures	15
4918215518	Jane Addams	the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes	16
4918215519	American Antislavery Society	Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.	17
4918215520	American Federation of Labor	a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955	18
4918215521	Anti-federalists	They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. Many wanted to keep the Articles of Confederation. The Antifederalists were instrumental in obtaining passage of the Bill of Rights as a prerequisite to ratification of the Constitution in several states. After the ratification of the Constitution, the Antifederalists regrouped as the Democratic-Republican (or simply Republican) party.	19
4918215522	Susan B. Anthony	social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation	20
4918215523	Antimasonic Party	a 19th century minor political party in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry, and was founded as a single-issue party, aspiring to become a major party	21
4918215524	Elizabeth Blackwell	A woman who challenging the taboo of professional women. She graduated from medical college, thereby proving that women are able to do what men can.	22
4918215525	Border Ruffians	Missourians who traveled in armed groups to vote in Kansas's election during the mid-1850's	23
4918215526	John Brown	abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)	24
4918215527	William Jennings Bryan	United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)	25
4918215528	James Buchanan	The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.	26
4918215529	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification	27
4918215530	Andrew Carnegie	United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919)	28
4918215531	Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce	When the US govt attempted to remove them from the Oregon territory, violence broke out when Nez Perce warriors killed several white settlers without Chief Joseph's blessing	29
4918215532	Henry Clay	United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852)	30
4918215533	Civil Service Commission	created by Pendleton Act to oversee examinations for potential government employees	31
4918215534	Coxey's Army	unemployed workers marched from ohio to wahsington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for goverment relief	32
4918215535	Eugene V. Debs	Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.	33
4918215536	Dorothea Dix	Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums	34
4918215537	Stephen Douglas	Senator from Illinois, author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine, argues in favor of popular sovereignty	35
4918215538	Frederick Douglass	United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)	36
4918215539	Thomas A. Edison	One of the most prolific inventors in U.S. history. He invented the phonograph, light bulb, electric battery, mimeograph and moving picture.	37
4918215540	Emerson and Thoreau	Writers that inspired an American Renaissance in literature	38
4918215541	Federalists	supporters of the constitution	39
4918215542	First Continental Congress	September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts	40
4918215543	Free-Soil Party	Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.	41
4918215544	Robert Fulton	American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)	42
4918215545	James Garfield	20th president, Republican, assassinated by Charles Julius Guiteau after a few months in office due to lack of patronage	43
4918215546	Citizen Edmond Genêt	French government representative asking for assistance for the French Revolution. Sparked support for the French Revolution and led to the creation of the Democratic-Republican party	44
4918215547	George III	King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760 to 1820	45
4918215548	Samuel Gompers	United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)	46
4918215549	The Grange movement	A group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers. They opposed corrupt business practices and monopolies, and supported relief for debtors. Although technically not a political party, local granges led to the creation of a number of political parties, which eventually joined with the growing labor movement to form the Progressive Party	47
4918215550	Ulysses S. Grant	an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.	48
4918215551	Greenback Party	The party opposed the shift from paper money back to a specie-based monetary system because it believed that privately owned banks and corporations would then reacquire the power to define the value of products and labor. Conversely, they believed that government control of the monetary system would allow it to keep more currency in circulation, as it had in the war	49
4918215552	Benjamin Harrison	23rd President; Republican, poor leader, introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars	50
4918215553	William Henry Harrison	was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.	51
4918215554	Rutherford B. Hayes	19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history	52
4918215555	William Randolph Hearst	United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (1863-1951)	53
4918215556	Andrew Jackson	The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.	54
4918215557	Thomas Jefferson	Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virgina. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia.	55
4918215558	Andrew Johnson	A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.	56
4918215559	Knights of Labor	Labor union founded by Uriah S. Stephens in 1869, that grew out of the collapse of the National Labor Union and was replaced by AF of L after a number of botched strikes	57
4918215560	Know-Nothing Party	Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.	58
4918215561	Ku Klux Klan	a secret society of white Southerners in the United States	59
4918215562	Liberty Party	A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848	60
4918215563	Abraham Lincoln	16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)	61
4918215564	Alfred Thayer Mahan	Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy	62
4918215565	Horace Mann	United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)	63
4918215566	John Marshall	created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court	64
4918215567	William McKinley	25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist	65
4918215568	James Monroe	5th president, begins expansionism including Florida and Missouri, as well as reigning over the Era of Good Feelings	66
4918215569	Mormon Church	church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah	67
4918215570	National Labor Union	organized in 1866 have about 600,000 members agitated for arbitration of disputes and an 8 hour workday	68
4918215571	Thomas Paine	American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)	69
4918215572	Franklin Pierce	an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States. Pierce's popularity in the North declined sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and reopening the question of the expansion of slavery in the West.	70
4918215573	James Polk	president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.	71
4918215574	Populist Party/Platform	The Populist Party Platform was co-opted. The party made a viable third party independant of the Democrats and Republicans	72
4918215575	Terrence Powderly	American Labor Leader who led the knights of labor from 1879-1893	73
4918215576	Joseph Pulitzer	United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911)	74
4918215577	Queen Liliuokalani	the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests	75
4918215578	Radical Republicans	After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.	76
4918215579	Republican Party	Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery and comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers	77
4918215580	Robber Barons	Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.	78
4918215581	Rough Riders	The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.	79
4918215582	John D. Rockefeller	Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.	80
4918215583	Second Continental Congress	They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence	81
4918215584	Seventh Day Adventist Church	a Protestant Christian denomination which is distinguished mainly by its observance of Saturday, the "seventh day" of the week, as the Sabbath; established in 1863 with Ellen G. White as one of its founders	82
4918215585	Shakers	a celibate and communistic Christian sect in the United States	83
4918215586	Sons of Liberty	A radical political organization formed after the passage of the Stamp Act to protest various British acts; organization used poth peaceful and violent means of protest	84
4918215587	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	United States suffragist and feminist	85
4918215588	Zachary Taylor	General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated.	86
4918215589	Temperance societies	International social movement dedicated to the control of alcohol consumption through the promotion of moderation and abstinence. It began as a church-sponsored movement in the U.S. in the early 19th century. It attracted the efforts of many women, and by 1833 there were 6,000 local temperance societies in the U.S.	87
4918215590	Frederick Jackson Turner	United States historian who stressed the role of the western frontier in American history (1861-1951)	88
4918215591	Nat Turner	United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia	89
4918215592	"Boss" Tweed	William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.	90
4918215593	Martin Van Buren	Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836	91
4918215594	Booker T. Washington	African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.	92
4918215595	George Washington	Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States.	93
4918215596	Daniel Webster	Senator who, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850 and subsequently lost favor from his constituency	94
4918215597	Whig Party	An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements	95
4918215598	Women's Christian Temperance Union	This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.	96
4918215599	Workingmen's Party	was the first Marxist-influenced political party in the United States.was formed in 1876, when a congress of socialists from around the United States met in Philadelphia in an attempt to unify their political power. Seven societies sent representatives. Represented socialistic ideas.	97
4918215600	Yeomen	farmers who did not own slaves; made up majority of the population	98
4918215601	Alliance for Progress	a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems	99
4918215602	Ashcan School	a group of United States painters founded in 1907 and noted for their realistic depictions of sordid aspects of city life	100
4918215603	Barack Obama	44th U.S. President 2009-current Democratic	101
4918215604	Black Panthers	a militant Black political party founded in 1965 to end political dominance by Whites	102
4918215605	Bolsheviks	Led by Vladimir Lenin it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian goverment during WWI	103
4918215606	Bull Moose Party	nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912	104
4918215607	Warren Burger	the Supreme Court justice durning the Nixon admistration. He was chosen by Nixon because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution. He presided over the extremly controversal case of abortion in Roe vs. Wade.	105
4918215608	George H.W. Bush	republican, former director of CIA, oil company founder/owner, foreign policy (panama, gulf war), raised taxes eventhough said he wouldnt, more centrist than his son, NAFTA negotiation	106
4918215609	George W. Bush	1946 - 43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001	107
4918215610	Jimmy Carter	President who stressed human rights. Because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow	108
4918215611	Fidel Castro	Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)	109
4918215612	Chicago Seven	Originally the Chicago eight, the Chicago seven were seven people charged with inciting a riot and protesting during the 1968 Democratic National convention.	110
4918215613	Bill Clinton	42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached	111
4918215614	Committee to Reelect the President	an organization formed to run Nixon's 1972 reelection campaign, which was linked to the Watergate scandal.	112
4918215615	Congress of Industrial Organizations	a federation of North American industrial unions that merged with the American Federation of Labor in 1955	113
4918215616	Congress of Racial Equality	an organization founded by James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality	114
4918215617	Calvin Coolidge	elected Vice President and succeeded as 30th President of the United States when Harding died in 1923 (1872-1933)	115
4918215618	Dwight D. Eisenhower	leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School	116
4918215619	Archduke Ferdinand	heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, started World War I.	117
4918215620	F. Scott Fitzgerald	writer of "This Side of Paradise" and "The Great Gatsby" who coined the term "Jazz Age"	118
4918215621	"Flappers"	Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion	119
4918215622	Gerald Ford	president 1974-77, Nixon's Vice president, only person not voted into the White House, appointed vice president by Nixon: became president after Nixon resigned	120
4918215623	Henry Ford	United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947)	121
4918215624	Free Speech Movement, Berkeley	In 1964, a group of the disgruntled youth of the 1960s gathered at UC Berkeley for one of the first organized protests against established authority. Skepticism against authority arose from racism, poverty, and the Vietnam War.	122
4918215625	Betty Friedan	United States feminist who founded a national organization for women (born in 1921)	123
4918215626	Marcus Garvey	Many poor urban blacks turned to him. He was head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and he urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other business	124
4918215627	Al Gore	vice president of the United States under Bill Clinton (born in 1948)	125
4918215628	Warren G. Harding	president who called for a return to normalcy following WWI	126
4918215629	Ernest Hemingway	an American writer of fiction who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954 (1899-1961)	127
4918215630	Alger Hiss	A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.	128
4918215631	Adolf Hitler	German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)	129
4918215632	Ho Chi Minh	Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)	130
4918215633	House Un-American Activities Committee	an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. In 1969, the House changed the committee's name to "House Committee on Internal Security".When the House abolished the committee in 1975, its functions were transferred to the House Judiciary Committee	131
4918215634	Saddam Hussein	Iraqi leader who waged war against Iran	132
4918215635	International Workers of the World	1905 - Also known as IWW or Wobblies - created in opposition to American Federation of Labor	133
4918215636	Lyndon Johnson	signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.	134
4918215637	John F. Kennedy	president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war.	135
4918215638	Robert Kennedy	He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans.	136
4918215639	Martin Luther King Jr.	U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)	137
4918215640	Henry Kissinger	United States diplomat who served under President Nixon and President Ford (born in 1923)	138
4918215641	Nikita Kruschev	emerged as a leader in the Soviet Union after the death of dictator Josef Stalin. In 1956, he advocated reform and indirectly criticized Stalin and his methods. He became the Premier of the Soviet Union from 1958 to 1974.	139
4918215642	Monica Lewinsky	1990s; had affair with Clinton who denied it under oath, but there was physical evidence; he was impeached for perjury and his resulting political battles kept him from being productive in his final term paving way for the seemingly moral Bush in 2000	140
4918215643	Sinclair Lewis	United States novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street (1885-1951)	141
4918215644	Charles Lindbergh	United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)	142
4918215645	Henry Cabot Lodge	Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations	143
4918215646	General Douglas MacArthur	commander of the US forces in the Philippine Islands who directed the Allied occupation of Japan	144
4918215647	Thurgood Marshall	American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.	145
4918215648	Joseph McCarthy	United States politician who unscrupulously accused many citizens of being Communists (1908-1957)	146
4918215649	James Meredith	United States civil rights leader whose college registration caused riots in traditionally segregated Mississippi (born in 1933)	147
4918215650	Slobodan Milosevic	President of Serbia from 1989 to 1997 and of Yugoslavia 1997 to 2000. A key figure in the ethnic conflicts in the Balkans in the 1900's.	148
4918215651	Muckrakers	This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.	149
4918215652	Benito Mussolini	Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786)	150
4918215653	NAACP	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to work for racial equality	151
4918215654	NASA	an independent agency of the United States government responsible for aviation and spaceflight	152
4918215655	National Municipal League	Organization founded in Philadelphia to bring about more honest and efficient government	153
4918215656	National Organization for Women	Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.	154
4918215657	National Woman's Suffrage Association	Organization formed in May 1890 as a unification of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). It continued the work of both associations by becoming the parent organization of hundreds of smaller local and state groups, and by helping to pass woman suffrage legislation at the state and local level	155
4918215658	New Left	new political movement of the late 1960s that called for radical changes to fight poverty and racism	156
4918215659	New Right	opposed ERA, focused on social, cultural, and moral problems, opposed gevernment paying for daycare	157
4918215660	Richard Nixon	President of the United States from 1969 to 1974 who followed a foreign policy marked by détente with the Soviet Union and by the opening of diplomatic relations with China. In the face of likely impeachment for the Watergate scandal, he resigned.	158
4918215661	North Atlantic Treaty Organization	an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security	159
4918215662	Sandra Day O'Connor	She was a laywer and later Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. She was the first woman to be a justice on the Supreme Court.	160
4918215663	Organization of American States	an association of countries in the western hemisphere	161
4918215664	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries	an economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations.	162
4918215665	Progressive	a person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties	163
4918215666	Ronald Reagan	first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.	164
4918215667	William Rehnquist	United States jurist who served as an associate justice on the United States Supreme Court from 1972 until 1986, when he was appointed chief justice (born in 1924)	165
4918215668	Jacob Riis	Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen	166
4918215669	Franklin Delano Roosevelt	the 32nd president of the United States. He was president from 1933 until his death in 1945 during both the Great Depression and World War II. He is the only president to have been elected 4 times, a feat no longer permissible due to the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution.	167
4918215670	Theodore Roosevelt	26th President of the United States; hero of the Spanish-American War; Panama Canal was built during his administration; said 'Speak softly but carry a big stick' (1858-1919)	168
4918215671	Ethel and Julius Rosenberg	were American communists who were executed after having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage. The charges were in relation to the passing of information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. Theirs was the first execution of civilians for espionage in United States history	169
4918215672	Sacco and Vanzetti	were two italian born american laborers and anarchists who were tired convicted and executed via electrocution on Aug 3 1927 in Ma for the 1920 armed robbery. it is believed they had nothing to do with the crime	170
4918215673	Margaret Sanger	United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and planned parenthood	171
4918215674	Upton Sinclair	United States writer whose novels argued for social reform (1878-1968)	172
4918215675	Southeast Asia Treaty Organization	(DDE), A regional defense pact pulled together by Dulles to prevent the "fall" to communism of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.	173
4918215676	Southern Christian Leadership Conference	An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.	174
4918215677	Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee	Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism.	175
4918215678	Students for a Democratic Society	Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s.	176
4918215679	William Howard Taft	27th President of the United States and later chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1857-1930)	177
4918215680	Hideki Tojo	This general was premier of Japan during World War II while this man was dictator of the country. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor and played a major role in Japan's military decisions until he resigned in 1944	178
4918215681	Harry S. Truman	The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.	179
4918215682	United Nations	an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security	180
4918215683	The Urban League	An interracial organization committed to integration, it relied on tools of negotiation, persuasion, education, and investigation to accomplish its economic and social goals.	181
4918215684	Earl Warren	United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1891-1974)	182
4918215685	Woodrow Wilson	28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize	183
4918215686	Women's Trade Union League	a U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions	184
4918215687	The Wright Brothers	In 1903 Wilbur and Orville Wright tested a gas-powered airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. ON the first flight, the plane flew 120 feet in twelve seconds. They made four flights that day, the longest lasting 59 seconds. No one was particularly interested in these flights for no one could find any uses for it. Finally, by 1920s the airplane effectively made travel and trade easier and was widely recognized.	185
4918215688	Malcolm X	1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality	186
4924040636	Patrick Henry	Virginia lawyer and politician Patrick Henry (1736-1799) was one of the leading figures of the American Revolutionary period. An outspoken opponent of the Stamp and Townshend Acts levied by England, he stirred the seeds of discord with his famous Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death speech to the Virginia Assembly in 1775.	187
4924056534	Samuel Adams	He was a second cousin of U.S. President John Adams, with whom he urged a final break from Great Britain, and a signee of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. Adams died on October 2, 1803, in Boston.	188
4925119944	John Dickinson		189

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 30 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 30 Conservative Resurgence, 1980-2000

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6339951027	Milton Friedman	Free market economist who gave evidence in the 1970s of a steady shift to the right, away from the liberalism of the 1960s. (p. 654)	0
6339951028	political action committees (PACs)	Political action committees which became a force for change. Opposed big government, New Deal liberalism, gun control, feminism, gay rights, welfare, affirmative action, sexual permissiveness, abortion, and drug use. (p. 654)	1
6339951029	Proposition 13	In 1978, California voters passed this measure that sharply cut property taxes. (p. 654)	2
6339951030	Arthur Laffer	Conservative economist who believed that tax cuts would increase government revenues. (p. 655)	3
6339951031	religious fundamentalism	People who attacked secular humanism as a godless creed taking over public education. They campaigned for the return of prayers and the teaching of the Biblical account of creation in public schools. (p. 655)	4
6339951032	televangelists	Pat Robertson, Oral Roberts, and Jim Baker brought in 100 million viewers in which religion became an instrument of electoral politics. (p. 655)	5
6339951033	Moral Majority	Religion became an instrument for electoral politics when an evangelist from Virginia, Jerry Falwell founded this organization, which helped financed campaigns to unseat liberal members of Congress. (p. 655)	6
6339951034	abortion rights; Roe v. Wade	The legalization of abortion in the 1973 Roe v. Wade Supreme Court case, sparked the right-to-life movement. The movement united Catholics and fundamentalist Protestants, who believed that life begins at conception. (p. 655)	7
6339951035	reverse discrimination	After years of stagflation in the 1970s, many whites blamed their troubles on affirmative action, calling it reverse discrimination. (p. 655)	8
6339951036	Regents of University of California v. Bakke	The admissions policies of one medical school were challenged. The Supreme Court ruled that while race could be considered, the school had created racial quotas, which were unconstitutional. Conservatives used this decision to intensified their campaign to end all preferences based on race and ethnicity. (p. 655)	9
6339951037	election of 1980	Ronald Reagan won this presidential election, defeating Jimmy Carter because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation. It was significant because the Senate had Republican majority and more seats in the house allowing them to pass many key Republican programs. The 1980 election ended a half-century of Democratic dominance of Congress. (p. 655)	10
6339951038	Ronald Reagan	He was president from 1981 to 1988, he led a conservative movement against détente with the Soviet Union and the growth of the federal government. Some people credit him with America's victory in the Cold War while others fault his insensitive social agenda and irresponsible fiscal policies. (p. 656)	11
6339951039	supply-side economics (Reaganomics)	This economic theory argued that tax cuts and reduced government spending would increase investment by the private sector, which would lead to increased production, jobs, and prosperity. (p. 656)	12
6339951040	"trickle down" economics	Reaganomics was compared to the "trickle-down" economics of the 1920s, in which wealthy Americans prospered, and some of their increased spending benefited the middle class and the poor. (p. 656)	13
6339951041	Economic Recovery Tax Act	A measure signed by Reagan in 1981 which cut personal income taxes by 25 percent over three years, cut the corporate income tax, capital gains tax, and the gift and inheritance taxes. It offered the wealthy a broad array of other tax concessions. (p. 656)	14
6339951042	business deregulation	Reagan followed up on the promise of "getting governmnet off the backs of people" by reducing federal regulations on business and industry. Restrictions were eased on savings and loans, mergers and takeovers by large corporations, and environmental protection. (p. 657)	15
6339951043	PACTO strike	Reagan took a tough stand against unions, he fired thousands of striking federal air traffic controllers for violating their contract and decertified their union. (p. 657)	16
6339951044	Sandra Day O'Connor	President Reagan appointed this conservative judge to the Supreme Court, she was the first woman to serve on the Court. (p. 658)	17
6339951045	William Rehnquist	During the Reagan administration, he was the new Supreme Court chief justice. Under his leadership the court scaled back on affirmative action in hiring and promotions and limited Roe v. Wade influence by allowing states to impose some restrictions on abortions. (p. 658)	18
6339951046	growth of upper incomes	In the 1980s, well educated workers and yuppies (young urban professionals) enjoyed higher incomes from the deregulated marketplace while the standard of living for the middle class remained stagnant or declined. (p. 658)	19
6339951047	budget and trade deficits	President Reagan's tax cuts combined with large increases in military spending lead to federal deficits of more than $200 million a year. During his two terms the national debt tripled from $900 million to $2.7 trillion. The U.S. trade deficit reached $150 billion a year. (p. 658)	20
6339951048	election of 1984	In this presidential election, Ronald Reagan ran against Walter Mondale, who chose Geraldine Ferraro as the first woman for vice presidential candidate. Reagan won by a landslide winning every state except for Mondale's home state of Minnesota. (p. 658)	21
6339951049	expand military	President Reagan expanded the military to fight against the Soviet Union which he referred to as the "evil empire". The defense budget grew from $171 billion in 1981 to $300 billion in 1985. (p. 659)	22
6339951050	Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)	An ambitious plan for building a high-tech system of laser and particle beams to destroy enemy missiles before they could reach the United States. Critics called it "Star Wars" and argued that the costly program would only escalate the arms races. (p. 659)	23
6339951051	Nicaragua; Sandinistas	In Central America, Reagan supported right-wing dictators as long as they were friendly to the United States and anti-Communists. In Nicaragua, a Marxist movement known as the Sandinistas had overthrown the dictator. The U.S. responded by providing military aid to the "contras" in their efforts to remove the Sandinistas. (p. 660)	24
6339951052	Boland Amendment	In 1985, the Democrats passed this amendment which prohibited further aid to the contras in Nicaragua. (p. 660)	25
6339951053	Iran-contra affair	Iran and Iraq were at war, the United States sold antitank and antiaircraft missiles to Iran's government for their help in freeing Americans held hostage by radical Arab group. The U.S. then used the profits from the sale to fund the contras in Nicaragua. This violated the Boland Amendment and congressional budget authority. (p. 660)	26
6339951054	Beirut bombings	In April 1983, an Arab suicide bomber killed 63 people at the U.S. embassy in Beirut. A few months later, an Arab terrorist drove a bomb-filled truck into a U.S. Marines barracks, killing 241 servicemen. (p. 660)	27
6339951055	Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)	The terrorist group that Israel fought with U.S. support. (p. 660)	28
6339951056	Yasser Arafat	The PLO leader who agreed in 1988 to recognize Israel's right to exist. (p. 661)	29
6339951057	evil empire	Reagan's term for the Soviet Communists and also "focus of evil in the modern world". (p. 659)	30
6339951058	Mikhail Gorbachev; glasnost, perestroika	New Soviet leader who impletmented changes in their domestic politics with these reforms: 1) glasnost: an openness to end political repression and move toward greater political freedom for Soviet citizens. 2) perestroika: reconstruction of the Soviet economy by introducing some free-market practices. (p. 661)	31
6339951059	tear down this wall	Reagan said this in a speech in front of the Berlin Wall to challenge Mikhail Gorbachev into falling through with his reforms. (p. 661)	32
6339951060	INF agreement	With this agreement, Reagan and Gorbachev agreed to remove and destroy all intermediate-range missiles. (p. 661)	33
6339951061	Tiananmen Square	In 1989, Chinese pro democracy students demonstrated for freedom in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. The Chinese government crushed the protest with tanks, killing hundreds. (p 662)	34
6339951062	Soviet satellites	Gorbachev declared that he would no longer support the various Communist governments of Eastern Europe with Soviet armed forces. (p 662)	35
6339951063	Poland, Lech Walesa	Starting in Poland 1989 the election of Lech Walesa, the leader of the once-outlawed Solidarity movement, the communist party fell from power in many countries in eastern Europe. (p. 663)	36
6339951064	Berlin Wall falls	In 1989, the Communists in East Germany were forced out of power after protesters tore down the Berlin Wall. In October 1990, the two Germanys reunited into one country. (p. 663)	37
6339951065	Soviet Union breakup	Many republics declared independence; the Soviet government was clearly powerless to stop the fragmentation. The Communist Party and Soviet government became powerless and ceased to exist. (p. 663)	38
6339951066	Russia Republic, CIS	Boris Yeltsin, joined with nine former Soviet republics to form a loose confederation, The Common Wealth of Independent States. (p. 663)	39
6339951067	Boris Yeltsin	President of the Russian Republic, he formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). He disbanded the Communist party in Russia and attempted to establish a democracy and a free-market economy. (p. 663)	40
6339951068	START I and II	In 1991, U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Gorbachev signed the START I agreement which reduced the number of nuclear warheads to under 10,000 for each side. In 1992, President Bush and Yeltsin signed the START II agreement which reduced the number of nuclear weapons to just over 3,000 each. The U.S offered economic assistance to the troubled Russian economy. (p. 663)	41
6339951069	Yugoslavia civil war	Yugoslavia started to disintegrate in 1991, a civil war broke out in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992. (p. 664)	42
6339951070	election of 1988	In this presidential election George H. W. Bush defeated Michael Dukakis. Bush had been Reagan's vice president. (p. 662)	43
6339951071	George H. W. Bush	He won the 1988 presidential election. He was president during the Persian Gulf War. His ability to quickly bring the war to a conclusion while suffering relatively few casualties resulted in a very high approval rating of nearly 90 percent after the war. (p. 662)	44
6339951072	Panama invasion	In December 1989, President George H. W. Bush ordered the invasion of Panama to remove the autocratic General Manuel Noriega. The alleged purpose of the invasion was to stop Noriega from using his country as a drug pipeline to the United States. U.S. troops remained in Panama until elections established a more credible government. (p. 664)	45
6339951073	Saddam Hussein	In August 1990, this Iraqi dictator invaded oil-rich Kuwait. This invasion threatened Western oil sources. (p. 664)	46
6339951074	Persian Gulf War	After Saddam Hussein invaded oil rich Kuwait, President George H. W. Bush built a coalition of United Nations members to pressure Hussein to withdraw from Kuwait. The U.N. embargo had little effect. In January 1991, the massive Operation Desert Storm brought air strikes down on Iraq. After only 100 hours of fighting on the ground, Iraq conceded defeat. (p. 664)	47
6339951075	Operation Desert Storm	Massive operation in which more than 500,000 Americans were joined by military units from 28 nations. For 5 weeks they carried out relentless airstrikes and followed up with an invasion led by U.S. General Norman Schwarzkopf. After 100 hours of ground fighting, Iraq conceded defeat. (p. 664)	48
6339951076	Clarence Thomas	President George H. W. Bush nominated this man to replace the retiring Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court. It was controversial because of his conservative views on judicial issues and the charges of sexual harassment against him. Nevertheless, the Senate confirmed him. (p. 664)	49
6339951077	no new taxes	President George H. W. Bush had promised "no new taxes" during the presidential campaign, but he agreed to accept the Democratic Congress' proposed $133 billion in new taxes. (p. 665)	50
6339951078	Americans With Disabilities Act	In 1990, this act prohibited the discrimination against citizens with physical and mental disabilities in hiring, transportation, and public accommodation. (p. 665)	51
6339951079	election of 1992	In the 1992 presidential election, Democrat Bill Clinton defeated George H. W. Bush. Clinton presented himself as a moderate "New Democrat" who focused on economic issues. (p. 666)	52
6339951080	William (Bill) Clinton	He served as president from 1993 to 2000. He was a moderate "New Democrat" who focused on economic issues such as jobs, education, and health care. (p. 666)	53
6339951081	H. Ross Perot	He was a Texas billionaire, who entered the 1992 presidential election as an independent. He received nearly 20% of the vote, the best showing by an independent since Teddy Roosevelt in 1912. (p. 666)	54
6339951082	failure of health reform	President Clinton asked Hillary Rodham Clinton (his wife) to head a task force to propose a plan for universal health coverage. It ran into opposition from the insurance industry, small business organizations, and the Republicans. It failed to pass. (p. 666)	55
6339951083	don't ask, don't tell	President Clinton failed to end discrimination against gays in the military and settled for the rule, "Don't ask, don't tell". Under this policy a member of the military could still be dismissed for being gay or lesbian but was not required to provide sexual orientation information. (p. 666)	56
6339951084	NAFTA	North American Free Trade Agreement, which created a free-trade zone with Canada and Mexico. (p. 667)	57
6339951085	Brady Bill	This bill mandated a five-day waiting period for the purchase of handguns. (p. 666)	58
6339951086	National Rifle Association (NRA)	In 1974, this organization, which led the gun lobby, was angered when the Anti-Crime Bill banned the sale of most assault rifles. (p. 666)	59
6339951087	deficit reduction budget	In 1994, Congress passed this budget which included $225 billion in spending cuts and $241 billion in tax increases. Part of the budget would go towards increased spending on education and job training. (p. 666)	60
6339951088	Anti-Crime Bill	Bill Clinton's bill that provided $30 billion in funding for more police protection and crime prevention programs, also banned the sale of most assault rifles. (p. 666)	61
6339951089	election of 1994	In these midterm elections, Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress for the first time since 1954. (p. 667)	62
6339951090	Newt Gingrich	New Speaker of the House, who led the Republicans in an attack on federal programs and spending, outlined in their campaign manifesto "Contract with America". (p. 667)	63
6339951091	Contract with America	Republican plan headed by Newt Gingrich that focused on scaling back the government, balancing the budget, and cutting taxes. (p. 667)	64
6339951092	government shutdowns	The confrontations of between Newt Gingrich and President Clinton resulted in two shutdowns of the federal government in late 1995. Many Americans blamed overzealous Republicans in Congress for the shutdown. (p 667)	65
6339951093	Oklahoma City bombing	In 1995, a federal building in Oklahoma City was bombed by militia-movement extremists. The bombing took 169 lives, the worse act of domestic terrorism in the nation's history until the attack on 9/11. (p. 667)	66
6339951094	welfare reform	The 1996 budget reform which left Medicare and Social Security benefits intact, limited welfare benefits to five years under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act. (p. 667)	67
6339951095	balanced budgets	The spending cuts and tax increases during President Clinton's first term, along with record growth in the economy, created this budget in 1998. (p. 667)	68
6339951096	election of 1996	In this presidential election, Democrats Bill Clinton and Al Gore defeated Republicans Bob Dole and Jack Kemp. (p. 668)	69
6339951097	Clinton impeachment	In December 1998, the House voted to impeach President Bill Clinton on two counts, perjury and obstruction of justice. Neither impeachment charge was upheld by the Senate. (p. 669)	70
6339951098	Madeleine K. Albright	In 1997, she became the first woman to serve as secretary of state. (p. 669)	71
6339951099	humanitarian missions	In 1993, United States soldiers were killed in the civil war in Somalia while on a humanitarian mission. In 1994, President Clinton sent 20,000 troops into Haiti to restore its elected president after a military coup. (p. 669)	72
6339951100	Northern Ireland accords	In 1998, the U.S. played a key diplomatic role in negotiating an end to British rule and the armed conflict in Northern Ireland. (p. 669)	73
6339951101	Yugoslavia breakup	Serbian dictator, Slobodan Milosevic carried out a series of armed conflicts to suppress independence movements in the former Yugoslav provinces of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Kosovo. (p. 670)	74
6339951102	Balkan Wars; Bosnia, Kosovo	Diplomacy, bombing, and NATO ground troops stopped the bloodshed in Bosnia in 1995, then in Kosovo in 1999. These were the worst battles Europe had seen since World War II. (p. 670)	75
6339951103	ethnic cleansing	Hundred of thousands of ethnic and religious minorities were killed in Bosnia and Kosovo by the Serbian dictator Milosevic. (p. 670)	76
6339951104	nuclear proliferation	In the 1990s there were growing nuclear programs in North Korea, India, and Pakistan. (p. 670)	77
6339951105	West Bank, Gaza Strip	Israel granted home rule to the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and parts of the West Bank territories, and signed a peace treaty with Jordan in 1994. Israeli-Palestinian peace process slowed down after the assassination of the Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in 1995. (p. 670)	78
6339951106	European Union (EU); euro	In 2002, the European Union (EU) became a unified market of 15 nations, 12 of which adopted the euro as their currency. The EU grew to include 27 European nations by 2007, including ten former satellites of the USSR. (p. 669)	79
6339951107	World Trade Organization	In 1994, this organization was established to oversee trade agreements, enforce trade rules, and settle disputes. (p. 670)	80
6339951108	World Bank, G-8	This powerful bank made loans to and supervised the economic policies of poorer nations with debt problems. The Group of Eight, made up of the world's largest industrial powers (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States), controlled two-thirds of the world's wealth. (p 670)	81
6339951109	China, India, Brazil	In the 21st century, these three countries would soon surpass many of the older industrial powers. The growing gap between rich and poor nations of the world caused tensions. (p. 671)	82
6339951110	effects on jobs	Workers and unions in the richest nations often resented globalization, because they lost their jobs to cheaper labor markets in the developing world. (p. 671)	83
6339951111	prosperity of 1990s	During President Clinton's two terms in office the U.S. enjoyed the longest peacetime economic expansion in history, with annual growth rates of more than 4 percent. (p 668)	84
6339951112	technology boom	In the 1990's national productivity was improved by personal computers, software, Internet, cable, and wireless communications. (p. 668)	85
6339951113	Internet, e-commerce	The 1990s saw growth in the Internet and in electronic commerce (purchases made online). (p. 668)	86
6339951114	rise of South and West	The 2000 census reported the population of the United States was 281.4 million people. The fastest growing regions were the West and the South. Greater populations meant more congressional representatives and electoral votes. (p. 671)	87
6339951115	Immigration Act of 1986	This act attempted to create a fair entry process for immigrants, but failed to stop the problem of illegal entry into the U.S. from Mexico. It was criticized for granting amnesty to undocumented immigrants from Mexico and the Americas. (p. 671)	88
6339951116	growth of Hispanics	In 2000, the Hispanic population was the fasted growing segment of the population and emerged as the largest minority part in the nation. (p. 671)	89
6339951117	"graying" America	In 2000, 35 million people were over 65, but the fastest growing segment of the population were those 85 and over. As the baby-boom generation aged, concerns about health care, prescription drugs, senior housing, and Social Security increased. (p. 671)	90
6339951118	single-parent families	In the 1990s there was a decline of traditional family, and a growing number of single-parent families. By 2000, there were 12.8 million single-parent families. (p. 671)	91
6339951119	distribution of income	In 1999, the top fifth of American households received more than half of all income. (p. 672)	92
6339951120	concentration of wealth	Among industrialized nations, the United States had the largest gap between the lowest and the highest paid workers and the greatest concentration of wealth at the top. (p. 672)	93
6339951121	debate over freedom	Freedom is a main theme in American history, but an essentially contested concept. Through the years it has meant many different things to different people: freedom to enslave others, equal rights for all, liberation from big government and federal regulations, unregulated capitalism, among others. (p. 672)	94

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 2 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 2 The Thirteen Colonies and the British Empire, 1607-1754

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9558543348	Cecil Calvert, Second Lord Baltimore	In 1634, Cecil Calvert (Second Lord Baltimore) was the son of George Calvert (First Lord Baltimore). Cecil Calvert set about making his father's dream of a Maryland colony that would be a haven for Catholics in America. (p. 27)	0
9558543349	Act of Toleration	The first colonial statue granting religious freedom to all Christians, but it called for death of all non-Christians. It was created to provide a safe haven for Catholics. (p.27)	1
9558543350	Roger Williams	A respected Puritan minister who believed that the individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority. He was banished from the Bay colony for his beliefs. In 1636, he founded the settlement of Providence. (p. 29)	2
9558543392	Providence	This settlement has founded in 1636 by Roger Williams. (p. 29)	3
9558543351	Anne Hutchinson	This Puritan believed in antinomianism and was banished from the Bay colony because of her beliefs. In 1638, she founded the colony of Portsmouth. (p. 29)	4
9558543352	antinomianism	The idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation. (p. 29)	5
9558543353	Rhode Island	In 1644, Parliament granted Roger Williams a charter, joining Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony, Rhode Island. (p. 30)	6
9558543354	Halfway covenant	In the 1660s, people could now take part in church services and activities without making a formal commitment to Christ. It was created because the next generation of colonists were less committed to religious faith, but churches still needed members. (p. 31)	7
9558543355	Quakers	Members of the Religious Society of Friends who believed in the equality of men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service. (p. 34)	8
9558543356	William Penn	In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting his family a large parcel of American land. This Quaker, formed a colony that he named Pennsylvania. (p. 34)	9
9558543357	Holy Experiment	William Penn put his Quaker beliefs to the test in his colony, Pennsylvania. He wanted the colony to provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself. (p. 34)	10
9558543358	Charter of Liberties	In 1701, the Pennsylvania colony created this written constitution which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration. (p. 34)	11
9558543393	John Cabot	First Englishman to explore lands in North America which England would later settle in the early 1600's. (p. 25)	12
9558543394	Jamestown	In 1607, the first permanent English colony in America was founded at this location. The Virginia Company, was a a joint-stock company chartered by England's King James I. (p. 25)	13
9558543395	Captain John Smith	Because of his forceful leadership, Jamestown barely survived its first five years. (p. 25)	14
9558543396	John Rolfe	He helped Jamestown develop a new variety of tobacco which became popular in Europe and became a profitable crop. (p. 25)	15
9558543397	Pocahontas	She was the American Indian wife of John Rolfe in early settlement days in Jamestown. (p. 25)	16
9558543398	Puritans	Group of dissenters that wanted to purify the Church of England. In 1630 they founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony at Boston. (p. 26)	17
9558543399	Separatists	Radical dissenters to the Church of England, they were known by this name because they wanted to organized a completely separate church that was independent of royal control. They became known as Pilgrims, because of the travels. (p. 26)	18
9558543400	Pilgrims	They were radical dissenters to the Church of England. They moved to Holland, then in 1620, they sailed to America on the Mayflower in search of religious freedom. They established a new colony at Plymouth on the Massachusetts coast. (p. 26)	19
9558543401	Mayflower	In 1620, the boat that the Pilgrims sailed to Plymouth. (p. 26)	20
9558543402	Plymouth Colony	This colony was started by the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Massechusetts). In the first winter nearly half of them perished. They were helped by friendly American Indians and celebrated the first Thanksgiving in 1621. (p. 26)	21
9558543403	John Winthrop	In 1630, he led about a thousand Puritans to America and and founded Boston and several other towns. (p. 26)	22
9558543404	Great Migration	This movement started because of a civil war in England. Nearly 15,000 settlers came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. (p. 26)	23
9558543405	Virginia	Sir William Berkeley, the royal governor of Virginia use dictatorial powers to govern on behalf of the large planters. (p. 29)	24
9558543361	Thomas Hooker	In 1636, he led a large group of Boston Puritans dissatisfied with the Massachusetts Bay colony to found Hartford, which is now Connecticut. In 1639 they drew up the first written constitution in American history. (p. 30)	25
9558543362	John Davenport	In 1637, he founded a settlement south of Hartford, by the name of New Haven. (p. 30)	26
9558543363	Connecticut	In 1665, New Haven and Hartford joined to form the colony of Connecticut under a royal charter. (p. 30)	27
9558543364	New Hampshire	Hoping to increase royal control in the colonies, King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts in 1679 and made it a royal colony. (p. 31)	28
9558543365	The Carolinas	In 1663, King Charles II granted eight nobles the Carolinas. In 1729, the Carolinas were split into two royal colonies. In South Carolina, the economy was based on the fur trade and growing food for the West Indies, which led to many plantations. In North Carolina, there were many small tobacco farms and fewer plantations. (p. 32)	29
9558543366	New York	In 1664, King Charles II granted his brother, the Duke of York (future King James II) the land now known as New York. James took control of the Dutch colony that was located there, but the Dutch were treated fairly. James was unpopular because of his taxes and refusal to institute a representative government. Finally in 1683, he agreed to grant broad civil and political rights to the colony. (p. 33)	30
9558543367	New Jersey	The territory of New York was split. In 1674, land was granted to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Eventually they sold to the Quakers. In 1702, the two Jerseys were combined into a single royal colony, New Jersey. (p. 33)	31
9558543406	Pennsylvania	In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting William Penn's father a large parcel of American land. He then formed a colony from the land. (p. 34)	32
9558543368	Delaware	In 1702, William Penn granted the lower three colonies of Pennsylvania their own assembly. In effect, Delaware became a separate colony, even though its governor was the same as Pennsylvaniaá until the American revolution. (p. 34)	33
9558543369	Georgia	In 1732, Georgia was formed to provide a buffer between wealthy Georgia and Spanish controlled Florida, and to provide a place for the many debtors of England to begin again. (p. 34)	34
9558543370	James Oglethorpe	Founder of Georgia's first settlement, Savannah, in 1733. He acted as governor of Georgia and had strict laws which included a ban on rum and slavery. (p. 35)	35
9558543371	Wampanoags	An American Indian tribe led by Metacom. (p. 31)	36
9558543372	Metacom	This American Indian chief was known to the colonists as King Philip. He joined together the Native American tribes to fight the colonists in King Philip's War, a war that lasted from 1675 to 1676. (p. 31)	37
9558543407	King Philip's War	From 1675 to 1676, the American Indian chief Metacom (King Philip), waged a vicious war against the English settlers in southern New England. (p. 31)	38
9558543408	Mayflower Compact	In 1620, while they were sailing to America on the Mayflower, the Pilgrims created this document that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority. It was a rudimentary written constitution. (p. 27)	39
9558543409	Virginia House of Burgesses	In 1619, just 12 years after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia's colonists organized the first representative assembly in America, the Virginia House of Burgesses. (p. 27)	40
9558543373	Sir William Berkeley	Royal Governor of Virginia who favored large plantation owners and did not support or protect smaller farms from Indian raids. He put down Bacon's rebellion in 1676. (p. 29)	41
9558543374	Bacon's Rebellion	In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a group of army volunteers that raided Native American villages, fought the governor's forces, and set fire to Jamestown. The rebellion lost momentum when Bacon died of dysentery. The rebellion was caused by the Governor's unfair favoritism of large plantation owners and refusal to protect small farms from Native American raids. (p. 29)	42
9558543375	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	In 1639, the Hartford settlers drew up the first written constitution in America. It established a representative government made up of a legislature elected by the people and a governor chosen by the legislature. (p. 30)	43
9558543376	New England Confederation	In 1643, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven colonies formed a military alliance to deal with the threat from the Native Americans. It lasted until 1684. (p. 31)	44
9558543377	Frame of Government (1682)	In 1682-1683, William Penn provided the Pennsylvania colony with a Frame of Government which guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners and a written constitution. (p. 34)	45
9558543378	corporate colonies	Colonies operated by joint-stock companies during the early years of the colonies, such as Jamestown. (p. 24)	46
9558543379	royal colonies	Colonies under the direct authority and rule of the king's government, such as Virginia after 1624. (p. 24)	47
9558543380	proprietary colonies	Colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king, such as Maryland and Massachusetts. (p. 24)	48
9558543381	Chesapeake Colonies	In 1632, the area once known as the Virginia colony, has divided into the Virginia and Maryland colony. Maryland became the first proprietary colony. (p. 27)	49
9558543410	joint-stock company	Corporate colonies, such as Jamestown, were operated by joint-stock companies, at least during the colony's early years. (p. 24)	50
9558543411	Virginia Company	England's King James I chartered the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company that founded the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607. (p. 25)	51
9558543382	mercantilism	An economic policy in which the colonies were to provide raw materials to the parent country of growth and profit of the parent country. (p. 35)	52
9558543383	Navigation Acts	Between 1650 and 1673 England passed a series of acts which establish rules for colonial trade. * Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial-built ships, which could be operated only by English or colonial crews. * All goods imported in the colonies, except some perishables, had to pass through the ports in England. * Specified goods from the colonies could be exported only to England. (p. 35)	53
9558543384	Dominion of New England	James II wanted to increase royal control in the colonies, so he combined them into larger units and abolished their representative assemblies. The Dominion of New England was combined New York, New Jersey, and the other New England colonies into a single unit. (p. 36)	54
9558543385	Sir Edmund Andros	In 1686, King James II combined New York, New Jersey, and additional New England colonies into a single unit called the Dominion of New England. He was sent England to govern the dominion. he was very unpopular by levying new taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles. (p. 36)	55
9558543386	Glorious Revolution	In 1688, King James II was deposed and replaced with William and Mary. This brought the end to the Dominion of New England, and the colonies operated under their previous structure. (p. 37)	56
9558543387	indentured servants	Young people from England under contract with a master who paid for their passage. Worked for a specified period for room and board, then they were free. (p. 28)	57
9558543388	headright system	A method for attracting immigrants, Virginia offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for passage to America and to any plantation owner who paid for an immigrants passage. (p. 28)	58
9558543389	slavery	The first slaves arrived in the colonies in 1619, they were not slaves for life, but worked for a period of time, like an indentured servant. Then discriminatory laws were passed, slaves and their offspring were kept in permanent bondage. (p. 28)	59
9558543390	triangular trade	Merchants traded colonist rum for African slaves, African slaves for West Indies sugar cane, and sugar cane was brought back to the colonies to make rum. (p. 37)	60
9558543391	Middle Passage	Voyage from West Africa to the West Indies. It was miserable for the slaves transported and many died. (p. 38)	61

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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

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9655972786	Federalist	Political party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton; favored a stronger national government; supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests	0
9655972787	Democratic-Republicans	Political party created in the 1790's; led by Thomas Jefferson; favored limited government and state rights; supported primarily by the "common man"	1
9655972788	Election of 1800	(AKA Revolution of 1800) election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party	2
9655972789	Hartford Convention, 1814	Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government; viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics	3
9655972790	Era of Good Feelings	Term used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe	4
9655972791	Democrats	Political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; part of the 2nd Party System of the United States; supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government and individualism; drew its support from the "common Man"	5
9655972792	Whig Party	Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government	6
9655972793	Andrew Jackson	Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837); known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification	7
9655972794	Henry Clay	Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise	8
9655972795	Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)	After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina; ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time; overall significance was the challenge of states to ignore federal law (later on with laws regarding slavery).	9
9655972796	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law.	10
9655972797	John Marshall	Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property.	11
9655972798	Cotton Belt	Southern region in the US where most of the cotton is grown/deep; stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier; had the highest concentration of slaves	12
9655972799	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress	13
9655972800	Market Economy	Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand	14
9655972801	Embargo Act (1807)	Passed by President Jefferson in order to pressure Britain and France to stop impressment and support the American rights to free trade with the other; a government-order ban on international trade; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations; led to steep depression in the economy	15
9655972802	Panic of 1819	Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped	16
9655972803	Second Bank of the United States (1816)	Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process	17
9655972804	Tariff of 1816	First protective tariff in US history; designed primarily to help America's textile industry	18
9655972805	Tariff of Abominations 1828	Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)	19
9655972806	Panic of 1837	Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States	20
9655972807	Slave Codes	Laws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders	21
9655972808	Second Great Awakening	An upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (temperance, abolition) designed to perfect society with religious morals	22
9655972809	Charles Finney	Presbyterian minister who is credited and is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism"; advocated the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans	23
9655972810	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote; organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY	24
9655972811	Dorothea Dix	Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill	25
9655972812	Horace Mann	Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children; called the "Father of Public Education in America"	26
9655972813	Utopian Communities	Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and the Oneida Community in New York; usually such attempts were short-lived	27
9655972814	American Colonization Society (established 1817)	Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa (Liberia)	28
9655972815	William Lloyd Garrison	Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published the liberator, an antislavery newspaper	29
9655972816	Sojourner Truth	Former slave (freed in 1827) who became a leading abolitionist and feminist	30
9655972817	Hudson River School 1825-1875	The first native school of painting in the US; painted primarily landscapes; themes included deep nationalism, grandeur of nature, and transcendentalism	31
9655972818	Transcendentalism	Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature; believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge; advocated for introspection by surrounding oneself with nature	32
9655972819	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in the Transcendalist movement in American	33
9655972820	Henry David Thoreau	Writer and naturalist; with Ralph Waldo Emerson, he was one of America's best known transcendentalists	34
9655972821	Richard Allen	African American minister who established the first independent African American denomination in the US, the African Methodist Episcopalian Church	35
9655972822	Samuel Slater	Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile technology to the United States to create the first factory	36
9655972823	John Deere	Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow	37
9655972824	Lowell System	Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA	38
9655972825	Erie Canal (1817-1825)	350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution)	39
9655972826	National Road (1811)	AKA Cumberland Road; first significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River	40
9655972827	Mason-Dixon Line	Boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War	41
9655972828	Cult of Domesticity	The belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); strongly believed by many throughout the 19th century	42
9655972829	Louisiana Purchase (1803)	U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River	43
9655972830	Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)	Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark	44
9655972831	War Hawks	Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest	45
9655972832	War of 1812	1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)	46
9655972833	Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)	Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S	47
9655972834	Monroe Doctrine (1823)	President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century	48
9655972835	Oregon Treaty of 1846	After years of conflict over ownership of the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. and England established the boundary at 49° latitude, essentially splitting the Oregon Country down the middle	49
9655972836	Manifest Destiny	Popular belief amongst early-19th century Americans that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent, that this belief was obvious, and that God willed it to take place	50
9655972837	Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who attempted to establish an Indian confederacy among tribes from around the continent that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion; defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison, slowing the momentum of Pan-Indian unity	51
9655972838	Indian Removal Act (1830)	Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement	52
9655972839	Worcester v. Georgia (1832)	A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson	53
9655972840	Trail of Tears (1838)	Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter; a large percentage of Cherokee died on the journey	54
9655972841	American Anti-Slavery Society	Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison - included Frederick Douglass as a significant leader of the society	55
9655972842	Romanticism	An artistic and intellectual movement characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical	56
9655972843	The American System	Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay	57
9655972844	Missouri Compromise (1820)	Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states	58
9655972845	Spoils System	Public offices given as a reward for political support. Most iconically used by Andrew Jackson after his first election, which then became a precedent for future federal leaders.	59
9655972846	Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)	The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.	60
9655972847	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)	The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.	61
9655972848	Johnson v. McIntosh (1823, Marshall)	Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes.	62
9655972849	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall)	"The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.	63
9655972850	interchangeable parts	Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets; became a hallmark of the American factory system	64
9655972851	turnpike	A road in which tolls were collected at gates set up along the road	65
9655972852	tariff	A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.	66
9655972853	sectionalist	Person devoted to the cause of a particular section of the country (usually North or South), as opposed to the nation as a whole	67
9655972854	embargo	A government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port	68
9655972855	nationalism	A strong devotion to the nation as the central political entity, often in a narrow or aggressive fashion; usually involves feelings of superiority over other nations or ideaologies	69
9655972856	internal improvements	The basic public works, such as roads and canals, that create the structure for economic development.	70
9655972857	depression	In economics, a severe and often prolonged period of declining economic activity, rising unemployment, and falling wages and prices.	71
9655972858	boom	In economics, a period of sudden, spectacular expansion of business activity or prices.	72
9655972859	constituents	The body of voters or supporters in a district, regarded as a group.	73
9655972860	hard money	Gold and Silver coins, as distinguished from paper money.	74
9655972861	deference	The yielding of opinion to the judgment of someone else.	75
9655972862	subversive	Tending to corrupt, overthrow, or destroy something established.	76
9655972863	puritanical	Extremely or excessively strict in matters of morals or religion.	77
9655972864	usurpation	The act of seizing, occupying, or enjoying the place, power, or functions of someone without right.	78
9655972865	mudslinging	Malicious, unscrupulous attacks against an opponent.	79
9655972866	machine	A political organization, often controlled through patronage or spoils.	80
9655972867	incumbent	The person currently holding an office.	81
9655972868	impost	A tax, particularly a tariff or duty on imported goods.	82
9655972869	appeasement	The policy of giving in to demands of a hostile of dangerous power in hope of avoiding conflict.	83
9655972870	prejudice	Unreasonable suspicion, bias, or hatred directed at members of a group.	84
9655972871	ritual	A set form or system of ceremonies, often but not necessarily religious.	85
9655972872	evangelical	Concerning religious belief, commonly Protestant, that emphasizes personal salvation, individual and voluntary religious commitment, and the authority of Scripture.	86
9655972873	platform	A statement of the principles or positions of a political party.	87
9655972874	denominations	In American religion, the major branches of Christianity, organized into separate national churches structures; e.g., Presbyterians, Baptists, Disciples of Christ.	88
9655972875	prolific	Producing a large number of something.	89
9655972876	temperance	Moderation, or sometimes total abstinence, as regards drinking alcohol.	90
9655972877	nativist	One who advocates favoring native-born citizens over aliens or immigrants.	91
9655972878	factory	An establishment for the manufacturing of goods, including buildings and substantial machinery.	92
9655972879	liability	Legal responsibility for loss or damage.	93
9655972880	incorporation	The formation of individuals into a legally organized group, usually a business.	94
9655972881	labor union	An organization of workers—usually wage-earning workers—to promote the interests and welfare of its members, often by collective bargaining with employers.	95
9655972882	strike	An organized work stoppage by employees in order to obtain better wages, working conditions, and so on.	96
9655972883	capitalist	An individual or group who uses private property to produce goods for profit in an open market.	97
9655972884	posterity	Later descendants or subsequent generations.	98
9655972885	productivity	In economics, the relative capacity to produce goods and services, measured in terms of the number of workers and machines needed to create goods in a certain length of time.	99
9655972886	transient	Referring to a person without a fixed or long-term home or job; a migrant.	100
9655972887	polygamy	The practice or condition of having two or more spouses at one time.	101
9655972888	theocracy	Literally, rule by God, the term is often applied to a state where religious leaders exercise direct or indirect political authority.	102
9655972889	zealot	One who is carried away by a cause to an extreme or excessive degree.	103
9655972890	communistic	Referring to the theory or practice in which the means of production are owned by the community as a whole.	104
9655972891	nonconformist	One who refuses to follow established or conventional ideas or habits; often referred to as part of a "counter-culture".	105
9655972892	providence (providencial)	Under the care and direction of God or other benevolent natural or supernatural forces.	106

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AP US Period 7 (1890-1945) Flashcards

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6363467243	Spanish American War	In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence. As a result, the US acquired Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico.	0
6363467244	Filipino War	1899-1903 conflict in which the U.S. fought to keep the Philippine islands from becoming independent after Admiral Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet on his attack on Manila at the outbreak of the Spanish American War.	1
6363467245	Treaty of Paris, 1898	The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostility. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philippines. Cuba was freed from Spain.	2
6363467246	Open Door Policy, 1899	A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.	3
6363467247	William McKinley	25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist and Teddy Roosevelt becomes president.	4
6363467248	"Souls of Black Folks"	A book of essay's written by W. E. B. DuBois to challenge Booker T. Washington's views on race relations in US. In 1905, Du Bois founded the Niagara Movement as an organized response to Booker T. Washington's policies of accommodation and conciliation. The Niagara Movement aimed to counteract Washington's influence over the black community and in its manifesto declared its intention to "claim for ourselves every single right that belongs to a freeborn American, political, civil and social."	5
6363467249	W. E. B. DuBois	Founded NAACP and argued that African Americans should press for tan immediate end to segregation and economic and political justice; urged for the talented tenth to take the lead. He created the Niagara Movement that paved the way for the Harlem Renaissance.	6
6363467250	National Child Labor Committee, 1904	One of the main issues addressed by the Progressive Movement was labor conditions, especially for children. Muckracking journalism and action from social and labor activists led to the formation of the National Labor Committee in 1904. As part of their charge, the committee investigated labor conditions around the nation. Photos of the investigation by the famed photographer Lewis W. Hine are in the collection of the Library of Congress. The first real effective child labor legislation was passed more than thirty years later during the New Deal.	7
6363467251	Panama Canal	American construction began on the Panama Canal. It took ten years and $352 million dollars to complete. The canal opened in 1914. During the building of the canal, begun under the French in 1879, more than 26,000 workers, many West Indian, died from construction accidents and yellow fever and other diseases.	8
6363467252	Roosevelt Corollary	President Roosevelt announced the Roosevelt Corollary, which extended the Monroe Doctrine and asserted the right of the United States to police the Caribbean.	9
6363467253	Great Migration (1905-1930)	In the first decades of the twentieth century, African Americans left, in greater and greater numbers, the southern states where they had been subject to economic abuses and outright intimidation. The Great Migration, in which about half a million African Americans moved to the urban North from the rural South, began about 1905 and ended around 1930.	10
6363467254	The "Jungle"	This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act.	11
6363467255	Triangle Shirtwaist Factory	March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers.	12
6363467257	Woodrow Wilson	1912, 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize	13
6363467258	Imperialism	A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.	14
6363467259	Alfred T Mahan	Author who argued in 1890 that the economic future of the United States rested on new overseas markets protected by a larger navy. Wrote "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History"	15
6363467260	Yellow journalists	Journalists who wrote overly sensational articles to sell newspapers	16
6363467261	Cuban Rebellion	This was the revolution during the Spanish American war in which Cuba wanted independence from Spain, however Spain would not grant it. Thus, America intervened, and due to the rising tensions, the Spanish American war started.	17
6363467262	"Remember the Maine"	A slogan of the Spanish-American war referring to the sinking of a battleship in Cuba. Stirred up by yellow journalism, this lead McKinley to declare war.	18
6363467263	Battle of San Juan Hill	July 1, 1898-One of the most important battles of the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt, the Rough Riders and Pershing's Buffalo Soldiers defeated Spanish on Kettle and San Juan Hill.	19
6363467264	Admiral Dewey	Destroyed the Spanish fleet in the Pacific during the SPAM war.	20
6363467265	Submarine warfare	Used during World War I mainly between German U-Boats and Atlantic supply convoys for Great Britain	21
6363467266	Lusitania	A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.	22
6363467267	Zimmerman Telegram	March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's proximity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.	23
6363467268	Liberty Bonds	Where people bought bonds so the government could get that money now for war. The bonds increased in interest over time.	24
6363467269	Rationing	A limited portion or allowance of food or goods; limitation of use	25
6363467270	Victory gardens	Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort	26
6363467271	War Industries Board	Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.	27
6363467272	Espionage and Sedition Act	Two laws enacted to impose harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S participation in WW1	28
6363467273	Eugene Debs	Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.	29
6363467274	Fourteen Points	The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.	30
6363467275	League of Nations	A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.	31
6363467276	Treaty of Versailles	(WWI) 1918, Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1) stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Air Force. 2) Germany had to pay war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons. Partitioned lands to Britain & France in the mandate system breaking up the Ottoman Empire.	32
6363467277	Red Scare & Palmer "Red Raids"	A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities	33
6363467278	Bolshevik Revolution	The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.	34
6363467279	Sacco & Vanzetti	A controversial trial in 1920 charging two Italian anarchist immigrants with the robbing of a shoe factory and the killing of two men within, with the two men arrested several weeks later. Massive protests resulted with the overall opinion that the men were arrested because they were radical immigrants, and while appeals continued to be raised, they were sentenced to death in 1927.	35
6363467280	Immigration Quota Act of 1924	This was passed in 1924 replaced the Quota Act of 1921, cutting quotas for foreigners from 3% to 2%. Different countries were only allowed to send an allotted number of its citizens to America every year.	36
6363467281	18th Amendment	Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages	37
6363467282	19th Amendment	Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.	38
6363467283	Harlem Renaissance	Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, & rise of jazz and the blues.	39
6363467287	Great Depression	Starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it	40
6363467288	Hoovervilles	Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress	41
6363467289	Causes of Great Depression	Unemployment rising, the dustbowl, overproduction of everything, layoffs, buying on credit, over-speculation	42
6363467290	Dust Bowl	Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.	43
6363467291	Herbert Hoover	(1929-1933) The New York Stock Market Crashes October 29, 1929 "Black Tuesday".	44
6363467292	Black Tuesday	October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.	45
6363467293	Hoover Dam	Dam on the Colorado River that was built during the Great Depression	46
6363467294	New Deal	A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.	47
6363467295	Alphabet Agencies	In 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt launched his New Deal to deal with the Great Depression. The administrative style was to create new agencies. Some were set up by Congress (such as TVA) and others by Roosevelt's Executive Order (such as WPA). The agencies were also referred to as "alphabet soup".	48
6363467296	Social Security	(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health	49
6363467297	Tennessee Valley Authority	A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.	50
6363467298	Lend Lease	Legislation proposed by FDR and adopted by congress, stating that the U.S could either sell or lease arms and other equipment to any country whose security was vital to America's interest -> military equipment to help Britain war effort was shipped from U.S	51
6363467300	Wagner Act	1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.	52
6363467301	Eleanor Roosevelt	FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women	53
6363467302	Huey Long	"Kingfish" Rep. senator of LA; pushed "Share Our Wealth" program and make "Every Man a King' at the expense of the wealthy; assassinated	54

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 8 Flashcards

AMSCO AP US History 2015 Edition Chapter 8

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5070656405	Era of Good Feelings	Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republicans party dominated politics. On the surface everything looked fine, however there were conflicts over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales. (p. 150)	0
5070656406	sectionalism	Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West).	1
5070656407	James Monroe	The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). His administration was marked by the Tariff of 1816, Rush-Bagot Agreement with Britain (1817), acquisition of Florida (1819), the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.	2
5070656408	cultural nationalism	A new generation was interested in expanding west and patriotic themes were everywhere in society (schools and paintings of war heroes).	3
5070656409	economic nationalism	Political movement to subsidize internal improvements such as roads and canals. Also the protecting of US industries from European competition. (p. 151)	4
5070656410	Tariff of 1816	The first protective tariff in the US, it helped protect American industry from competition by raising the prices of British manufactured goods. (p. 151)	5
5070656411	protective tariff	A tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition.	6
5070656412	Henry Clay's American System	His proposed plan for advancing the nation's economic growth, consisted of three parts: 1) protective tariffs, 2) a national bank, and 3) internal improvements. The internal improvements to be funded by the national government were not approved because James Monroe felt that the Constitution did not allow for that use of federal funds.	7
5070656413	Second Bank of the United States	This institution was chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the panic of 1819, and suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it until its charter expired in 1836.	8
5070656414	Panic of 1819	The first major financial panic since the Constitution was ratified; marked the end of economic expansion and featured deflation (value of US money going down), depression, bank failures, foreclosures on western farms, unemployment, a slump in agriculture and manufacturing, and overcrowded debtor's prisons. The depression was most severe in the West because of land speculation. (p. 153)	9
5070656415	Lancaster Turnpike	The first highway that was developed (1790s), it was a response to the ineffectiveness of slow water transportation and uncertain road transportation. It stretched from Philadelphia to Lancaster and inspired many other turnpike projects.	10
5070656416	National (Cumberland) Road	Major highway to the west extending more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois; built using state and federal money (1811-1852). One of the few roads crossing state boundaries.	11
5070656417	Erie Canal	New York (1825) -Linked the economies of western + eastern cities -caused more canal building - more transportation -lower food prices -stronger economies	12
5070656418	Robert Fulton; steamboats	1807 -boat moves by power of a steam engine -made shipping easier and cheaper	13
5070656419	railroads	major economic development (1820) -alt. Method for carrying passengers + freight Made Midwest a major power chugga chugga chooo choo hoes	14
5070656420	Eli Whitney; interchangeable parts	mass production employing interchangeable parts; Whitney first put it into practice, who was known for his cotton gin; wanted to be able to produce great numbers of muskets quickly; made it possible for owners of damaged objects to send away to a factory for the needed part, confident that the new one would precisely substitute for the old	15
5070656421	corporations	-business owned by stockholders -treated by law as if of were a person	16
5070656422	Samuel Slater	British-born textile producer; one of the first industrialists in America; brought the cotton spinning machine; oversaw construction of nation's first successful water-powered cotton mill (1790-1793)	17
5070656423	factory system	A system of manufacturing in which all the materials, machinery + workers required to manufacture a product are assembled in one place	18
5070656424	Lowell System; textile mills	Recruited young farm living women + housed them in company dormitories * child labor*	19
5070656425	industrialization	Caused shift from farming economy -> * manufacturing (machines) in factory economy *	20
5070656426	specialization	-farmers just produced food -workers in cities just produced goods	21
5070656427	unions	An association of works formed... 1. Better worker conditions 2. Higher wages	22
5070656428	cotton gin	-Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 -removed seeds from cotton fibers -cotton could be processed quickly + cheaply Results: more cotton is grown = more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields	23
5070656429	market revolution	1793-1909 Period of vast economic growth where people increasingly bought + sold more good rather than making them for themselves	24
5070656430	John Marshall	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801-1835). A Federalist who favored the central government and the rights of property against advocates of state's rights. Even when he was outnumbered in the Supreme Court, Republican justices sided with Marshall.	25
5070656431	Fletcher v. Peck	An 1810 case in which Georgia tried to revoke a land grant on the grounds that it had been obtained by corruption. The Supreme Court ruled that a state cannot arbitrarily interfere with a person's property rights. Since the land grant was a legal contract, it could not be repealed. This was the first time that the Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional and invalid.	26
5070656432	McCulloch v. Maryland	An 1819 Supreme Court case that ruled that states could not tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States, The case confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States based on the Constitution's implied power.	27
5070656433	Dartmouth College v. Woodward	1819 Supreme Court case in which New Hampshire had attempted to change Dartmouth College from a private college into a public institution. The Supreme Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.	28
5070656434	Gibbons v. Ogden	1824 Supreme Court case in which the U.S. Supreme Court decision reinforcing the "commerce clause'' (the federal government's right to regulate interstate commerce) of the Constitution; Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the State of New York's granting of steamboat monopolies.	29
5070656435	implied powers	A power not specifically stated that the government when they see is "necessary and proper".	30
5070656436	Tallmadge Amendment	Proposed solution to Missouri becoming a state. It forbad slavery in Missouri and said that all black children would be free after the age of becoming 25. It did not pass in the Senate and angered southerns.	31
5070656437	Missouri Compromise	An 1820 compromise that Missouri joined the Union as a slave state, and Maine joined as a free state. Congress also established a line across the southern border of Missouri (36°,30') saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.	32
5070656438	Stephen Decatur	Naval officer sent by James Madison in 1815 with a fleet to force the rulers of North Africa to allow American shipping the free use of the Mediterranean. Showed US nationalistic policies	33
5070656439	Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)	1817 disarmament pact between US and Britain; strictly limited Naval armament on the Great Lakes; the agreement was extended to place limits on border fortifications; border between US and Canada is the largest unfortified border in the world	34
5070656440	Treaty of 1818	Treaty between US and Britain; shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland; joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years, and setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel	35
5070656441	Andrew Jackson	-went to Spanish Florida -destroyed Seminole villages + hung Seminole sympathizers	36
5070656442	Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)	Also known as the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, this treaty settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain. The treaty was the result of increasing tensions between the U.S. and Spain regarding territorial rightsat a time of weakened Spanish power due to rebellion in South America. In addition to ceding Florida to the United States for 5 million dollars, Spain also gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory. In return, the US gave up all rights to Texas.	37
5070656443	Monroe Doctrine (1823)	Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.	38
5070663350	American System	the policy of promoting industry in the U.S. by adoption of a high protective tariff and of developing internal improvements by the federal government	39
5070664610	Market Revolution	occurred in the United States, in the 19th century, is a historical model which argues that there was a drastic change of the economy, which disoriented and deordinated all aspects of the market economy in line with both nations and the world.	40
5070664611	Eli Whitney	was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South.	41

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 30 Flashcards

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6892954912	Milton Friedman	Free market economist who gave evidence in the 1970s of a steady shift to the right, away from the liberalism of the 1960s. (p. 654)	0
6892954913	political action committees (PACs)	Political action committees which became a force for change. Opposed big government, New Deal liberalism, gun control, feminism, gay rights, welfare, affirmative action, sexual permissiveness, abortion, and drug use. (p. 654)	1
6892954914	Proposition 13	In 1978, California voters passed this measure that sharply cut property taxes. (p. 654)	2
6892954915	Arthur Laffer	Conservative economist who believed that tax cuts would increase government revenues. (p. 655)	3
6892954916	religious fundamentalism	People who attacked secular humanism as a godless creed taking over public education. They campaigned for the return of prayers and the teaching of the Biblical account of creation in public schools. (p. 655)	4
6892954917	televangelists	Pat Robertson, Oral Roberts, and Jim Baker brought in 100 million viewers in which religion became an instrument of electoral politics. (p. 655)	5
6892954918	Moral Majority	Religion became an instrument for electoral politics when an evangelist from Virginia, Jerry Falwell founded this organization, which helped financed campaigns to unseat liberal members of Congress. (p. 655)	6
6892954919	abortion rights; Roe v. Wade	The legalization of abortion in the 1973 Roe v. Wade Supreme Court case, sparked the right-to-life movement. The movement united Catholics and fundamentalist Protestants, who believed that life begins at conception. (p. 655)	7
6892954920	reverse discrimination	After years of stagflation in the 1970s, many whites blamed their troubles on affirmative action, calling it reverse discrimination. (p. 655)	8
6892954921	Regents of University of California v. Bakke	The admissions policies of one medical school were challenged. The Supreme Court ruled that while race could be considered, the school had created racial quotas, which were unconstitutional. Conservatives used this decision to intensified their campaign to end all preferences based on race and ethnicity. (p. 655)	9
6892954922	election of 1980	Ronald Reagan won this presidential election, defeating Jimmy Carter because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation. It was significant because the Senate had Republican majority and more seats in the house allowing them to pass many key Republican programs. The 1980 election ended a half-century of Democratic dominance of Congress. (p. 655)	10
6892954923	Ronald Reagan	He was president from 1981 to 1988, he led a conservative movement against détente with the Soviet Union and the growth of the federal government. Some people credit him with America's victory in the Cold War while others fault his insensitive social agenda and irresponsible fiscal policies. (p. 656)	11
6892954924	supply-side economics (Reaganomics)	This economic theory argued that tax cuts and reduced government spending would increase investment by the private sector, which would lead to increased production, jobs, and prosperity. (p. 656)	12
6892954925	"trickle down" economics	Reaganomics was compared to the "trickle-down" economics of the 1920s, in which wealthy Americans prospered, and some of their increased spending benefited the middle class and the poor. (p. 656)	13
6892954926	Economic Recovery Tax Act	A measure signed by Reagan in 1981 which cut personal income taxes by 25 percent over three years, cut the corporate income tax, capital gains tax, and the gift and inheritance taxes. It offered the wealthy a broad array of other tax concessions. (p. 656)	14
6892954927	business deregulation	Reagan followed up on the promise of "getting governmnet off the backs of people" by reducing federal regulations on business and industry. Restrictions were eased on savings and loans, mergers and takeovers by large corporations, and environmental protection. (p. 657)	15
6892954928	PACTO strike	Reagan took a tough stand against unions, he fired thousands of striking federal air traffic controllers for violating their contract and decertified their union. (p. 657)	16
6892954929	Sandra Day O'Connor	President Reagan appointed this conservative judge to the Supreme Court, she was the first woman to serve on the Court. (p. 658)	17
6892954930	William Rehnquist	During the Reagan administration, he was the new Supreme Court chief justice. Under his leadership the court scaled back on affirmative action in hiring and promotions and limited Roe v. Wade influence by allowing states to impose some restrictions on abortions. (p. 658)	18
6892954931	growth of upper incomes	In the 1980s, well educated workers and yuppies (young urban professionals) enjoyed higher incomes from the deregulated marketplace while the standard of living for the middle class remained stagnant or declined. (p. 658)	19
6892954932	budget and trade deficits	President Reagan's tax cuts combined with large increases in military spending lead to federal deficits of more than $200 million a year. During his two terms the national debt tripled from $900 million to $2.7 trillion. The U.S. trade deficit reached $150 billion a year. (p. 658)	20
6892954933	election of 1984	In this presidential election, Ronald Reagan ran against Walter Mondale, who chose Geraldine Ferraro as the first woman for vice presidential candidate. Reagan won by a landslide winning every state except for Mondale's home state of Minnesota. (p. 658)	21
6892954934	expand military	President Reagan expanded the military to fight against the Soviet Union which he referred to as the "evil empire". The defense budget grew from $171 billion in 1981 to $300 billion in 1985. (p. 659)	22
6892954935	Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)	An ambitious plan for building a high-tech system of laser and particle beams to destroy enemy missiles before they could reach the United States. Critics called it "Star Wars" and argued that the costly program would only escalate the arms races. (p. 659)	23
6892954936	Nicaragua; Sandinistas	In Central America, Reagan supported right-wing dictators as long as they were friendly to the United States and anti-Communists. In Nicaragua, a Marxist movement known as the Sandinistas had overthrown the dictator. The U.S. responded by providing military aid to the "contras" in their efforts to remove the Sandinistas. (p. 660)	24
6892954937	Boland Amendment	In 1985, the Democrats passed this amendment which prohibited further aid to the contras in Nicaragua. (p. 660)	25
6892954938	Iran-contra affair	Iran and Iraq were at war, the United States sold antitank and antiaircraft missiles to Iran's government for their help in freeing Americans held hostage by radical Arab group. The U.S. then used the profits from the sale to fund the contras in Nicaragua. This violated the Boland Amendment and congressional budget authority. (p. 660)	26
6892954939	Beirut bombings	In April 1983, an Arab suicide bomber killed 63 people at the U.S. embassy in Beirut. A few months later, an Arab terrorist drove a bomb-filled truck into a U.S. Marines barracks, killing 241 servicemen. (p. 660)	27
6892954940	Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)	The terrorist group that Israel fought with U.S. support. (p. 660)	28
6892954941	Yasser Arafat	The PLO leader who agreed in 1988 to recognize Israel's right to exist. (p. 661)	29
6892954942	evil empire	Reagan's term for the Soviet Communists and also "focus of evil in the modern world". (p. 659)	30
6892954943	Mikhail Gorbachev; glasnost, perestroika	New Soviet leader who impletmented changes in their domestic politics with these reforms: 1) glasnost: an openness to end political repression and move toward greater political freedom for Soviet citizens. 2) perestroika: reconstruction of the Soviet economy by introducing some free-market practices. (p. 661)	31
6892954944	tear down this wall	Reagan said this in a speech in front of the Berlin Wall to challenge Mikhail Gorbachev into falling through with his reforms. (p. 661)	32
6892954945	INF agreement	With this agreement, Reagan and Gorbachev agreed to remove and destroy all intermediate-range missiles. (p. 661)	33
6892954946	Tiananmen Square	In 1989, Chinese pro democracy students demonstrated for freedom in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. The Chinese government crushed the protest with tanks, killing hundreds. (p 662)	34
6892954947	Soviet satellites	Gorbachev declared that he would no longer support the various Communist governments of Eastern Europe with Soviet armed forces. (p 662)	35
6892954948	Poland, Lech Walesa	Starting in Poland 1989 the election of Lech Walesa, the leader of the once-outlawed Solidarity movement, the communist party fell from power in many countries in eastern Europe. (p. 663)	36
6892954949	Berlin Wall falls	In 1989, the Communists in East Germany were forced out of power after protesters tore down the Berlin Wall. In October 1990, the two Germanys reunited into one country. (p. 663)	37
6892954950	Soviet Union breakup	Many republics declared independence; the Soviet government was clearly powerless to stop the fragmentation. The Communist Party and Soviet government became powerless and ceased to exist. (p. 663)	38
6892954951	Russia Republic, CIS	Boris Yeltsin, joined with nine former Soviet republics to form a loose confederation, The Common Wealth of Independent States. (p. 663)	39
6892954952	Boris Yeltsin	President of the Russian Republic, he formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). He disbanded the Communist party in Russia and attempted to establish a democracy and a free-market economy. (p. 663)	40
6892954953	START I and II	In 1991, U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Gorbachev signed the START I agreement which reduced the number of nuclear warheads to under 10,000 for each side. In 1992, President Bush and Yeltsin signed the START II agreement which reduced the number of nuclear weapons to just over 3,000 each. The U.S offered economic assistance to the troubled Russian economy. (p. 663)	41
6892954954	Yugoslavia civil war	Yugoslavia started to disintegrate in 1991, a civil war broke out in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992. (p. 664)	42
6892954955	election of 1988	In this presidential election George H. W. Bush defeated Michael Dukakis. Bush had been Reagan's vice president. (p. 662)	43
6892954956	George H. W. Bush	He won the 1988 presidential election. He was president during the Persian Gulf War. His ability to quickly bring the war to a conclusion while suffering relatively few casualties resulted in a very high approval rating of nearly 90 percent after the war. (p. 662)	44
6892954957	Panama invasion	In December 1989, President George H. W. Bush ordered the invasion of Panama to remove the autocratic General Manuel Noriega. The alleged purpose of the invasion was to stop Noriega from using his country as a drug pipeline to the United States. U.S. troops remained in Panama until elections established a more credible government. (p. 664)	45
6892954958	Saddam Hussein	In August 1990, this Iraqi dictator invaded oil-rich Kuwait. This invasion threatened Western oil sources. (p. 664)	46
6892954959	Persian Gulf War	After Saddam Hussein invaded oil rich Kuwait, President George H. W. Bush built a coalition of United Nations members to pressure Hussein to withdraw from Kuwait. The U.N. embargo had little effect. In January 1991, the massive Operation Desert Storm brought air strikes down on Iraq. After only 100 hours of fighting on the ground, Iraq conceded defeat. (p. 664)	47
6892954960	Operation Desert Storm	Massive operation in which more than 500,000 Americans were joined by military units from 28 nations. For 5 weeks they carried out relentless airstrikes and followed up with an invasion led by U.S. General Norman Schwarzkopf. After 100 hours of ground fighting, Iraq conceded defeat. (p. 664)	48
6892954961	Clarence Thomas	President George H. W. Bush nominated this man to replace the retiring Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court. It was controversial because of his conservative views on judicial issues and the charges of sexual harassment against him. Nevertheless, the Senate confirmed him. (p. 664)	49
6892954962	no new taxes	President George H. W. Bush had promised "no new taxes" during the presidential campaign, but he agreed to accept the Democratic Congress' proposed $133 billion in new taxes. (p. 665)	50
6892954963	Americans With Disabilities Act	In 1990, this act prohibited the discrimination against citizens with physical and mental disabilities in hiring, transportation, and public accommodation. (p. 665)	51
6892954964	election of 1992	In the 1992 presidential election, Democrat Bill Clinton defeated George H. W. Bush. Clinton presented himself as a moderate "New Democrat" who focused on economic issues. (p. 666)	52
6892954965	William (Bill) Clinton	He served as president from 1993 to 2000. He was a moderate "New Democrat" who focused on economic issues such as jobs, education, and health care. (p. 666)	53
6892954966	H. Ross Perot	He was a Texas billionaire, who entered the 1992 presidential election as an independent. He received nearly 20% of the vote, the best showing by an independent since Teddy Roosevelt in 1912. (p. 666)	54
6892954967	failure of health reform	President Clinton asked Hillary Rodham Clinton (his wife) to head a task force to propose a plan for universal health coverage. It ran into opposition from the insurance industry, small business organizations, and the Republicans. It failed to pass. (p. 666)	55
6892954968	don't ask, don't tell	President Clinton failed to end discrimination against gays in the military and settled for the rule, "Don't ask, don't tell". Under this policy a member of the military could still be dismissed for being gay or lesbian but was not required to provide sexual orientation information. (p. 666)	56
6892954969	NAFTA	North American Free Trade Agreement, which created a free-trade zone with Canada and Mexico. (p. 667)	57
6892954970	Brady Bill	This bill mandated a five-day waiting period for the purchase of handguns. (p. 666)	58
6892954971	National Rifle Association (NRA)	In 1974, this organization, which led the gun lobby, was angered when the Anti-Crime Bill banned the sale of most assault rifles. (p. 666)	59
6892954972	deficit reduction budget	In 1994, Congress passed this budget which included $225 billion in spending cuts and $241 billion in tax increases. Part of the budget would go towards increased spending on education and job training. (p. 666)	60
6892954973	Anti-Crime Bill	Bill Clinton's bill that provided $30 billion in funding for more police protection and crime prevention programs, also banned the sale of most assault rifles. (p. 666)	61
6892954974	election of 1994	In these midterm elections, Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress for the first time since 1954. (p. 667)	62
6892954975	Newt Gingrich	New Speaker of the House, who led the Republicans in an attack on federal programs and spending, outlined in their campaign manifesto "Contract with America". (p. 667)	63
6892954976	Contract with America	Republican plan headed by Newt Gingrich that focused on scaling back the government, balancing the budget, and cutting taxes. (p. 667)	64
6892954977	government shutdowns	The confrontations of between Newt Gingrich and President Clinton resulted in two shutdowns of the federal government in late 1995. Many Americans blamed overzealous Republicans in Congress for the shutdown. (p 667)	65
6892954978	Oklahoma City bombing	In 1995, a federal building in Oklahoma City was bombed by militia-movement extremists. The bombing took 169 lives, the worse act of domestic terrorism in the nation's history until the attack on 9/11. (p. 667)	66
6892954979	welfare reform	The 1996 budget reform which left Medicare and Social Security benefits intact, limited welfare benefits to five years under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act. (p. 667)	67
6892954980	balanced budgets	The spending cuts and tax increases during President Clinton's first term, along with record growth in the economy, created this budget in 1998. (p. 667)	68
6892954981	election of 1996	In this presidential election, Democrats Bill Clinton and Al Gore defeated Republicans Bob Dole and Jack Kemp. (p. 668)	69
6892954982	Clinton impeachment	In December 1998, the House voted to impeach President Bill Clinton on two counts, perjury and obstruction of justice. Neither impeachment charge was upheld by the Senate. (p. 669)	70
6892954983	Madeleine K. Albright	In 1997, she became the first woman to serve as secretary of state. (p. 669)	71
6892954984	humanitarian missions	In 1993, United States soldiers were killed in the civil war in Somalia while on a humanitarian mission. In 1994, President Clinton sent 20,000 troops into Haiti to restore its elected president after a military coup. (p. 669)	72
6892954985	Northern Ireland accords	In 1998, the U.S. played a key diplomatic role in negotiating an end to British rule and the armed conflict in Northern Ireland. (p. 669)	73
6892954986	Yugoslavia breakup	Serbian dictator, Slobodan Milosevic carried out a series of armed conflicts to suppress independence movements in the former Yugoslav provinces of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Kosovo. (p. 670)	74
6892954987	Balkan Wars; Bosnia, Kosovo	Diplomacy, bombing, and NATO ground troops stopped the bloodshed in Bosnia in 1995, then in Kosovo in 1999. These were the worst battles Europe had seen since World War II. (p. 670)	75
6892954988	ethnic cleansing	Hundred of thousands of ethnic and religious minorities were killed in Bosnia and Kosovo by the Serbian dictator Milosevic. (p. 670)	76
6892954989	nuclear proliferation	In the 1990s there were growing nuclear programs in North Korea, India, and Pakistan. (p. 670)	77
6892954990	West Bank, Gaza Strip	Israel granted home rule to the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and parts of the West Bank territories, and signed a peace treaty with Jordan in 1994. Israeli-Palestinian peace process slowed down after the assassination of the Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in 1995. (p. 670)	78
6892954991	European Union (EU); euro	In 2002, the European Union (EU) became a unified market of 15 nations, 12 of which adopted the euro as their currency. The EU grew to include 27 European nations by 2007, including ten former satellites of the USSR. (p. 669)	79
6892954992	World Trade Organization	In 1994, this organization was established to oversee trade agreements, enforce trade rules, and settle disputes. (p. 670)	80
6892954993	World Bank, G-8	This powerful bank made loans to and supervised the economic policies of poorer nations with debt problems. The Group of Eight, made up of the world's largest industrial powers (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States), controlled two-thirds of the world's wealth. (p 670)	81
6892954994	China, India, Brazil	In the 21st century, these three countries would soon surpass many of the older industrial powers. The growing gap between rich and poor nations of the world caused tensions. (p. 671)	82
6892954995	effects on jobs	Workers and unions in the richest nations often resented globalization, because they lost their jobs to cheaper labor markets in the developing world. (p. 671)	83
6892954996	prosperity of 1990s	During President Clinton's two terms in office the U.S. enjoyed the longest peacetime economic expansion in history, with annual growth rates of more than 4 percent. (p 668)	84
6892954997	technology boom	In the 1990's national productivity was improved by personal computers, software, Internet, cable, and wireless communications. (p. 668)	85
6892954998	Internet, e-commerce	The 1990s saw growth in the Internet and in electronic commerce (purchases made online). (p. 668)	86
6892954999	rise of South and West	The 2000 census reported the population of the United States was 281.4 million people. The fastest growing regions were the West and the South. Greater populations meant more congressional representatives and electoral votes. (p. 671)	87
6892955000	Immigration Act of 1986	This act attempted to create a fair entry process for immigrants, but failed to stop the problem of illegal entry into the U.S. from Mexico. It was criticized for granting amnesty to undocumented immigrants from Mexico and the Americas. (p. 671)	88
6892955001	growth of Hispanics	In 2000, the Hispanic population was the fasted growing segment of the population and emerged as the largest minority part in the nation. (p. 671)	89
6892955002	"graying" America	In 2000, 35 million people were over 65, but the fastest growing segment of the population were those 85 and over. As the baby-boom generation aged, concerns about health care, prescription drugs, senior housing, and Social Security increased. (p. 671)	90
6892955003	single-parent families	In the 1990s there was a decline of traditional family, and a growing number of single-parent families. By 2000, there were 12.8 million single-parent families. (p. 671)	91
6892955004	distribution of income	In 1999, the top fifth of American households received more than half of all income. (p. 672)	92
6892955005	concentration of wealth	Among industrialized nations, the United States had the largest gap between the lowest and the highest paid workers and the greatest concentration of wealth at the top. (p. 672)	93
6892955006	debate over freedom	Freedom is a main theme in American history, but an essentially contested concept. Through the years it has meant many different things to different people: freedom to enslave others, equal rights for all, liberation from big government and federal regulations, unregulated capitalism, among others. (p. 672)	94

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