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AP US Period 7 (1890-1945) Flashcards

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5108259138Spanish American WarIn 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence. As a result, the US acquired Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico.0
5108259139Filipino War1899-1903 conflict in which the U.S. fought to keep the Philippine islands from becoming independent after Admiral Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet on his attack on Manila at the outbreak of the Spanish American War.1
5108259140Treaty of Paris, 1898The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostility. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philippines. Cuba was freed from Spain.2
5108259141Open Door Policy, 1899A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.3
5108259142William McKinley25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist and Teddy Roosevelt becomes president.4
5108259143"Souls of Black Folks"A book of essay's written by W. E. B. DuBois to challenge Booker T. Washington's views on race relations in US. In 1905, Du Bois founded the Niagara Movement as an organized response to Booker T. Washington's policies of accommodation and conciliation. The Niagara Movement aimed to counteract Washington's influence over the black community and in its manifesto declared its intention to "claim for ourselves every single right that belongs to a freeborn American, political, civil and social."5
5108259144W. E. B. DuBoisFounded NAACP and argued that African Americans should press for tan immediate end to segregation and economic and political justice; urged for the talented tenth to take the lead. He created the Niagara Movement that paved the way for the Harlem Renaissance.6
5108259145National Child Labor Committee, 1904One of the main issues addressed by the Progressive Movement was labor conditions, especially for children. Muckracking journalism and action from social and labor activists led to the formation of the National Labor Committee in 1904. As part of their charge, the committee investigated labor conditions around the nation. Photos of the investigation by the famed photographer Lewis W. Hine are in the collection of the Library of Congress. The first real effective child labor legislation was passed more than thirty years later during the New Deal.7
5108259146Panama CanalAmerican construction began on the Panama Canal. It took ten years and $352 million dollars to complete. The canal opened in 1914. During the building of the canal, begun under the French in 1879, more than 26,000 workers, many West Indian, died from construction accidents and yellow fever and other diseases.8
5108259147Roosevelt CorollaryPresident Roosevelt announced the Roosevelt Corollary, which extended the Monroe Doctrine and asserted the right of the United States to police the Caribbean.9
5108259148Great Migration (1905-1930)In the first decades of the twentieth century, African Americans left, in greater and greater numbers, the southern states where they had been subject to economic abuses and outright intimidation. The Great Migration, in which about half a million African Americans moved to the urban North from the rural South, began about 1905 and ended around 1930.10
5108259149The "Jungle"This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act.11
5108259150Triangle Shirtwaist FactoryMarch 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers.12
5108259151Titanic Sinks 1911A tragic disaster, mans' stupidity, thought they built an unsinkable ship, but metallurgy allowed the bolts to pop out, inadequate life boats for the poorer and middle classes on board. Demonstrated the wide gap between rich and poor.13
5108259152Woodrow Wilson1912, 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize14
5108259153ImperialismA policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.15
5108259154Alfred T MahanAuthor who argued in 1890 that the economic future of the United States rested on new overseas markets protected by a larger navy. Wrote "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History"16
5108259155Yellow journalistsJournalists who wrote overly sensational articles to sell newspapers17
5108259156Cuban RebellionThis was the revolution during the Spanish American war in which Cuba wanted independence from Spain, however Spain would not grant it. Thus, America intervened, and due to the rising tensions, the Spanish American war started.18
5108259157"Remember the Maine"A slogan of the Spanish-American war referring to the sinking of a battleship in Cuba. Stirred up by yellow journalism, this lead McKinley to declare war.19
5108259158Battle of San Juan HillJuly 1, 1898-One of the most important battles of the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt, the Rough Riders and Pershing's Buffalo Soldiers defeated Spanish on Kettle and San Juan Hill.20
5108259159Admiral DeweyDestroyed the Spanish fleet in the Pacific during the SPAM war.21
5108259160Submarine warfareUsed during World War I mainly between German U-Boats and Atlantic supply convoys for Great Britain22
5108259161LusitaniaA British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.23
5108259162Zimmerman TelegramMarch 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's proximity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.24
5108259163Liberty BondsWhere people bought bonds so the government could get that money now for war. The bonds increased in interest over time.25
5108259164RationingA limited portion or allowance of food or goods; limitation of use26
5108259165Victory gardensBackyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort27
5108259166War Industries BoardAgency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.28
5108259167Espionage and Sedition ActTwo laws enacted to impose harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S participation in WW129
5108259168Eugene DebsLeader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.30
5108259169Fourteen PointsThe war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.31
5108259170League of NationsA world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.32
5108259171Treaty of Versailles(WWI) 1918, Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1) stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Air Force. 2) Germany had to pay war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons. Partitioned lands to Britain & France in the mandate system breaking up the Ottoman Empire.33
5108259172Red ScareA social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities34
5108259173Bolshevik RevolutionThe overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.35
5108259174Sacco & VanzettiA controversial trial in 1920 charging two Italian anarchist immigrants with the robbing of a shoe factory and the killing of two men within, with the two men arrested several weeks later. Massive protests resulted with the overall opinion that the men were arrested because they were radical immigrants, and while appeals continued to be raised, they were sentenced to death in 1927.36
5108259175Immigration Quota Act of 1924This was passed in 1924 replaced the Quota Act of 1921, cutting quotas for foreigners from 3% to 2%. Different countries were only allowed to send an allotted number of its citizens to America every year.37
510825917618th AmendmentProhibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages38
510825917719th AmendmentAmendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.39
5108259178Harlem RenaissanceBlack literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, & rise of jazz and the blues.40
5108259179Jacob LawrenceRegionalist painter that learned his art in Harlem during the 1920s and used simple flat colorful shapes to tell stories of hopelessness41
5108259180Irving BerlinA twentieth-century American writer of popular songs (words and music). His songs include "God Bless America," "White Christmas," and "There's no Business like Show Business."42
5108259181Tin Pan AlleyIs the name given to the collection of New York City-centered music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 1800's and early 1900's.43
5108259182Great DepressionStarting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it44
5108259183HoovervillesDepression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress45
5108259184Causes of Great DepressionUnemployment rising, the dustbowl, overproduction of everything, layoffs, buying on credit, over-speculation46
5108259185Dust BowlRegion of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.47
5108259186Herbert Hoover(1929-1933) The New York Stock Market Crashes October 29, 1929 "Black Tuesday".48
5108259187Black TuesdayOctober 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.49
5108259188Hoover DamDam on the Colorado River that was built during the Great Depression50
5108259189New DealA series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.51
5108259190Alphabet AgenciesIn 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt launched his New Deal to deal with the Great Depression. The administrative style was to create new agencies. Some were set up by Congress (such as TVA) and others by Roosevelt's Executive Order (such as WPA). The agencies were also referred to as "alphabet soup". FIB, CIA, EPA, etc.52
5108259191Social Security(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health53
5108259192Tennessee Valley AuthorityA relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.54
5108259193Lend LeaseLegislation proposed by FDR and adopted by congress, stating that the U.S could either sell or lease arms and other equipment to any country whose security was vital to America's interest -> military equipment to help Britain war effort was shipped from U.S55
5108259194Cash and Carry Policy1939. Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. This benefited the Allies, because Britain was dominant naval power.56
5108259195Wagner Act1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.57
5108259196Eleanor RooseveltFDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women58
5108259197Huey Long"Kingfish" Rep. senator of LA; pushed "Share Our Wealth" program and make "Every Man a King' at the expense of the wealthy; assassinated59
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AP US History Period 7, 1890-1945 Flashcards

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9266346195The Great DepressionThe deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. In the United States, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors.0
9266346196Progressive EraA period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to 1920s.1
9266346197ProhibitionA nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933.2
9266346198Women's suffrageThe women's right to vote, granted by the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution3
9266346199PreservationistsThose who attempt to maintain in their present condition areas of the Earth that are so far untouched by humans.4
9266346200ConservationistsThose who advocate for the sustainable use and management of natural resources including wildlife, water, air, and earth deposits, both -- renewable and non-renewable.5
9266346201Welfare StateA system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. The foundations for the modern welfare state in the US were laid by the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.6
9266346202LiberalismA viewpoint or ideology associated with free political institutions and religious toleration, as well as support for a strong role of government in regulating capitalism and constructing the welfare state.7
9266346203Mass MediaDiversified mediatechnologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication.8
9266346204Harlem Renaissance MovementA cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem, New York, spanned the 1920s. During the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement," named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke.9
9266346205Freedom of SpeechThe right to communicate one's opinions and ideas without fear of government retaliation or censorship.10
9266346206The Great MigrationThe movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970.11
9266346207ImperialistA policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.12
9266346208Self-determinationFree choice of one's own acts or states without external compulsion13
9266346209IsolationismA category of foreign policies institutionalized by leaders who asserted that their nations' best interests were best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance.14
9266346210Spanish-American WarA conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence.15
9266346211Treaty of VersaillesOne of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.16
9266346212League of NationsAn intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War.17
9266346213FascismAn authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.18
9266346214TotalitarianismA political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.19
9266346215Japanese Attack on Pearl HarborDecember 7, 1941 "a date which will live in infamy."20
9266346216Axis PowersGermany, Italy, and Japan, which were allied before and during World War II.21
9266346217Allied PowersU.S., Britain, France, which were allied before and during World War II.22
9266346218Nazi Concentration CampA guarded compound for the detention or imprisonment of aliens, members of ethnic minorities, political opponents. Primarily Jewish Europeans during WWII.23
9266346219HolocaustAlso known as the Shoah, was a genocide in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews.24
9266346220Internment of Japanese AmericansForced relocation and incarceration in camps in the interior of the U.S. of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who had lived on the Pacific coast.25
9266346221Pacific "Island Hopping"A military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II. The idea was to bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and instead concentrate the limited Allied resources on strategically important islands that were not well defended but capable of supporting the drive to the main islands of Japan.26
9266346222D-DayThe landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II27
9266346223Atomic BombA "fission" bomb dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima at the end of World War II.28
9266346224AmericanizationThe process of assimilating American character, manner, ideals, culture, and so on.29
9266346225sphere of influenceThe territory of weaker states where a powerful state exercises the dominant control.30
9266346226partitionIn politics, the act of dividing a weaker territory or government among several more powerful states.31
9266346227blue bloodPerson descended from nobility or aristocracy.32
9266346228bellicoseDisposed to fight or go to war.33
9266346229preparednessThe accumulation of sufficient armed forces and materiel to go to war.34
9266346230corollaryA secondary inference or deduction from a main proposition that is taken as established or proven.35
9266346231banana republicA disparaging term for the small nations of Central America, with particular reference to their political instability and poor, single-crop economies.36
9266346232dictumAn authoritative edict or assertion.37
9266346233preemptiveThe prior appropriation of land or other goods, in order to prevent their appropriation by others.38
9266346234progressiveIn politics, one who believes in continuing progress, improvement, or reform.39
9266346235exposéA disclosure or revelation considered embarrassing to those involved.40
9266346236direct primaryIn politics, the nomination of a party's candidates for office through a special election of that party's voters.41
9266346237initiativeIn politics, the procedure whereby voters can, through petition, present proposed legislation directly to the electorate.42
9266346238referendumThe submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct vote of the electorate.43
9266346239recallIn politics, a procedure for removing an official from office through popular election or other means.44
9266346240city managerAn administrator appointed by the city council or other elected body to manage affairs, supposedly in a nonpartisan or professional way.45
9266346241slumlordA landlord who owns and profits from slum properties, often by charging excessive rents or neglecting maintenance and repairs.46
9266346242red-light districtA section of a city where prostitution is officially or unofficially tolerated.47
9266346243franchiseIn government, a special privilege or license granted to a company or group to perform a specific function.48
9266346244negligenceIn law, the failure to take a reasonable care, resulting in injury to another person.49
9266346245reclamationThe process of bringing or restoring wasteland to productive use.50
9266346246collectivismA political or social system in which individuals are subordinated to mass organization and direction.51
9266346247insubordinationDeliberate disobedience to proper authority.52
9266346248entrepreneurshipThe process whereby an individual initiates a business at some risk in order to expand it and thereby earn a profit.53
9266346249self-determinationIn politics, the right of a people to shape its own national identity and form og government, without outside coercion of influence.54
9266346250pietyDevotion to religious duty and practices.55
9266346251graduated income taxA tax on income in which the taxation rates are progressively higher for those whit higher income.56
9266346252levyA forcible tax or other imposition.57
9266346253inelasticityThe inability to expand or contract rapidly.58
9266346254commercial paperAny business document having monetary or exchangeable value.59
9266346255promissory notea written pledge to pay a certain person a specified sum of money at a certain time. (An IOU)60
9266346256adulterationDebasing a product or substance by substituting poor-quality components ingredients.61
9266346257agricultural extensionThe system of providing services and advice to farmers through dispersed local agents.62
9266346258enclaveA small territory surrounded by foreign or hostile territory.63
9266346259gringoContemptuous Latin American term for North Americans.64
9266346260censorAn official who examines publications, mail, literature, and so forth in order to remove or prohibit the distribution of material deemed dangerous or offensive.65
9266346261torpedoTo launch from a submarine or airplane a self-propelled underwater explosive designed to detonate on impact.66
9266346262draftIn politics, to choose an individual to run for office without that person's prior solicitation of the nomination.67
9266346263"Insular Cases" / Downes v. Bidwell (1901)Confirmed the right of the federal government to place tariffs on goods entering the U. S. from U. S. Territories on the grounds that "the Constitution does not follow the flag."68
9266346264Northern Securities Co. v. U. S. (1904)Re-established the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.69
9266346265Lochner v. New York (1905)Declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting the working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th Amendment rights.70
9266346266Muller v. Oregon (1908)First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.71
9266346267Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918)Declared the Keating-Owen Act (a child labor act) unconstitutional on the grounds that it was an invasion of state authority.72
9266346268Schenck v. U. S. (1919)Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."73
9266346269Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)Declared unconstitutional a minimum wage law for women on the grounds that it denied women freedom of contract.74
9266346270"Insular Cases" / Downes v. Bidwell (1901)Confirmed the right of the federal government to place tariffs on goods entering the U. S. from U. S. Territories on the grounds that "the Constitution does not follow the flag."75
9266346271Northern Securities Co. v. U. S. (1904)Re-established the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.76
9266346272Lochner v. New York (1905)Declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting the working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th Amendment rights.77
9266346273Muller v. Oregon (1908)First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.78
9266346274Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918)Declared the Keating-Owen Act (a child labor act) unconstitutional on the grounds that it was an invasion of state authority.79
9266346275Schenck v. U. S. (1919)Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."80
9266346276Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)Declared unconstitutional a minimum wage law for women on the grounds that it denied women freedom of contract.81
9266346277Schechter v. U. S. (1936)Sometimes called "the sick chicken case." Unanimously declared the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) unconstitutional on three grounds: that the act delegated legislative power to the executive; that there was a lack of constitutional authority for such legislation; and that it sought to regulate businesses that were wholly intrastate in character.82
9266346278Korematsu v. U. S. (1941)The court upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2.83
9266346279Ex parte Endo (1944)The court forbade the internment of Japanese-Americans born in the U. S. (Nisei)84
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GVHS AP US History Period 5 (1844-1877) Flashcards

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6146524016Popular SovereigntyNotion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.0
6146524017Fugitive Slave LawPassed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.1
6146524020Emancipation Proclamation1863. Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States. The Proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines.2
6146524027Compromise of 1850Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery.3
6146524030Gettysburg Address1863. Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.4
614652403313th, 14th, 15th Amendments (Reconstruction Amendments)13th: Abolished slavery except for criminal punishment. 14th: Gave equal rights and government protection to all men. 15th: Secured suffrage for men.5
6146524045Bleeding Kansas(1856-1861) A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.6
6146524047John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry(1859) John Brown led a raid on Harper's Ferry. He hoped to start a rebellion against slaveholders by arming enslaved African Americans. Brown was quickly defeated by citizens and federal troops. Brown became a villain to southerners who now thought northerners would use violence to end slavery as well as a martyr to some northerners who saw Brown as someone who sacrificed himself for the ideal of freedom for all.7
6146524051Thirteenth Amendment(1865) The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.8
6146524052Fourteenth Amendment(1868) Provided equal protection of the law to freed slaves. Representation for any state that withheld voting from African Americans would be reduced.9
6146524053Fifteenth Amendment(1870) Prohibited any state from denying citizens the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.10
6146524055Manifest DestinyA notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.11
6146524066Abraham Lincoln16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)12
6146524067secessionFormal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation13
6146524070Robert E. LeeConfederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force. Military genius whose aggressiveness made him a fearsome opponent throughout the Civil War.14
6146524075Ulysses S. GrantAn American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.15
6146524088Frederick DouglassAn escaped slave who spoke publicly for the abolitionist cause. He wrote his autobiography, depicting the harsh realities of Southern slavery. He also looked to politics to help abolish slavery.16
6146524103Jefferson DavisPresident of the Confederate States of America prior to and during the Civil War.17
6146524107Lincoln-Douglas DebatesLincoln challenged Stephen Douglas to debates during the senatorial race of 1858 which became a public referendum on the issue of slavery.18
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GVHS AP US History Period 3 (1754-1800) Flashcards

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6204437638Benjamin FranklinOne of the founding fathers, famous for presence in the American Enlightenment. earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies.0
6204437642George WashingtonGeneral, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Later named the first President of the United States.1
6204437643Thomas Paine's Common SensePublished in 1776. Pamphlet that challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. Used "Common Sense" and plain language to appeal to the average colonist. First work to ask for independence outright.2
6204437644The Declaration of Independencethe statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting atPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies,[2] then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule.3
6204437645Republican MotherhoodPredominant conception of women's roles before, during and after the American Revolution: the "Republican Mother" was considered a custodian of civic virtue responsible for upholding the morality of her husband and children. Though this idea emphasized the separation of women's and men's roles, it did weight heavily the influence of the mother on the family and advocated for this influence to be taken seriously.4
6204437646Legislative BranchThe branch of government tasked with writing laws.5
6204437647Judicial BranchThe branch of government tasked with interpreting laws.6
6204437648Executive BranchThe branch of government tasked with enforcing laws.7
6204437650Constitutional ConventionTook place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although the Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States.8
6204437651Federalisma system of government in which entities such as states or provinces share power with a national government.9
6204437652Separation of PowersInspired by Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, the idea of a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches.10
6204437657Democratic-Republican Partyformed by Thomas Jefferson and others who believed in an agrarian-based, decentralized,democratic government. The party was established to oppose the Federalists who had supported and pushed through the ratification of the US Constitution.11
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AP US History Summer Vocabulary(chapter 1) Flashcards

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4876055527Cahokiarefers to the location where Mississippian culture thrived before European explorers landed in the Americas. Cahokia population exceeded 10,000;smaller satellite communities brought the region's population to 20,000 to 30,000.0
4876064496Iroquois Confederacy(Five/Six Nation)was an alliance of five,later six,American Indian tribes-the Cayuga,Mohawk,Oneida,Onondaga,Seneca,and Tuscarora located modern day New York State.The confederacy's structure included both federalism and a type of bicameral(having two legislative branches) council that inspired the framework of the U.S Constitution.1
4876073365Matriarchal Societieswere societies that inherited power through female lines of authority women were influential in local councils,though men served as sachems,made war,and conducted diplomacy.2
4876077841Pueblo Indiansare American Indians who live in pueblos and have a long tradition of farming.Pueblo means town in Spanish,and the name refers to their distinctive building style.3
4876080496Animiststhe attribution of a soul to plants,inanimate objects,and natural phenomena.4
4876084789Effect of the Reformation on the New WorldThe Protestant Reformation as this movement came to be called triggered a Counter Reformation in the Catholic church that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits(founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.The competition between these divergent Christian tradition did much to shape European colonization of the Americans.5
4876094043Caravela small,fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries.6
4876097758Impact of disease on Native Americans during the Spanish InvasionAs the European explores and colonists began to arrive, this changed and the consequences were disastrous for Native American people.The death tolls from the newly introduced European diseases often reached 80-90 percent.By 1518,the Native demographic catastrophe and the demands of Spanish settlers for labor led to the importation of slaves from Africa.7
4876108236Chattel Slaveryis an enslaved person who is owned forever and whose children and children's children are automatically enslaved.Chattel slaves are individuals treated as complete property,to be bought and sold.8
4876113617Encomiendasa system of forced labor that allowed conquistadors to claim tribute(payment,taxes) from Native Americans.9
4876117182Columbian Exchangethe movement of disease and peoples across the Atlantic.10
4876119134Sir Francis Drakewas an English sea captain,privateer,navigator,slaver,and politician of the Elizabethan era.Sir Francis Drake was also an explorer best known for circumnavigate globe.11
4876128908MercantilismRaw materials from colonies exchanged for manufactured goods from mother country.12
4876219826Roanoke Island1587:The first permanent English settlement in North America.The leader of the colony left for England to get supplies,when he returned everyone was gone.The colony failed.13
4876231662Goals of the Jamestown ColonistsJamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America,was founded in 1607.Many of its colonists died during the first few difficult years,but thanks to the leadership of Captain John Smith and others,Jamestown endured and served as a starting point for important explorations of Chesapeake region.Furthermore,tobacco was their cash crop.14
4876257039Chief PowhatanNorth American Indian Chief in Virginia,father of Pocahontas.Also,helped Jamestown survive with help of Pocahontas.15
4876269752John Rolfewas one of the early English settlers of North America.He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crops in the colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas.16
4876282003Pocahontaswho was a Powhatan princess who befriended the English colonists at Jamestown.Also,she married the colonist John Rolfe(1614) and later traveled Passes to England ,where she died.17
4876290933Why Virginia becomes a Royal Colony ?In 1624,the Virginia Company's charter was revoked by King James 1 and the Virginia Colony was transferred to royal authority as a crown colony.From 1619 to 1776,the legislature of the Virginia was the House of Burgesses,which governed in conjunction with a colonial governor.18
4876312701Toleration Act of 1649passed to protect Catholic country and granted religious tolerance for all Christians in order to populate the land more quickly.19
4876326478Freeholds/Yeomanfarms of 30 to 50 acres owned and farmed by families or male partners20
4876330075Headright SystemFree land(50 acres) given to anyone who would pay for laborer or indentured servant.(mostly wealthy investors) led to an emerging aristocracy in VA.21
4876347382Indentured ServitudeWorkers contracted for service for a specified period.In exhange for specified peroid.In exchange for agreeing to work for four or five years(or more) withput wages in the colonies,indentured workers received passage across the Altanic board,and status as a free person at the end of the contract peroid.22
4876368457PilgrimsOne of the first Protestant groups to come to America,seeking a separation from the Church of England.They founded Plymouth,the first permanent community in New England, in 1620.23
4876380349John Winthropwas an English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony,the first major settlement in what us now New England after Plymouth Colony.Winthrop led the first large wave of immigrants from England in 1630,and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years of existence.24
4876417883PredestinationGod already decides who goes to heaven.25
4876423967Anne Hutchinsona)Dissenter of Puritans b)Believed God spoke to her c)Called before the General Court to answer for her teachings d)She was banished from Mass. and fled to Rhode Island e)"Covenant of Grace"26
4876439790Roger Williamshe believed government shouldn´t be involved in religion called Religious Dissident.(separation of church and state).He believed Indians were treated unfairly. He fled to Providence and founded Rhode Island.27
4876512949Pequot Warwas an armed conflict between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the English colonists of Massachusetts Bay,Plymouth,and Saybrook colonies and their Native American allies(the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) which occurred between 1634 and 1638.The Pequots lost the war.At the end,about seven hundred Pequots had been killed or taken into captivity.Hundreds of prisoners were sold into slavery to the West Indies.28
4876541565Metacom's Waran armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day New England and English colonists and their Native American allies in 1675-78.The war is named for the main leader of Native American side,Metacom ,who had adopted the English name"King Philip".29
6573335209House of Burgessesfirst representative law making body.30
6573338839Conquistadorscollected and exported as much of the areas wealth as they could.31
6573379043The Starving TimeIndians of Powhatan Confederacy stopped supplying Jamestown with food 90% perished.32
6577783584Mayflower Compactfirst step at representative democracy.33
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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 29 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 29 Limits of a Superpower, 1969-1980

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6297574286Henry KissingerNixon's national security adviser, he later become secretary of state during Nixon's second term. He helped Nixon to fashion a realistic foreign policy that generally succeeded in reducing the tensions of the Cold War. (p. 625)0
6297574287VietnamizationPresident Nixon announced that he would gradually withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam and give the South Vietnamese the money, the weapons, and the training that they needed to take over the full conduct of the war. Under this policy, U.S. troops in South Vietnam went from over 540,000 in 1969 to under 30,000 in 1972. (p. 626)1
6297574288Nixon DoctrineThis doctrine declared that Asian allies would receive U.S. support but without the extensive use of U.S. ground forces. (p. 626)2
6297574289Kent StateIn April 1970, President Nixon expanded the war by using U.S. forces to invade Cambodia. A nationwide protest against this action on U.S. college campuses resulted in the killing of four youths by National Guard troops at Kent State in Ohio. (p. 626)3
6297574290My LaiThe American public was shocked to learn about a 1968 massacre of women and children by U.S. troops in the Vietnamese village of My Lai. (p. 626)4
6297574291Pentagon PapersThe New York Times published the Pentagon Papers, a secret government history documenting the mistakes and deceptions of government policy-makers in dealing with Vietnam. (p. 626)5
6297574292Paris Accords of 1973In January 1973, the North Vietnamese agreed to an armistice, in which the United States would withdraw the last of its troops and get back over 500 prisoners of war (POWs). The agreement also promised a cease-fire and free elections. However, the armistice did not end the war, but it allowed the United States to extricate itself. (p. 627)6
6297574293detentePresident Nixon and Kissinger strengthened the U.S. position in the world by taking advantage of the rivalry between the two Communist giants, China and the Soviet Union. Their diplomacy was praised for bringing about detente, a reduction of Cold War tensions. (p. 627)7
6297574294China visitAfter a series of secret negotiations with Chinese leaders, in February of 1972 Nixon astonished the world by traveling to Beijing to meet with Mao Zedong, the leader of Communist China. His visit initiated diplomatic exchanges that ultimately led to U.S. recognition of the Communist government. (p. 627)8
6297574295antiballistic missilesPresident Nixon used his new relationship with China to put pressure on the Soviets to agree to a treaty limiting antiballistic missiles (ABMs). (p. 627)9
6297574296Strategic Arms Limitation TalksPresident Nixon used his new relationship with China to put pressure on the Soviets to agree to a treaty limiting antiballistic missiles (ABMs), a new technology that would have expanded the arms race. After the first round of Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT I), U.S. diplomats secured Soviet consent to a freeze on the number of ballistic missiles carrying nuclear warheads. While this agreement did not end the arms race, it was a significant step toward reducing Cold War tensions and bringing about detente. (p. 627)10
6297574297Middle East War (1973)On October 6, 1973, the Syrians and Egyptians launched a surprise attack on Israel in an attempt to recover the lands lost in the Six-Day War of 1967. President Nixon ordered the U.S. nuclear forces on alert and airlifted almost $2 billion in arms to Israel to stem their retreat. The tide of battle quickly shifted in favor of the Israelis. (p. 631)11
6297574298OPEC; oil embargoAfter October 1973 Arab Israel War, the Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) placed an embargo on oil sold to Israel's supporters. The embargo caused a worldwide oil shortage and long lines at gas stations in the United States. (p. 631)12
6297574299New FederalismIn a program known as revenue sharing, or the New Federalism, Congress approved giving local governments $30 billion in block grants over five years to address local needs as they saw fit. Republicans hoped revenue sharing would check the growth of the federal government and return responsibility to the states, where it had rested before the New Deal. (p. 628)13
6297574300stagflationThe U.S. economy in the 1970s faced an unusual combination of economic slowdown and high inflation. To slow inflation, President Nixon at first tried to cut federal spending. When this policy contributed to a recession and unemployment, he adopted Keynesian economics and deficit spending. He surprised the nation by imposing a 90-day wage and price freeze. Next, he took the dollar off the gold standard, which helped to devalue it relative to foreign currencies. (p. 628)14
6297574301southern strategyHaving received just 43 percent of the popular vote in 1968, President Nixon was well aware of being a minority president. To win over the South, he asked the federal courts in that region to delay integration plans and busing orders. He also nominated two southern conservatives to the Supreme Court. The Senate refused to confirm them, and the courts rejected his requests for delayed integration. Nevertheless, his strategy played well with southern white voters. (p. 629)15
6297574302wage and price controlsIn 1971, President Nixon imposed a 90-day wage and price freeze to slow inflation. (p. 628)16
6297574303off the gold standardIn 1971, President Nixon took the U.S. off the gold standard, which helped to devalue the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies. (p. 628)17
6297574304cost of living indexedIn 1972, Congress approved automatic increases for Social Security benefits based on the rise in the cost of living. (p. 628)18
6297574305Title IXIn 1972, Congress passed this statue to end sex discrimination in schools that received federal funding. (p. 628)19
6297574306Burger CourtIn 1969, President Nixon appointed Warren E. Burger of Minnesota as chief justice to succeed the retiring Earl Warren. The Burger Court was more conservative than the Warren Court, but some of its decisions angered conservatives. (p. 629)20
6297574307Roe v. WadeIn 1973, the Supreme Court struck down many state laws prohibiting abortions as a violation of a women's right to privacy. (p. 629)21
6297574308election of 1972In the 1972 presidential election Richard Nixon easily won a second term by defeating Democratic Senator George McGovern of South Dakota. Nixon won every state except Massachusetts. (p. 629)22
6297574309George McGovernIn 1972, this Democratic Senator from South Dakota was a very liberal, antiwar, antiestablishment candidate for president. He was defeated easily by Richard Nixon. (p. 629)23
6297574310Watergate cover-upIn June 1972, a group of men hired by Nixon's reelection committee were caught breaking into the offices of the Democratic national headquarters in the Watergate complex. This break-in and attempted bugging were only part of a series of illegal activities. No proof demonstrated that Nixon had ordered the illegal activities. However, it was shown that Nixon participated in the illegal cover up of the scandal. (p. 630)24
6297574311plumbersThe president's aides created this group to stop leaks to the press as well as to discredit opponents. (p. 630)25
6297574312enemies listThe White House created this list of prominent Americans who opposed Nixon or the Vietnam War. (p. 630)26
6297574313United States v. NixonIn the last days of the Watergate scandal, the court denied Nixon's claims to executive privilege and ordering him to turn over the Watergate tapes. (p. 629)27
6297574314War Powers ActIt was found that President Nixon had authorized 3,500 secret bombing raids in Cambodia, a neutral county. In November 1973, after a long struggle, Congress finally passed this act over Nixon's veto. This law required Nixon and any future president to report to Congress within 48 hours after taking military action and to obtain Congressional approval for any military action lasting more than 60 days. (p. 631)28
6297574315impeachment and resignationThe start of impeachment hearings in the House forced Nixon to eventually turn over the Watergate tapes, tape recordings of Nixon in his office. The tapes clearly implicated Nixon in the cover-up. The House Judiciary Committee voted three articles of impeachment: (1) obstruction of justice, (2) abuse of power, and (3) contempt of Congress. On August 9, 1974 Nixon resigned. (p. 632)29
6297574316imperial presidencyCold War presidents had used national security, secrecy, executive privileged, and the mystique of the office to concentrate power into the White House. (p. 640)30
6297574317Gerald FordAs vice president, he became president when Richard Nixon resigned on August 1, 1974. He was a likeable and unpretentious man, but his ability to be president was questioned by many in the media. (p. 632)31
6297574318pardon of NixonIn his first month in office President Gerald Ford granted Richard Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crime he might have committed in office. (p. 632)32
6297574319reform of CIAFormer Congressman George H. W. Bush was appointed by President Ford to reform this agency after it had been accused of assassinating foreign leaders. (p. 633)33
6297574320fall of SaigonIn April 1975, the U.S supported government in Saigon fell and Vietnam became one country under Communist rule. (p. 633)34
6297574321Cambodia genocideIn 1975, the U.S. supported government in Cambodia fell to the Khmer Rouge, a radical Communist faction that killed over one million of its people in an effort to rid the country of western influence. (p 633)35
6297574322battle over inflationIn 1979-1980, inflation seemed completely out of control and reached the unheard of rate of 13 percent. (p. 636)36
6297574323BicentennialIn 1976 the United States celebrated its 200th birthday. (p. 633)37
6297574324election of 1976In 1976 presidential election Democrat James Earl (Jimmy) Carter won a close election by defeating Gerald Ford. He was helped by running as an outsider and the voters memory of Watergate. (p. 634)38
6297574325James Earl (Jimmy) CarterHe was elected president in 1976. He was a former Democratic governor of Georgia. (p. 634)39
6297574326human rightsPresident Carter championed the cause of human rights around the world. He opposed the all-white oppressive governments of South Africa and Rhodesia. He cut aid to Argentina and Chile for their human rights violations. (p. 634)40
6297574327Panama Canal TreatyIn 1978, the Senate ratified a treaty that would gradually transfer control of the Panama Canal from the U.S. to Panama. (p. 634)41
6297574328Camp David AccordsIn September 1978, President Carter arranged for leader of Egypt and Israel to met at the Camp David presidential retreat to provide a framework for a peace settlement between the two countries. (p. 635)42
6297574329Iranian hostage crisisIn November 1979, Iranian militants seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran, Iran and held more than 50 of the U.S. staff as hostages. The hostage crisis dragged on for the rest of Carter's presidency. (p. 635)43
6297574330recognition of ChinaIn 1979, the U.S. ended its official recognition of the Chinese government in Taiwan and completed an exchange of ambassadors with the People's Republic of China. (p. 635)44
6297574331Soviet Afghanistan invasionIn December 1979, Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan, an action that ended a decade of improving U.S.-Soviet relations. (p. 635)45
6297574332Paul Volcker, high interest ratesIn 1980, the chairman of the Federal Reserve Board pushed interest rates to 20 percent in order to combat inflation. (p. 636)46
6297574333malaise speechIn 1979, President Jimmy Carter gave a speech in which he blamed the U.S. problems on a "moral and spiritual crisis". (p. 636)47
6297574334cultural pluralismThe U.S. population became more racial diverse and diverse ethnic and cultural groups strove to celebrate their unique traditions. (p. 637)48
6297574335impact of 1965 immigration lawThe end of ethnic quotas favoring Europeans opened the United States to immigrants from all parts of the world. (p. 637)49
6297574336Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986This act penalize employers for hiring immigrants who had entered the country illegally or had overstayed their visas, while granting amnesty to undocumented immigrants arriving by 1982. (p. 637)50
6297574337Hispanic AmericansIn 2000, they became the country's largest minority group. (p. 637)51
6297574338Cesar ChavezIn 1975, as leader of the United Farm Workers Organization he organized boycotts and eventually gained collective bargaining rights for farm workers. (p. 637)52
6297574339American Indian MovementTo achieve American Indian self-determination and revival of tribal traditions this organization was founded in 1968. (p. 638)53
6297574340Indian Self-Determination ActIn 1975, this act gave American Indian reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement. (p. 638)54
6297574341gaming casinosThe American Indians attacked widespread unemployment and poverty on reservations by building these facilities. (p. 638)55
6297574342Asian AmericansIn the 1980s, this group became the fastest growing minority population. (p. 639)56
6297574343gay liberation movementBy the mid 1970s, homosexuality was no longer classified as a mental illness and the federal Civil Service ended its ban on unemployment of homosexuals. (p. 639)57
6297574344Earth DayIn 1970, this annual celebration day, was created to show concerns about pollution and the destruction of the natural environment. (p. 639)58
6297574345Exxon Valdez accidentIn 1989, this oil tanker ran aground and created a massive oil spill off the coast of Alaska. (p. 639)59
6297574346Three Mile IslandIn 1979, this nuclear power plant accident in Pennsylvania turned public opinion against nuclear power. (p. 639)60
6297574347Chernobyl meltdownIn 1986, this nuclear plant in the Soviet Union exploded killing many people. (p. 639)61
6297574348Clean Air ActIn 1970, Congress passed this act to protect the air. (p. 639)62
6297574349Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)In 1970, Congress created this agency to protect the environment. (p. 639)63
6297574350Clean Water ActIn 1972, Congress passed this act to protect the water. (p. 639)64
6297574351Environmental SuperfundIn 1980, Congress created this fun to clean up toxic dumps, such as Love Canal in New York state. (p. 639)65
6297574352Endangered Species ActIn 1973, Congress passed this act to protect endangered species. (p. 639)66
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US AP History Period 1 Flashcards

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4905978617How did early Americans reach North and South America?They crossed a land bridge from Asia0
4905978618When was the land bridge formed? What was it made of?During the ice age, ice/land1
4905978619What were the Indians doing when they crossed the land bridge?Following food or herds2
4905978620What were the most complex Indian communities?Mayan, Inca and Aztecs3
4905978621What did the cultivation of maize do?Transform nomadic hunter-gather societies into settled farming communities4
4905978622What kinds of items did Europeans desire from Persia and China?Silk, Spices, Oils/Perfumes5
4905978623What were the Spanish 3 motives for exploration?1. God 2. Gold 3. Glory6
4905978624Which direction did Portugal head to reach Asia and India?South along the West coast of Africa.7
4905978625Who married to make Spain whole?Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille8
4905978626Where did Columbus land?Hispainola9
4905978627Columbus died thinking what?That he had found a trade route to Asia and that he had landed on the outskirts of India10
4905978628When Spain and Portugal went to the pope to see how to divide the world, the pope made what?The Treaty of Tordesillas11
4905978629What did the Treaty of Tordesillas say?Divided the trade routes to Asia: Spain gets the route across the Atlantic and Portugal gets the route around Africa. Also, Spain got a lot of land in the New World and Portugal got present-day Brazil.12
4905978630Who came to the New World once it was discovered?Spanish conquistadors13
4905978631Who conquered the Aztecs? Who conquered the Incas?Cortes-Aztecs Pizzaro- Incas14
4905978632What are the 2 things the Spanish give the Indians in exchange for their work (in the Encomienda System)1. Provide food, shelter, and good treatment to the Indians 2. Convert them to Christians15
4905978633What was the Encomienda System basically?Slavery16
4905978634Who worked for Indian's rights?Bartolome de las Casas17
4905978635What happened when the Spanish ran out of Indians to do work?They went and got Africans18
4905978636Who was the explorer sent by England to the New World? Where did he explore?John Cabot- coastline of North America19
4905978637Who was an explorer sent by Spain to the New World? (not Columbus) Where did he explore?Vasco Nunez de Balboa- Pacific Ocean20
4905978638What is Ferdinand Magellan credited with?The 1st circumnavigation of the earth21
4905978639When the Spanish moved north, what did they establish? Where?A fort (outpost) in St. Augustine, Fl22
4905978640What is the Biological (Columbian) Exchange?Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between Old World and New World after the time of Columbus.23
4905978641What 3 crops from the Americas ended up being staple crops in Europe?1. Corn 2. Beans 3. Potatoes24
4905978642What was the "big" animal brought to the Americas that changed Indian life?Horses25
4905978643What diseases were from the Old World and went to the New World?Smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, influenza26
4905978644What disease did the Indians give Europeans?Syphillis27
4905978645Columbian ExchangeAn exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.28
4905978646EncomiendaA grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it29
4905978647Atlantic slave tradeLasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. 98% of Africans were sent to the Caribbean, South and Central America.30
4905978648Bartolome de las CasasFirst bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor; however his suggestion to replace Natives with Africans was won he would regret.31
4905978649MaizeAn early form of corn grown by Native Americans32
4905978650AnasaziA Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings33
4905978651IroquoisA later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests34
4905978652CherokeeAre a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples were located.35
4905978653InuitA member of a people inhabiting the Arctic (northern Canada or Greenland or Alaska or eastern Siberia)36
4905978654MayaMesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.37
4905978655Aztec(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.38
4905978656IncaTheir empire stretched from what is today Ecuador to central Chili in the Andes Mountain region of South America. Called the Children of the Sun.39
4905978657TenochtitlanCapital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.40
4905978658Aztec calendar365 days, divided into 18 months each with 20 days.41
4905978659Terrace farmingThe cutting out of flat areas (terraces) into near vertical slopes to allow farming. Terrace farms appears as steps cut into a mountainside. This adaptation allowed both the early Chinese, and the Inca of Mesoamerica to grow enough food for their large populations.42
4905978660NomadEarly, simplistic man that migrated across the land bridge.43
4905978661Causes for European interest in exploration?The Holy Crusades, Renaissance and The Protestant Reformation.44
4905978662Martin LutherBroke away from the Catholic Church because of his 95 problems with the Catholic Church.45
4905978663King Henry VIIIBroke away from the Catholic Church because of his disagreement with his inability to get divorced; which eventually led to civil unrest in his country.46
4905978664New FranceEstablished in Canada and along the Mississippi River, focused on fur trade.47
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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 21 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 21 The Progressive Era, 1901-1917

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5934374315bad vs. good trustsPresident Theodore Roosevelt did make a distinction between breaking up "bad trusts", which harmed the public and stifled competition, and regulating "good trusts" which through efficiency and low prices dominated a market. (p. 438)0
5934374316Elkins ActThis 1903 act allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers. (p. 438)1
5934374317Hepburn ActThis 1906 act tightened existing railroad regulation. It empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records. (p. 438)2
5934374318Uptown Sinclair; "The Jungle"He wrote "The Jungle" which described the Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry. (p. 438)3
5934374319Pure Food and Drug ActThis 1906 act forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. (p. 438)4
5934374320Meat Inspection ActThis 1906 act provided federal inspectors to visit meatpacking plants to insure that they met sanitation standards. (p. 439)5
5934374321conservation of public landsPresident Theodore Roosevelt's most original and lasting contribution in domestic policy may have been his efforts to protect the nation's natural resources. (p. 439)6
5934374322Newlands Reclamation ActA 1902 act that provide public land for irrigation projects in western states. (p. 439)7
5934374323White House Conference of GovernorsA conference at the White House which publicized the need for conservation. (p. 439)8
5934374324Gifford PinchotFirst head of the U.S. Forest Service under President Theodore Roosevelt (p. 439)9
5934374325Socialist Party of AmericanThis third party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. Their platform called for radical reforms such as public ownership of the railroads, utilities, and even some major industries such as oil and steel. (p. 440)10
5934374326Eugene V. DebsOne of the founders of the Socialist party and the party's presidential candidate from 1900 to 1920. (p. 440)11
5934374327Bull Moose PartyNickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to nominate Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 presidential election. (p. 441)12
5934374328New Nationalism; New FreedomIn the election of 1912, the Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were the main competitors. Roosevelt called for a "New Nationalism", with more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage (voting rights), and more social welfare programs. Wilson supported a "New Freedom", which would limit both big business and big government, bring about reform by ending corruption, and revive competition by supporting small business. (p. 441)13
5934374329Mann-Elkins ActThis 1910 act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies. (p. 432)14
5934374330Sixteenth Amendment, federal income taxRatified in 1913, this constitutional amendment, explicitly permitted Congress to levy a federal income tax. (p. 439)15
5934374331Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909In 1909, President William Howard Taft signed this bill which raised the tariffs on most imports. (p. 440)16
5934374333Underwood TariffIn 1913, this tariff substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years. To compensate for the reduced tariff revenues, the bill included a graduated income tax with rates from 1 to 6 percent. (p. 442)17
5934374334Federal Reserve ActIn 1914, this act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. It still plays a major role in the American economy today. (p. 442)18
5934374335Federal Reserve BoardThis board was organized to supervise twelve district banks in the Federal Reserve Bank system. (p. 442)19
5934374336Clayton Antitrust ActIn 1914, this antitrust legislation strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies. It exempted unions from being prosecuted as trusts. (p. 442)20
5934374337Federal Trade CommisionA federal regulatory agency, established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy. (p. 442)21
5934374338Federal Farm Loan ActA 1916, 12 regional federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates. (p. 443)22
5934374339racial segregation lawsIn the Progressive era (1901 - 1917), racial segregation was the rule in the South and the unofficial policy in the North. (p. 443)23
5934374340increased lynchingIn the Progressive era, thousands of blacks were lynched (hung) by racist mobs. (p. 443)24
5934374341Booker T. WashingtonThis African American progressive argued that African Americans should concentrate on learning industrial skills in order to get better wages. (p. 443)25
5934374342W. E. B. Du BoisThis African American was a northerner with a college education. He argued that African American should demand equal political and social rights, which he believed were a prerequisite for economic independence. (p. 444)26
5934374343National Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleThis organization's mission was to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African Americans. (p. 444)27
5934374344National Urban LeagueFormed in 1911, this organization helped African Americans migrating from the south to northern cities. (p. 444)28
5934374345Carrie Chapman CattA suffragette, she worked to obtain the right for women to vote. She was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. (p. 445)29
5934374346National American Woman Suffrage AssociationA group formed in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. (p. 445)30
5934374347Alice PaulA suffragette who focused on obtaining an amendment to the Constitution for women's suffrage (voting rights). (p. 445)31
5934374348National Woman's partyIn 1916, Alice Paul formed this organization to focus on winning the support of Congress and the president for a Constitutional amendment for women's suffrage. (p. 445)32
5934374349Nineteenth AmendmentIn 1920, this amendment passed which gave women the right to vote. (p. 445)33
5934374350League of Woman VotersOrganized by Carrie Chapman Catt. A civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues. (p. 445)34
5934374351Margaret SangerShe founded an organization the became Panned Parenthood. They advocated for birth-control education. (p. 445)35
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AP US History Revolution Flashcards

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5319614388First Continental Congress (1774)All of the colonies except Georgia sent representatives to determine how the colonies should react to the threat to their rights and liberties (caused by Intolerable Acts)0
5319614389Radicals (American Revolution)Colonists that supported the revolution and Independence from Britian1
5319614390Patrick HenryRadical from Virginia; delegate at Continental Congress. "Give me liberty or give me death!"2
5319614391Samuel AdamsRadical from Massachusetts; delegate at Continental Congress; started Committees of Correspondence3
5319614392John AdamsRadical from Massachusetts; delegate at Continental Congress; acted as lawyer for British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre4
5319614393George WashingtonModerate from Virginia; delegate at Continental Congress; position of respect in colonial army. He was tall5
5319614394John DickinsonModerate from Pennsylvania; delegate at Continental Congress; writer of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania"6
5319614395Declaration fo Rights and GrievancesA petition to the king urging him to make right colonial grievances and restore colonial rights7
5319614396Paul RevereWarned militiamen that the British were coming along with William Dawes (Battle of Lexington and Concord)8
5319614397MinutemenAnother word for the colonial militia9
5319614398LexingtonBritish soldiers tried to seize colonial military supplies; 8 colonial minutemen were killed10
5319614399ConcordBritish soldiers tried to destroy colonial military supplies; on the return to Boston, the British suffered 250 casualties when abushed by milita men11
5319614400Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill)Americans lost to British, but British suffered heavy casualties in this first true battle of the war (June 17, 1775)12
5319614401Second Continental Congress (1775)(May 1775) Representatives adopted the Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms and sent the Olive Branch Petition to the king13
5319614402Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up ArmsA letter to the world explaining why the colonies were rebelling and that it was necessary14
5319614403Olive Branch Petition(July 1775) Last ditch effort for peace; colonists pledged their loyalty and asked the king to go to Parliment and protect their colonial rights15
5319614404Prohibitory Act (1775)(1775) Declaration of the king in response to the Olive Brach Petition saying the colonies were in rebellion16
5319614405Thomas Paine; Common Sense(January 1776) Pamphlet that argued in clear, logical language that the colonies should break with Britain17
5319614406Declaration of IndependenceWritten by Thomas Jefferson, ratified on July 4th 1776, declared colonial independence from Britian18
5319614407PatriotsMost of this group came from New England or Virginia and wanted freedom for the colonies19
5319614408Loyalists (Tories)The majority of this group tended to be wealthy and conservative and many of the clergy and government officials were in this group; pro-British20
5319614409Valley ForgeWashington's troops spent a harsh winter here after losing Philadelphia to the British (1777-1778)21
5319614410ContinentalsPaper money issued by Congress which was almost worthless due to inflation22
5319614411Battle of Saratoga(October 1777) Turning point of the war; American victory that led to the French joining the colonists in fighting the Revolution23
5319614412King LouisDecided to help the colonies succeed in their rebellion in order to weaken the British and hopefully regain territory lost during the French & Indian War24
5319614413Battle of Yorktown(1781) Last battle of the Revolutionary War; support from French helped a lot25
5319614414Treaty of Paris (1783)Treaty which stated that: 1. Britain would recognize the existence of the US 2. The Mississippi River would be the western border of the US 3. Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada 4. Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war26
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