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AP US Period 4 Flashcards

8160904950	Louisiana Purchase	Doubled the size of the US; bought by Thomas Jefferson from the French	0
8160907202	Lewis and Clark	Two men that explored the new western lands	1
8160911576	Judicial Review	review of the Judicial branch of constitutionality of a law	2
8160920978	Barbary Pirates	people that operated out of North Africa; caused problems on the seas during Jefferson's presidency	3
8160931224	Impressment	British practice of forcing American soldiers into British service	4
8160937914	Embargo Act of 1807	Act signed by Thomas Jefferson that prohibited all ships from trading in foreign ports	5
8160951764	War Hawks	Those wanting to fight during War of 1812	6
8160959495	Era of Good Feelings	time during James Monroe's presidency where he country was at peace and prosperious	7
8160970471	Sectionalism	loyalty to your own region	8
8160975622	Nationalism	loyalty to your own nation	9
8160980343	Missouri Compromise	Established 36 30 line; Maine came in as free state while Missouri came in as slave state	10
8160986034	Monroe Doctrine	Western Hemisphere was off limits to European colonization	11
8160989445	Erie Canal	waterway connecting Atlantic to Great Lakes	12
8160992083	Factory System	System of manufacturing instead of agricultural growth for economy	13
8161002579	Market Revolution	Industrial revolution in the US	14
8161004772	Urbanization	growth of cities	15
8161009006	Common Man	Average man in US	16
8161012070	"Corrupt Bargain"	House of Reps chose JQ Adams for presidency	17
8161018674	Spoils System	Hiring loyalists and friends	18
8161021126	Indian Removal Act	Signed by A. Jackson; cast Native Americans off their lands	19
8161027486	Nullification Crisis	SC thought tariffs were too high; declared them null and void; threatened secession	20
8161035274	Second Great Awakening	Religious Movement to remedy the evils of society	21
8161049743	Utopian Communities	"Perfect" communities	22
8161064494	War of 1812	War between US and Great Britain caused by British impressment of US soldeirs	23
8161090032	Steamboats	boats that could easily paddle upstream; vital to new transportation system	24
8161093149	Telegraph	Used electric signals to transmit a message via a wire; used Morse Code	25
8161099887	Railroads	Connected Western frontier to other cities around US; used trains	26
8161104214	Adams-Onis Treaty	Remainder of Florida sold by Spain to US; boundary of Mexico defined	27
8161113925	Transcedentalism	philosophical and literary movement of the 1800s; emphasized living a simple life while celebrating the truth in nature	28
8161120297	McCormick Reaper	horse-drawn machine that increased amount of wheat a farmer could harvest	29
8161126623	McCulloch v. Maryland	Supreme Court rules that federal law is stronger than state law	30
8161132611	Marbury v. Madison	Establishes right to Judicial Review	31
8161135504	Whigs	Party that emerged that largely represented many interests of the old Federalist party; Andrew Jackson	32
8161141088	Force Bill	Authorized president to send troops to states to enforce federal laws	33
8161144672	Trail of Tears	800 mile forced march made by the Cherokee from Georgia to Indian Territory	34
8161149576	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia	Supreme Court said Indians were not foreign nations; they fall under US federal control	35
8161156062	Worcester v. Georgia	Supreme Court said Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty-ignored by Jackson	36
8161168195	Bank War	Battle between Jackson and Clay over renewal of US Bank	37
8161177427	Temperance Movement	social reform effort begun in the mid 1800s to encourage people to drink less alcohol	38
8279229386	John Marshall	Supreme Court Chief Justice from 1801-1836	39
8279236918	Declaration of Sentiments	Document written explaining why women should have the right to vote	40
8279240312	Suffrage	Right to vote	41
8279246456	Seneca Falls Convention	Original meeting of many women suffragists; where the Declaration of Sentiments was written	42

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AP US History Unit 3 Constitutions Flashcards

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5148335179	Articles of Confederation	placed the coercive powers to tax and regulate trade within the individual state governments, created a weak central government	0
5148335180	Land Ordinance of 1785	demanded that Western Territories be surveyed in six-mile-square townships before sale	1
5148337128	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	established governments for the West	2
5148340456	Spain closes Mississippi to the Americas	in 1784, the Spanish closed the Mississippi River to commerce, blocking settlers living beyond the Appalachians from goods	3
5148346949	economic issues under AOC	high amounts of debt after Revolutionary War, no federal authority to tax, and no federal authority to enforce American borders and trade rights	4
5149679842	Shay's Rebellion	in 1786, Daniel Shays and his followers marched on Springfield to prevent the Massachusetts Supreme Court from meeting to prevent foreclosures. They were routed but still won some concessions	5
5149679843	Annapolis Convention	1786 convention in Maryland of all states to discuss common problems of commerce. Only five delegates appeared, so no changes were made	6
5149681919	Constitutional Convention of 1787	convention proposed by Alexander Hamilton to fix defects in Articles of Confederation. It eventually drafted the Constitution	7
5149681920	Virginia Plan	a plan that supported representation based on state population that was drafted by James Madison and presented by Edmund Randolph	8
5149684131	James Madison	drafted the Virginia plan, one of the authors of the Federalist Papers	9
5149684132	Edmund Randolph	presented the Virginia Plan	10
5149686599	New Jersey Plan	a plan that supported equal representation regardless of state population that was presented by William Paterson	11
5149686600	William Paterson	presented the New Jersey Plan	12
5149686601	Great Compromise	a bill would need to pass both the House of Representatives and Senate to become a law. The House of Representative would be based on population, while the Senate would grant two senators to each state	13
5149689347	Three-Fifths Compromise	3/5ths of a slave count towards taxation and representation purposes	14
5149691771	Electoral College	a system for electing presidents, where states are granted electors based on their population	15
5149693458	judicial review	courts can annul laws if they are against the Constitution	16
5149693459	federalists	people who favored the Constitution	17
5149693460	antifederalists	people who opposed the Constitution	18
5149695947	Federalist Papers	a series of essays defending the Constitution	19
5149748087	Alexander Hamilton	proposed the Constitutional Convention, one of the authors of the Federalist Papers	20

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AP US History Flashcards

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5137100857	Adam Smith	One of the worlds most famous economists	0
5137100858	American Federation of Labor	Labor unions in the US founded in Ohio by an alliance of craft Unions	1
5137100859	Andrew Carnegie	US industrial leader who made millions in the steel industry	2
5137100860	Edward Bellamy	American author and socialist Most known for his novel "Looking Backward"	3
5137100861	Eugene V Debs	Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman Strike	4
5137100862	Frederick Winslow Taylor	American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency	5
5137100863	Gospel of Wealth	Article written by Carnegie that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich	6
5137100864	Grotesque luxury	Buying and using products of the statement they make about social position	7
5137100865	Hay market bombing	Few hundred anarchists that advocated a violent overthrow of the American government -dynamite bomb was thrown, injuring or killing dozens of people	8
5137100866	Henry Clay frick	Manager of the Carnegie Steel plant outside Pittsburgh PA	9
5137100867	Henry ford	American business man -helped to make inexpensive cars so that Americans could buy them	10
5137100868	Henry George	Author of "Progress and Poverty"	11
5137100869	Holding companies	Companies that hold a majority of another company's stock in order to control the management of that company	12
5137100870	Homestead strike	One of the most violent strikes in US history -against the Homestead Steel Works in retaliation against wage cuts	13
5137100871	Horatio Alger	American writer of inspirational adventure books Supported the belief that in America one could rise from rags to riches	14
5137100872	Horizontal integration	Buying businesses in a similar industry	15
5137100873	John D Rockefeller	American industrialist & philanthropist Founder of the Standard Oil Company	16
5137100874	John Peter Altgeld	Illinois governor who pardoned the probably innocent survivor of the Haymarket bombing	17
5137100875	J.P. Morgan	Banker who bought out the Carnegie Steel Company and renames it the US Steel	18
5137100876	Knights of Labor	One of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century	19
5137100877	Limited liability	Legal principal that facilitates capital investment by offering protection for individual investors	20
5137100878	Molly Maguires	Secret Irish organization of coal miners in region of western PA and West Virginia in the mid to late 1800s	21
5137100879	National Labor	Group who wanted 8 hour work days, banking reform, greenbackism, equal rights to all people and to end conviction labor -templet for later unions	22
5137100880	Pullman strike	American Railway Union Wages were cut- striker flipped Pullman cars and paralyzed railway traffic from Chicago to the Pacific COast	23
5137100881	Samuel Gompers	American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history	24
5137100882	Scientific management	System of industrial management created and promoted in the early 1900s by Frederick W Taylor	25
5137100883	Social Darwinism	Encouraged the notion of human competition and opposed intervention in the natural human order	26
5137100884	Trusts	Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling pieces	27
5137100885	Vertical integration	Owning all aspects of production	28
5137100886	Wilbur and Orville Wright	Developed the first airplane with fixed wings and a gas engine	29
5137100887	Women's trade union league	US organization of both working class and more well-off women to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions	30

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 5 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 5 The American Revolution and Confederation, 1774-1787

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5729108835	Intolerable Acts	In 1774, the British Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts, which intensified the conflict between the colonies and Great Britain. (p. 85)	0
5729108836	Patrick Henry	Radical delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. Radical delegates were those demanding the greatest concessions from Great Britain. (p. 85)	1
5729108837	Samuel Adams	Radical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He started Committees of Correspondence. (p. 85)	2
5729108838	John Adams	Radical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He had acted as a lawyer for British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. (p. 85)	3
5729108839	John Dickinson	Moderate delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress. He wrote "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania". (p. 85)	4
5729108840	John Jay	Conservative delegate from New York to the Continental Congress, favored a mild statement of protest. (p. 85)	5
5729108841	First Continental Congress	In September 1774, all of the colonies except Georgia sent delegates to a convention in Philadelphia. The purpose was to determine how the colonies should react to the threat to their rights and liberties caused by Intolerable Acts. (p. 85)	6
5729108842	Joseph Galloway	Conservative delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress. He proposed a plan that would have reordered relations with Parliament, but the plan lost by one vote. (p. 86)	7
5729108843	Suffolk Resolves	The First Continental Congress adopted this statement. It rejected the Intolerable Acts and called for their repeal. It also urged the colonies to make military preparations and organize boycotts against British goods. (p. 86)	8
5729108844	Declaration for Rights and Grievances	The First Continental Congress passed this resolutions urging the king to make right colonial grievances and restore colonial rights. (p. 86)	9
5729108845	economic sanctions	In September 1774, the First Continental Congress created the Continental Association, a network of committees to enforce the economic sanctions of the Suffolk Resolves. (p. 86)	10
5729108846	Second Continental Congress	In May 1775, representatives met in Philadelphia. They adopted the Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms. In July 1775 they sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III. (p. 87)	11
5729108847	Olive Branch Petition	In July 1775, the Second Continental Congress tried a last effort for peace. Colonists pledged their loyalty and asked the king to go to Parliament to secure peace and protect their colonial rights. (p. 87)	12
5729108848	Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms	In May 1775, in Philadelphia, delegates to the Sencond Continental Congress met. This declaration called on all colonies to provide troops to the central government. (p. 87, 128)	13
5729108849	Thomas Jefferson	In 1776, he was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence. (p. 88)	14
5729108850	Declaration of Independence	This declaration, written by Thomas Jefferson, declared independence and expressed the basic principles of the American revolution. It was ratified on July 4, 1776. (p. 88)	15
5729108851	George Washington	Moderate delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. In 1775, at the Second Continental Congress he was appointed commander-in chief of a new colonial army and sent to Boston to lead the Massachusetts militia and volunteer units from other colonies. He later became the first president of the United States. (p. 88-89)	16
5729108852	Land Ordinance of 1785	A policy that established surveying and selling of western lands. It was part of the Articles of Confederation. (p. 93)	17
5729108853	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for creating new states. Granted limited self-government and prohibited slavery in the region. (p. 93)	18
5729108854	Paul Revere	He warned the militia that the British were coming along with William Dawes at the Battle of Lexington and Concord. (p. 86)	19
5729108855	William Dawes	Warned the militia that the British were coming along with Paul Revere at the Battle of Lexington and Concord. (p. 86)	20
5729108856	Lexington	On April 18, 1775 British soldiers in Boston marched to this town to seize colonial military supplies. This is where the first shot of the Revolutionary War was fired. (p. 86)	21
5729108857	Concord	After the British had marched to Lexington, they marched on to this town to destroy colonial military supplies. (p. 86)	22
5729108858	Battle of Bunker Hill	On June 17, 1775 a colonial militia lost this battle to British on the outskirts of Boston. However, the British suffered heavy casualties in this first true battle of the Revolutionary War. (p. 87)	23
5729108859	Battle of Saratoga	In October 1777, General John Burgoyne's British forces were defeated by American Generals Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnolds army. This was a turning point of the war because it led to the French joining the war against Great Britain. (p. 90)	24
5729108860	George Rogers Clark	In 1778-1789, he led the capture of series of British forts in the Illinois country. (p. 90)	25
5729108861	Battle of Yorktown	In 1781, the last major battle of the Revolutionary War was fought on the shores of Chesapeake Bay. Supported by French naval and military forces, Washington's army forced the surrender of a large British army commanded by General Charles Cornwallis. (p. 90)	26
5729108862	Articles of Confederation	Adopted by Congress in 1777, it created a central government with limited powers. In 1788, it was was replaced by the Constitution. (p. 91)	27
5729108863	unicameral Legislature	The Articles of Confederation established a central government that consisted of just one body, a Congress. In this unicameral (one-house) legislature, each state was given one vote, with at least 9 of 13 votes required to pass important laws. (p. 92)	28
5729108864	absolute monarch	Although France had this kind of government, King Louis XVI decided to help the colonies succeed in their rebellion in order to weaken Great Britain. (p. 90)	29
5729108865	Prohibitory Act	In August 1775, Britain's King George III agreed to this act passed by Parliament, and declared the colonies were in rebellion. (p. 87)	30
5729108866	Treaty of Paris	In 1783, this treaty between Britain and the United States brought an end to the Revolutionary War. It stated that: 1. Britain would recognize the existence of the US. 2. The Mississippi River would be the western border of the US. 3. Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada. 4. Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war. (p. 91)	31
5729108867	Thomas Paine; Common Sense	In January 1776, Thomas Paine wrote this pamphlet that argued in clear and forceful language that the colonies should break with Britain. (p. 88)	32
5729108868	Patriots	Most of these soldiers came from New England or Virginia and wanted freedom for the colonies. (p. 88)	33
5729108869	Loyalists (Tories)	The pro-British Loyalists, the majority of this group tended to be wealthy and conservative and many were clergy and government officials. (p. 89)	34
5729108870	Minutemen	The colonial militia. (p. 86)	35
5729108871	Continentals	Paper money issued by Congress which became almost worthless due to inflation. (p. 90)	36
5729108872	Abigail Adams	She was the wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create. (p. 94)	37
5729108873	Deborah Sampson	At the age of 21, she dressed up as a man in order to fight in the Revolutionary War. (p. 94)	38
5729108874	Valley Forge	Washington's troops spent the harsh winter of 1777-1778 here after losing Philadelphia to the British. (p. 89)	39
5729108875	Mary McCauley (Molly Pitcher)	Also know as Molly Pitcher, she carried water to soldiers during the Battle of Monmouth Court House and took over her husband's gun when he was overcome by heat. (p. 94)	40
5729108876	Shay's Rebellion	Daniel Shays led other farmers in this uprising against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money. (p. 93)	41

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 4 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 4 Imperial Wars and Colonial Protest, 1754-1774

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5729100059	Patrick Henry	Young Virginian lawyer who coined the phrase "No taxation without representation" in his speech to the House of Burgesses. (p. 73)	0
5729100060	Stamp Act Congress	Representatives from nine colonies met in New York in 1765 and decided that only their own elected representatives had the power to approve taxes. (p. 73)	1
5729100061	Sons and Daughters of Liberty	Secret society organized to intimidated tax agents. Sometimes they destroyed revenue stamps and tarred and feathered tax collectors. (p. 73)	2
5729100062	John Dickinson; Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania	In 1767 and 1768, he argued that the idea of no taxation without representation, was an essential principle of English law. (p. 74)	3
5729100063	Samuel Adams	In 1768, he was one of the authors of the the Massachusetts Circular Letter which urged colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. (p. 74)	4
5729100064	James Otis	In 1768, he was one of the authors of the the Massachusetts Circular Letter which urged colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. (p. 74)	5
5729100065	Massachusetts Circular Letter	In 1768, this document was distributed to every colonial legislature. It urged the colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. (p. 74)	6
5729100066	Committees of Correspondence	Initiated by Samuel Adams in 1772, these letters spread news of suspicious or threatening acts by the British throughout the colonies. (p. 74)	7
5729100067	Intolerable Acts	Colonist name for the Coercive Acts of 1774, a series of acts created to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party. (p. 75)	8
5729100068	George III	In the 1760s, he was the King of England. (p. 71)	9
5729100069	Whigs	In the 1760s, this was the dominant political party in Parliament that wanted the American colonies to bear more of the cost of maintaining the British empire. (p. 71)	10
5729100070	Parliament	The legislative house of Great Britain. (p. 71)	11
5729100071	salutary neglect	Great Britain had exercised little direct control over the colonies and did not enforce its navigation laws. This changed after the French and Indian War, as the British adopted more forceful policies for taking control of the colonies. (p. 71)	12
5729100072	Lord Frederick North	New prime minister of Britain who convinced Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts in 1770. (p. 74)	13
5729100073	Pontiac's Rebellion	In 1763, American Indian chief Pontiac led a major attack against the colonial settlements on the western frontier. The British did not rely on colonial forces, but instead sent their army to deal with the rebellion. This led to the creation of the Proclamation of 1763. (p. 72)	14
5729100074	Proclamation Act of 1763	This proclamation prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British hoped it would prevent violence between Native Americans and colonists. The colonists were angry and disobeyed the law, moving to the west of the imaginary boundary in large numbers. (p. 72)	15
5729100075	Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)	War fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763 between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley area. The English won the war and the Peace of Paris was negotiated in 1763. (p. 70)	16
5729100076	Albany Plan of Union	The British government called for representatives from several colonies to meet in Albany, New York in 1754, to provide for an inter-colonial government to recruit troops and collect taxes. Each colony was too jealous of its own taxation powers to accept the plan. (p. 70)	17
5729100077	Edward Braddock	In 1755, this general led an army from colonial Virginia, to attack the French near Ft. Duquesne. More than 2,000 of his British and colonial troops were defeated by a smaller force of French and American Indians. (p. 70)	18
5729100078	George Washington	He led a small militia from the Virginia colony, to halt the completion of the French fort in the Ohio River Valley, Fort Duquesne. In July 1974, he was forced to surrender to a superior force of Frenchmen and their American Indian allies. This was the beginning of the French and Indian War. (p. 70)	19
5729100079	Peace of Paris	Peace treaty signed to end the French and Indian War (The Seven Years' War) in 1763. Great Britain gained French Canada and Spanish Florida. France gave Spain its western territory. (p. 71)	20
5729100080	Sugar Act	A 1764 British act which placed duties on foreign sugar and other luxuries. Its primary purpose was to raise money for the English Crown. (p. 72)	21
5729100081	Quartering ACT	This 1765 act required the colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers. (p. 72)	22
5729100082	Stamp Act	This 1765 act required that revenue stamps be placed on almost all printed paper, such as legal documents, newspapers, and pamphlets. This was the first tax paid directly by the colonists, rather than merchants. Boycotts were effective in repealing this act. (p. 72)	23
5729100083	Declaratory Act	In 1766, Parliament declared that it had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies in all cases whatsoever. (p. 73)	24
5729100084	Townshend Acts	In 1767, Parliament enacted new taxes to be collected on imports of tea, glass, and paper. It also created the writs of assistance, which was a general license to search for smuggled goods anywhere. (p. 73)	25
5729100085	Writs of Assistance	A general license to search anywhere. (p. 73)	26
5729100086	Tea Act	In 1773, Parliament passed this act which taxed imported tea. The result was that British tea was even cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea. (p. 75)	27
5729100087	Coercive Acts	In 1774, after the Boston Tea Party, Great Britain created four Coercive Acts to punish the people of Boston and Massachusetts. (p. 75)	28
5729100088	Port Act	One of the Coercive Acts, which closed the port of Boston, prohibiting trade in and out of the harbor until the destroyed tea was paid for. (p. 75)	29
5729100089	Massachusetts Government Act	One of the Coercive Acts, which reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor. (p. 75)	30
5729100090	Administration of Justice Act	One of the Coercive Acts, which allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England instead of the colonies. (p. 75)	31
5729100091	Quebec Act	In 1774, this act organized the Canadian lands gained from France (Quebec). It established Roman Catholicism as the official religion, set up a government without a representative assembly, and set the Quebec border further south, at the Ohio River. (p. 75)	32
5729100092	Enlightenment	A European movement in literature and philosophy; used human reasoning to solve problems. (p. 76)	33
5729100093	Deism	Believe that God established natural laws in creating the universe, but that the role of divine intervention in human affairs was minimal. (p. 77)	34
5729100094	Rationalism	Trusted human reason to solve the many problems of life and society; emphasized reason, science, and respect for humanity. (p. 77)	35
5729100095	John Locke	English philosopher who said that all people have rights, simply because they are human and that people have a right and a responsibility to revolt against any government that failed to protect their rights. (p. 77)	36
5729100096	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	French philosopher who had a profound influence on educated Americans in the 1760s and 1770s. (p. 77)	37

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AP US History The Revolutionary Flashcards

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5248743802	French and Indian War	(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.	0
5248743803	Seven Years War	worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land	1
5248743824	Fort Necessity	A hastily built British fort where Washington attempted to defeat the French. However, the French took the fort and forced Washington to surrender.	2
5248746011	Albany Plan of Union	plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown	3
5248746012	Benjamin Franklin	Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.	4
5248748665	Join or Die Cartoon	13 colonies should "Unite" (Benjamin Franklin)	5
5248750851	Battle of the Monongahela	battle where Braddock is ambushed when trying to attain Fort Duquesne	6
5248750852	Fort Duquesne	A key French fort. Whoever took over Fort Duquesne would win the French and Indian War. This fort was burned down by the French because they couldn't get their supplies.	7
5248753710	General Edward Braddock	commander in chief of the general forces in America during the French and Indian War, killed right out of the shoot not long after he started	8
5248753711	William Pitt	The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.	9
5248755069	General John Forbes	The General who took Fort Duquesne in 1758	10
5248755070	Fort Pitt	A British fort that was built after the French burned Fort Duquesne down. This caused the British to win the French and Indian War.	11
5248757378	Pittsburgh	Location of fort Pitt	12
5248757379	Battle of Quebec	(1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.	13
5248759129	General James Wolfe	British general who led the charge against the French at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.	14
5248759130	Plains of Abraham	Site of the death of Generals Wolfe and Montcalm, where France's New World empire also perished	15
5248760419	General Montcalm	French Commander who fought against the British in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759	16
5248760420	Peace of Paris 1763	Ended the Seven Year's War, France had to abandon all claim to North America; Great Britain received Canada and the eastern half of the Mississippi Valley, Spain got back the Philippine Islands and Cuba, but had to cede East and West Florida to England	17
5248763191	Poniac's Rebellion	Series of frontier raids by Great Lakes tribes vs. their new British landlords. Led to British efforts to pacify the Indians	18
5248763211	Proclamation of 1763	A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.	19
5248765298	Acadians	French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as "Cajuns"	20
5248765299	George Greenville	Prime Minister of England, began enforcing 1763 Navigation Acts strictly and instituted other taxes the colonists found unbearable	21
5248777030	Sugar Act	(1764) British deeply in debt partl to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.	22
5248777031	Quartering Act	1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.	23
5248777032	Stamp Act	1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.	24
5248778995	Stamp Act Congress	A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.	25
5248778996	James Otis	A colonial lawyer who defended (usually for free) colonial merchants who were accused of smuggling. Argued against the writs of assistance and the Stamp Act. "No taxation without representation". He organized the Stamp Act congress.	26
5248779020	Sons of Liberty	A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.	27
5248781142	Samuel Adams	American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty in Boston and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence.	28
5248781143	Thomas Hutchison	led Royal Navy vessels to prevent tea ships from leaving the harbor	29
5248782788	Declaratory Act	Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."	30
5248782789	Townshed Acts	1767 - series of hidden taxes on paint, glass, lead, paper and tea that the colonists boycotted	31
5248782790	Massachusetts Circular Letter	A letter written in Boston by Samuel Adams and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. Parliament ordered all colonial legislatures which did not rescind the circular letters dissolved.	32
5248784817	Boston Massacre	The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans	33
5248786955	Crispus Attucks	A free black man who was the first person killed in the Revolution at the Boston Massacre.	34
5248786956	John Adams	He defended the British Soldiers in court	35
5248786957	Tea Act	1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.	36
5248789070	Boston Tea Party	A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.	37
5248789071	Intolerable Acts	in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, stripped Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Virginia of their western claims	38
5248791055	First Continental Congress	convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system. Called on each colony to raise a militia.	39
5248791056	King George 3	Was the King of England who disbanded the colonial legislatures, taxed the colonies, and refused the Olive Branch Petition leading to the final break with the colonies. "Blows must decide"	40
5248792974	General Thomas Gage	The British Military Governor of Massachusetts.	41
5248792975	Concord Massachusetts	Massachusetts town west of Boston Where British Soldiers Fought In April 1775	42
5248794588	Old North Church	two lanterns signaled that the British Troops were traveling by sea	43
5248794589	Paul Revere	American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)	44
5248795954	William Dawes	American patriot who rode with Paul Revere to warn that the British were advancing on Lexington and Concord (1745-1799)	45
5248795955	Samuel Prescott	The patriot, along with William Dawes and Paul Revere, warned the colonists that the British were coming before Lexington and Concord, carried Reveres message after he was captured.	46
5248798992	Lexington Massachusetts	Massachusetts town West of Boston where the first shots of the Revolutionary war were fired in April 1775	47
5248800696	"Shot heard 'round the world"	nickname for the battle of Lexington and Concord; first time a colony revolted against its mother nation	48
5248800697	North Bridge	Where the patriots counterattacked	49
5248803118	Second Continental Congress	Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.	50
5248803119	Olive Branch Petition	On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.	51
5248804574	John Dickenson	Wrote the Declaration of Grievances	52
5248804575	Hessians	German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.	53
5248804576	Common Sense	A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation	54
5248805819	Thomas Paine	American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England). "people will expect a lion and get an ass" "Reconciliation is not possible with the mother country when the parent country devours it's young"	55
5248805820	Thomas Jefferson	3rd President of the United States , He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence.	56
5248805821	John Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.	57
5248809004	Montesquieu	(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government	58
5249149580	4 Parts of the Declaration	1. Purpose/preamble 2. Declaration of Rights 3. Complaints 4. Resolution	59
5249191159	Fort Ticonderoga	Built by French. Guarded Lake Champlain+taken by the British in French and Indian War	60
5248821639	Ethan Allen	A Vermont blacksmith. Led the Green Mountain Boys in a surprise attack on Fort Ticonderoga. Won the Fort, and a valuable supply of cannons and gun powder, and control of a key route into Canada.	61
5249213775	Boston	British hold up after Lexington+Concord	62
5248821641	General William Howe	Took over for General Gage. He took command of British troops in North America after the Battle of Bunker Hill. He captured New York and Philadelphia, but botched the plan to isolate the New England colonies in 1777. He resigned in 1778.	63
5248823434	Breeds Hill	Battle of Bunker Hill, fortify Bunker Hill instead	64
5248823435	Battle of Bunker Hill	First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.	65
5248824829	George Washington	1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)	66
5248824830	Henry Knox	Took guns+artillery from British at Fort Ticonderoga to Boston	67
5248827536	Dorchester Heights	Guns+artillery place there overlooking Boston	68
5248830078	Dunmore Proclamation	Promised freedom to any runaway slave who joined British army. Many slaves 1) were sold 2) were abducted 3) ran away of own free will	69
5248831487	Contradiction of the Revolution	Fighting the war for freedom+denying it to blacks	70
5248833043	Strengths and Weaknesses	Pg 3 Rev War Notes	71
5248833044	New York City	July 4, 1776 British arrive with armada=take position on staten Island	72
5248833045	Staten Island	British took position there	73
5248835142	Brooklyn Heights	Washington took position there	74
5248835143	Nathan Hale	captured+executed by British "He regretted that he had one life to give for his country."	75
5248835144	Battle of Long Island	1776 battle in New York in which more than 1,400 Americans were killed, wounded or captured; the rest retreated to Manhattan with the British in pursuit	76
5248836624	Battle of Trenton	On December 25th, Washington crossed Deleware River, and took advantage of the Hessains because they were celebrating Christmas. He took the Hessains by surprise, and it was a victory for the Continental army.	77
5248838124	Johann Rall	Hessian Col. that was killed at the Battle of Trenton	78
5248839984	Battle of Princeton	A week after the Battle at Trenton, Washington left a few men to tend some campfires and fool the enemy again. He quietly marched his army to Princeton, where they surprised and beat a British force. New Jersey turned Patriot. This battle helped the American morale.	79
5248842239	Hudson Campaign	British plan to take control of the Hudson River+split off New England from the other colonies	80
5248842240	General Burgoyne	A soldier who led the British to capture the Hudson River Valley in 1777. Led from the North in Canada	81
5248844297	General Howe	British general who chose to relax in New York and Philadelphia rather than march up the Hudson to battle	82
5248847254	Philadelphia	Captured by General Howe	83
5248847255	Battle of Saratoga	Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.	84
5248849167	General Horatio Gates	American general at Battle of Saratoga.	85
5248849169	Battle of Brandywine	Howe sails from New York City and up the Chesapeake River. Arches towards Philadelphia and beats George Washington. British takes over Philadelphia.	86
5248851103	Battle of Germantown	Battle during which the Continental Army unsuccessfully attempted to drive the British out of Pennsylvania, October 4, 1777 - George Washington leadership in question	87
5248851104	Valley Forge	Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops	88
5248852461	Frederick Von Steuben	German who trained the Continental Army	89
5248852462	General Nathaniel Green	Led foraging expeditions to feed starving army	90
5248855881	Spring and Summer of 1778	General Howe=removed+replaced with Clinton	91
5248855882	General Henry Clinton	Gave up Philadelphia+returned to New York to defend city from French fleet	92
5248858265	Battle of Monmouth Courthouse	battle between Continentals under George Washington and General Henry Clinton's forces which were attempting retreat from Philadelphia. Washington's new army holds the field. British retreat. GW fires Gen. Lee	93
5248858266	Benedict Arnold	American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.	94
5248858267	West Point	Important Fort that Arnold tried to give to British	95
5248859803	Fort Arnold	West Point	96
5248859804	Southern Strategy	British take Charlestown, SC=General Benjamin Lincoln forced to surrender	97
5248861762	General Cornwallis	British General who surrendered at Yorktown	98
5248861763	General Nathaniel Greene	1780-83, south, he was sent to the south to attempt to help the colonists there. Loyalist militias are growing. He is a very resourceful commander than can do a lot with less. He is playing keep away and avoiding the major battles	99
5248863296	Battle of Yorktown	Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.	100
5248863297	General Lafayette	He was noted for being the hero of the two worlds because he fought in the American Revolution as well. He was the one nobleman who everyone respected.	101
5248865323	General Rochambeau	French general who helped Americans and George Washington win the Battle of Yorktown.	102
5248865324	Admiral DeGrasse	was a French admiral. He is best known for his command of the French fleet at the Battle of the Chesapeake, which led directly to the British surrender at Yorktown.	103
5248867828	October 19, 1781	British surrenders at Yorktown, Virginia to a combined American and French force	104
5248867829	Treaty of Paris 1783	This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River	105

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 16 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 16 The Rise of Industrial America, 1865-1900

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5863564450	nation's first big business	Railroads created a nationwide market for goods. This encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization. (p. 320)	0
5863564451	Cornelius Vanderbilt	He merged local railroads into the New York Entral Railroad, which ran from New York City to Chicago. (p. 320)	1
5863564452	Eastern Trunk Lines	In the early days of the railroads, from 1830s to the 1860s, railroad lines in the east were different incompatible sizes which created inefficiencies. (p. 320)	2
5863564453	transcontinental railroads	During the Civil War, Congress authorized land grants and loans for the building of the first transcontinenal railroad. Two new companies were formed to share the task of building the railroad. The Union Pacific started in Omaha, Nebraska, and the Central Pacific started in Sacramento, California. On May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah, a golden spike was driven into the rail ties to mark the completion of the railroad. (p. 321)	3
5863564454	Union Pacific and Central Pacific	Two railroad companies, one starting in Sacramento, California and the other in Omaha, Nebraska were completed in Utah in 1869 to create the first first transcontinental railroad. (p. 321)	4
5863564455	American Railroad Association	In 1883, this organization divided the country into four different time zones, which would become the standard time for all Americans. (p. 320)	5
5863564456	railroads and time zones	The United States was divided into four time zones by the railroad industry. (p. 320)	6
5863564457	speculation and overbuilding	In the 1870s and 1880s railroad owners overbuilt. This often happens during speculative bubbles, created by exciting new technology. (p. 321)	7
5863564458	Jay Gould, watering stock	Entered railroad business for quick profits. He would sell off assets inflate the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public. (p. 321)	8
5863564459	rebates and pools	In a scramble to survive, railroads offered rebates (discounts) to favored shippers, while charging exorbitant freight rates to smaller customers. They also created secret agreements with competing railroads to fix rates and share traffic. (p. 321)	9
5863564460	bankruptcy of railroads	A financial panic in 1893 forced a quarter of all railroads into bankruptcy. J.P. Morgan and other bankers moved in to take control of bankrupt railroads and consolidate them. (p.321)	10
5863564461	Panic of 1893	In 1893, this financial panic led to the consolidation of the railroad industry. (p. 321)	11
5863564462	causes of industrial growth	After the Civil War, a "second Industrial Revolution" because of an increase in steel production, petroleum, electrical power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323)	12
5863564463	Andrew Carnegie	A Scottish emigrant, in the 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh. His strategy was to control every stage of the manufacturing process from mining the raw materials to transporting the finished product. His company Carnegie Steel became the world's largest steel company. (p. 323)	13
5863564464	vertical integration	A business strategy by which a company would control all aspects of a product from raw material mining to transporting the finished product. Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie. (p. 323)	14
5863564465	U.S. Steel	In 1900, Andrew Carnegie sold Carnegie Steel to a group headed by J. P. Morgan. They formed this company, which was the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people, and controlling more than three-fifths of the nation's steel business. (p. 323)	15
5863564466	John D. Rockefeller	He started Standard Oil in 1863. By 1881, Standard Oil Trust controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business. His companies produced kerosene, which was used primarily for lighting at the time. The trust that he created consisted of various acquired companies, all managed by a board of trustees he controlled. (p. 323)	16
5863564467	horizontal integration	Buying companies out and combining the former competitors under one organization. This strategy was used by John D. Rockefeller to build Standard Oil Trust. (p. 323)	17
5863564468	Standard Oil Trust	In 1881, the name of John D. Rockefeller's company, which controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business in the United States. (p. 323)	18
5863564469	interlocking directorates	The term for the same directors running competing companies. (p. 322)	19
5863564470	J. P. Morgan	A banker who took control and consolidated bankrupt railroads in the Panic of 1893. In 1900, he led a group in the purchase of Carnegie Steel, which became U.S. Steel. (p. 321, 323)	20
5863564471	leading industrial power	By 1900, the United States was the leading industrial power in the world, manufacturing more than an of its rivals, Great Britain, France, or Germany. (p. 319)	21
5863564472	Second Industrial Revolution	The term for the industrial revolution after the Civil War. In the early part of the 19th century producing textiles, clothing, and leather goods was the first part of this revolution. After the Civil War, this second revolution featured increased production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323)	22
5863564473	Bessemer process	In the 1850s, Henry Bessemer discovered this process. By blasting air through molten iron you could produce high-quality steel. (p. 323)	23
5863564474	transatlantic cable	In 1866, Cyrus W. Field's invention allowed messages to be sent across the oceans. (p. 325)	24
5863564475	Alexander Graham Bell	In 1876, he invented the telephone. (p. 325)	25
5863564476	Thomas Edison	Possibly the greatest inventor of the 19th century. He established the first modern research labratory, which produced more than a thousand patented inventions. These include the phonograph, first practical electric light bulb, dynamo for electric power generation, mimeograph machine, and a motion picture camera. (p. 326)	26
5863564477	Menlo Park Research Lab	The first modern research laboratory, created in 1876, by Thomas Edison in Menlo Park, New Jersey. (p. 326)	27
5863564478	electric power, lighting	In 1885, George Westinghouse produced a transformer for producing high-voltage alternating current, which made possible the lighting of cities, electric streetcars, subways, electrically powered machinery, and appliances. (p. 326)	28
5863564479	George Westinghouse	He held more than 400 patents. He invented the high-voltage alternating current transformer, which made possible the nationwide electrial power system. (p. 326)	29
5863564480	Eastman's Kodak camera	In 1888, he invented the camera. (p. 325)	30
5863564481	large department stores	R.H. Macy and Marshall Field made these stores the place to shop in urban centers. (p. 326)	31
5863564482	R.H. Macy	He created a New York department store. (p. 326)	32
5863564483	mail-order companies	Two companies, Sears Roebuck, and Montgomery Ward, used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers to sell many different products. The products were ordered by mail from a thick paper catalog. (p. 326)	33
5863564484	Sears-Roebuck	Mail order company that used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers. (p. 326)	34
5863564485	packaged foods	Brand name foods created by Kellogg and Post became common items in American homes. (p. 326)	35
5863564486	refrigeration; canning	These developments in the food industry changed American eating habits. (p. 326)	36
5863564487	Gustavus Swift	He changed American eating habits by making mass-produced meat and vegetable products. (p. 326)	37
5863564488	advertising	This new technique was important to creating the new consumer economy. (p. 326)	38
5863564489	consumer economy	Advertizing and new marketing techniques created a new economy. (p. 326)	39
5863564490	federal land grants and loans	The federal government provided land and loans to the railroad companies in order to encourage expansion of the railroads. (p. 320)	40
5863564491	fraud and corruption, Credit Mobilier	Insiders used construction companies to bribe government officials and make huge profits. (p. 321)	41
5863564492	Interstate Commerce Act of 1886	This act, created in 1886, did little to regulate the railroads. (p. 322)	42
5863564493	anti-trust movement	Middle class people feared a growth of new wealth due to the trusts. In the 1880s trust came under widespread scrutiny and attack. In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed, but it was too vaguely worded to stop the development of trusts. Not until the Progressive era, would the trusts be controlled. (p. 324)	43
5863564494	Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890	In 1890, Congress passed this act, which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce." The U.S. Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strenghted during the Progressive era. (p. 324)	44
5863564495	federal courts, U.S. v. E.C. Knight	In 1895, the Supreme Court ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could be applied only to commerce, not manufacturing. (p. 324)	45
5863564496	causes of labor discontent	Worker's discontent was caused by performing monotonous task required completion within a certain time, dangerous working conditions, and exposure to chemicals and pollutants. (p. 328)	46
5863564497	iron law of wages	David Ricardo developed this theory which stated that low wages were justified. He argued that raising wages would only increase the working population, the availability of more workers would cause wages to fall, thus creating a cycle of misery. (p. 327)	47
5863564498	anti-union tactics	Employers used the following tactics to defeat unions: the lockouts (closing the factory), blacklists (lists circulated among employers), yellow dog contracts (contracts that forbade unions), private guards to quell strikes, and court injunctions against strikes. (p. 329)	48
5863564499	railroad strike of 1877	In 1887, this strike spread across much of the nation and shut down two-thirds of the country's railroads. An additional 500,000 workers from other industries joined the strike. The president used federal troops to end the violence, but more than 100 people had died in the violence. (p. 329)	49
5863564500	Knights of Labor	Started in 1869 as a secret national labor union. It reached a peak of 730,000 members. (p. 330)	50
5863564501	Haymarket bombing	On May 4, 1886 workers held a protest in which seven police officers were killed by a protester's bomb. (p. 330)	51
5863564502	American Federation of Labor	The labor union focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions. By 1901 they had one million members. (p. 330)	52
5863564503	Samuel Gompers	He led the American Federation of Labor until 1924. (p. 330)	53
5863564504	Pullman Stike	In 1894, workers at Pullman went on strike. The American Railroad Union supported them when they refused to transport Pullman rail cars. The federal government broke the strike. (p. 331)	54
5863564505	Eugene Debs	The American Railroad Union leader, who supported the Pullman workers. The government broke the strike and he was sent to jail for six months. (p. 331)	55
5863564506	railroad workers: Chinese, Irish, veterans	In the construction of the first transcontinental railroad, the Union Pacific, starting in Omaha, employed thousands of war veterans and Irish immigrants. The Central Pacific, starting from Sacramento, included 6,000 Chinese immigrants among their workers. (p. 321)	56
5863564507	old rich vs. new rich	The trusts came under widespread scrutiny and attack in the 1880s, urban elites (old rich) resented the increasing influence of the new rich. (p. 324)	57
5863564508	white-collar workers	The growth of large corporation required thousands of white-collar workers (jobs not involving manual labor) to fill the highly organized administrative structures. (p. 327)	58
5863564509	expanding middle class	Industrialization helped expand the middle class by creating jobs for accountants, clerical workers, and salespeople. The increase in the number of good-paying jobs after the Civil War significantly increased the size of the middle class. (p. 327)	59
5863564510	factory wage earners	By 1900, two-thirds of all working Americans worked for wages, usually at jobs that required them to work ten hours a day, six days a week.(p. 327)	60
5863564511	women and children factory workers	By 1900, 20 percent of adult woman working for wages in the labor force. Most were young and single women, only 5 percent of married women worked outside the home. (p. 327)	61
5863564512	women clerical workers	As the demand for clerical workers increased, women moved into formerly male occupations as secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, and telephone operators. (p. 328)	62
5863564513	Protestant work ethic	The believe that hard work and material success are signs of God's favor. (p. 325)	63
5863564514	Adam Smith	In 1776, this economist wrote "The Wealth of Nations" which argued that business should not be regulated by government, but by the "invisible hand" (impersonal econmic forces). (p. 324)	64
5863564515	laissez-faire Capitalism	In the late 19th century, american industrialists supported the theory of no government intervention in the economy, even as they accepted high tariffs and federal subsidies. (p. 324)	65
5863564516	concentration of wealth	By the 1890s, the richest 10 percent of the U.S. population controlled 90 percent of the nation's wealth. (p. 326)	66
5863564517	Social Darwinism	The belief that government's helping poor people weakened the evolution of the species by preserving the unfit. (p. 324)	67
5863564518	William Graham Sumner	An English social philosopher, he argued for Social Darwism, the belief that Darwin's ideas of natural slection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketpalce and society. (p. 324)	68
5863564519	survival of the fittest	The belief that Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection in nature applied to the economic marketplace. (p. 324)	69
5863564520	Gospel of Wealth	Some Americans thought religion ideas justified the great wealth of successful industrialists. (p. 325)	70
5863564521	Horatio Alger Stories self-made man	His novels portrayed young men who became wealth through honesty, hard work and a little luck. In reality these rags to riches stories were somewhat rare. (p. 327)	71

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AP US History Chapter 1-3 Flashcards

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7422394811	John Whites	-Commander of Raleigh's -Settler of Roanoke -father of Virginia Dare	0
7422396545	Sir Richard Grenville	-Raleigh's cousin -led first expedition to Roanoke	1
7422411118	Sir Walter Raleigh	Main pioneer of English colonization -attempted to colonize ROANOKE -Charter from Queen Elizabeth	2
7422413616	Apaches/Navajos	ENEMIES OF PUEBLO and SPANISH -Raiders	3
7422417493	Seigneuries	French agricultural estates along the St. Lawrence River -factor that enabled French to fight for control of America	4
7422420454	St. Augustine	First European settlement in USA -Military outpost, HQ	5
7422422572	Francisco Coronado	Spanish conquistador -Traveled North from Mexico and opened up southwest to Spanish settlement	6
7422422573	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish conquistador who conquered Peru and showed value of the Incas -Opened door to advances in South America	7
7422427255	Hernando de soto	Spanish Conquistador -deputy of Pizarro -Led expeditions in search of gold, silver, jewels -First white man to cross Mississippi	8
7422429048	Henry Hudson	Dutch explorer who thought he found passage to Pacific while sailing in large river in NY -Led to Dutch territories in America	9
7422431354	Samuel de Champlain	French man who founded Quebec -led attack on Mohawks because French were allied against Iroquois with the Algonquians	10
7422434981	John Cabot	First Englishman to New World -searched for the Northwest passage to the orient	11
7422436705	John Smith	Captain of ship sailing to Jamestown -"Thall who shallnot work shall not eat" -Created bad relationships with natives -imposed work and order on settlement	12
7422441654	Richard Hakluyts	English clergyman known for advocating for colonization 1.) Colonies create new markets 2.) decrease unemployment and poverty because lowers population in England 3.) Poor would have jobs 4.) England would get resources from new land	13
7422444413	3 aspects of colonization	Explore, Conquer, Colonize	14
7422444414	Encomiendas	Licenses to force labor and tribute from natives -used by Oñate in Pueblos area	15
7422447453	Conquistadores	First Spaniards to arrive in Americas -To get rich and find gold -God, Glory, Gold	16
7422447454	Ordinandes of Discovery	Spanish law banning brutal conquests -encouraged expansion through colonization rather than wars	17
7422450025	Pueblo revolt of 1680	Revolt of pueblos due to suppression of their tribal rituals and instability from Apache raids and a major drought -Pope (religious leader) led an uprising -Pope killed many and captured Santa Fe -Spanish drivin out, but later came back and recaptured it	18
7422452550	Ridged Royal Trad Control	Spanish government required all imports to go through one port twice a year all at once -to reduce pirating and increase collection of duties -Hurt the economic development	19
7422452551	Hispaniola	Columbus landed here and killed all the natives due to desease	20
7422454774	North Guinea	Most of slaves came from here -traded with Mediterranean world -ivory, slaves, gold in exchange for fished goods -Converts to Islam due to Mediterranean influence	21
7422454775	Ghana->Mali	Northern African Settlements -After Ghana collapsed, Mali emerged -Big trading and education city was Timbuktu	22
7422457336	Benin, Congo, Songhay	Southern African kingdoms (groups of villages) -Traded fabrics, ceramics, wooden goods, crops, etc	23
7422462431	Matrilineal Societies	African society in which women played a dominant role -Heredity and land given through mother's side not fathers -More sex equality	24
7422465173	Enclosure Movement	-Wool became highly demanded so wealthy farmers bought land and created sheep farms -many small farmers lost jobs -led to food shortage because land being used for sheep not food	25
7422468866	Chartered Companies	-Merchants combined to for companies -monopolized a region -Investors made $$$ -urge to expand due to mercantilism began with domestic wool industry in England	26
7422471475	Mercantilism (relating to chap 1)	Belief that worlds money is finite -extracting as much $ as possible while exporting as little as possible -gave merchants government assistance because helped the country as a whole -Increases competition among countries -increased colonization to acquire more goods and keep other countries from having the land	27
7422471476	Puritan Goals	1.) Simplify worship 2.) Reduce power of bishops 3.) Reform local clergy	28
7422474266	James I antagonizing puritans (3 things)	1.) Taxing them extra 2.) favoring Catholics(special treatment) 3.) Supported high church (priest authority, sacraments, etc)	29
7422475852	Ireland	First English colony -Governed by Gilbert	30
7422478566	Plantation Model	Established system by English: First used in Ireland -A separate society in a foreign land -because they saw natives as savages	31
7422478567	Factors that allowed French to compete for America	1.) Seigneuries along St. Lawrence RIver 2.) Development of trade/military centers in Quebec 3.) Alliance with Algonquians	32
7422480188	Spanish Armada	Fleet of ships sent by Phillip II -Spanish ships heading through English channel to fight English -Destroyed: boosted English morale	33
7422481993	Dutch West India Company	-Encouraged settlement by all of Europe in New land -Led to New Netherland -Transported families and promised land to landlords if they brought other Europeans to settle	34
7422483653	Dutch in America	-First settlement was in New York -Created New Amsterdam and New Netherland	35
7422483654	French in America	-First American settlement was in Quebec -Fur trading -Good relations with the Algonquins	36
7422487181	Coureurs de bois	French fur traders who moved into the wilderness and developed trade with Indians -Allies with the Algonquins -In Quebec, Canada	37
7422487182	Roanoke	English settlement off of North Carolina -Attempted to colonize by Raleigh -Named "Virginia" after Queen Elizabeth by Raleigh to receive funding -"The Lost Colony"	38
7422488877	London Group	Previously appointed group by Raleigh -James I allowed to colonize South of America	39
7422488878	Plymouth Group	Group James I allowed to colonize the North of Americas	40
7422491600	Virginia Dare	-Birthed the first English Child born in America -Part of the second wave of settlers of Roanoke -John White's daughter	41
7422491641	Sir Humphrey Gilbert	Main English colonizer along with Raleigh -Charter from Queen Elizabeth -Led expedition into Newfoundland and took control of it -Used colony as a military outpost and future settlement -^First British colony in the new world -Also the governor of the Irish districs -Harsh and killed Irish whom he though were less than human and savages	42
7422494211	Santa Fe	-Town in New Mexico created by Oñate as he conquered the Pueblos	43
7422496016	New Netherland	Dutch colony in modern day New York -Created by the Dutch Indian Company	44
7422503833	Jesuit Missionaries	French missionaries -Among first to penetrate into Indian land in Quebec -Established first connections with the Indians	45
7422503834	New Amsterdam	Dutch city in New Netherland -in modern day Manhattan Island	46
7422506463	Montezuma	Leader of the Aztecs -Fought back against cortez	47
7422506464	Hernando Cortez	Spanish conquistador -Led military expedition into Mexico -Wiped out the Aztecs due to smallpox then finished them off with military forces	48
7422509106	Don Juan de Oñate	Spanish conquistador -Claimed land of Pueblos as he traveled North from Mexico -Distributed encomiendas to the native Pueblos -Harsh treatment (removed from governor) -Founded Santa Fe -Economy of colony was sheep/cattle raised on "ranchos"	49
7422509107	Mestizos	People of mixed American and Spanish race -Emerged because more men than women immigrated to America	50
7422511021	Martin Luther	Began protestant reformation -Went against the Catholic idea that you must give to Church to be saved and that God communicated through the clergy -not against church, simply wanted to reform it	51
7422511022	Iroquois	Eastern Tribe of America -Enemies of Algonquins (therefore French too)	52
7422513975	Alonquins	Eastern Tribe of America -Allies with French because the fur trade business	53
7422513976	John Calvin	-Tried to reform Catholic Church -Believed your fate was predetermined -Led to puritans	54
7422518748	King Henry VIII	King of England -Cut ties with Catholic Church because the Pope wouldn't let him divorce his Spanish wife	55
7422518749	Protestants	-Followed the reformation and separated from catholic church -Emerged during King Henry VIII reforms	56
7422521018	Quakers	Separatist group -Allowed women to hold high positions in the church	57
7422521019	Separatists	Radical Puritan group -Worshiped as they pleased -most puritans against the separatists -Quaker was a type of this	58
7422523381	Phillip II	Spanish King -Wanted to end 1.) England's problems with Spanish commercial supremacy and 2.) Bring English back to the Catholic church -Assembled the Spanish armada	59
7422526764	Queen Elizabeth	English ruler -Cut ties with catholic church again after Bloody Queen Mary - made Anglicanism the official religion of -Many protestants turned to puritanism because Queen Elizabeth's reforms were too political and selfish and not theological enough	60
7422526765	Bloody Mary	Queen Mary of England -After King Henry VIII -Executed protestants -Wanted to return to catholic church	61
7422528969	Puritans	Protestant group wanting to purify the church -took refuge during James I rule ... increased English need to colonize and immigrate to America for refuge	62
7422530579	James I	English King after queen Elizabeth -Believed in his divine right to rule -Tension With parliament -ridiculed the puritans-> immigration of the puritans	63
7422532898	Sir Thomas More	Wrote "utopia" -Propaganda for English immigration to the United States	64
7422546254	Clouis People	First people to come into America -through Bering Straight (Crossed into Alaska) -Mongolian from modern day Siberia -Migrated because had new hunting tools so followed big animals into America	65
7422549871	Archaic Period	The history of humans from 8000 BCE to 5000 years after. -At first hunted/gathered, then developed traps, fishing, etc, eventually some farmed	66
7422549872	Incas	People of Peru -Largest empire in Americas in their time -Began in region of Cuzco	67
7422552006	Pachacuti	Powerful leader of Incas -created large empire with paved roads and many allies	68
7422554140	Maya	Large area in modern day Mexico -civilization here developed written language, calendar, number system, trade routes, agriculture system, etc	69
7422554141	Olmec People	First Truly complex society in America	70
7422557372	Aztec	Name of Meso-American tribe following the Mayans -water ducts, public buildings, schools, military, medical system, slaves -Religion involved human sacrifice	71
7422557373	Mexica	What the Aztecs called themselves.	72
7422560085	Tenochtitlan	Aztec City -Present day Mexico City	73
7422560086	Eskimos	From arctic circle -traveled by dogsled -fished and hunted seals	74
7422560087	Woodland Indians	-Eastern settlers of America -Forest region -Greatest food resources -Farm, hunt, gathered, fished	75
7422562403	Cahokia	Major city in the South east.. present day Illinois -traded corn and grains grown on Mississippi	76
7422565723	Agricultural revolution	Natives experienced agricultural revolution in the last centuries before European settlers came	77
7422568022	Prince Henry the Navigator	Portuguese explorer -Was exploring west African coast to establish Christian empire to fight Moors and find gold -His mission had failed	78
7422569948	Christopher Columbus	Born in Italy, served Portuguese, but turned to Spain to support his venture to reach Asia by going west. -Queen Isabella allowed him to go -first landed on Bahamas and Cuba, then Hispaniola, and finally South America. -believed he was fulfilling a divine mission	79
7422571831	Amerigo Vespucci	Portuguese explorer who first recognized Americas as new continents.	80
7422571832	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese man employed by Spanish found straight in South America -Expedition was first circumnavigation of the globe	81
7430575998	1606 Charters	Charters issued by James I -LED TO London company colonizing Virginia	82
7430584534	Jamestown	First English Settlement in America -Malaria was an issue because swampy land -settled on peninsula to stay away from Indians -Indians taught English how to make canoes	83
7430611681	Charter of Jamestown	Allowed them to 1.) increase settlements power and territory 2.) Give stock to planters who would immigrate 3.) Offer free passage for poor people if they served company for 7 years	84
7430629138	The starving Time	Tough winter in Jamestown -Indians stopped them from moving inland -couldn't hunt or grow food	85
7430629139	Lord de la warr	Jamestown's first governor -harsh discipline, and organized settlers into work groups - delaware	86
7430632278	John Rolfe	Cultivated tobacco in Jamestown -First profitable crop in Jamestown	87
7430632280	Sir Thomas Dale	Governor of Jamestown after la Warr -Created incentives to work -Granted ownership of land in turn for work and contributions of grain to the company	88
7430638364	The headright system	Company's effort to attract settlers by granting them sections of land -First used in Jamestown	89
7430645368	House of Burgesses	Elected delagates from Jamestown community met in a church -First meeting pf elected legislature in America	90
7430648943	Powhatan	Leader of Powhatan Indians -Constantly fighting with Jamestown -Dale fought them and captured his daughter, Pocahontas -She ended up marrying John Rolfe	91
7430655549	Opechancanough	Leader of Powhatan Indians after Powhatan -Continued to fight Jamestown, but lost	92
7430662036	Demise of Virginia Company	After Powhatan uprising, went bankrupt -Colony came under British crown	93
7430667256	Start of slavery in America	Dutch ships bringing slaves from Africa to Jamestown	94
7430673819	Exchanges of Agricultural technology in Jamestown	Indians taught farming techniques, girdling (Killing trees by cutting near base), corn	95
7430676089	George Calvert	First lord Baltimore -Dreamed of colony in Maryland	96
7430679708	Cecilius Calvert	Received charter for Maryland	97
7430679709	Toleration Act	Used in Maryland because protestants outnumbered the Catholics, and wanted to avoid conflicts	98
7430683021	Sir William Berkely	Appointed governor of Virginia after it was under crowns control -Underrepresented Backcountry settlers	99
7430689570	Oliver Cromwell	Leader of Roundheads -Enemies moved to Virginia leading to over population and forced to settle over lines of Indian agreement	100
7430694972	Nathaniel Bacon	Won seat on Governors counsel in Virginia -Part of Backcountry group -Hated Berkely because... 1.) excluded form inter circle of the counsel 2.) Berkely wouldn't let him have a part in the fur trade	101
7430694973	Bacon's Rebellion	-Westerner(Backcountry-newer settlers on Indian land) and Easterner(Tidewater) disagreed on the policy regarding Indians -Doeg Indians attacked a western plantation and killed a servant -Bacon went against Berkely's orders and fought back -Berkely named Bacon and his followers rebels, and Bacon burnt down city of Jamestown -Exiled Berkely -Indians signed new treaty	102
7430698327	Doeg Indians	Indians in Virginia that attacked a plantation and killed a servant because settlers broke their agreement on land borders	103
7430702761	Significance of Bacon's Rebellion	1.) Showed how unwilling the English were to abide by Indian agreement 2.) Indians unwillingness to tolerate white movement into their territory 3.) Bitterness between East and West 4.) Instability of free landless men, many indentured servants that joined Bacon's group 5.) Realized need to prevent unrest among indentured servants: African slaves	104
7430748414	Francis Nicholson	Governor of NY (Taking orders from Andros) -Support from rich fur traders and merchants -Poorer farmers and traders despised him	105
7430748415	Thomas Hooker	Defied Massachusetts Government -Founded Hartford -Founded Connecticut -Established a Government and Constitution	106
7430751131	Sir George Carteret	-1/2 Proprietor of New Jersey -One of proprietors of carolinas	107
7430753907	Sir John Berkely	-One of proprietors of carolinas -1/2 Proprietor of New Jersey	108
7430755793	John Wheelwright	Disciple of Anne Hutchinson -Founded New Hampshire	109
7430755794	Articles of Capitulation	Agreement between Dutch and English -If Dutch surrendered New Netherland, Dutch settlers can still live there in peace	110
7430760396	Roger Williams	Separatist who thought Massachusets should separate from Church of England -Banished from Massachusetts -Created town of Providence -Founded Rhode Island and has complete religious tolerance	111
7430760397	King Phillip's War	Wampanoags rose up against English because English were moving into their land and imposing laws on them -Metacomet (King Phillip) led Indians to attack English in massachusetts	112
7430762876	Mercantilism (relating to chapter 2)	-Believed reorganizing colonies would provide market for English goods and give source for new raw materials -led to Dominion of England -Navigation acts supported this	113
7430762877	Mayflower Compact	Document written by the Pilgrims establishing allegiance to King and establishing a civil government -Written after Pilgrims landed to wrong place in the middle of winter	114
7430765851	Navigation acts	Laws arised from mercantilism views -1st act-> Closed colonies to all trade but English -2nd act-> Made all exports to colonies pass through England to be taxed -3rd act-> Imposed duties on costal trade among English colonies and set up people to enforce the acts	115
7430765852	Praying Indians and Mohawks	Allies of the English in King Phillip's War -Mohawks killed Metacomet	116
7430768527	General James Oglethorpe	Founder of Georgia -Money, military, helping needy, refuge, prisoners -founded partly to protect the southern boarder of English colonies from southern Spanish -Imposed strict rules to keep safe from Spanish, but also made people not want to settle there -NO slaves, rum, Indian trade, Catholics, limited land	117
7430770916	Anne Hutchinson	Claimed Massachusetts Clergy wasn't reformed -Banished and her followers immigrated to Maine or New Hampshire	118
7430774022	Dominion of New England	James II brought Massachusetts, New England, NY, New Jersey into one dominion -Appointed Andros to govern it all	119
7430779169	The glorious revolution	James II appointed Catholics to high position in government and tried to control parliament -Protestants feared Pope would soon rule over the colonies -Parliament forced him to step down -Replaced by Mary II and William of Oranges -Colonists took down the dominion	120
7430779170	English Civil War	Charles I dissolved parliament and ruled as an absolute monarch -Called for parliament back to get $$$ -Dissolved them again -Parliament launched military challenge -Roundheads captured king and beheaded him	121
7430781804	Charters of Liberties	William Penn agreed to establish representitive assembly and allow lower counties to establish their own because settlers complained he held too much power -led to emerging of Delaware	122
7430781805	Pequot War	Settlers of Connecticut Valley and Pequot Indians fought over trade with the Dutch in New Netherland and friction over land -Captain John mason led English and set Pequot stronghold on fire killing most	123
7430786163	Massachusetts Bay Company	Puritan merchants wanted to take advantage of economic opportunities in America -Later used as safe haven for Puritans	124
7430786164	Jacob Leisier	Opposed Francis Nicholson and made militia and captured city fort in NY -Forced Nicholson out and appointed himself governor -Killed because he resisted Mary II and William	125
7430789103	John Coode	During Glorious Revolution, he started a revolt in Maryland driving out lord Baltimores officials in name of Protestantism -William and Mary II let them choose committee to rule government -Made church of England official religion, and banned Catholics from voting, holding office, and practicing their religion	126
7430792222	Richard Nicolls	Led English fleet on Duke of York's behalf to take New Amsterdam	127
7430796063	Narragansett Indians	Took in Rodger Williams -Allied with the English in Pequot War -Against English in King Phillip's War	128
7430796064	Cavaliers	Supported the king in the English Civil War	129
7430800228	Mary II and William of Orange	Replaced King James II in Glorious Revolution -Ruled Jointly	130
7430800229	Sir Edmund Andros	Governed the New England Dominion, appointed by James II -Unpopular because he 1) Strengthened Anglican Church 2) Enforced Navigation Acts 3.) Dismissed colonist's rights	131
7430804110	Earl of Shafteburry	Drafted the Constitution for the Carolinas along with John Locke	132
7430808102	William Bradford	Leader of the Puritans -Governor of Plymouth -Very well liked 1.) Ended Standish's labor plan and distributed land 2.) Took over colonies debt and paid it off with fur trade money 3.) Gave them legal permission from council of New England to settle there	133
7430808103	William Penn	Wanted to find safe place for Quakers to live -King gave him land of Pennsylvania -Advertised indifferent languages very informatively -So many immigrated	134
7430812628	Peter Stuyvesant	Dutch governor of New Netherland that was forced to surrender to the English fleet	135
7430815548	George Fox and Margaret Fell	Quakers based on their teachings	136
7430815549	Wampanoags	Led by King Phillip (Metacomet) -Rose up against English in King Phillip's War	137
7430823718	Captain John Mason	Led English against the Pequots in the Pequot War	138
7430826741	Miles Standish	military officer -Introduced flintlock rifle -Imposed discipline and labor plans on Plymouth settlers	139
7430829858	James (Duke of York)	Received charter from Charles II to found New York, and he governed it -Eventually ruled England as King James II	140
7430829859	Squanto	Pawtuxet Indian who spoke English -Helped English form alliance with Chief Massasoit leading to the first Thanks Giving	141
7430832619	Roundheads	Members of parliament and puritans who were against King Charles I and Cavaliers in the English Civil War	142
7430839674	Anthony Ashley Cooper	1/8 proprietors of carolinas -Convinced partners to finance migration to carolinas from England	143
7430839675	Charles I	Disbanded parliament -led to English Civil War	144
7430854624	John Elliot	Converted bible to Algonquian language -wanted to civilize Indians by converting them	145
7430854625	Presidios	Forts along California coast when governor of Baja was ordered to create outposts farther north.	146
7430858702	Fundamental Constitution for carolina	-Constitution created by Earl of Shaftesburry with help from John Locke -Created elaborate social order and system of land distrobution	147
7430858703	Plymouth	Modern day Cape Cod -Where Pilgrims landed	148
7430861214	John Winthrop	Governor of Massachusetts -Commanded largest migration to New England -Dominated colonial politics and the Massachusetts Bay Company	149
7430864400	Queen Anne's War	Indians from Florida, under Spanish authority, attacked South Carolina settlement -Oglethorpe was a veteran of this war	150
7430864401	Leyden, Holland	First place Puritans migrated after being persecuted in England -Left because low paying jobs and Dutch tolerated all religions	151
7430866638	Cambrige	Where Puritans met in secret to discuss turning Massachusetts into a safe haven for Puritans	152
7430866639	Providence	Town created by Rodger Williams	153
7430868920	Charle's Town	Town made by first shipment of people to the Carolinas -Ashley Cooper convinced partners to finance this migration	154
7430868921	Ashley and Cooper Rivers	Area where most people settled in The Carolinas -Rice was the biggest trading item here	155
7430871807	Hudson valley	Most settlers in NY lived here -Largest settlement in NY	156
7430871808	Philadelphia	City in Pennsylvania -Supervised by William Penn	157
7430875029	The Caribbean	Spanish claimed islands -Many lived here from various countries, but always at risk for Spanish attacks -landowners only settled here for money -No women -harsh to slaves to produce sugar -very few Indians	158
7430877381	Boston	City at the mouth of Charles River -Massachusetts bay Company HQ -"City on a hill" -"beacon"	159
7430882688	Congregational Church	In Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth -Originated in Massachusetts because puritans didn't want to break from the church of England -Chose own minister and managed own affairs, and accepted John Calvin's beliefs -Authority based within the community and monitored by the members	160
7430885802	Fundamental Articles of New haven	Established a religious government in Connecticut even stricter than Boston's	161
7430885803	Matchlock Rifle	Heavy, inaccurate, had to light with a match -replaced by flintlock rifle	162
7430889689	Flintlock Musket	Replaced the Matchlock rifle -Introduced by Miles Standish -Indians traded for them, increasing fatalities in King Phillips War	163
7430892431	Sugar	Most cultivated resource in the Caribbean -cut down forests and destroyed animal habitats to grow it -Led to food shortage -Led to slavery because labor intensive, not many natives, indentured servants were discouraged	164
7430892432	Society of friends	Quakers -Different from puritans because rejected predestination and women had equal position in the church	165
7430897132	The Carolinas	Southern Carolina-> Fertile land, good harbors, good economy Northern Carolina-> Subsistence farmers, poor, no slaves or high class -Given to 8 court families to rule over -King eventually split the Carolinas -religious freedom to Christians -Headright system -South Carolina traded with Barbados a lot	166
7430897133	Georgia	Founded by General James Oglethorpe -"Charity colony" -religious refugees, poor people, prisoners, military buffer	167
7430900776	Pennsylvania	Founded by William Penn -"The holy experiment" -Safe Haven for Quakers -Philadelphia was "City of brotherly love"	168
7430900777	Delaware	After The Charter of Liberties, emerged from Pennsylvania	169
7430903196	Hartford	-Established by Thomas Hooker in Connecticut	170
7430903197	New Haven	Created by puritan minister who though Massachusetts government was too lax in terms of religion -In Connecticut	171
7430918185	Virginia	John smith was the leader and Lord de la warr was the governor -Established for commercial reasons -London Company, Headright system, tobacco, Powhatan Confederacy	172
7430922060	New Hampshire	Established by John Wheelwright -Puritan haven from Massachusetts	173
7430922061	Maryland	Founded by Cecilius Calvert -Governed by Leonard Calvert -Was a catholic retreat and real estate venture -headright -protestants outnumbered the Catholics	174
7430925379	Connecticut	Founded by Thomas Hooker -People who didn't want to conform to Massachusetts Puritan practices -Hartford and New Haven	175
7430925380	Rhode Island	Founded by Rodger Williams -total religious tolerance	176
7430929141	New York	Duke of York founded it -Kings Charles gave land to his brother -Taken from Dutch -Very diverse -Religious Toleration	177
7430929142	New jersey	Founded by George Calteret and lord Berkely -No major cities, very diverse,	178
7430951595	The Elect	People who were predestined by God to go to Heaven -Belief of Puritans -Anne Hutchinson believed she was part of the elect	179
7430975235	Louisiana	French settlement that posed threat to the spanish -led to more Spanish in Texas	180
7431004281	New England Colonies	Massachusetts bay, Connecticut, Rhode island, New Hampshire	181
7437368623	Indentured Servants	Europeans worked for fixed time to acquire passage to America, food, shelter -Often didn't get many perks promised to them by master like tools, clothing, etc -Government sent prisoners, POWs, orphans, and kidnapped people to be servants in America -Most servants left service in a very bad place -Eventually resorted to African slaves because landowners realized it was bad to have many unstable previous-indenture-servants	182
7437374284	New England Demographics	Population increased exponentially -Cool climate, disease free, clean water, smaller population -	183
7437374285	Southern Demographics	-High death rate, lots of widows, orphans, etc -dirty salt water, lots of disease -Women had a lot of responsibility because often outlived husband -Many more men than women, so easy for women to find husband -Complex households were common because lots of widows/widowers marrying -As birthrate increased, which took longer than north, the sex ration balanced out -Eventually became immune to diseases and life expectancy rebounded	184
7437377685	Midwives	Assisted women in childbirth and gave other medical advice -Often friends with patients -Example of how easy it was to enter the medical field	185
7437380760	Humoralism	Idea that the body is divided in four humors: Blood, phlem, black bile, yellow bile -Illness meant imbalance in one of the humors: had to drain it -Popularized by Physician Galen	186
7437387681	Patriarchal	Society in which the male is the head of the house -South became this after their charter was changed -The standard puritan family in New England	187
7437397311	Royal African Company	Company that had a monopoly on slave trade -Why initial slave population in America was so low	188
7437403395	Growing Slave population	1.) Monopoly of Royal African Company was broken-> Prices of slaves went down, and importation of slaves to America increased	189
7437409476	Middle Passage	Voyages brought slaves to America through the middle passage by ship from Africa	190
7437416344	Slave Codes	Law passed by colonial assemblies -Limited rights of blacks in the eye of the law -Ensured owners had complete authority over slaves -Anyone who has African history considered black and must abide by the rules	191
7437425829	Why decreasing immigration to America from England?	1.) Population in England decreased, so government placed restrictions on immigrating 2.) Economic conditions in England got better, so more people wanted to stay	192
7437434309	Huguenots	First group of non-English immigrants to come to America -Immigrated after Edict of Nantes, allowing them to be their own state in France, was revoked	193
7437442004	Pennsylvania Dutch	German protestants who suffered from harsh religious policies and suffered from wars with French -Harsh winter was last straw, so many went to America and came to Pennsylvania after being kicked out of NY	194
7437442005	Scots-Irish	Most numerous new non-English new comers -Scottish Presbyterians from Northern Ireland in province of Ulster -English took away right to Presbyterian in Ireland, so many settled in America	195
7437456543	Top 5 Cities	1.) NY 2.) Philadelphia 3.) Boston 4.) Charleston 4.) Newport	196
7437456544	Southern Economy	-Tobacco was basis for economy in Chesapeake -South Carolina and Georgia produced rice -Indigo, introduced by Eliza Lucas, was an important crop in South Carolina *Less industrialized than north, and had less cities because depended on cash crops	197
7437462007	Northern Economy	-Agriculture was still most important part of economy -Exported wheat mainly -Many were craftsmen, artisans, entrepreneurs -Shipbuilding flourished -Ironworks were big as well -Extractive industries provided things to export to England in return for manufactured goods: led to commercial class	198
7437466834	Peter Hasenclever	Led largest industrial enterprise in North America in New Jersey -Employed metal workers from Germany	199
7437470878	Iron Act of 1750	Restricted iron production in the colonies -Supported mercantilism	200
7437479890	American Merchant Difficulties	1.) didn't have currency to use because parliament banned tobacco and land certificates 2.) Hard to impose order on trade because didn't know supply of products or where good markets were	201
7437482580	Triangular Trade	Trade between America, Europe, England, and Africa. -Rum from New England to Africa -Slaves from Africa to west indies -Sugar and molasses from west indies to America	202
7437489903	Merchant Class	Emerged from the triangular trade: were adventurous entrepreneurs in the North -Broke rules of navigation acts and sold to various countries -illegal trade allowed them to buy manufactured goods from England	203
7437501840	Factors leading to rising Consumerism	1.) Development of various social classes 2.) Industrial revolution made English goods more affordable to Americans 3.) Colonists take on debt to finance big purchases	204
7437507741	Results of Increasing Consumerism	1.) Once luxury goods turned into practical, everyday items 2.) Everyone striving to be refined	205
7437521469	The Plantation	First plantations in Virginia because tobacco -was own community because far away from everything like cities -Has schools, church -"Great house" was where planter lived -risky to own plantation because never know when crop will not become needed anymore -Large plantations had inside servants and often men raped them	206
7437521470	Slave Society	Created families because 1.) increased life expectancy of slaves 2.) Equalized sex ratio 3.) growth of population by natural increase -religion was hybrid of African and Christian -house servants had better conditions	207
7437529732	Gullah	In South Carolina, slaves had their own language called Gullah	208
7437535379	Negro Act	Passed in South Carolina -Banned slaves from 1.) growing own food 2.) earning own money 3.) learning to read/write 4.) assembling in groups	209
7437535380	Stono Rebellion	African slaves in South Carolina revolted and stole weapons and killed many whites -Were killed and shut down by whites -Led to the Negro Acts	210
7437546767	Puritan Community	-Binded residents of a town to social and religious commitment -Divided land among families -Meeting house in the center of town -Yearly meeting to select group of people to govern for the year -didn't follow primogeniture -Farmers cultivated land far away from center of town, so they moved close to land, and built a new church by their land, so the original townspeople were mad -land was divided into very small parts after a few generations, so people moved elsewhere	211
7437555133	Primogeniture	English norm of passing land down from father to fist born son -Puritans didn't follow this, they divided it equally to each kid, but eventually land got too small and led to them moving away from puritan town	212
7437573868	Salem Witch trials	In Salem, Massachusetts, girls claimed some servants were doing which craft -Spread around New England among puritans -produced hysteria and many women were accused and killed -Targeted middle aged women who were outcasts, widows, etc because weren't in traditional puritan family	213
7437573869	Cities	Trading centers led by merchants -Social distinctions were especially visible -Center of industry, school, shops, etc -Crime, pollution, sickness -Elaborate governments (Fire dept, supported poor, ect) -New ideas circulated through discussions and newspaper	214
7437582951	Inequality	Rich has more rights than poor -Elite referred to as ladies and gentlemen -Poor referred to as goodman and goodwife -men has more power than women -Servants had less rights -Thought inequality reflected god's intention	215
7437582952	Religious Patterns in America	-religious toleration flourished because one couldn't impose a single religion on that diverse of a population -Church of Enland was main religion of Chesapeake and south, but wasn't followed -In NY, Dutch established their Calvinist denomination, Dutch reformed -American Baptists, introduced by Rodger Williams, developed various sects -Roman Catholics were rare in colonies, but most in Maryland -Jews were rare, but most in NY City -Rise of commercial prosperity created non-religious outlook	216
7437638038	Jeremaids	Puritan Oligarchy was afraid of the decline of power of the church, so minister preached Jeremaids -Sermons of despair and hell	217
7437641377	The Great Awakening	Movement caused by growing secularism -brought new feelings toward religion -Emphasized ability to start fresh with God -Led to division between new light revivalists and old light traditionalists	218
7437641378	George Whitefield	Made evangelizing tours through colonies, drawing crowds of people	219
7437646426	Jonathan Edwards	Attacked new ideas of easy salvation and promoted traditional ideas of predestination, absolute sovereignty of God, and salvation from Gods grace alone. -Vivid descriptions of hell terrifying listeners	220
7437650642	The Enlightenment	Movement following the Great Awakening -Product of scientific and intellectual discoveries in Europe -Argued reason, not simply faith, could advance technology -Insisted individuals could make a difference in society -Encouraged education, politics, government -Didn't challenge religion, believed it would support Christianity -Borrowed ideas from mainland and John Locke/Francis bacon	221
7437669097	Old Deluder Satan law	Education law in Massachusetts mandating every major town must have a public school	222
7437672742	Dame Schools	Widows of some communities ran these schools which were private classes in their house	223
7437672743	Literacy rate in Americas	Very high due to schools -Male was over one half -Women was very high to -Led to Almanacs becoming a selling book	224
7437679625	First Colleges in America	Harvard was first established by puritans, William and Mary college was next by evangelists to train clergy, then Yale for congregationalist purposes, Princeton(President John Edwards), then Columbia and University of Pennsylvania	225
7437683644	Royal Society of London	Leading English science organization	226
7437683645	Benjerman Franklin	Won fame by inventing lightning rod and proving electricity and lightning were the same thing	227
7437688065	Cotton Mather	Made smallpox vaccine practical by implementing it in Boston during an outbreak	228
7437693633	Zenger Trial	John Zenger was tried because he spoke out against government, but wasn't illegal if it was true -Start of free speech in America	229
7437697088	Law in America vs. Law in England	Law in America was less deadly because needed people for labor -more embarrassing punishments -Court procedures were simpler	230
7437704397	Colonial Governments	Americans had mostly independent self-government -Governors of crown were powerless because weren't familiar with colonists, not sure when they were fired because based on people in England, and lacked control over contracts	231
7437704398	Halfway Covenant	Puritan idea that one can worship without officially being part of the church or being baptized -because wanted more people to join -Couldn't hold positions in the church	232
7437712623	Three factors of enlightenment	Scientific Inquiry, Human reasoning, and faith	233

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AP US History Chpt 9 - Jacksonian America Flashcards

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5227223460	Why was the the American Electorate in the 1820s expanded?	To include and allow more white males to vote other than just rich land owners	0
5227223461	What did the efforts to to expand voting rights result in during 1840?	In two governments claiming control of the state	1
5227223462	What was still being used in Rhode Island?	The old colonial charter	2
5227223463	Who gathered at a convention to draft a constitution and submit it to popular vote?	A lawyer and activist named Thomas Dorr and a group of followers	3
5227223464	What did the group of activists form?	A people's party	4
5227223465	Was the constitution drafted by Dorr approved?	Yes, overwhelmingly.	5
5227223466	How did the existing government of Rhode Island react to Dorr's constitution?	They refused to accept it and submitted their own	6
5227223467	Was the document submitted by the existing legislature favored?	No, it was defeated	7
5227223468	What were Dorr followers referred to as?	Dorritoes... SIKE LMAO Dorrites	8
5227223469	What did the Dorrites begin to do?	They began setting up a new government under their constitution and Dorr as governor	9
5227223470	In 1842, how many governments were claiming legitimacy in Rhode Island?	Two	10
5227223471	What did the Dorr rebellion help do?	Expand the suffrage	11
5227223472	In 1800, how were electors chosen?	Legislature had chosen the electors in 10 of the states while the people elected them from only 6	12
5227223473	In 1828, how were electors chosen?	They were chosen by popular vote in every state except South Carolina	13
5227223474	After the War of 1812, where was the support for the idea of political party greatest at?	New York; they favored the idea of political parties the most.	14
5227223475	In the 1830s, how were political parties generally regarded as?	As a desired and essential part of the democratic process	15
5229899925	In the 1830s, what was one argument that was in favor of political parties?	The idea that a permanent political opposition made parties sensitive to the people's will	16
5230299874	According to Andrew Jackson's theory of democracy, who should be treated equally?	All white male citizens.	17
5230299875	What is the oldest political party in the United States?	The Democratic Party	18
5230299876	What did Andrew Jackson believe about the power of the federal government during his presidency?	That it should be reduced	19
5230299877	How did President Andrew Jackson sought to apply his democratic principles first?	By targeting federal office holders	20
5230299878	What refers to giving out jobs as political awards?	The "spoil system"	21
5230299879	In in 1832, what did supporters of President Jackson do in order to make the nominating process more democratic?	They held a national convention	22
5230299880	Who is John C Calhoun?	Andrew Jackson's vice President	23
5230299881	Who is Andrew Jackson's Secretary of State?	Martin Van Buren	24
5230299882	What did Calhoun and Van Buren have in common?	They were both ambitious and rivals for Andrew Jackson's attention and favor	25
5230299883	Who came up with a theory/doctrine of nullification?	John C Calhoun	26
5230299884	From who did Calhoun draw his ideas from?	Madison and Jefferson and their Virginia and Kentucky resolutions	27
5230299885	What does Calhoun site in the doctrine?	He cited the 10th amendment to the constitution	28
5230299886	What did Calhoun argue and his doctrine?	He argued that since the federal government is a creation of the states, the states are the one with the final say of the constitutionality of federal laws. (In other words, since the states pretty much made the government they get to decide for themselves if a law is constitutional)	29
5230299887	What would happen if the state found that Congress had passed and unconstitutional law?	The state would hold a special convention and declare the federal law null and void within the state	30
5230299888	What was the idea behind the doctrine of nullification?	To notify the 1828 tariff and was an alternative to possible secession of the South Carolinians	31
5230299889	Did the doctor go if Acacian help Calhoun's standing within the new administration?	No, in part because he had a powerful rival in Martin Van Buren. The doctrine was not enough to put him ahead	32
5230299890	What was part of the reason Van Buren beat out Calhoun?	Because Van Buren if that was some stuff in both the The official cabinet and the "kitchen cabinet" of Andrew Jackson's administration	33
5230299891	What was another reason as to why Calhoun was defeated?	Due to the Peggy Eaton a fair/scandal	34
5230299892	How did the scandal originate?	Peggy O'Neale was rumored of a possible affair between John Eaton and her even before her husband died	35
5230299893	What happened after Peggy O'Neale officially married John?	She became a cabinet wife, but the wives did not accept her and this made Andrew Jackson furious	36
5230299894	Why didn't make Jackson furious that Peggy wasn't allowed into the circle?	Andrew Jackson's late wife had also been a victim of public slander	37
5230299895	How did Van Buren play a role?	February didn't have a wife holding him back and consequently took advantage of situation and befriended Eaton	38
5230299896	What was the significance of the Peggy Eaton scandal?	Andrew Jackson chose Van Buren to succeed him in the White House, ending Calhoun's dreams of the presidency	39
5230299897	As a controversy over notification of the tariff grew, what debate went on?	A great debate over the sale of public lands began in the United States Senate	40
5230299898	Who was involved in the debate?	Robert Y Hayne and Daniel Webster	41
5230299899	What did Hayne argue?	That's slowing down the sales of Lance to the west was away for the east to retain its political and economic power	42
5230299900	Who did Hayne believe were victims of tyranny from the east?	The west and south	43
5230299901	Ultimately, what did Hayne gope to gain?	Support against the tariff	44
5230299902	What did Webster consider Haynes argument?	As an attack on federal authority	45
5230299903	What did this debate results in?	Rivalry between Andrew Jackson and John C Calhoun	46
5230299904	What was Andrew Jackson's a famous quote on the matter?	"Our federal union-it must be preserved."	47
5230299905	What was Calhoun's famous quote on the matter?	"The union next to our liberty most dear."	48
5230299906	When and why did the nullification crisis come to an end?	In 1833 because Andrew Jackson authorized the use of military force to see the acts of Congress or obeyed	49
5230299907	What was the United States primary goal and policy towards the Indians in the early 1800s?	To acquire the land is occupied by the Indian tribes	50
5230299908	Why was the Black Hawk war notable?	it was notable due to the vicious behavior by the American military	51
5230299909	Although the Supreme Court found in favor of the Cherokee tribes in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia, what did President Jackson decide?	That's with the court cannot enforce the order	52
5230299910	What was Jackson recalled saying?	"John marshal has made his decision," "now let him enforce it."	53
5230299911	What was the result of the United States government is Indian policy in the 1830s and 1840s?	Nearly all American Indian societies were moved to the west of the Mississippi	54
5230299912	Of the "five civilized Tribes" what was the tribe that best resisted the pressures of removal?	The Seminole Indians	55
5230299913	What was the first of the "five civilized Tribes" to be removed to the west?	The Choctaw tribe	56
5230299914	And 1820s, under who's management was the bank of the United States financially sound and profitable?	Nicholas Biddle	57
5230299915	In the 1830s, the bank of by United States was opposed by who?	By BOTH soft money (paper money) advocates and hard money (silver and gold) advocates	58
5230299916	Who did Andrew Jackson agree with?	The hard money advocates	59
5230299917	I need teen 30, what did President Jackson vetoed and why?	He vetoed a federal subsidy to the proposed Maysville Road because the road was not part of any system of interstate commerce	60
5230299918	Who sought to use the debate over the bank of the United States primarily to boost his presidential election?	Henry Clay	61
5230299919	What resulted in President Andrew Jackson abolishing the bank of the United States?	I nation with an unstable banking system for many years	62
5230299920	What did Jackson do in order to weaken the bank?	He went through several secretaries before finding one who would help him	63
5230299921	When was the bank of United States charter due to expire?	1836	64
5230299922	Who had the support of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster?	Nicholas Biddle	65
5230299923	What controversy became the leading issue in the 1832 election?	The controversy over the bank	66
5230299924	What was the financial system to replace the bank of the United States?	The "sub treasury" system created by Martin Van Buren	67
5230299925	What Supreme Court ruling reflect the Jacksonian ideas of democracy and economic opportunity?	Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)	68
5230299926	What two parties were political opponents the face each other in the mid-1830s?	Jacksonian Democrats and Whigs	69
5230299927	What party had the strongest support from planters, farmers, mechanics, and labors and supported territorial expansion?	Jacksonian Democrats	70
5230299928	What did the Whigs call President Jackson?	"King Andrew I"	71
5230299929	Who supported the Whigs?	Wolfie Southern planters, New England manufacturers, aristocratic Americans, and evangelical protestants	72
5230299930	What did the political philosophy of the Whigs favor?	If favored expanding the power of the federal government	73
5230299931	What demonstrated the Whigs desire for the party to attract the largest possible number of votes?	Their support for the anti-Mason party	74
5230299932	During the two dick in history, who won the presidency two times?	The Whigs	75
5230299933	What party was the least successful are uniting behind a strong national leader?	The Whigs	76
5230299934	Who were the Locofocos?	The radical Democrats	77
5230299935	What did the presidential election campaign of 1840 see?	It's saw the first influence of the "penny press" in politics	78
5230299936	What did the penny press do?	It carried news to large audiences of workers and trades people	79
5230299937	Who won the election of 1840 and for what party?	William Henry Harrison; the Whig party	80
5230299938	Who died of pneumonia after a month in office?	William H Harrison	81
5230299939	Who took over after Henry Harrison died?	His vice President, John Tyler	82
5230299940	Who was John Tyler?	A Whig who had once been a democrat	83
5230299941	What did the Webster-Ashburton Treaty do?	It's settled the Aroostook War	84
5230299942	What did the treaty result in?	In new territory being added to United States	85
5230299943	What's the treatt include?	Included a British pledge not to interfere with American ships	86
5230299944	What significantly improved Anglo-American relations?	The Webster-Ashburton Treaty	87
5230299945	In 1841 what government support of the rights and the freedoms of slaves on the Creole?	The British	88
5230299946	In 1836 who wins the presidency and why?	Martin Van Buren because the political opposition offered multiple candidates	89
5230299947	What resulted in a severe financial panic?	Jackson's "specie circular" (the specie circular basically required payment for land to be in gold or silver)	90
5230299948	What did the distribution act that Congress passed in 1836 do?	Required the federal government to disburse it surplus funds to the states	91
5230299949	What require the federal government to disburse it surplus funds to the states?	A distribution act passed by Congress in 1836	92

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 8 & 10 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition Chapter 8 Nationalism and Economic Development, 1816-1848

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7700375968	Era of Good Feelings	Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republican party dominated politics. On the surface everything looked fine, however there were conflicts over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales. (p. 150)	0
7700375969	sectionalism	The Era of Good Feelings was damaged by the sectional controversy of the Missouri Compromise. Sectionalist tension over slavery became apparent during this period (1817-1825). (p. 150, 157)	1
7700375970	James Monroe	The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). His administration was marked by the Tariff of 1816, Rush-Bagot Agreement with Britain (1817), acquisition of Florida (1819), the Missouri Compromise (1820), and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823). (p 151)	2
7700375971	cultural nationalism	A new generation was interested in expanding west, had little interest in European politics, and patriotic themes were everywhere in society. (p. 151)	3
7700375972	economic nationalism	Political movement to subsidize internal improvements such as roads and canals. Also the protecting of US industries from European competition. (p. 151)	4
7700375973	Tariff of 1816	The first protective tariff in U.S. history. It helped protect American industry from British competition by placing a tax on imported British manufactured goods. (p. 151)	5
7700375974	protective tariff	A tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition. (p. 151)	6
7700375975	Henry Clay; American System	His proposed plan for advancing the nation's economic growth consisted of three parts: 1) protective tariffs, 2) a national bank, and 3) internal improvements. The internal improvements, to be funded by the national government, were not approved because James Monroe felt that the Constitution did not allow it. (p. 152)	7
7700375976	Second Bank of the United States	This institution was chartered in 1816 under President James Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the Panic of 1819. Suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it, until its charter expired in 1836. (p. 152)	8
7700375977	Panic of 1819	In 1819, this was the first major financial panic since the Constitution had been ratified. Many state banks closed, and unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt increased sharply. the depression was most severe in the West, where many people had speculated on land. (p. 153)	9
7700375978	Lancaster Turnpike	Built in the 1790s, this first highway was developed in response to the ineffectiveness of slow water transportation and uncertain road transportation. It stretched from Philadelphia to Lancaster and inspired many other turnpike projects. (p. 161)	10
7700375979	National (Cumberland) Road	A paved highway that extended more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois. It was built using state and federal money over many years (1811-1852). One of the few roads crossing state boundaries. (p. 161)	11
7700375980	Erie Canal	A New York canal, completed in 1825, that linked the economies of western and eastern cities. It lead to more canal building, lower food prices in the East, more settlers in the West, and stronger economic ties between the regions. (p. 161)	12
7700375981	Robert Fulton; steamboats	In 1807, he built a boat powered by a steam engine. Commercial steamboat lines soon made river shipping faster and cheaper. (p. 161)	13
7700375982	railroads	A major economic development of the 1820s. By the 1830s they were competing directly competing with canals as a method for carrying passengers and freight. Towns such as Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Chicago soon became booming commercial centers. (p. 161)	14
7700375983	Eli Whitney; interchangeable parts	In 1793, he built the first cotton gin, which would have a huge impact on the Southern economy. During the War of 1812 he devised a system to make rifles with mass produced interchangeable parts. (p. 162)	15
7700375984	corporations	In 1811, New York state passed a law that made it easier for business to incorporate and raise capital by selling shares of stock. Owners of a corporation only risked the money they had invested in a venture. This allowed large sums of money to be raised to build factories, canals, and railroads. (p. 162)	16
7700375985	Samuel Slater	British-born textile producer and one of the first industrialists in America. In 1791, he helped establish the nation's first factory using cotton spinning machine technology. (p. 162)	17
7700375986	factory system	In the 1820s, New England emerged as the country's leading manufacturing center because of abundant water power to drive machinery and seaports to ship goods. (p. 162)	18
7700375987	Lowell System; textile mills	The system that recruited young farm women to work in textile mills and house them in company dormitories. (p. 163)	19
7700375988	industrialization	Caused a shift from farming economy to using manufacturing machines in a factory economy. (p. 164)	20
7700375989	specialization	Farmers produced food, workers in the cities produced manufactured goods. (p. 164)	21
7700375990	unions	Trade unions were organized as early as the 1790s when the factory system started to take hold. A prime goal of the early unions was a 10 hour workday. (p. 163)	22
7700375991	cotton gin	In 1793, this machine was invented by Eli Whitney. It removed seeds from cotton fibers so cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. As a result more cotton was grown in the South and more slaves were needed in the cotton fields. (p. 162)	23
7700375992	market revolution	This revolution was a result of specialization on the farm, growth of the cities, industrialization, and the development of modern capitalism. It brought the end of self-sufficient households and a growing interdependence among people. (p. 164)	24
7700375993	John Marshall	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. A Federalist, whose decisions favored the central government and the rights of property against advocates of state's rights. Several of his decisions became landmark ruling that defined the relationship between the central government and the states. (p. 153)	25
7700375994	Fletcher v. Peck	An 1810 Supreme Court case, in which Georgia tried to revoke a land grant on the grounds that it had been obtained by corruption. The Supreme Court ruled that a state cannot arbitrarily interfere with a person's property rights. Since the land grant was a legal contract, it could not be repealed. This was the first time that the Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional and invalid. (p. 154)	26
7700375995	McCulloch v. Maryland	This 1819 Supreme Court case, ruled that states could not tax a federal institution, the Bank of the United States. The court ruled that, even though no clause in the Constitution specifically mentions a national bank, the Constitution gives the federal government the implied power to create one. (p. 154)	27
7700375996	Dartmouth College v. Woodward	An 1819 Supreme Court case, in which New Hampshire attempted to change Dartmouth College from a private college into a public institution. The court struck down the state law as unconstitutional, arguing that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state. (p. 154)	28
7700375997	Gibbons v. Ogden	This 1821 Supreme Court case ruled that New York state could not grant a monopoly to a steamboat company. This case established the federal government's control of interstate commerce. (p. 154)	29
7700375998	implied powers	Even though a power is not specifically stated in the Constitution, it may be possible for the federal government to exercise a power. (p. 154)	30
7700375999	Tallmadge Amendment	Proposed solution to Missouri becoming a state. It forbade slavery in Missouri and said that all black children would be free after the age of 25. It did not pass in the Senate and angered the South. (p. 156)	31
7700376000	Missouri Compromise	An 1820 compromise, that allowed Missouri to join the Union as a slave state, and Maine to join as a free state. It also established a line across the southern border of Missouri (36°,30') stating that except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be states without slavery. (p. 157)	32
7700376001	Stephen Decatur	In 1815, this naval officer led a U.S. fleet to force the leaders of North Africa to allow safe American shipping in the Mediterranean. (p. 157)	33
7700376002	Rush-Bagot Agreement	An 1817 disarmament pact between U.S. and Britain, it strictly limited Naval armament on the Great Lakes. The agreement was extended to place limits on U.S. and Canadian border fortifications. (p. 157)	34
7700376003	Treaty of 1818	Treaty between U.S. and Britain which 1) shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland, 2) joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years, 3) set the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel. (p. 157)	35
7700376004	Andrew Jackson	In 1817, this general lead a militia force to Florida where he destroyed Seminole villages and hung Seminole sympathizers. He would later become president. (p. 158)	36
7700376005	Florida Purchase Treaty	An 1819 treaty, in which Spain turned over Florida and the Oregon Territory to the United States. The U.S. agree to assume $5 million debt and give up any claims in Texas. (p. 158)	37
7700376006	Monroe Doctrine	An 1823 doctrine by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. (p. 158)	38
7700376007	Indian Removal Act	In 1830, this act forced the resettlement of thousands of Native Americans west of the Mississippi. (p. 195)	39
7700376008	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia	In 1831, this Supreme Court case ruled that the Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court. (p. 195)	40
7700376009	Worcester v. Georgia	In 1832, this Supreme Court case ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the Cherokee territory. However, President Jackson sided with Georgia and the decision could not be enforced without Jackson's support. (p 196)	41
7700376010	Cherokee trail of tears	In 1838, the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and march to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the trip. (p. 196)	42
7700376011	Bank of the United States	In 1832, President Andrew Jackson vetoed this bank's recharter bill, denouncing the bank as a private monopoly that enriched the wealthy and foreigners. (p. 197)	43
7700376012	Nicholas Biddle	During the 1830s, he was president of the Bank of the United States. (p. 197)	44
7700376013	Roger Taney	He was Andrew Jackson's secretary of Treasury. In an attempt to destroy the Bank of the United States, he transferred funds from the national bank to various state banks. (p. 198)	45
7700376014	pet banks	A term for the state banks. President Andrew Jackson was trying to destroy the Bank of the United States, so he transferred federal funds to these state banks. (p. 198)	46
7700376015	Specie Circular	To check inflationary, President Andrew Jackson issued a presidential order that required all future purchases of federal lands be made with gold or silver rather than paper bank notes. (p. 198)	47
7700376016	Panic of 1837	Just as Martin Van Buren became the president, the country suffered a financial panic as many banks closed their doors. (p. 199)	48
7700376017	Martin Van Buren	He won the 1836 presidential election as a Democratic. He had been Andrew Jackson's vice president. (p. 198)	49
7700376018	common man	Between 1824 and 1840, the middle and lower classes became more involved in politics. Several factors contributed to this including new suffrage laws, changes in political parties and campaigns, improved education, and increased newspaper circulation. (p. 192)	50
7700376019	universal white male sufferage	In the 1810s, new Western states adopted state constitutions that allowed all white males to vote and hold office. Most Eastern states soon followed suit. Voting for president rose from about 350,000 in 1824 to 2.4 million in 1840. (p. 192)	51
7700376020	party nominating convention	In the 1830s, caucuses were replaced by this public process of nominating candidates in a large hall. (p. 192)	52
7700376021	King Caucus	A closed door meeting of a political party's leaders in Congress which nominated candidates. (p. 192)	53
7700376022	popular election of president	In the 1832 presidential election, all states except South Carolina, allowed voters to choose their state's slate of presidential electors. (p. 192)	54
7700376023	Anti-Masonic Party	A political party, that attacked the secret societies of Masons and accused them of belonging to a privileged, anti democratic elite. (p. 192)	55
7700376024	Workingmen's Party	A political third party that was not as large as the Democrat or Whig party. (p. 192)	56
7700376025	popular campaigning	Campaigns of the 1830s and 1840s featured parades and large rallies with free food and drink. (p. 193)	57
7700376026	spoils system	President Andrew Jackson appointed people to federal jobs strictly according to whether they had campaigned for the Democratic party. Previous office holders were fired and replaced with a loyal Democrat. (p. 193)	58
7700376027	rotation in office	President Andrew Jackson's policy of limiting a person to one term in office so he could then appoint a Democrat to replace them. (p. 193)	59
7700376028	Henry Clay	He was secretary of state under President John Quincy Adams. He was President Andrew Jackson's chief opponent. In 1832, he challenged Jackson by persuading Congress to pass a bank-recharter bill. (p. 197)	60
7700376029	corrupt bargain	The term that President Andrew Jackson and followers called the Adams and Clay deal of the 1824 election. The House of Representatives had to choose the president and Henry Clay used his influence have John Quincy Adams elected. (p. 194)	61
7700376030	John Quincy Adams	In 1824, he was elected president. Henry Clay used his influence in the House of Representatives to provide him with enough votes to win the election. Clay was made secretary of state. (p. 194)	62
7700376031	Tariff of 1828; tariff of abominations	In 1828, during President John Quincy Adams' term, Congress created a new tariff law which pleased northern manufacturers, but alienated southern planters. (p. 194)	63
7700376032	Revolution of 1828	In the 1828 election, Andrew Jackson became president after a mudslinging campaign. Jackson was a champion of the working class and middle class (common man). p. 195)	64
7700376033	Andrew Jackson	He won the 1828 presidential election easily, winning every state west of the Appalachians. He was know as "Old Hickory" and presented himself as a comman man. (p. 195)	65
7700376034	role of the president	President Andrew Jackson presented himself as the representative of all the people and the protector of the common man against abused of power by the rich and privileged. He thought this was the role he should play. (p. 195)	66
7700376035	Peggy Eaton affair	When President Andrew Jackson's secretary of war's wife was the target of malicious gossip by other cabinet wives, Jackson supported her. The majority of cabinet resign because Jackson tried to force the wives to accept Peggy Eaton. (p. 195)	67
7700376036	states' rights	President Andrew Jackson favored this form of power for the state governments. (p. 196)	68
7700376037	nullification crisis	In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state, which was nullifying a federal law at the state level. President Jackson threatened South Carolina with the use of federal troops and a compromise was reached. (p. 197)	69
7700376038	Webster-Hayne debate	In 1830, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, debated Robert Hayne of South Carolina on the nature of the federal union under the Constitution. Daniel Webster declared that a state could not defy or leave the union. (p. 196)	70
7700376039	John C. Calhoun	He was Andrew Jackson's vice president, but he opposed Jackson on nullification theory. He advanced the theory that a state had the right to declare a federal law null and void. (p. 196)	71
7700376040	Proclamation to the People of South Carolina	President Andrew Jackson's edict stating nullification and disunion were treason. (p. 197)	72
7700376041	two-party system	This system developed in the 1820s. Supporters of Andrew Jackson were Democrats, while supporters of Henry Clay were Whigs. (p. 197)	73
7700376042	Democrats	In the 1820s, this party was led by President Andrew Jackson. It harked back to the old Republican party of Thomas Jefferson. (p. 197)	74
7700376043	Whigs	In the 1820s, this party was led by Henry Clay. It was similar to the old Federalist party of Alexander Hamilton. (p. 197)	75
7700376044	log cabin and hard cider campaign	The term for the 1840 presidential campaign. Popular war hero, William Henry Harrison was the Whig candidate. He used log cabins and hard cider to portray his down-home heritage. He attacked Martin Van Buren as an aristocrat. Harrison and John Tyler won the election. (p. 199)	76