| 7731734969 | Changes within society in the pursuit of equality | - Changed forenames to Mr. and Mrs.
- Master replaced with boss
- Not many indentured servants
- No primogeniture | | 0 |
| 7731734970 | Society of the Cincinatti | Lordly pretensions of the Continental Army officers who formed a hereditary order | | 1 |
| 7731734971 | Disestablished | Anglican church was reformed and was named Protestant Episcopal Church and disestablished as the official religion | | 2 |
| 7731734972 | Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom | Religious freedom in Virginia
- Established by Thomas Jefferson | | 3 |
| 7731734973 | Abolitionist movements | - Continental Congress abolished it with a positive response
- No states south of Pennsylvania abolished slavery - discrimination continued
- Any major abolitionist movement would have disrupted unity that was already fragile | | 4 |
| 7731734974 | Women's "rights" | - New Jersey allowed women to vote for a short time
- Some disguised as men and served in the army
- Generally didn't have many rights | | 5 |
| 7731734975 | Civic virtue | - Democracy depended on the unselfish commitment of each citizen to the public good
- Mothers spread this to children | | 6 |
| 7731734976 | Republican motherhood | - Mothers taught their children civic virtue early on
- People realized women were important and extended education to them | | 7 |
| 7731734977 | Constitution making in the states - what did Congress call for? | Called for colonies to rewrite their Constitutions - not everybody did it | | 8 |
| 7731734978 | Massachusetts process for making a new state Constitution | - When made - given to the people for ratification
- Once adopted, only another specially called constitutional convention could change things
- Future process | | 9 |
| 7731734979 | Similarities among state constitutions | - Defined government with authority from the people
- Documents required annual elections
- A bill of rights
- A weak judiciary
- Little executive power
- Legislature had too much power | | 10 |
| 7731734980 | Result of the loyalist estates | They were cut up into smaller pieces -> spread economic democracy | | 11 |
| 7731734981 | Nonimportation agreement effects on jobs | It stimulated *manufacturing* because there was a higher need for things that were originally supplied by England - *agriculture* was still the *leading* industry | | 12 |
| 7731734982 | Positives and negatives of trading | (+) Could trade freely with other countries
(+) More items to be traded
(-) Couldn't trade with Britain or British West Indies
(-) Commercial outlets may have local restrictions | | 13 |
| 7731734983 | Economic and social atmosphere at the time | - Rich profiteers present more so than before
- The previously rich were left destitute
- General disrespect for the majesty of the law | | 14 |
| 7731734984 | Issues with making a new government | - No more Tories, which meant no more conservatives to balance and help with government
- Patriots didn't have a common cause anymore
- Hard to start a new government from scratch | | 15 |
| 7731734985 | What did Britain do to American markets other than cut it off? | They flooded it with lowered prices for goods that would cost more locally made | | 16 |
| 7731734986 | Positives of making a new government | - Functioned under similar constitutions
- Political inheritance from Britain
- High order leaders | | 17 |
| 7731734987 | Articles of Confederation | - First governing document of the US
- Lacked strong central government
- Needed 13 states to ratify
- Translated into French to show they had a government | | 18 |
| 7731734988 | When was the Articles of Confederation ratified (before what event)? | 8 months before the victory at Yorktown... coincidence? | | 19 |
| 7731734989 | States that had land West of mountains - characteristics | - Seven did
- Didn't have to tax heavily
- Pay off debt faster
- Land-rich | | 20 |
| 7731734990 | States that *didn't* have land West of mountains - characteristics | - Had to tax more heavily
- Took longer to pay off tax
- Main reason states refused to sign the AOC | | 21 |
| 7731734991 | Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation | - Can't maintain armies without Congress' approval
- Unanimous agreement needed to get articles passed
- 9/13 needed for bills to be passed
- One vote for each colony regardless of size
- States collect the tax, give money to federal government - *usually "lost"*
- No executive branch or strong court system
- Congress was intentionally weak | | 22 |
| 7731734992 | Why did most states have to join the Union? | They couldn't get advantages of new land sales and couldn't "exist" without them | | 23 |
| 7731734993 | Pioneers going West to get land | - Got land from government (directly or indirectly)
- Looked at national capital for "guidance" -> weakened local power
- Uniform land policy made possible | | 24 |
| 7731734994 | Issues with Congress | 1) No power to regulate commerce - different tariffs and navigation laws created by different states to attract money
2) No tax collection - *asked* them to contribute but usually only got 1/4 if lucky | | 25 |
| 7731734995 | 1783 - march to Pennsylvania | - Pennsylvania soldiers marched to Independence Hall
- Members had to ask state for protection
- Fled to Princeton | | 26 |
| 7731734996 | Result of having a federation instead of a *con*federation | Needed to recast local government free to control all domestic affairs | | 27 |
| 7731734997 | Old Northwest | |  | 28 |
| 7731734998 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | - Acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and that the proceeds should be used to pay off national debt
- Land surveyed by six square miles per area
- 16th district was for education |  | 29 |
| 7731734999 | Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | - Created the Northwest Territory
- Allowed an area to be a state when it had 60,000 people in it
- Prohibited slavery | | 30 |
| 7731735000 | Lord Sheffield | Englishman who declared that Britain shouldn't have to try to get America to trade with them; commerce would follow old channels naturally | | 31 |
| 7731735001 | British in America | - Trading posts with fur trade by redcoats
- The main purpose - keep Natives allied on attack on the USA | | 32 |
| 7731735002 | Americans wanted ______ on British Parliament. Why? | trade restrictions - because they were restricting their trade vice versa, but Congress couldn't control commerce | | 33 |
| 7731735003 | Spanish in America | - Closed Mississippi River in 1784 to Americans
- Got land given to US
- Schemed with the Natives | | 34 |
| 7731735004 | French in America | demanded repayment of money loaned | | 35 |
| 7731735005 | Dey of Algiers | North African pirates
- Destroyed commerce and enslaved Yankees
- Yankees came and forged British papers to pretend they were Britain | | 36 |
| 7731735006 | Issues with some states in the mid 1780s | - Some states refused to pay anything
- Boundary issues caused minor battles, and there was no judicial branch
- Making paper money - some states sanctioned making it | | 37 |
| 7731735007 | Shays' Rebellion | - West Massachusetts in 1786
- Backcountry farmers were losing property because of foreclosure and tax delinquencies
- Captain Daniel Shays - leader
- Wanted paper money, lighter taxes, and suspend property takeovers
- Massachusetts made a small army in order to defend against them | | 38 |
| 7731735008 | Results of Shays' Rebellion | - Massachusetts passed debtor relief laws
- Caused fear among elites
- Created a mobocracy - civic virtue became insignificant
*-Showed that America needed a strong central government that was not provided by the AOC* | | 39 |
| 7731735009 | Biggest issue at the time | Controlling commerce | | 40 |
| 7731735010 | Annapolis Convention | - Met because of controlling commerce
- Virginia called for a meeting in Annapolis - 5 state reps
- Alexander Hamilton called for a convention in Philadelphia the following year
- Congress called a convention to *revise* A.O.C. | | 41 |
| 7731735011 | Constitutional Convention | - All states chose representatives by state legislatures and people — except Rhode Island
- Met in secrecy in 1787
- Sentinels outside
- Made men drop personal pursuits and focus on the country's needs
- GW became chairman | | 42 |
| 7731735012 | James Madison's nickname | "Father of the Constitution" | | 43 |
| 7731735013 | Goals of the Constitutional Convention | - Wanted a firm, dignified, and respected government
- Wanted to preserve the union
- Forestall anarchy
- Ensure security of life and property against dangerous uprisings by the mobocracy | | 44 |
| 7731735014 | What did the Constitutional Convention do with the Articles of Confederation (AOC)? | Scraped it completely | | 45 |
| 7731735015 | Virginia Plan | Known as large-state plan
- Both houses of Congress should be based on population
- Gave big states the advantage | | 46 |
| 7731735016 | New Jersey Plan | Known as the small-state plan
- Equal representation of a one-branched Congress regardless of size and population
- Feared larger states would override them | | 47 |
| 7731735017 | The Great Compromise | Known as the Connecticut Compromise
- House of Representatives - representative assembly based on the number of districts in a state (all tax bills must originate from here - population counted more heavily)
- Senate - Two representatives from each state | | 48 |
| 7731735018 | Common Law | Unnecessary to be specific about every conceivable detail | | 49 |
| 7731735019 | Civil Law | Elaborate lengthy legal codes | | 50 |
| 7731735020 | The new Constitution provided for an __________ branch | executive | | 51 |
| 7731735021 | Difference between powers of war in the president and Congress | President could wage war, but Congress could declare war | | 52 |
| 7731735022 | Electoral College | "a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president"
- Large states had advantage in first round of popular voting
- Small states would get a larger voice if no candidate got majority of electoral votes and given to House of Representatives | | 53 |
| 7731735023 | Three-Fifths Compromise | - South wanted slaves to be voters
- North didn't and would logically require more representation
- Slaves would count as 3/5 of a person | | 54 |
| 7731735024 | Agreements that were mutual among states | - Demanded established money and private property
- Strong government with three branches and having checks & balances
- Suffrage for men | | 55 |
| 7731735025 | Safeguards for conservatism | - Barriers and safeguards against the mob
- President indirectly elected by Electoral College
- Senators were indirectly chosen by state legislatures
- Judges appointed for life
- Only House of Reps was direct | | 56 |
| 7731735026 | End of Constitutional Convention | - 17 weeks
- Feared if the Constitution would be acceptable to the country | | 57 |
| 7731735027 | How many states needed to ratify the Constitution for it to be accepted? Why | 9/13 because the Framers foresaw that hesitant states wouldn't comply | | 58 |
| 7731735028 | Antifederalists | - Consisted of poorer people, like debtors who feared to pay back all of their money
- Opposed stronger federal government
- Freedom of individuals was compromised, wanted annual elections, no standing army, feared no ref. to God, and disliked the ratification of 2/3 states needed | | 59 |
| 7731735029 | Federalists | - Favored stronger federal government
- Wealthier, more organized, and had the press on their side
- 100+ newspapers, only 12 supported anti-feds | | 60 |
| 7731735030 | Massachusetts in the ratification of the Constitution | - Originally majority antifederalist
- Feds assured Bill of Rights to Constitution
- Ratification - 187 to 168 | | 61 |
| 7731735031 | New Hampshire in the ratification of the Constitution | - Originally anti fed
- Feds arranged an adjournment and won waverers | | 62 |
| 7731735032 | Virginia in the ratification of the Constitution | - Fierce antifederalist opposition
- Strong leaders influenced them
- New Hampshire was about to ratify, so the Union would be made anyway - couldn't continue as independent
- 89-79 ratification | | 63 |
| 7731735033 | New York in the ratification of the Constitution | - Anti-fed majority convention
- Articles used as propaganda
- State couldn't prosper without the Union
- 30-27
- Approved 32 proposed amendments | | 64 |
| 7731735034 | North Carolina in the ratification of the Constitution | Adjourned convention without a vote | | 65 |
| 7731735035 | Rhode Island in the ratification of the Constitution | Didn't even call a convention and rejected it popularly | | 66 |
| 7731735036 | T/F: All white males voted | False, only about 1/4 | | 67 |
| 7731735037 | The Federalist | A book with Adams, Madison, and Jay's influential propaganda writings promoting the ratification of the Constitution | | 68 |
| 7731735038 | Slave Trade Compromise | Slave trade can continue slave trade until the end of 1807
- Meant slaves increase more by procreation | | 69 |
| 7731735039 | The Elastic Clause | Congress shall have the power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers | | 70 |
| 7731735040 | Why did anti-feds later adopt the Constitution? | The Federalists promised to add a Bill of Rights | | 71 |
| 7731735041 | Bicameral | Having two branches of a type of government | | 72 |
| 7731735042 | Unicameral | Having one branch of a type of government | | 73 |
| 7731735043 | Issues with the Federalists | - Alien and Sedition Acts
- Hamilton made a private pamphlet attacking Adams - published to the public
- Adams refused to give them a war with France - taxes with no use | | 74 |
| 7731735044 | Adams became known as... | The Father of the American Navy | | 75 |
| 7731735045 | Federalist accusations of Thomas Jefferson | - Accused of robbing a widow and son
- Sally Hemmings relationship
- Separated church and state in VA
- Alleged athiest | | 76 |
| 7731735046 | Sally Hemmings | the now-proven "wife" of Thomas Jefferson | | 77 |
| 7731735047 | Jefferson winning the election | - 73-65
- Won NY because of Aaron Burr
- Won South states and West states because of male suffrage
- 3/5 Compromise helped him - more representatives | | 78 |
| 7731735048 | Revolution of 1800 | - Election of Jefferson was the original spirit of the Revolution
- Believed Adams and Jefferson betrayed ideas of 1776 and 1787
- Peaceful transfer of power | | 79 |
| 7731735049 | Goals of Jefferson's presidency | - Restore Republican government
- Check growth of government power
- Stop decay of virtue under the Federalists | | 80 |
| 7731735050 | T/F: There was an orderly transfer of power from Adams to Jefferson | True | | 81 |
| 7731735051 | "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists" | Jefferson's Inaugural Address | | 82 |
| 7731735052 | Characteristics of Jefferson's presidency | - Extended idea of seating without regard to rank
- Sent messages to Congress to be read by a clerk
- Didn't make public appearances
- Didn't dismiss many public servants for political reasons | | 83 |
| 7731735053 | Patronage | "the power to control appointments to office or the right to privileges" by favoritism
- Jeffersonians complained about Federalist appointees | | 84 |
| 7731735054 | Democratic-Republican disunity | - Opposition to Federalists was a uniting factor
- As the Federalists faded, so did the unity | | 85 |
| 7731735055 | Laws Jefferson undid by Federalists | - Pardoned martyrs under Sedition Act
- Remitted fines
- Convinced Congress to repeal excise tax | | 86 |
| 7731735056 | Naturalization Law of 1802 | Reduced citizen residency requirement from 14 to 5 years | | 87 |
| 7731735057 | Albert Gallatin | - Secretary of the Treasury under Jefferson
- Believed debt was bane | | 88 |
| 7731735058 | Restraints in not repealing every law showed that... | the defeated party doesn't have to be disastrous afterwards | | 89 |
| 7731735059 | Judiciary Act of 1801 | - One of the last important laws passed by Federal Congress
- Made up new federal judgeships and other judicial offices | | 90 |
| 7731735060 | Midnight judges | - Judges selected by Adams
- Appointments continued to midnight
- Stayed up until 9 pm in last day of office signing commissions | | 91 |
| 7731735061 | Result of the Judiciary Act | Jeffersonians claimed that the Federalists attempted to entrench themselves in one branch of government | | 92 |
| 7731735062 | Chief Justice John Marshall | - Adams appointed to Supreme Court as 4th choice
- Cousin of Thomas Jefferson
- Served at Valley Forge | | 93 |
| 7731735063 | Reasons John Marshall became a Federalist | When he was in Valley Forge, he was impressed with the drawbacks of the weak federal government | | 94 |
| 7731735064 | Marbury v. Madison 1803 | - William Marbury sued James Madison for shelving his commission
- Marshall said that under the Judiciary Act of 1789 on which Marbury tried to base his case was unconstitutional. The Act attempted to assign Supreme Court powers the Constitution did not foresee
- Marshall dismissed the case to avoid Jeffersonian rivalry too | | 95 |
| 7731735065 | Judicial Review | The Supreme Court alone had the last word on the question of constitutionality | | 96 |
| 7731735066 | Samuel Chase | - Jefferson urged impeachment of him
- Accused him of prejudice of Jeffersonians in sedition trials
- Jefferson's attempt at judge breaking reassured the judiciary independence and separation of powers
- *Political powers should not be abused* | | 97 |
| 7731735067 | Jefferson's military | - 2,500 men and officers
- Wanted to set an example of the world
- Jeffersonians distrusted large armies to prevent military dictatorship | | 98 |
| 7731735068 | North African Barbary States | - Made industry of blackmailing and plundering ships that came into the Meditteranean
- Federalists earlier forced to pay for protection |  | 99 |
| 7731735069 | Tripolitan War | - Pasha of Tripoli dissatisfied with share of money
- Informally declared war on the US
- Jefferson got a treaty after four years with a ransom of $60,000 for Americans | | 100 |
| 7731735070 | Small gunboats | - Called "Jeffs" or "mosquito fleet"
- Jefferson believed they would be useful in defense and made 200 of them | | 101 |
| 7731735071 | Explain the transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France | - Napoleon had the king of Spain give up LA
- Guaranteed to be true when warehouse privileges were taken away
- Thomas would have to seek foreign ally help | | 102 |
| 7731735072 | Event when Jefferson sent James Monroe to discuss the treaty | - Joined Robert R. Livingston
- Was to only pay $10 million for New Orleans and the rest of the East
- If the proposal failed, they would ally with Britain | | 103 |
| 7731735073 | Why did Napoleon sell Louisiana? | - Haitian Revolution
- End of the 20-month conflict with Britain - feared he might have to gift it to Britain | | 104 |
| 7731735074 | Haitian Revolution | - Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture
- Inspired by the French Revolution
- Revolt was broken, but mosquitoes with yellow fever killed French army
- Santo Domingo not needed, so no need for Louisiana | | 105 |
| 7731735075 | The event of the end of the 20-month conflict with Britain showed that... | France hoped America would be a naval power in the future | | 106 |
| 7731735076 | Louisiana Purchase | - Livingston paid $15 million for all of Louisiana
- Jefferson submitted treaties to Senate and admitted it was unconstitutional
- 828,000 sq mi for 3¢ an acre | | 107 |
| 7731735077 | Effects of the Louisiana Purchase | - Larger power
- Incorporation of states as one equal membership
- Removed most of the Old World power
- Avoided unnecessary alliances | | 108 |
| 7731735078 | Corps of Discovery | - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark sent by Jefferson to explore north part of LA
- went by MS River
- Assisted by Sacajawea | | 109 |
| 7731735079 | Merriwether Lewis and William Clark | - Lewis - personal secretary of Jefferson
- Clark - army officer | | 110 |
| 7731735080 | Sacajawea | Shoshone woman that helped Lewis and Clark | | 111 |
| 7731735081 | Effects of the Corps of Discovery | Greater scientific knowledge, maps, Indians in the region, wilderness adventure stories, and allowed other explorers venture like Zebulon M. Pike
*Original purpose: find a path to the Pacific (MS River to the West)* | | 112 |
| 7731735082 | Marias River | - Lewis and three other men went to explore
- Attacked by teen Blackfoot Indians and horses got stolen
- Shot them and left the peace necklace on their neck | | 113 |
| 7731735083 | Aaron Burr | - Dropped from Cabinet second term
- Joined group of Federalists to secede New England and NY
- Hamilton exposed them
- Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and shot him | | 114 |
| 7731735084 | General James Wilkinson | - He and Burr planned to separate the West part of the US to expand
- Burr and 60 followers went to him in Natchez
- Jefferson learned of the plan
- He fled to France and told Napoleon to make an alliance with Britain in America | | 115 |
| 7731735085 | Effect of General James Wilkinson | Showed it was hard for the US govt to govern that much land | | 116 |
| 7731735086 | Battle of Trafalgar | 1805
Horatio Lord Nelson destroyed French and Spanish fleets off the coast of Spain | | 117 |
| 7731735087 | Battle of Austerlitz | 1805
Napoleon crushed Austrian and Russian armies | | 118 |
| 7731735088 | Orders in Council | Began in 1806
Series of edicts closing European ports unless stopped at a British port first | | 119 |
| 7731735089 | Berlin Decree | 1806
Napoleon ordered seizure of all ships that entered British port | | 120 |
| 7731735090 | Impressment | - Forcible enlistment of sailors
- 6,000 US citizens captured by British in 1808-1811 | | 121 |
| 7731735091 | Chesapeake Affair | 1807
- British demanded surrender of American deserters
- American captain refused
- British killed 3 Americans and wounded 18
*Led to resentment by Americans* | | 122 |
| 7731735092 | Embargo Act of 1807 | - Passed so powers would be forced to respect its rights (they got food from them)
- Forbade the export of all goods from the US whether in American or foreign ships | | 123 |
| 7731735093 | If the Embargo Act worked, then...
If it didn't work, then... | -> Would point a new way for foreign affairs and show rights of neutral nations
-> Republic would perish under European power | | 124 |
| 7731735094 | Effects of the Embargo Act | - Dead ships and harbor in New England
- Unexportable cotton, grain, and tobacco in the South
- Illicit trade
- Revived Federalist party | | 125 |
| 7731735095 | Non-Intercourse Act | March 1, 1809, expired 1810
Formally reopened trade with the rest of the world other than Britain and France | | 126 |
| 7731735096 | Why did the embargo collapse after 15 months? | - Underestimated determination of British and overestimated the two nations' reliance on America
- Latin America opened its ports
- Unpopularity
- Didn't continue on long enough | | 127 |
| 7731735097 | The Embargo Act did allow Yankees in New England to... | make a manufacturing industry | | 128 |
| 7731735098 | Macon's Bill No. 2 | - Reopened trade with the rest of the world
- Replaced Non-Intercourse Act
- If either France or Britain would respect American shipping, US would cut off trade with the other | | 129 |
| 7731735099 | Effect of Macon's Bill No. 2 | - Napoleon wanted an embargo on Britain, and Madison accepted
- Gave Britain three months to repeal their acts, yet the didn't
- Virtually guaranteed future conflict with Britain | | 130 |
| 7731735100 | War Hawks | - Name for the young hotheads from the N & S
- Disliked impressment and British policy
- West Warhawks wiped out Indians for the safety of pioneers | | 131 |
| 7731735101 | Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa | - Concluded it was time to end the conflict
- Gathered tribes for a confederacy
- Tecumseh said to never cede land to whites unless all Indians agreed | | 132 |
| 7731735102 | Tenskwatawa was known as | the Prophet | | 133 |
| 7731735103 | Battle of Tippecanoe | Fall 1811
- William Henry Harrison - gov. of Indiana - gathered army
- Advanced to Tecumseh's HQ
- Tecumseh was absent b/c he was recruiting Southern support
- Tenskwatawa attacked Harrison's army with small force of Shawnees | | 134 |
| 7731735104 | Results of Tippecanoe | - Harrison became a national hero
- Killed and discredited Tenskwatawa
- Drove Tecumseh into an alliance with Britain | | 135 |
| 7731735105 | American war with Britain | - Madison believed it was inevitable
- Only the vigorous assertion of American rights could show nationhood and democracy | | 136 |
| 7731735106 | War hawks wanted...
Southern expansionists wanted... | - Expansion in Canada
- Florida | | 137 |
| 7731735107 | Congress declaring war | June 1, 1812
- Showed division over wisdom of fighting
- Support from S & W and Republicans in populous states (VA, PN)
- Federalists in N & S disliked the war | | 138 |
| 7731735108 | Federalists in New England regarding the war | - Sympathized with Britain and disliked Napoleon
- Disliked Canadian acquisition - more voting for Republicans | | 139 |
| 7731735109 | Napoleon Bonaparte | French emporer who waged a series of wars against his neighbors on the European continent from 1800 until his final defeat at Waterloo in 1815. In 1803, having failed to put down the Haitian rebellion, Napoleon relinquished France's remaining North American possessions by selling Louisiana territory to the US for 15 million. | | 140 |
| 7731735110 | Aaron Burr | Revolutionary War soldier and Vice president under Thomas Jefferson, Burr is perhaps most famous for fatally wounding Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804. In 1806, Burr led a failed plot to separate the trans-Mississippi west from the United States. Narrowly acquitted for treason, Burr fled to France where he tried to convince Napoleon to ally with Britian against the U.S. | | 141 |
| 7731735111 | Samuel Chase | Federalist supreme court justice who drew the ire of the Jeffersonian Republics for his biting criticism of Republican policies. In 1804, the House of Representatives brought charges of impeachment against him but failed to make the case that his unrestrained partisanship qualified as "high crimes and misdemeanors". Acquitted by the Senate, he served on the court until his death, | | 142 |
| 7731735112 | William Clark | Joined Meriwether Lewis in leading the expedition of Louisiana territory from1804-1806. After the Expedition, Clark played a key role in shaping America's Indian policy, seeking to strengthen
American relations with the Indians through trade. | | 143 |
| 7731735113 | Albert Gallatin | Secretary of the Treasury from 1801-1813 under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, Gallatin sought to balance the federal budget and reduce the national debt. | | 144 |
| 7731735114 | Sally Hemings | One of Jefferson's slaves on his plantations in Monticello. DNA testing confirms that Thomas Jefferson fathered Sally Heming's children. | | 145 |
| 7731735115 | Thomas Jefferson | Author of the Declaration of Independence, ambassador to France, and third president of the United States. As one of the leaders of the Democratic-Republican party, Jefferson advocated a limited role for the national government, particularly in the area of finance. As President, however, Jefferson oversaw significant expansion of the federal state through the purchase of Louisiana Territory and the enactment of the Embargo of 1807. | | 146 |
| 7731735116 | Meriwether Lewis | American soldier and explorer who led the famous expedition through Louisiana territory from 1804-1806. After briefly serving as governor of upper Louisiana territory, Lewis died in an apparent suicide in 1809. | | 147 |
| 7731735117 | Robert R. Livingston | American statesman who served as minister to France 1801-1804 and negotiated the purchase of the Louisiana territory in 1803. |  | 148 |
| 7731735118 | Toussaint L'ouverture | Haitian revolutionary who led successful slave uprising an helped establish an independent Haiti in 1797. In 1802, L'overture was captured by a French by a French force sent to reestablish control over the island. Shipped back to France and imprisoned for treason, he succumbed to pneumonia. | | 149 |
| 7731735119 | James Madison | Principal author of the Consitituion, co-author of THE Federalist, and fourth president of the United States. A leading advocate of a strong national government in the 1780s, Madison later joined Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans in advocating a more limited role for the federal state. As president, Madison inherited the conflict over trade with Britain and France, which eventually pushed him to declare war on Britain in 1812. | | 150 |
| 7731735120 | John Marshall | Cheif Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 until his death in 1835, Marshall strengthened the role of the courts by establishing the principle of "Judicial Review". During his tenure, the court also expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of decisions that established federal supremacy over the states. | | 151 |
| 7731735121 | Sacajawea | Shoshone guide who led Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on their exploration of
the American west. | | 152 |
| 7731735122 | Tecumseh | Accomplished Shawnee warrir, Tecumseh sought to establish a confederacy of Indian tribes east of the Mississippi. He opposed individual tribes selling of land to the United States, arguing the land belonged to all the native people. After 1811, Tecumseh allied with the British frighting fiercely with his death until 1813. | | 153 |
| 7731735123 | Tenskwatawa | "The Prophet"; Shawnee religious leader, who led a spiritual revival emphasizing Indian unity and cultural renewal and urging Indians to limit contact with Americans. The prophet lost his following in 1811 after he and a small army of followers were defeated by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe | | 154 |
| 7731735124 | James Wilkinson | Military governor of the Louisiana territory who conspired with Aaron Burr to separate from the United States and ally with Spanish controlled areas of the Americas. | | 155 |
| 7731735125 | Characteristics of America at the time (late 1780s to 1790s) | - Population doubling every 25 years
- Still 90% rural
- 5% lived West of Mountains
- KY, TN, and OH resistive and not loyal because the Spanish and British agents offered them independence | | 156 |
| 7731735126 | George Washington won the election _________ | unanimously | | 157 |
| 7731735127 | George Washington's Cabinet | - Constitution didn't mention it
- Washington's administration
- President "may require" written opinions of the heads of the executive branch departments | | 158 |
| 7731735128 | Three department heads at the time | - Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson
- Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton
- Secretary of War Henry Knox | | 159 |
| 7731735129 | Anti-feds criticized the Constitution because of the lack of... | guarantees of rights | | 160 |
| 7731735130 | Two ways amendments could be added to the Constitution | - New Constitutional Convention requested by 2/3 of the states
- 2/3 vote of both houses of Congress | | 161 |
| 7731735131 | James Madison | - Feared a new convention might make the Federalists lose
- Made the Bill of Rights
- "Father of the Constitution" | | 162 |
| 7731735132 | Bill of Rights | 1791
- First 10 Amendments
- American principles like natural rights, jury, no cruel and unusual punishments, etc. | | 163 |
| 7731735133 | 9th and 10th Amendment | - 9th - Rights not listed in the Constitution are still rights
- 10th - Anything the Constitution says Congress doesn't have is up to the states and the people | | 164 |
| 7731735134 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | - Established a Supreme Court with a chief justice & five associates, federal districts & circuit courts, and an established office of the attorney general
- John Jay became the first Chief Justice | | 165 |
| 7731735135 | National debt at the time | $75 million | | 166 |
| 7731735136 | Economic plan of Alexander Hamilton | - Wanted to shape policies of the government to favor wealthy groups
- Would lend government monetary and political support
- Prosperity would trickle down
(BEFAT) | | 167 |
| 7731735137 | Funding at par | Federal government would pay off its debts at face value plus accumulated interest
(would sell bonds from federal to state to ensure credibility) | | 168 |
| 7731735138 | Why was funding at par made? | There was no public funding for Alex because of the lack of confidence from the public | | 169 |
| 7731735139 | Government bonds | - People didn't trust the Treasury with his plan, so the value of them depreciated by 10 to 15¢ each
- Some had many and bought more when Congress passed the plan | | 170 |
| 7731735140 | Assumption | - State debts regarded as national debt because of the Revolution
- Would chain states more to the "federal chariot"
- Would shift attachment of wealthy creditors from states to federal government | | 171 |
| 7731735141 | Results of Assumption | - States with heavy debt, like MA, appreciated it
- States without tax, like VA, wanted some compensation | | 172 |
| 7731735142 | The capital was moved because... | Virginia in the assumption of debt wanted the DOC to be on Potomac River to gain commerce and prestige, so it was passed by Congress | | 173 |
| 7731735143 | Why did Alexander Hamilton believe national debt was a blessing? | More creditors the government owed money to meant more people with a personal stake in enterprise | | 174 |
| 7731735144 | Hamilton's financial structure | |  | 175 |
| 7731735145 | Tariff law | - Revenues would pay for debt, and profits depended on foreign trade
- 8% of value of imports
- Also designed to put protection around smaller industries (not in Hamilton's original plan — he wanted it to be for larger manufacturers) | | 176 |
| 7731735146 | Excise tax | - Tax on a few domestic items, notably whiskey
- 7¢ a gallon
- Whiskey was used as currency because it flowed freely in the backcountry | | 177 |
| 7731735147 | Explain the idea of the Bank of the United States | - Hamilton took the model of the English bank
- Private institution with government being the primary stockholder
- Federal Treasury would keep its money
- Federal funds would stimulate business by remaining in circulation
- Could print money when needed | | 178 |
| 7731735148 | Thomas Jefferson's rebuttal for Hamilton's bank idea | - Said they had no power to make it — believed it was the states' rights
- "Strict Constitution" | | 179 |
| 7731735149 | Hamilton's response to Thomas Jefferson | - Believed that Congress could pass anything necessary and proper
- Government explicitly empowered to collect taxes and regulate trade
- "Implied powers" or "loose constitution"
- "Elastic clause" | | 180 |
| 7731735150 | Responses to Hamilton from the public | - Support from North because of commercial and financial centers
- Opposition came from the South with agriculture | | 181 |
| 7731735151 | Established bank of the US | - Chartered for 20 years
- 1791 in Philidelphia
- Capital of $10 million - 1/5 owned by federal government
- Stock thrown to the public - sold out in two hours | | 182 |
| 7731735152 | Whiskey Rebellion | By the Whiskey Boys in SW PN 1794
- Countrymen challenged national government
- High excise tax was a burden on economic necessity
- Made whiskey poles - like liberty poles
- Tarred and feathered revenue officers - brought collections to a halt | | 183 |
| 7731735153 | Reactions and results to the Whiskey Rebellion | - GW summoned 13,000 militiamen
- GW government gained a new respect for strength and authority
- Brutal force to crush a small rebellion | | 184 |
| 7731735154 | Emergence of political parties | - Economic plan restored credibility but infringed upon states' rights
- Madison and Jefferson made an opposition group to Hamiltonians
- Originally supposed to be confined to Congress | | 185 |
| 7731735155 | Loyal opposition | Party out of power balances wishes of their political party | | 186 |
| 7731735156 | French Revolution | - Against Louis XVI
- Americans cheered for liberty - second part of their revolt
- Only a few Federalists were hostile to them
- France declared war on Austria - won and declared itself a republic | | 187 |
| 7731735157 | Issues with the end of the French Revolution | - King beheaded in 1793
- Church attacked
- Reign of terror began | | 188 |
| 7731735158 | Issues in America about the French Revolution | - Federalist aristocrats feared Jeffersonian masses
- "Lukewarm" Federalists approval of the revolution changed to disapproval
- Jeffersonians disregarded bloodshed - thought a few thousand deaths were necessary for freedom | | 189 |
| 7731735159 | George Washington in the war between France and Britain | - Believed war had to be avoided at all costs
- Nation was unstable and disunited
- Strategy of delay allowed population to increase, stabilize the nation, and then assert its power | | 190 |
| 7731735160 | Neutrality Proclamation | 1793
- GW proclaimed the government's official neutrality
- Warned citizens to be impartial to armed camps | | 191 |
| 7731735161 | Citizen Edmond Genêt | - Came to Charleston, SC to negotiate
- Fit out privateers and took advantage of alliance
- Believed Neutrality Proclamation didn't reflect the true wishes of Americans
- Recruited armies to invade Spanish Florida, Louisiana, and British Canada (in *America*!!!)
- Threatened to appeal over the head of "Old Washington."
- President demanded his withdrawal | | 192 |
| 7731735162 | How was America useful to France by being neutral? | It supplied the French West Indies needed foodstuffs. If they were in war, Britain would have blockaded the Yankees off | | 193 |
| 7731735163 | Little Turtle | - War Chief of Miamis
- Defeated armies led by Josiah Harmar and Arthur St. Clair
- Gave notice to the Miami Confederacy that there were divided borders | | 194 |
| 7731735164 | Miami Confederacy | - Alliance of eight Indian nations who terrorized Americans invading their lands
- Received firearms and firewater from British agents | | 195 |
| 7731735165 | Battle of Fallen Timbers | 1794
- New army under General "Mad Anthony" Wayne
- British refused to shelter Indians
- Treaty of Grenville offered | | 196 |
| 7731735166 | Treaty of Grenville | August 1795
- Confederacy gave up Old Northwest
- Received $20k with $9k annually by Americans
- Right to hunt lands
- Recognition of status | | 197 |
| 7731735167 | British Royal Navy | - Struck the American ships giving supplies to French West Indies
- Patriotic Americans wanted to fight George III
- Federalists wanted peace — Hamilton's economic plan depended on trade with Britain | | 198 |
| 7731735168 | Jay's Treaty | - Britain would pay back for captured ships
- Evacuate claims on US soil
- Didn't say anything about future maritime seizures
- Forced Jay to pay debts | | 199 |
| 7731735169 | Why didn't the Jeffersonians like Jay's Treaty | They would have to pay their debts | | 200 |
| 7731735170 | Pinckney's Treaty | - Spain granted navigation of rivers
- Warehouse rights at New Orleans
- West Florida
- Feared Anglo-American alliance | | 201 |
| 7731735171 | Farewell Address | - GW delivered it written out
Four pieces of advice
1) Don't get involved in European affairs
2) Don't make "permanent alliances" in foreign affairs
3) Don't form political parties
4) Avoid sectionalism | | 202 |
| 7731735172 | Results of George Washington's presidency | - Established two-term tradition
- Central government established
- Expanded West
- Merchant trading safer
- Kept out of foreign affairs | | 203 |
| 7731735173 | John Adams' presidency | - Won presidential election 71-68 especially in New England
- Jefferson became VP
- No appeal to the masses
- Couldn't fulfill GW's position as well | | 204 |
| 7731735174 | XYZ Affair | - John Adams sent three men to meet Charles Maurice de Tallyrand
- Named X, Y, and Z
- French asked for $250k to talk to them - Americans found it intolerable | | 205 |
| 7731735175 | Charles Maurice de Tallyrand | Man who was at the XYZ affair meeting the American delegates | | 206 |
| 7731735176 | "War" between France and America | - Navy Department made
- Three-ship Navy expanded
- Marine Corps reestablished
- 10,000 men army | | 207 |
| 7731735177 | Results in France — the quarrel between America and France | - Talleyrand realized another war would add another enemy
- New American minister sent should be treated with respect | | 208 |
| 7731735178 | Results in America — the quarrel between America and France | - Adams got respect
- Convention of 1800 | | 209 |
| 7731735179 | Convention of 1800 | - France agreed to end 22-year-old treaty
- America agreed to pay damage claims | | 210 |
| 7731735180 | Alien Laws | - Federalists raised citizen requirement to be from 5 years to 14 years
- President could deport foreigners in times of peace and deport/imprison them in times of hostility | | 211 |
| 7731735181 | Sedition Act | Anyone who hindered policies of government or defamed its officials would be liable to a heavy penalty and imprisonment | | 212 |
| 7731735182 | Results of the Alien and Sedition Acts | - 10 Jeffersonians brought to trial with Federalist judges
- Made converts for Jeffersonians
- Made expire in 1801 so it couldn't be used against them if they lost the election | | 213 |
| 7731735183 | Congressman Matthew Lyon | "Spitting Lion"
- Spit in a Federalist's face and got the nickname
- Was sent to jail for four months (not because of spitting) | | 214 |
| 7731735184 | Kentucky Resolution | - Jefferson feared Federalists were wiping out Jeffersonians and other rights
- Made a series of resolutions approved by KY legislature | | 215 |
| 7731735185 | Virginia Resolution | James Madison made a similar but less extreme resolution approved by VA legislature | | 216 |
| 7731735186 | The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | - Made in opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts
- 13 states were individual judges of whether or not authority was abused
- Tried to preserve union
- Crystalize opposition to Federalists | | 217 |
| 7731735187 | Results to the VA and KY Resolutions | - 1st statement of states' rights
- Opened for nullification controversy and secession later on | | 218 |
| 7731735188 | Federalist vs Democratic-Republican (Google Doc) | http://preview.tinyurl.com/comparison-of-parties | | 219 |
| 7731735189 | Jeffersonian beliefs | - Only educated whites should vote-
- Believed slaves were essential - without them, poor whites would have to provide labor
- Strong appeal to middle class and underprivileged | | 220 |
