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AP US History 1877-Gilded Age Flashcards

Chapter 23: Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age, 1869-1896

5108163996	Ulysses S. Grant	Great military leader whose presidency foundered in corruption and political ineptitude	0
5108164000	Thomas Nast	He was the gifted cartoonist who exposed Burly "Boss" Tweed to the public through his cartoons	1
5108164001	William Marcy "Boss" Tweed	was the leader of New York's Tammany Hall and the most notorious of all late nineteenth-century corrupt politicians. He extracted millions from graft-ridden city contracts. He was lampooned by cartoonist Thomas Nast, and eventually jailed.	2
5108164006	Rutherford B. Hayes	Winner of the contested 1876 presidential election who presided over the end of Reconstruction and a sharp economic decline.	3
5108164008	James A. Garfield	President whose assassination after only a few months in office spurred the passage of a civil service law, the Pendleton Civil Service Reform of 1883.	4
5108164009	Chester A. Arthur	Arthur, Garfield's vice-president and a former Collector of the New York Customs House, became president when Garfield was assassinated in 1881. Like presidents Hayes and Garfield, Arthur was not a strong presidential leader.	5
5108164012	Grover Cleveland	First Democratic president since the Civil War; defender of laissez-faire economics and low tariffs	6
5108164013	Benjamin Harrison	Harrison, a noted waver of the "bloody shirt" accusing Democrats of treason for the Civil War, was elected president in 1888. Like other late nineteenth-century presidents, he usually deferred to Congress for leadership on the issues.	7
5108164015	William McKinley	New York Republican Senator William McKinley won the presidential election in 1896. He was a noted expert on tariff policy (he was pro-protectionist) and was a solid supporter of the gold standard. He won reelection in 1900, but was assassinated by anarchist Leon Czolgosz in 1901	8
5108164019	William Jennings Bryan	Bryan, on the strength of his famous "Cross of Gold" speech, won the Democratic and Populist parties' nominations for president in 1896. He campaigned widely on a "free silver" platform for currency inflation, but was defeated by Republican William McKinley.	9
5108164020	J. P. Morgan	Enormously wealthy banker whose secret bailout of the federal government in 1895 aroused fierce public anger	10
5108164021	soft/cheap money	paper money which is not connected to a treasury or gold supply, favored by debtors so their debts could be payed off for lose, when issued caused depreciation	11
5108164022	hard/sound money	The metallic or specie dollar is known as hard money. It was extremely important during the late 1860's and early 1870's, especially during the Panic of 1873. It was in opposition with "greenbacks" or "folding money." The issuing of the "greenbacks" was overdone and the value depreciated causing inflation and the Panic of 1873. "Hard-money" advocates looked for the complete disappearance of the "folding money."	12
5108164023	contraction	Policy which decreased the amount of money per capital in circulation between 1870 and 1880	13
5108164024	resumption	The Resumption Act of 1875 said that the government would withdraw greenbacks and replace them with gold currency	14
5108164025	Gilded Age	1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor	15
5108164026	spoils system	rewarding people with government jobs on the basis of their political support	16
5108164027	crop-lien system	in this system, Storekeepers granted credit until the farm was harvested. To protect the creditor, the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. The system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of. The result, for Blacks, was not unlike slavery.	17
5108164029	populism	Farm-based movement of the late 1800s that arose mainly in the area from Texas to the Dakotas and grew into a joint effort between farmer and labor groups against big business and machine-based politics. The movement became a third party in the election of 1892.	18
5108164030	grandfather clause	notorious clause in southern voting laws that exempted from literacy tests and poll taxes anyone whose ancestors had voted in 1860, thereby excluding blacks	19
5108164031	"Ohio Idea"	Proposal by midwestern Democratic delegates to redeem federal war bonds in greenbacks instead of gold, to keep more money in circulation and interest rates low.	20
5108164032	the "bloody shirt"	Republican campaign tactic that blamed the Democrats for the Civil War; it was used successfully in campaigns from 1868 to 1876 to keep Democrats out of public office, especially the presidency.	21
5108164033	Tweed Ring	A group of people in New York City who worked with and for Burly "Boss" Tweed. He was a crooked politician and money maker. The ring supported all of his deeds. The New York Times finally found evidence to jail Tweed. Without Tweed the ring did not last. These people, the "Bosses" of the political machines, were very common in America for that time	22
5108164034	Crédit Mobilier	Corrupt construction company whose bribes and payoffs to congressmen and other created a major Grant administration scandal	23
5108164035	Whiskey Ring	scandal during Grant's presidency when his cabinet members siphoned tax money from alcohol tax revenue into their own bank accounts	24
5108164038	Bland-Allison Act	1873 law that required the federal government to purchase and coin more silver, increasing the money supply and causing inflation.	25
5108164039	Greenback labor party	"Soft-money" third party that polled over a million votes and elected fourteen congressmen in 1878 by advocating inflation	26
5108164043	Compromise of 1877	The complex political agreement between Republicans and Democrats that resolved the bitterly disputed election of 1876	27
5108164044	Pendleton Act	1883 - The first federal regulatory commission. Office holders would be assessed on a merit basis to be sure they were fit for duty. Brought about by the assassination of Garfield by an immigrant who was angry about being unable to get a government job. The assassination raised questions about how people should be chosen for civil service jobs.	28
5108164046	"Redeemers"	Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.	29
5108164047	Plessy v. Ferguson	a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal	30
5108164048	Jim Crow	Term for the racial segregation laws imposed in the 1890s	31
5108164049	Chinese Exclusion Act	1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States	32
5108164050	U.S. vs. Wong Kim	Supreme Court ruled in favor of Chinese born Americans, felt that they could not strip them of citizenship because of 14th Amendment set an important legal precedent about the role of jus soli (birth in the United States) as a factor in determining a person's claim to United States citizenship	33
5108164052	Billion-Dollar Congress	Republican congress of 1890. passed record # of significant laws that helped shape later policies and asserted authority of federal govt., gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890	34
5108164053	People's Party (Populists)	Insurgent political party that gained widespread support among farmers, formed in 1892; composed mostly of southern and western farmers; against government injustices; demanded -inflation through the coinage of silver -graduated income tax -government ownership of railroads, telegraphs, telephones -direct election of US senators -one term presidencies -shorter work days -ability to shape legislation directly -immigration restriction -most support from Kansas, Colorado, Idaho, and Nevada	35
5108164054	Sherman Silver Purchase Act	Forced the treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver each month. However, the price of silver did not rise and precious gold was being drained away from the treasury while cheap silver piled up. Led to panic of 1893.	36
5108164055	McKinley Tariff	1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history	37

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AP US History Kennedy to Carter Flashcards

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6059931367	New Frontier	advocated by JFK in 1960 election; promised to revitalize the stagnant economy & enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.	0
6059931368	Peace Corps	an organization that recruited young American volunteers to give technical aid to developing countries	1
6059931369	Alliance for Progress	organized to promote land reform and economic development in Latin America	2
6059931370	Bay of Pigs	April 1961- CIA sponsored Cuban exiles try to over through Castro; Eisenhower started it but decided not to do it; JFK took full responsibility for the failure	3
6059931371	Cuban Missile crisis	The US discovered that the Russians were building underground sites in Cuba for the launching of offensive missiles that could reach the US in minutes; Kennedy responded by announcing to the world that he was setting up a naval blockade of cuba until the weapons were removed ; krushchev agreed to remove missiles from cuba after kennedy pledgednot to invade the island nation	4
6059931372	Flexible response	increase spending on conventional arms and mobile military forces; reduced risk of using nuclear weapons and also increased the temptatiopn to send elite specail forces into combat; moved away from idea of massive retalliation	5
6059931373	Nuclear Test Ban Treaty	ended the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere	6
6059931374	Warren Commission	concluded that oswald was the lone assassin in Kennedy's Murder	7
6059931375	Great Society	Johnson's war on poverty, was a set of New Dealish economic and welfare measure aimed at transforming US way of life	8
6059931376	War on Poverty	Johnson responded to Harrington's "The other america" by declaring an unconditional ___ __ _______. (significantluy reduced the number of american families living in poverty before it was cut back to pay for the Vietnam War)	9
6059931377	Barry Goldwater	senator of arizona who advocated ending the welfare state, including TVA and social security	10
6059931378	Medicare	a healt insurance program for trhose those 65 and older	11
6059931379	Ralph Nader; unsafe at any speed	congress passed programs to regulate the automobile in response to	12
6059931380	Rachel Carson, Silent Spring	clean air and water laws were enacted in part as a response to this	13
6059931381	Civil Rights Act of 1964	made segregation illegal in all public facilities and gave the federal government additional powers to enforce school desegregation	14
6059931382	Twenty-fourth Amendment	abolished the practice of collecting a poll tax; one of the measures that discouraged poor persons from voting	15
6059931383	Voting Rights Act of 1965	ended literacy tests and provided federal registars in areas in which blacks were kept from voting	16
6059931384	James Meredith	young african american air foce veteran who attempted to enroll in the university of mississippi	17
6059931385	Martin Luther King, Jr.	remained committed to nonviolent protests against segregation	18
6059931386	Malcom X	acquired a reputation as the Black Muslim movement's most controversial voice; criticized MLK as "an uncle tom" and advocated self-defense	19
6059931387	Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee	thinkiing influenced by the radicalism of Malcom X; formed by young blacks; advocating black power; scornful of integration and and interracial cooperation, broke with MLK Jr., to advocate greater militancy and acts of violence.	20
6059931388	Congress of Racial Equality	famous for freedom rides which drew attention to Southern barbarity, leading to the passing of civil rights legislation.	21
6059931389	Stokely Carmichael	chairman of SNCC repudiated nonviolence and advocated "black power" and racial separatism	22
6059931390	Black Panthers	organized by Huey Newton, BObby seale and other militants as a revolutionary socialist movement advocating self rule for American blacks	23
6059931391	Watts riots	in the summer of 1965, LA; resulted in the deaths of 34 people and the destruction of 700 buildings	24
6059931392	Kerner Commission	federal investigation of many riots; conclude in late 1968 that racism and segregation were chiefly responsible and that the US was becoming "two societies, one black, one white--separate and unequal"	25
6059931393	Warren Court	Supreme Court under Earl Warren; had an impact on the nation comparable to that of John Marshall	26
6059931394	Brown v. BOard of Education of Topeka	desegregation case; the most important case of the 20the century involving race relations	27
6059931395	Gideon v. Wainwright	required that state courts provide counsel for indigent defendants	28
6059931397	Miranda v. Arizona	extended the ruling in Escobedo to include the right to a lawyer being present during questioning by the police	29
6059931400	New Left	Activists and intellecctuals who supported Hayden's ideas	30
6059931401	counterculture	expressed in young people in rebellious styles of dress, music, drug use, and for some, communal living	31
6059931402	Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique	gave the women's movement a new direction by encouraging middle-class women to seek fulfillment in professional careers rather than confinig themselves to the roles of wife, mother, and homemaker.	32
6059931403	National Organization for Women	adopted activist tactics of other civil rights movements to secure equal treatment of women	33
6059931404	Equal Pay Act (1963)	one of the antidiscrimitory laws enacted by congress by the time the NOW formed	34
6059931405	Equal Rights Amendment	constitutional amendment that stated "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any state on account of sex" - NOT PASSED	35
6059931406	Vietnam War	2.7 million Americans served in the conflict and 58000 died in an increasingly costly and hopeless effort to prevent South Vietnam from falling to Communism	36
6059931407	Tonkin Gulf Resolution	gave the president, as commander in chief a blank check to take "all necessary measures" to protect US interests in Vietnam	37
6059931408	Tet Offensive	the vietncong launcehd an all out surprise attack on almost evey provincial capital and american base in south vietnam; US military conterattacked and recovered the lost territory	38
6059931409	Robert Kennedy	senator in NY; decided to enter the presidetnail race after McCarthy's strong showing in NH; was shot after his major victory in CAs primary by a young Arab nationalist who opposed his support for Israel	39
6059931410	George Wallace	conservative who ran in the election of 1968	40
6059931411	Hubert Humphrey	Vice President who was the liberal running in the election of 1968	41
6059931412	Medicaid	government paid health care for the poor and the disabled	42
6059931413	Richard Nixon	promised to bring Americans together after the turmoil of the 1960s. Suspicious and secretive by nature, however, Nixon soon began to isolate himself in the White House. Nixon's first interest was international relations, not domestic policy	43
6059931414	Henry Kissinger	Nixon's national security adviser, (later to become secretary of state during Nixon's second term); helped Nixon to fashion a realistic foreign policy that generally succeeded in reducing the tensions of the Cold War	44
6059931415	Vietnamization	Nixon announced that he would gradually withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam and give the South Vietnamese the money, the weapons, and the training that they needed to take over the full conduct of the war. Under this policy, U.S. troops in South Vietnam went from over 540,000 in 1969 to under 30,000 in 1972	45
6059931416	Nixon Doctrine	Nixon extended the idea of disengagement to other parts of Asia; declaring that in the future Asian allies would receive U.S. support but without the extensive use of U.S. ground forces	46
6059931417	Kent State	In April 1970, Nixon expanded the war by using U.S. forces to invade Cambodia in an effort to destroy Vietnamese Communist bases in that country. A nationwide protest against this action on U.S. college campuses resulted in the killing of four youths by National Guard troops at Kent State in Ohio and two black students at Jackson State in Mississippi. In reaction to the escalation of the war, the U.S. Senate (but not the House) voted to repeal the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution	47
6059931418	My Lai	The American public was shocked to learn about a 1968 massacre of women and children by U.S. troops in the Vietnamese village of My Lai	48
6059931419	Pentagon Papers	Further fueling the antiwar sentiment was the publication by The New York Times of the Pentagon Papers, a secret government history documenting the mistakes and deceptions of government policy-makers in dealing with Vietnam	49
6059931420	Paris Accords of 1973	Nixon had Kissinger conduct secret meetings with North Vietnam's foreign minister, Le Duc Tho. When they failed to compromise, Nixon ordered massive bombing of North Vietnam to force a settlement. After several weeks, the North Vietnamese agreed to an armistice, in which the United States would withdraw the last of its troops and get back the prisoners of war (POWs). The Paris Accords also promised a cease-fire and free elections. However, the armistice did not end the war. But it finally allowed the United States to extricate itself from this war.	50
6059931421	De´tente	Nixon and Kissinger strengthened the U.S. position in the world by taking advantage of the rivalry between the two Communist giants, China and the Soviet Union. Their diplomacy was praised for bringing about de´tente—a deliberate reduction of Cold War tensions	51
6059931422	China visit	Nixon knew that only an outspoken critic of communism like himself could take the bold step of improving relations with "Red" China (Mao Zedong's Communist regime) without being condemned as "soft" on communism. After a series of secret negotiations with Chinese leaders, Nixon astonished the world by traveling to Beijing to meet with Mao. His visit initiated diplomatic exchanges that ultimately led to U.S. recognition of the Communist government	52
6059931424	New Federalism	In a program known as revenue sharing, or the New Federalism, Congress approved giving local governments $30 billion in block grants over five years to address local needs as they saw fit (instead of specific uses of federal money being controlled by Washington). Republicans hoped revenue sharing would check the growth of the federal government and return responsibility to the states, where it had rested before the New Deal	53
6059931425	Stagflation	stagnation plus inflation The U.S. economy throughout the seventies faced the unusual combination of economic slowdown and high inflation. To slow inflation, Nixon at first tried to cut federal spending. When this policy contributed to a recession and unemployment, he adopted Keynesian economics and deficit spending. He surprised the nation by imposing a 90-day wage and price freeze. Next, he took the dollar off the gold standard, which helped to devalue it relative to foreign currencies. This action improved the U.S. balance of trade	54
6059931426	Southern Strategy	Having received just 43 percent of the popular vote, Nixon was well aware of being a minority president. He devised a political strategy to form a Republican majority by appealing to the millions of "silent majority" (voters who had become disaffected by antiwar protests, black militants, and the excesses of the youth counterculture). To win over the South, the president asked the federal courts in that region to delay integration plans and busing orders. He also nominated two southern conservatives to the Supreme Court. The Senate refused to confirm them, and the courts rejected his requests for delayed integration. Nevertheless, his strategy played well with southern white voters	55
6059931427	The Burger Court	Four resignations of older justices from the Supreme Court gave Nixon the opportunity to replace liberal, activist members of the Warren court with more conservative, strict constructionist justices. In 1969 he appointed Warren E. Burger of Minnesota as chief justice to succeed the retiring Earl Warren. After the two conservative nominees were rejected by Congress, the president then compromised by selecting a more moderate Harry Blackmun (who would write the proabortion ruling in Roe v. Wade, 1973). His next two appointments, Lewis Powell and William Rehnquist, were both approved. Ironically, in the last days of his Watergate agony, the Court that Nixon tried to shape would fail him by denying his claims to executive privilege and ordering him to turn over the Watergate tapes (United States v. Nixon, 1974)	56
6059931428	Watergate	In June 1972, a group of men hired by Nixon's reelection committee were caught breaking into the offices of the Democratic national headquarters in the Watergate complex. This break-in and attempted bugging were only part of a series of illegal activities and "dirty tricks" conducted by the Nixon administration. The president's aides created a group, called the "plumbers," to stop leaks as well as to discredit opponents	57
6059931430	War Powers Act (1973)	Further discrediting Nixon was the news that he had authorized 3,500 secret bombing raids in Cambodia, a neutral county. Congress used the public uproar over this information to attempt to limit the president's powers over the military. In November 1973, after a long struggle, Congress finally passed the War Powers Act over Nixon's veto. This law required Nixon and any future president to report to Congress within 48 hours after taking military action	58
6059931431	Middle East War (1973)	On October 6, on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur, the Syrians and Egyptians launched a surprise attack on Israel in an attempt to recover the lands lost in the Six-Day War of 1967. President Nixon ordered the U.S. nuclear forces on alert and airlifted almost $2 billion in arms to Israel to stem their retreat. The tide of battle quickly shifted in favor of the Israelis, and the war was soon over	59
6059931432	OPEC; oil embargo	The Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) placed an embargo on oil sold to Israel's supporters. The embargo caused a worldwide oil shortage and long lines at gas stations in the United States	60
6059931433	Gerald Ford	Before Nixon chose him to replace Vice President Agnew in 1973, Gerald Ford had served in Congress for years as a representative from Michigan and as the Republican minority leader of the House. Ford was a likeable and unpretentious man, but his ability to be president was questioned by many in the media	61

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AP US History:American Pageant Chapter 11 Flashcards

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5347826004	Thomas Jefferson	made the Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark were sent to explore the newly acquired land, the Barbary Pirate threat was silenced, and the Embargo Act was passed. he always put the country ahead of himself. His patriotism and loyalty to the U.S.	0
5347826005	William Marbury	President Adams named him a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia. sued James Madison when he learned his appointment would never take place.	1
5347826006	Napoleon Bonaparte	French Leader from 1799 to 1815. Was ambitious: wanted to dominate Europe and own US. Led France into Napoleonic Wars.	2
5347826007	Zebulon Pike	A pioneer who explored the Louisiana territory between 1805 - 1807. He explored Colorado, New Mexico, & Mississippi. He was a leader of the new land.	3
5347826008	John Marshall	Appointed by John Adams (1801) as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court- was a Virginia Federalist who was disliked by the state's rights Jeffersonians. (Served 30 days under Federalist administration and 34 years under the Jeffersonians and their successors) The Federalists died out but Marshall continued to hand down Federalist decisions. IMPORTANT ACT- Although he dismissed the Marbury suit ( 1801) to avoid direct political showdown, he said that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, on which Marbury tried to base his appeal was unconstitutional.	4
5347826009	Samuel Chase	a strong supporter of the American Revolution, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, an ardent Federalist, and the only Supreme Court Justice ever to be impeached. A lawyer by profession, in 1796 he was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court by president Washington. This was after he served as Chief Justice of the General Court of Maryland in 1791. In 1804, for alleged prejudice against the Jeffersonians in treason and sedition trials.	5
5347826010	Lewis and Clark	Their exploring lasted from 1804-1806. They traveled up the Missouri River, through the Rockies, and to the mouth of the Columbia River. This exploration bolstered America's claim to western lands as well as opening the west to Indian trade and further exploration.	6
5347826011	Aaron Burr	a running mate with Thomas Jefferson. They tied for the presidency. Jefferson won the run off. killed Alexander Hamilton in a famous duel. He was tried and acquitted for treason involving a plan to separate the US and combine with Spain	7
5347826012	James Monroe	sent to Paris in 1803 to buy New Orleans and as much land as possible to the east for a maximum of ten million dollars. Spent $15 million for all of Louisiana. Later became John Adams Sec. of state.	8
5347826013	Robert Livingston	bought New Orleans and all the French territory west of the Mississippi River from Napoleon for 15 million dollars. He was only supposed to negotiate for a small part of New Orleans for 10 million so Jefferson was upset when he heard about Livingston's deal.	9
5347826014	Sacagawea	When Lewis & Clark were staying with the Mandans, an Indian woman was there as well. She belonged to the Shoshone people who lived in the Rockies. She and her French Canadian husband agreed to accompany Lewis and Clark as translators.	10
5347826015	Tecumseh	Shawnee chief who tried to united Native American tribes in Ohio and Indiana against encroaching white rule. Failed.	11
5347826016	Patronage	like the "spoils system." When an elected official fills appointed positions with friends that helped him/her get elected, it is considered	12
5347826017	War hawks	Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.	13
5347826018	Chesapeake incident	An incident that happened on June 22, 1807.a US frigate was boarded by a British ship, the Leopard. The British seized four alleged desertersTh This is the most famous example of impressment, in which the British seized American sailors and forced them to serve on British ships. Impressment was one of the major factors leading to the War of 1812.	14
5347826019	Judicial review	Jefferson tried to give the rights to the states in the Kentucky resolutions, but his cousin, John Marshall of the Supreme Court, proposed which gave the Supreme Court the power to decide if a law is or is not constitutional. accepted as a result of the famous case of Marbury v. Madison	15
5347826020	Judiciary Act of 1789	In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.	16
5347826021	Marbury v. Madison	Sec. of State James Madison held up one of John Adams' "Midnight Judges" appointments. The appointment was for a Justice of the Peace position for William Marbury. Marbury sued. Fellow Hamiltonian and Chief Justice John Marshall dismissed Marbury's suit, avoiding a political showdown and magnifying the power of the Court. This case cleared up controversy over who had final say in interpreting the Constitution: the states did not, the Supreme Court did. This is judicial review.	17
5347826022	Impeachment	to accuse a public official of misconduct in office.	18
5347826023	Judiciary Act of 1801	allowed the president, then President Adams, would stay up until midnight signing in new federal judges across the nation. It allowed the Federalists to still maintain power in the nation after they were a minority party in congress.	19
5347826024	Embargo Act	a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britain and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and seizing U.S. ship's and men.	20
5347826025	Impressment	the forcible enlistment of soldiers. This was a rude form of conscription that the British have employed for over four hundred years.	21
5347826026	Orders in Council	a law passed by the English Parliament in 1793.The British closed off all port vessels that France went through so they couldn't get supplies. American ships were seized also and Americans were impressed into the British navy. This lead to the War of 1812.	22
5347826027	Louisiana Purchase Treaty	In 1803 Thomas Jefferson purchased 828,000 square miles of land for 15 million dollars from Napoleon the leader of France. The land mass stretched from the Gulf of Mexico all the to Rocky Mountains and Canada. The purchase of this land sprouted national pride and ensured expansion.	23
5347826028	Economic coercion	cut off all trade with England and everyone else. Jefferson hoped this would force the English to come to his terms and stop stealing American sailors. This, however, did not work and greatly hurt American trade.	24
5347826029	Macon's Bill No. 2	intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain or France	25
5347826030	"Midnight judges"	a nick name given to group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms	26
5347826031	Non-Intercourse Act	Formally reopened trade with all nations except England and France on March 1, 1809. A replacement of the Embargo Act. Made by the Republican Congress in an attempt to make England and France stop harassing the American ships and recognize the neutrality of America.	27

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AP US History Semester 1 Flashcards

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5801382310	Federalist Party	First American political party formed by George Washington and led by Alexander Hamilton. They were in support of the Constitution, as it gave the government more power. They believed in national banks, tariffs, an elite ruling class, and good relations with Britain. They had major influences and impacts on out national government and its debt.	0
5801382311	Anti-Federalist Party	A group of members that opposed the creation of a stronger US federal government and the Constitution. They were led by Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson. They believed in a weak central government and strong state governments. They supported small farmers and landowners. They helped in preventing the Federalists from creating a political system like that of the British.	1
5801382312	Whigs Party	This party supported government programs, reforms, and public schools. They called for internal improvements like canals, railroads, and telegraph lines. Led by henry clay.	2
5801382313	Marbury v Madison 1803	The Supreme court ruled 'writs of mandamus' unconstitutional, and was able to form a basis for exercise of judicial review. It defined the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches.	3
5801382314	McCulloch v Maryland 1819	Maryland attempted to impede operation of a branch of the second bank of the US by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. It established that Congress could implement the Constitution's powers, and state action couldn't impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the government. (date)	4
5801382315	Plessy v Fergusson	case ruled that "separate but equal" public facilities were legal. reversed in Brown v Board of Ed. Racial segregation	5
5801382316	Louisiana Purchase 1803	The acquisition by the USA of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana. They paid $15 million. It doubled the size of the US, removed France's presence in the region, and it protected US trade access and free passage. (date)	6
5801382317	Mexican Cession	1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.	7
5801382318	Gadsden Purchase 1853	..A region of present day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico purchased by the US in a treaty. It proved the land necessary for a southern transcontinental railroad and attempted to resolve conflicts that lingered after the Mexican-American War. (date)	8
5801382319	Erie Canal	A canal in New York running from Albany to Buffalo. It created a navigable water route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes which gave the western states direct access tot he ocean without shipping goods downstream on Mississippi River.	9
5801382320	Boston Massacre 1770	The killing of five colonists by British regulars. It was the culmination of the tensions in the American colonies. It made many colonists rally together to counter the evil British. Changed people's mind about the British. (date)	10
5801382321	Boston Tea Party 1773	Political protest by the Sons of Liberty. They destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India company in defiance of the Tea Act by throwing the chests into the sea. It showed that the American colonies had grown tired of arbitrary taxation by the British. (date)	11
5801382322	Popular Sovereignty	A belief that ultimate power resides in the people. The people are able to vote for if they want slavery or not.	12
5801382323	Second Great Awakening	A Protestant revival movement as a reaction against skepticism, deism, and rationalism. It revived the emotional side of religion, weakened church authority, and played a large role in social reform and women's rights.	13
5801382324	French and Indian War 1754-1763	Fought between the colonies of British America and New France, supported by military units from their parent countries. Hostilities intensified between the two as they both attempted to colonize land in the Ohio Valley. It marked the beginning of conflicts between Great Britain and the American colonists. (Dates)	14
5801382325	Revolutionary War 1775-1783	War fought between the American colonies and England. American colonies won war and gained independence and British land in North America. (date)	15
5801382326	Nullification Crisis	A sectional crisis with an ordinance declared by the power of the state that the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore void in South Carolina. It showed that the economic and political interests of the North and South were drifting, as they had opposing ideas.	16
5801382327	Mexican-American War 1846	An armed conflict between the US and Mexico that started with the US annexation of Texas and was the result of a disagreement over where the Mexican-American border should be. the US received Mexican territory and it raised the question of slavery in the new territory. (date)	17
5801382328	Saratoga Battle	A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.	18
5801382329	Bull Run Battle	Was the first meager battle of the civil war with the confederates winning against the north.	19
5801382330	Monroe Doctrine 1823	A US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South American would be viewed as acts of aggression. It directed a clear warning towards all foreign countries telling them to leave the US alone and to stop settling within the country's borders. (date)	20
5801382331	Slave Trade	European trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa. Integral part of Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe.	21
5801382332	Amendment 13 1864	This abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime. It formally released all slaves and prevented slavery to keep occurring. (date)	22
5801382333	Amendment 14 1868	This granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US, which included former slaves. It defined citizenship within the US (date).	23
5801382334	Amendment 15 1870	This stated that the rights of citizens to vote should not bed denied by the US in race or color. It allowed African American men to vote, though poll taxes and literacy tests still prevented them from doing so. (date)	24
5801382335	Proclamation Act 1763	Issued by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America. It forbade settlers from settling past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains. It organized Britain's empire and stabilized relations with Native Americans through trade, settlement, and land purchases. (date)	25
5801382336	Sugar Act 1764	It reduced the tax to three pence (previously six pence). The tax was more enforced and it occurred on other goods like wine, coffee, and calico. It raised revenue for Britain through American colonists, not Europeans. (date)	26
5801382337	Stamp Act 1765	An act of the Parliament of Great Britain that required the colonies have printed materials be produced on stamp paper. These were legal documents. It helped British troops who were stationed in North America, as the taxes went to their benefit. This angered the colonists. It was considered the last straw, leading to the Revolution. (date)	27
5801382338	Land Ordinance 1785	The goal was to raise money through the sale of land in the territory west of the states. It was important because it established the precedent by which the US would expand westward across North America by the admission of new states. (date)	28
5801382339	Northwest Ordinance 1787	It created the territories beyond the Appalachian mountains. It establish admission for new states, banned slavery in the new territories, and gauranteed education.	29
5801382340	Compromise of 1850	This admitted California as a free state while it also created fugitive slave laws to capture escaped slaves. It created a way for slaves to not be able to go to the North and be free. The North had to help the South.	30
5801382341	Intolerable Acts 1774	A series of laws passed by the British Parliament after the Boston Tea Party intending to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance. It was a wake up call for the colonies. The Boston harbor closed. England took over all governmental activities. (date)	31
5801382342	Missouri Compromise 1820	It involved primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the southern Missouri border. It became precedent for settling subsequent North and South disagreements over slavery and duty issues. (date)	32
5801382343	Thomas Jefferson	..., Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virgina. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia.	33
5801382344	John Adams	America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."	34
5801382345	Thomas Paine	American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)	35
5801382346	Andrew Jackson	Seventh president of the US. He opposed the national bank and did not support a strong federal government. He enforced the Indian Removal Act. He enforced the idea of a common man and sovereignty.	36
5801382347	John C Calhoun	Vice President under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he becomes an advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.	37
5801382348	Henry Clay	American lawyer, politician, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky. He is important because he was the founder and leader of the Whig Party and a leading advocate of programs for modernizing the economy, like tariffs to eliminate international competition, a national bank, and internal improvements to promote canals, ports, and railroads.	38
5801382349	John Quincy Adams	..., Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.	39
5801382350	Preston Brooks	A hot tempered Congressman of South Carolina took vengeance in his own hands. He beat Sumner with a cane until he was restrained by other Senators over issue of slavery.	40
5801382351	Cotton	The most important cash crop in the South by 1850 that needed a large labor force.	41
5801382352	Indian Removal Act	Part of the Indian Removal policy that was signed into law by Andrew Jackson in 1830; strongly supported in the South where states were eager to gain access to lands occupied by the Five Civilized Tribes.	42
5801382353	American System	An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.	43
5801382354	Adams Onis Treaty	1819. Settled land dispute between Spain and United States as a result of tensions brought on by weakening Spanish power in the New World. U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean.	44
5801382355	Interchangeable parts	1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government.	45
5801382356	Samuel Slater	He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories. -increased labor problem -only benefitted employers, not workers -forbid unions	46
5801382357	Spoils System	Jackson's patronage system, which allowed men to buy their way into office. This resulted in a very corrupt governmental office.	47
5801382358	"Lowell Girls"/Factory Girls 1820-30's	Young single women that were the primary source of labor in the factory system in Lowell, Massachusetts	48
5801382359	Colombian exchange	the exchange between the new world and the old world consisting of the old world bringing wheat, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, sugar, rice, coffee, smallpox, malaria and yellow fever. while the new world sent gold, silver, corn, potatoes, tobacco, and syphills	49
5801382360	Encomienda Systems	Spanish government's policy to "commend", or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.	50
5801382361	Tariff of 1828	a protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress that came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy; it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products. Attempt to keep the American system running.	51

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Amsco AP US History Chapter 3 Flashcards

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4942272946	J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur	A Frenchman who wrote , "America is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. From involuntary idleness, servile dependence, and useless labor, he has passed to toils of a very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence. This is an American." (1782)	0
4942272947	immigrants	People who came to American were Protestant French, German-speaking, or Scotch-Irish. They were fleeing religious persecution and wars, as well as seeking economic opportunities. Africans were also brought in large numbers to the colonies, albeit unwillingly.	1
4942272948	English cultural domination	This ideas represents that most of the population of the colonies was English, but Africans and Europeans created some diversity in the culture of the colonies.	2
4942272951	Socioeconomic status	Their class system was based on economics with wealthy landowners at the top, and craftspeople and common people made up the majority.	3
4942272954	subsistence farming	Farming that provides for the needs of the people on the farm, but nothing else. (New England mainly)	4
4942272955	secretarian	Member of a sect or adherent of a special school, denomination, or religious or philosophical party; one of a party in religion which has separated itself from established church (related to religions)	5
4942272956	Great Awakening	A movement characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people. (1730-1740)	6
4942272957	Jonathan Edwards	Argued that God was rightfully angry with human sinfulness; people who repented could by saved by God's grace, but those who did nothing would go to Hell. "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" (1741) Led to Great Awakening	7
4942272958	George Whitefield	(1739) Stressed that God was all powerful and would save only those who openly professed faith in Christ Jesus. Taught that with sincere faith, ordinary people could understand scripture without ministers. Led to Great Awakening	8
4942272962	Cotton Mather	Author of several widely read religious tracts; a minister from Massachusetts	9
4942272963	Benjamin Franklin	Writer and scientist; author of Poor Richard's Almanack and inventor of bifocal eyeglasses	10
4942272964	Poor Richard's Almanac	Written by Benjamin Franklin, this book written in 1732 contained aphorisms and advice.	11
4942272965	Phillis Wheatley	Her poetry is noteworthy for her triumph over slavery and for it's quality	12
4942272969	John Peter Zenger; libel case	Published a true, but unflattering article about New York's royal governor. He was acquited by the jury. (1735)	13
4942272970	Andrew Hamilton	Lawyer for Zenger in the Zenger case. (1735)	14
4942272971	colonial governors	In the royal colonies, these were appointed by the King; in the proprietary colonies, these were appointed by the proprietor; in Rhode Island and Connecticut, these were elected by popular vote	15
4942272972	colonial legislatures	In every colony the lower of these two houses was elected; this lower house controlled taxes. Only in Rhode Island and Connecticut were the upper houses elected.	16
4942272973	town meetings	The dominant form of local government in the New England colonies	17
4942272974	county government	In the South, local government was carried on by a sheriff and other officials who served on this.	18
4942272975	limited democracy	Only white, land-owning males could vote, and colonial assemblies mostly represented the elite.	19

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AP US History, Chapter 9 Flashcards

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8512812282	Articles of Confederation	First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient constitution in 1789 p. 163	0
8512812283	Old Northwest	Territories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes. The well organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions. p. 165	1
8512812284	Land Ordinance of 1785	Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt. p. 166	2
8512812285	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories. p. 166	3
8512812286	Shay's Rebellion	Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries. p. 168	4
8512812287	Virginia Plan	"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation. p. 170	5
8512812288	New Jersey Plan	"Small-state plan" put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature. Small states feared that the more populous states would dominate the agenda under a proportional system. p. 170	6
8512812289	Great Compromise	Popular term for the measure that reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia Plans at the Constitutional Convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College p. 171	7
8512812290	common law	Laws that originate from court rulings and customs, as opposed to legislative statutes. The United States Constitution grew out of the Anglo-American common law tradition and thus provided only a general organizational framework for the new federal government. p. 171	8
8512812291	civil law	body of written law enacted through legislative statutes or constitutional provisions. In countries where civil law prevails, judges must apply the statutes precisely as written p. 171	9
8512812292	three-fifths compromise	Determined that each slave could bed counted at three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to southern slave states p. 172	10
8512812293	anti-federalists	Opponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the sates to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights	11
8512812294	federalists	Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safe-guard the people's liberties. p. 174	12
8512812295	The Federalist	Collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton and published during the ratification debate in New York to lay out the Federalists' arguments in favor of the new Constitution. Since their publication, these influential essays have served as an important source for constitutional interpretation. p. 176	13
8512812296	Society of Cincinnati	Exclusive, hereditary organization of former officers in the Continental Army. Many resented the pretentiousness of the order, viewing it's a vestige of pre-Revolutionary traditions. p. 178	14
8512812297	disestablish	To separate an official state church from its connection with the government. Following the Revolution, all states disestablished the Anglican Church, though some New England states maintained established Congregational Churches well in to he nineteenth century. p. 178	15
8512812298	Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom	Measure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship Served as model for the religion clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution. p. 178	16
8512812299	civic virtue	Willingness on the part of citizens to sacrifice personal self-interest for the public good. Deemed a necessary component of a successful republic. p. 179	17
8512812300	republican motherhood	Ideal of family organization and female behavior after the American Revolution that stressed the role of women in guiding family members toward republican virtue. p. 179	18
8512812301	Lord Sheffield	Parliamentarian who persuaded Britain to take a hard line in negotiations with the newly independent United States, closing off American trade with the West Indies and continuing to enforce navigation laws. His approach prompted many Americans to call for a stronger central government, culminating in the 1787 Philadelphia convention.	19
8512812302	Daniel Shays	Revolutionary War veteran who led a group of debtors and impoverished back-country farmers in a rebellion against the Massachusetts government in 1786, calling for paper money, lighter taxes, and an end to property seizures for debt. Though quickly put down, the rebellion raised the specter on mob rule, precipitating calls for a stronger national government.	20
8512812303	Patrick Henry	American revolutionary and champion of states rights, Henry became a prominent anti-federalist during the ratification debate, opposing what he saw as despotic tendencies in the new national constitution.	21

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AP US History Period 4: 1800 - 1848 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Period 4: 1800 - 1848 Chapter 7 - 11

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5699316530	Second Great Awakenings	Began in the early decades of the 19th century. Partly a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution. It affected all sections of the country, but in the northern states it touched off social reform that drove the reform movements of this period. (p. 207)	0
5699316531	market revolution	Starting in the early 19th century, this revolution produced vast economic growth. Farmers fed the workers in the cities, the cities provided farm families with an array of mass produced goods.	1
5699316532	Thomas Jefferson	He was George Washington's first secretary of state. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809. He stressed the basic principles of constitutional government and limited central government. He appeased the Federalists by maintaining the national bank and debt repayment plan of Hamilton, carried on the neutrality policies of Washington and Adams, reduced the size of the military. He eliminated some federal jobs, repealed excise taxes, and lowered the national debt. In 1803, he made the Louisiana Purchase from France.	2
5699316533	Battle of New Orleans	General Andrew Jackson won this battle in New Orleans against the British on January 8, 1815. The War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent two weeks earlier, but word had not yet reached the United States.	3
5699316534	Era of Good Feelings	Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republicans party dominated politics. On the surface everything looked fine, however there were conflicts over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales.	4
5699316535	Jacksonian Democracy	The time period 1829 to 1837 when Andrew Jackson was president. This era was also known as the Age of the Common Man.	5
5699316536	American Indian removal	President Andrew Jackson supported the land-hungry citizens who want to take over lands held by the American Indians. In 1830, he passed the Indian Removal Act, which forced the resettlement o many thousands of American Indians. By 1835 most of the eastern tribes had reluctantly moved to an area in today's Oklahoma.	6
5699316537	Romanticism in paintings and literature - romantic movement	Evoked the wonder of the nation's landscape. The Hudson River School of painters were the most prominent. Noted authors of the period included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Washington Irving, and James Fenimore Cooper.	7
5699316538	Nullification Crisis	In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state. This was nullifying a federal law at the state level. President Andrew Jackson threatened use of federal troops against South Carolina and a compromise was reached.	8
5699316539	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention.	9
5699316540	cotton gin	This machine was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers so cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. As a result more cotton was grown in the South and more slaves were needed to pick cotton in the fields.	10
5699316541	War Hawks	The 1810 congressional election brought a group of young Democratic-Republicans to Congress. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun they gained influence in the House of Representatives. They argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier.	11
5699316542	William Lloyd Garrison	Advocated the immediate emancipation of slaves without compensation to their owners. He was also the writer of the "Liberator."	12
5699316543	Lucretia Mott	Early feminist who advocated for women's rights and against slavery.	13
5699316544	Republican Motherhood/Cult of Domesticity	After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs.	14
5699316545	Sectionalism: The North	Largely urban population that worked in factories.	15
5699316546	Sectionalism: The South	Largely agricultural, mostly cotton from 1830-1850.	16
5699316547	Sectionalism: The West	Largely trapping and hunting, citizens lived a secluded life away from others.	17
5699316548	Democratic-Republicans	Favored the common man, weak central government, hated the National Bank, was pro-immigration, wanted slow and cautious westward expansion.	18
5699316549	Federalists	Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion.	19
5699316550	National Republicans	Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, favored internal improvements.	20
5699316551	Whigs	Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank and Internal Improvements, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion; above all else HATED Andrew Jackson.	21
5699316552	Impressment	Practice of the British navy of stealing Americans and forcing them into service in the British Navy.	22
5699316553	Treaty of Ghent	Ended the War of 1812, establish status quo antebellum.	23
5699316554	Oliver Hazard Perry	"We have met the enemy, and they are ours." Battle of Lake Erie.	24
5699316555	Frances Scott Key	Wrote the Star Spangled banner at the Battle of Fort McHenry.	25
5699316556	Monroe Doctrine	Warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.	26
5699316557	Missouri Compromise	An 1820 compromise crafted by Henry Clay, it consisted of three bills. * Admit Missouri as a slave-holding state * Admit Maine as a free state * Prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30.	27
5699316558	King Andrew	Nickname given to President Andrew Jackson when his opponents did not like his use of the veto power.	28
5699316559	Nat Turner Rebellion	In 1831, this Virginia slave led a revolt in which 55 whites were killed. In retaliation, whites killed hundreds of African American and put down the revolt.	29
5699316560	Marbury v. Madison	Established the Supreme Court's policy of judicial review.	30
5699316561	American System	Henry Clay, a leader in the House of Representatives proposed this system to advance the nation's economy. It consisted of: * Protective Tariffs: * National Bank * Internal Improvements	31
5699316562	The Lowell Mill Factory	The system that recruited young farm women to work in the textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts. The were housed in company dormitories near the mills.	32
5699316563	Seneca Falls Convention	In 1848, this was the first women's rights convention in U.S. history. They wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances.	33
5699316564	Transcendentalists	They questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. Mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover inner self and look for essence of God in nature. Artistic expression was more important than pursuit of wealth. They valued individualism and supported the antislavery movement.	34
5699316565	Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions	In 1799, Democratic-Republican leaders passed resolutions in two state legislatures that challenged federal laws enacted by the Federalist party. The states argued that they had the right to nullify laws passed at the federal level.	35
5699316566	Trail of Tears	In 1838 the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and move to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the march.	36
5699316567	Hartford Convention (1814)	In December 1814, a special convention was held due to opposition to the the War of 1812, some radical Federalist in the Northeast want to secede from the United States, but that it was rejected. However, to limit the power of the Democratic-Republicans they adopted a proposal that a two-thirds vote of both houses would be required for any future declaration of war.	37
5699316568	Panic 1837	Was a result of Jackson's defeat of the National Bank.	38
5699316569	Martin Van Buren	Became President after Andrew Jackson, won the election because of Jackson's popularity. Was faced with economic troubles.	39
5699316570	Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!	William Henry Harrison's campaign slogan.	40
5699316571	Tecumseh	"They have pushed us from the seas to the lakes, we can go no further." Advocated fighting Americans to stop westward progression and renew British alliances.	41
5699316572	The Prophet	Advocated relocation rather than fighting Americans westward progression in order to preserve remnants of Native culture.	42
5699316573	The Embargo of 1807	Cut off all US trade with the world, attempting to maintain American neutrality.	43
5699316574	Non-intercourse Act	Allowed the US to trade with any nations other than Great Britain and France	44
5699316575	Macon's Bill no. 2	Allowed the US to trade with either Great Britain or France depending on who recognized American sovereignty and neutrality first.	45
5699316576	Adams-Onis Treaty	Grave the United States Florida in exchange for taking on Spain's $5 million debt to American citizens.	46
5699316577	Old Hickory	Nickname for Andrew Jackson gained from the Battle of New Orleans.	47
5699316578	Treaty of 1818	Granted the United States join occupation of Oregon with Great Britain.	48
5699316579	Worcester v. Georgia	Supreme Court case regarding Cherokee rights to land in the United States.	49
5699316580	John Q. Adams	Elected in 1824 as a result of a bargain struck by Henry Clay.	50
5699316581	The Tariff of 1828	Increased taxes on imported goods to almost 50%; which positively effected American manufacturing.	51
5699316582	Force Bill	Permitted Andrew Jackson to organize troops to prevent South Carolina from secession.	52
5699316583	Increased Voter Turnout	-elimination of landownership, -increased news circulation, -increased education/literacy -changes to candidate selection	53
5699316584	Henry Clay	Created the Tariff of 1833 to solve the Nullification Crisis, developed the American System, Speaker of the House, Secretary of State under JQA, Whig leaders, leader of the War Hawks (face it the most awesome historical figure after the death of GW)	54
5699316585	Virginia Dynasty	Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe	55
5699316586	Results of the War of 1812	-American Nationalism -War Heroes -Death of the Federalist Party	56

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AP US History 1 Chapter 14 People Flashcards

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7457098436	Samuel Slater	He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System".	0
7457098437	Cyrus McCormick	Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker.	1
7457098438	Eli Whitney	A mechanical genius who developed the idea of interchangeable parts and invented the cotton gin.	2
7457098439	Robert Fulton	American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship.	3
7457098440	Samuel Morse	American inventor who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)	4
7457098441	DeWitt Clinton	Governor of New York who started the Erie Canal project.	5
7457098442	Catharine Beecher	An American educator known for her forthright opinions on female education as well as her strong support of the many benefits of the incorporation of kindergarten into children's education.	6
7457098443	George Catlin	First painted portraits of American Indian Life. First person to envision the idea of a national park	7

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AP US History WWI and the 1920s Flashcards

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6398675278	Lusitania	A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.	0
6398675279	Sussex Pledge	After French ship Sussex was sunk, Germany promised not to sink anymore merchant ships without warning; this kept the U.S. out of the war for a little while longer (March 1916)	1
6398675280	Central Powers	In WWI, the nations of Germany, Austria-Hungary and all the other nations that fought on their side.	2
6398675281	Jeanette Rankin	First woman to serve in Congress. Suffragist and pacifist, voted against US involvement in WWI and WWII.	3
6398675282	Zimmerman Telegram	March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico. Intercepted by British and published in newspapers. Led to US entering the war.	4
6398675283	Russian Revolution	The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a republic in March 1917. (Later in November came Communism and Lenin)	5
6398675284	George Creel	Head of the Committee on Public Information who persuaded the nation's artistes and advertising agencies to create thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures promoting the war. He also recruited 75,000 men to serve as "Four-Minute Men" to speak about everything relating to war and topics	6
6398675285	Espionage Act	1917-This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.	7
6398675286	Sedition Act	1918-Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment. About 2000 people jailed, half convicted (Eugene Debs)	8
6398675287	Schenck v. US	1919 Supreme Court case in which the constitutionality of the Espionage Act was upheld in a case of a man who was imprisoned for distributing pamphlets against the draft. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes said the right to free speech could be limited when it represented a "clear and present danger" to public safety	9
6398675288	Selective Service Act	This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. Men were chosen by lottery. By the end of WWI, 24.2 had registered; 2.8 had been inducted into the army. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45.	10
6398675289	American Expeditionary Force	About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals	11
6398675290	Fourteen Points	The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations	12
6398675291	Treaty of Versailles	Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US (never signed), and signed by Germany to end WWI. The treaty: 1) stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to pay war reparations (33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons 5) Germany had to accept French occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years 6) Territories taken from Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia are given their independence (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia) 7) Signers have to join League of Nations which includes Article X; that each member nation would stand ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of the other nations	13
6398675292	Big Four	The Big Four were the four most important leaders (on the Allied side) during WWI and at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.	14
6398675293	League of Nations	International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.	15
6398675294	Henry Cabot Lodge	Led a group of senators during Woodrow Wilson's presidency known as the "reservationists" during the 1919 debate over the League of Nations.	16
6398675295	Reservationists	Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made - led by Henry Cabot Lodge	17
6398675296	Irreconcilables	Senators opposed to ratification of the Treaty of Versailles on any grounds; lead by isolationists William Borah, Hiram Johnson, and Robert La Follette	18
6398675297	Palmer Raids	Prompted by a series of unexplained bombings, these raids were conducted by the Justice department to root out communists, socialists, and anarchists, who they believed were trying to overthrow the government. Led by Mitchell A Palmer 6000 people were arrested, most of them foreign born; 500 including Emma Goldman were deported. Ended when the predicted huge riots on May Day did not take place and people became concerned with abuse of civil liberties.	19
6398675298	Red Scare	Most instense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. MItchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due processs, with widespread support. Did not last long as some Americans came to their senses.	20
6398675299	Teapot Dome	Albert B. Fall (Secretary of the Interior) leased oil rich land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny, but not until Fall had received a "loan" of $100,000 form Doheny and about three times that amount from Sinclair. This scandal occurred during Harding's presidency.	21
6398675300	jazz age	Youth expressed their rebellion against their elders' culture by dancing to this music. Brought north by African American musicians, this music became a symbol of the new and modern culture of the cities.	22
6398675301	Charles Lindbergh	Mail service pilot who became a celebrity when he made the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927; he later became a leading isolationist.	23
6398675302	Margaret Sanger	American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.	24
6398675303	Fundamentalism	Those who condemned the modernists and taught that every word of the Bible must be accepted as literally true. God created the universe in seven days.	25
6398675304	Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPherson	Radio revivalists; he attacked drinking, gambling, and dancing. she condemned the evils of communism and jazz music.	26
6398675305	F. Scott Fitzgerald	He belonged to the Lost Generation of Writers. He wrote the famous novel "The Great Gatsby" which explored the glamour and cruelty of an achievement-oriented society. Expressed disillusionment with the ideals of an earlier time and with the materialism of a business-oriented culture.	27
6398675306	Ernest Hemingway	Wrote "A Farewell to Arms", "The Old Man and the Sea", and "The Sun Also Rises"; American writer and journalist; veteran of WWI, belongs to literary movement called 'The Lost Generation'	28
6398675307	Sinclair Lewis	American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature. Part of the Lost Generation.	29
6398675308	Frank Lloyd Wright	Architect-"form follows function"-led to skyscrapers with little decoration	30
6398675309	Harlem Renaissance	Black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow; leading figures of the movement included Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Duke Ellington, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes.	31
6398675310	Langston Hughes/Lames Weldon Johnson/Claude McKay	African American poets during Harlem Renaissance; their poems about African American culture expressed a range of emotions from bitterness and resentment to joy and hope.	32
6398675311	Duke Ellington/Louis Armstrong/Bessie Smith/Paul Robeson	African American jazz musicians/singers during the Harlem Renaissance; often were still segregated.	33
6398675312	Marcus Garvey	African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.	34
6398675313	Scopes Trial	1925 highly publicized court case argued by Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan in which the issue of teaching evolution in public schools was debated	35
6398675314	Volstead Act	Federal law enforcing the 18th Amendment-Prohibition;the Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors	36
6398675315	Immigration/Quota Laws (1921 & 1924)	The first of these acts greatly limited immigration to 3 percent of the number of foreign-born persons from a given nation counted in the 1910 census. The second of these passed by Congress ensured the discrimination against Southern and Eastern European Immigrants by setting the quotas of 2 percent based on the Census of 1890.	37
6398675316	Sacco & Vanzetti	Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920s; arrested (1920), tried and executed (1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs.	38
6398675317	Washington Conference	1921-An international conference on the limitation of naval fleet construction begins in Washington. Under the leadership of the American Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes the representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan pledge not to exceed the designated sizes of their respective naval fleets	39
6398675318	Kellogg-Briand Treaty	1928-This Treaty renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends; almost all the nations of the world signed it. It proved ineffective because it 1) permitted defensive wars 2) failed to provide for taking action against the violators of the treaty. .	40
6398675319	Dawes Plan	1924 Created by Charles Dawes, a banker-A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success until the stock market crash of 1929.	41

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AP US History 2 Chapter 37 People Flashcards

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8801382864	Adlai Stevenson	The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads".	0
8801382868	Rosa Parks	Was a seamstress and a secretary for the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP and is known as the "mother of the civil rights movement." In December of 1955, she refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus to a white rider. She was jailed and fined $14 for the offense. This led to Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Montgomery bus boycott..	1
8801382869	Martin Luther King Jr	Active civil rights activist and chairman of Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Civil disobedience. Became the face of the movement. March on Washington / "I have a Dream" speech.	2
8801382874	Dwight D. Eisenhower	He was elected president two consecutive terms in 1952 and 1956. He was president during the prosperous 1950s and orchestrated "Modern Republicanism" which tried but didn't undo the New Deal of the Democrats. He's well known for starting interstate highways and warning America against the "military-industrial complex."	3
8801382883	John F Kennedy	He was the youngest president ever elected, as well as the only Catholic to take office. He represented the Democratic party with his "New Frontier" platform in the 1960 election. He was a major contributor to the space program and to the civil rights movement.	4
8801382884	Richard Nixon	He was vice president to Eisenhower and was involved in the Kitchen Debates with USSR leader Khrushchev. Ran in the election of 1960 but did not win.	5
8801382886	Earl Warren	Chief Justice and the former governor of California. He brought originally taboo social issues, such as civil rights to African Americans, to the attention of Congress and the country, although his civil rights record is scant.	6
8806610920	Ho Chi Minh	He was the Vietnamese leader who believed in Asian nationalism and anti-colonialism in his country. He was trying to get rid of the French colonial rule in Vietnam and he became increasingly communist.	7
8806630560	Ngo Dinh Diem	He was a strong anti-communist, proclaimed South Vietnam a republic on Oct. 26, 1956 and became its first president. He was assassinated in a military coup d'etat.	8
8806639932	Gamal Abdel Nasser	He was a hard-nosed Arab-nationalist president of Egypt during the Suez Canal crisis in 1956. He seized the Suez Canal from the English and French.	9
8806647930	Nikita Khruschev	He was the premier of the USSR during the race to get satellites into space between the Soviets and the United States. He used many propaganda techniques to try to fool the world of Russia's intentions.	10
8806660609	Fidel Castro	He engineered a revolution in Cuba in 1959. He denounced the imperialists and took valuable American property for a land-distribution program. When the U.S. cut off U.S. imports of Cuban sugar, he took more U.S. land and, resulting from that, his dictatorship became similar to Stalin's in the USSR.	11

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