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AP Spanish Flashcards

Quiero que hagas las actividad de "learn" para ganar 5/5

9174048653	aceptar	to accept	0
9174048654	permitir	to allow, starts with 'p'	1
9174048655	preguntar	to ask	2
9174048656	dejar	to allow, starts with 'd'	3
9174048657	creer	to believe	4
9174048658	prestar	to borrow	5
9174048659	romper	to break	6
9174048660	traer	to bring	7
9174048661	comprar	to buy	8
9174048662	poder	can/to be able	9
9174048663	cancelar	to cancel	10
9174048664	cambiar	to change	11
9174048665	limpiar	to clean	12
9174048666	peinar	to comb	13
9174048667	quejarse	to complain	14
9174048668	toser	to cough	15
9174048669	contar	to count	16
9174048670	cortar	to cut	17
9174048671	bailar	to dance	18
9174048672	dibujar	to draw	19
9174048673	beber	to drink	20
9174048674	conducir	to drive	21
9174048675	comer	to eat	22
9174048676	explicar	to explain	23
9174048677	caerse	to fall	24
9174048678	llenar	to fill	25
9174048679	encontrar	to find	26
9174048680	terminar	to finish	27
9174048681	caber	to fit	28
9174048682	reparar	to fix	29
9174048683	volar	to fly	30
9174048684	como punto de partida	as a point of departure	31
9174048685	en primer lugar	in the first place	32
9174048686	con respecto a	with respect to (regarding)	33
9174048687	actualmente	presently	34
9174048688	hasta el momento	until now	35
9174048689	mientras tanto	meanwhile	36
9174048690	a pesar de (que)	in spite of (use "que" if followed by a conjugated verb)	37
9174048691	de lo contrario	otherwise	38
9174048692	en cambio	on the other hand	39
9174048693	por el contrario	on the contrary	40
9174048694	sin embargo	however	41
9174048695	de todos modos	nevertheless	42
9174048696	así que	so, therefore	43
9174048697	con relación a	in relation to	44
9174048698	conviene indicar (que)	it is suitable to indicate(that)	45
9174048699	en cuanto a	regarding	46
9174048700	por lo común	as a rule (usually)	47
9174048701	también viene al caso	it is also to the point	48
9174048702	para mí	in my opinion	49
9174048703	de hecho	in fact (as a matter of fact)	50
9174048704	en otras palabras, o sea (que), es decir (que)	in other words	51
9174048705	mejor dicho (que)	better said	52
9174048706	hay que tomar en cuenta que...	one must realize (take into account) that...	53
9174048707	sin duda, no cabe duda (de que)	without a doubt	54
9174048708	sobre todo	above all	55
9174048709	para ilustrar	to illustrate	56
9174048710	a fin de cuentas	in the end	57
9174048711	al parecer, por lo visto	apparently (seemingly)	58
9174048712	como consecuencia/resultado	as a result (consequently)	59
9174048713	en resumen, en suma	in summary	60
9174048714	en resumidas cuentas	in short	61
9174048715	por consiguiente, por eso, por lo tanto	therefore	62
9174048716	por lo mismo	for the same reason	63
9174048717	puesto que, ya que	since, seeing that	64
9174048718	como quieras	whatever you say	65
9174048719	me da igual/lo mismo	it's all the same to me	66
9174048720	de acuerdo	okay, I agree	67
9174048721	ni hablar, ¡Qué va!	no way	68
9174048722	ni lo sueñes	don't even think about it	69
9174048723	figúrate	imagine that	70
9174048724	parece mentira, ¡Mentira!, no lo puedo creer, ¡Qué bárbaro!	I can't believe it	71
9174048725	Qué te parece si.....?	What if (What would you think if....?)	72
9174048726	Sería mejor, más vale, mejor (+ verb)	It would be better	73
9174048727	¡Eso es el colmo!	That is the last straw!	74
9174048728	no puedo más	I can't take it anymore	75
9174048729	¡Cuánto lo siento!	I'm so sorry!	76
9174048730	no hay más remedio	there's no other choice (solution)	77
9174048731	en serio	seriously (really)	78
9174048732	eso no vale	that's not fair	79
9174048733	que yo sepa	as far as I know	80
9174048734	debe de ser...	it probably is (it must be)...	81
9174048735	¿Qué te parece?	What do you think?	82
9174048736	mediante	by means of (through)	83
9174048737	así que, en cuanto	as soon as	84
9174048738	aun	even, still	85
9174048739	aun cuando	even when	86
9174048740	cada vez que	each time that	87
9174048741	como	as, since	88
9174048742	con tal (de) que	provided that	89
9174048743	desde que	since	90
9174048744	en caso de que	in case that	91
9174048745	hasta que	until	92
9174048746	mientras	while	93
9174048747	mientras tanto	meanwhile	94
9174048748	ni...ni	neither...nor	95
9174048749	sin embargo	nevertheless (however)	96
9174048750	sin que	without	97
9174048751	tan pronto como	as soon as	98
9174048752	una vez que	once	99
9174048753	ya que	since (seeing that)	100
9174048754	a partir de	beginning with	101
9174048755	en primer lugar	in the first place	102
9174048756	para empezar	to begin	103
9174048757	a la (misma) vez	at the same time	104
9174048758	además	besides (furthermore)	105
9174048759	ahora mismo	right now	106
9174048760	al mismo tiempo	at the same time	107
9174048761	antes de + infinitive	before (action)	108
9174048762	de aquí (ahora, hoy) en adelante	from now on	109
9174048763	después de + infinitive	after (action)	110
9174048764	durante	during	111
9174048765	entonces	then	112
9174048766	hasta el momento, la fecha	until now	113
9174048767	hoy día	nowadays	114
9174048768	luego	then (later)	115
9174048769	para continuar	to continue	116
9174048770	primero	first	117
9174048771	también	also	118
9174048772	tan pronto como	as soon as	119
9174048773	de lo contrario	otherwise	120
9174048774	en cambio	on the other hand	121
9174048775	por el/al contrario	on the contrary	122
9174048776	así que	so, therefore	123
9174048777	en cuanto a	regarding	124
9174048778	hablando a	speaking of	125
9174048779	no...sino (que)	not...but rather	126
9174048780	por lo común	as a rule	127
9174048781	por lo general	generally	128
9174048782	por un lado...por otro lado	on one hand... on the other hand...	129
9174048783	también viente al caso	it is also to the point	130
9174048784	a mi parecer	in my opinion	131
9174048785	además	furthermore	132
9174048786	de hecho	in fact	133
9174048787	en otras palabras	in other words	134
9174048788	en realidad	actually	135
9174048789	es decir	that is to say	136
9174048790	lo importante es que	what is important is that	137
9174048791	lo que importa es que	what matters is that	138
9174048792	o sea	in other words	139
9174048793	sin duda	without a doubt	140
9174048794	sobre todo	above all	141
9174048795	para ilustrar	to illustrate	142
9174048796	por ejemplo	for example	143
9174048797	a causa de	because of	144
9174048798	a fin de cuentas	in the end	145
9174048799	al fin	finally	146
9174048800	al fin y al cabo	in the end	147
9174048801	al parecer	apparently	148
9174048802	como resultado	as a result	149
9174048803	en conclusión	in conclusion	150
9174048804	en fin	finally	151
9174048805	finalmente	finally	152
9174048806	para concluir	to conclude	153
9174048807	para resumir	to summarize	154
9174048808	para terminar	to end	155
9174048809	por	because of	156
9174048810	por consiguiente	therefore	157
9174048811	por ese motivo	for that reason	158
9174048812	por lo mismo	for the same reason	159
9174048813	tal vez	maybe	160
9174048814	no obstante	nevertheless	161
9174048815	por otro lado	on the other hand	162
9174048816	al contrario	on the contrary	163
9174048817	de todas maneras	anyway	164

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AP Biology- Plants Flashcards

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9557221597	shoot system	the aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves. and flowers.	0
9557221598	root	an organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and minerals from the soil	1
9557221599	ground tissue system	plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support	2
9557221600	vascular tissue	plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body	3
9557221601	apical meristem	embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and the buds of shoots. The dividing cells of an apical meristem enable the plant to grow in length	4
9557221602	lateral meristem	a meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. The vascular cambium and cork cambium are lateral meristems	5
9557221603	vascular cambium	a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem	6
9557221604	cork cambium	a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells.	7
9557221605	parenchyma	a relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into more differentiated cell type	8
9557221606	collenchyma	a flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth	9
9557221607	sclerenchyma	type of ground-tissue cell with an extremely thick, rigid cell wall that makes ground tissue tough and strong	10
9557221608	pectin	any of various water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates that occur in ripe fruit and vegetables	11
9557221609	xylem	the woody part of plants: the supporting and water-conducting tissue, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels	12
9557221610	phloem	vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant	13
9557221611	lignin	a complex polymer	14
9557221612	tracheids	A water-conducting and supportive element of xylem composed of long, thin cells with tapered ends and walls hardened with lignin.	15
9557221613	vessel members	xylem cells shorter and wider than tracheids, long and tapered	16
9557221614	sieve-tube cells	cylindrical cells lacking nuclei and with perforated sides and end walls that allow the movement of phloem sap between cells	17
9557221615	companion cells	a type of plant cell that os connected to a sieve- tube element by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve-tube elements	18
9557221616	epidermis	the dermal tissue system of non-woody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells.	19
9557221617	cuticle	a waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation that prevents desiccation in terrestrial plants.	20
9557221618	stomata	the small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move	21
9557221619	guard cells	The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.	22
9557221620	periderm	the protective coat that replaces the epidermis in woody plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium	23
9557221621	pith	ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many monocot roots, parenchyma cells that form the central core of the vascular cylinder	24
9557221622	mesophyll	specialized ground tissue that makes up the bulk of most leaves; performs most of a plant's photosynthesis	25
9557221623	taproot system	A root system common to eudicots consisting of one large, vertical root (the taproot) that produces many smaller lateral, or branch, roots.	26
9557221624	fibrous root system	fiber: a lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles	27
9557221625	vascular cylinder	central region of a root that includes the vascular tissue-xylem and phloem	28
9557221626	root cap	thimble-shaped mass of cells covering and protecting the growing tip of a root	29
9557221627	root hairs	tiny hair-like extensions that increase the surface area of the root allowing it to absorbs more water and nurtients	30
9557221628	pericycle	the outermost layer in the vascular cylinder from which lateral roots arise	31
9557221629	endodermis	the innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and the vascular cylinder	32
9557221630	bark	all tissues external to the vascular cambium, consisting mainly of the secondary phloem and layers of periderm	33
9557221631	lenticels	Small raised areas in the bark of stems and roots that enable gas exchange between living cells and the outside air.	34
9557221632	heartwood	the older inactive central wood of a tree or woody plant	35
9557221633	sapwood	newly formed outer wood lying between the cambium and the heartwood of a tree or woody plant	36
9557221634	casparian strip	a water impermeable ring of was in the endodermal cells of plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele by way of cell walls	37
9557221635	root nodules	swellings on roots; contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria	38
9557221636	mycorrhizae	symbiotic relationships between fungal hyphae and plant roots	39
9557221637	transpiration	the passage of gases through fine tubes because of differences in pressure or temperature	40
9557221638	cohesion-tension theory	cohesion: the binding together of like molecules. often by hydrogen bonds	41
9557221639	translocation	The process by which organic substances move through the phloem of a plant	42
9557221640	pressure flow theory	the best-supported theory to explain the movement of food through the phloem. A high concentration of organic substance inside cells of the phloem at a source, such as a leaf, creates a diffusion gradient that draws water into the cells. Movement occurs by bulk flow; phloem sap moves from sugar sources to sugar sinks by means of turgor pressure.	43
9557221641	flower	reproductive organ of angiosperm plants especially one having showy or colorful parts	44
9557221642	stamen	the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament	45
9557221643	filament	in an angiosperm the stalk portion of the stamen, the pollen0producing reproductive organ of a flower	46
9557221644	anther	in an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen grains containing sperm-producing male gametophytes form	47
9557221645	carpel	the ovule producing organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style and ovary	48
9557221646	stigma	the sticky part of a flower's carpel, which traps pollen grains	49
9557221647	style	the stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top	50
9557221648	ovary	in flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop	51
9557221649	ovule	a structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte	52
9557221650	sepal	a modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens	53
9557221651	pollen grain	in seed pants a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall	54
9557221652	microspore	a spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a male gametophyte	55
9557221653	megaspore	a spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a female gametophyte	56
9557221654	pollination	the transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants	57
9557221655	cotyledon	a seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo. Some species have one cotyledon, others two.	58
9557221656	fruit	a mature ovary of a flower. the fruit protects dormant seeds and often aids in their dispersal	59
9557221657	endosperm	in angiosperms a nutrients-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization. the endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds	60
9557221658	vegetative growth	vegetative reproduction: cloning of plants by asexual means, One stage of plant development, production of nonreproductive leaves, stems, and roots	61
9557221659	germination	the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow	62
9557221660	imbibition	the physical adsorption of water onto the internal surfaces of structures	63
9557221661	gibberellins	any of a class of related plant hormones that stimulant growth in the stem and leaves, trigger the termination of seeds and breaking of bud dormancy, and with auxin stimulate fruit development	64
9557221662	auxins	a term that primarily refers to indoleacetic acid (IAA), a natural plant hormone that has a variety of effects, including cell elongation, root formation, secondary growth, and fruit growth.	65
9557221663	cytokinins	any of a class of related plant hormones that retard aging and act in concert with auxin to stimulate cell division, influence the pathway of differentiation, and control apical dominance	66
9557221664	abscisic acid	a plant hormone that slows growth, often antagonizing actions of growth hormones. two of its many effects are to promote seed dormancy and facilitate drought tolerance	67
9557221665	ethylene	the only gaseous plant hormone. among its many effects are response to mechanical stress, programmed cell death, leaf abscission, and fruit ripening	68
9557221666	apical dominance	concentration of growth at the tip of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially inhibits ancillary bud growth	69
9557221667	plant tropism	A plant response in which the direction of the response is related from which the stimulus comes.	70
9557221668	gravitropism	a response of a plant or animal to gravity	71
9557221669	phototropism	growth of a plant shoot toward or away from the light	72
9557221670	thigmotropism	plant growth in response to touch	73
9557221671	photoperiodism	a physiological response to photoperiod, the relative lengths of night and day. and example of photoperiodism is flowering.	74
9557221672	long-day plants	a plant that flowers only when the light period is longer than critical length	75
9557221673	short-day plants	a plant that flowers only when the light period is shorter than a critical length	76
9557221674	day-neutral plants	a plant in which flower formation is not controlled by the photoperiod or day length	77
9557221675	abscission	a plant hormone that slows growth, often antagonizing actions of growth hormones, two of its many effects are to promote seed dormancy and facilitate drought tolerance.	78
9557221676	dormancy	a condition typified by extremely low metabolic rate and a suspension of growth and development	79

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Chapter 20 AP Government Flashcards

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6142309873	Chadha Decision	one house can not veto an attorney general's decision	0
6142321278	Winston Churchhill	gave the Iron Curtain speech	1
6142326702	Commander-in-Chief	presidential role in military action	2
6142349783	Name the constitutional powers of the commander in chief	send troops, appoint ambassadors, negotiate treaties, Executive agreements	3
6142358158	Acronym for presidential commander in chief powers	SANE	4
6142363133	The president is commander-in-chief of troops, but congress...	authorizes and funds troops	5
6142369255	The president can send troops, but congress...	declares war	6
6142374401	The president can appoint ambassadors, but congress...	confirms appointments	7
6142382643	The president can negotiate treaties, but congress...	Ratifies treaties	8
6142386301	The president can make executive agreements, but	Case Act says Secretary of State has to tell Congress the text of any agreement within 60 days, but congress can not change such agreements	9
6142409422	Congress can use _________ to disapprove an executive decision	legislative veto	10
6142409423	Executive Agreement	highly sensitive arrangements with foreign nations that are made without congressional approval	11
6142417993	Containment	U.S. should contain aggressive nations	12
6142425283	When did the U.S. employ containment?	during the Cold War and WWII	13
6142428181	Cuban Missile Crisis	Missile silos in cuba pointed at U.S. from Soviets	14
6142437969	Détente	period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union	15
6142446627	Disengagement	after the failure in Vietnam, similar engagements with foreign nations should be avoided	16
6142457089	Domino Theory	If one nation turns communist, those around it will follow the same pattern	17
6142461834	Enlargement	U.S. should support enlarging the sphere of market-oriented democracies	18
6142499555	"Guns and Butter" Debate	relationship between a nation's investment in defense and civilian goods	19
6142509446	Iron Curtain	metaphorical barrier separating communist Soviet bloc and Western Europe	20
6142517313	Isolationism	paradigm to withdraw from and avoid foreign affairs	21
6142527150	Korematsu v. United States	case concerning the constitutionality of the Executive Order which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II	22
6142533035	Legislative Veto	allows a congressional resolution to nullify an action taken by the president	23
6142542713	Manifest Destiny	belief that the United States was destined to span from coast to coast	24
6142548014	Monroe Doctrine	a message from president Monroe prompting isolationism from Europe	25
6142565466	NATO	Partnership for peace for increased military cooperation between Unites States and Europe	26
6142808150	National Security Council	responsible for coordinating policy on national security issues and advising president on matters related to national security	27
6142835690	Paradigm/World View	mental pictures of the critical problems facing the United States and methods of responding	28
6142849336	Pearl Harbor	initiated full U.S. involvement in WWII	29
6142864193	Rally 'round the flag effect	short term popularity a president received during a war	30
6142870159	State Department	advises the president and leads him in foreign affairs	31
6142873768	Treaties	must be approved by congress and last for as long as notes	32
6142879287	Do executive agreements transfer from president to president?	No	33
6142879288	Truman Doctrine	Truman's pledge to contain Soviet threats	34
6142890760	Unilateralism	belief that the US is better off separate from Europe	35
6142985403	War Powers Act	restricts president's ability to use military force	36
6142990876	Chain of Command order	President, Secretary of Defense, Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Commanders	37
6142996314	Desert Storm	war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq	38
6143004773	House Armed Services committee	committee in the house responsible for funding and oversight of the Department of Defense	39
6143014693	Joint Chiefs of Staff	the Chairman, the Vice Chairman, the Chief of Staff of the Army, the Chief of Naval Operations, the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, the Commandant of the Marine Corps and the Chief of the National Guard Bureau	40
6143018336	Joint Chiefs of Staff job	planners and advisers, not as commanders of combatant commands	41
6143025592	National Security Act	changed nature of the Joint Chiefs of Staff jobs, merged the Department of Army and the Department of the Navy into the one	42
6143039229	How long does the president have to tell congress that he sent troops?	48 hours	43
6143046050	Peace dividend	sum of public money that becomes available for other purposes when spending on defense is reduced	44
6143050156	Strategic Defense Initiative	Star wars, to develop a sophisticated anti-ballistic missile system in order to prevent missile attacks from other countries, specifically the Soviet Union.	45
6143069664	What is the congressional oversight on the armed services, intelligence, and foreign affairs?		46

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Flashcards

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AP Lit Vocab Flashcards

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5884872173	admonish	(n. reproof): reprimand, scold	0
5884874746	assail	attack, assault	1
5884876205	denigrate	disparage, criticize unfairly	2
5884877554	digress	leave the main subject temporarily in speech/writing.	3
5884879728	enumerate	list or identify one by one.	4
5884879729	equivocate	stall; use ambiguous language so as to conceal the truth	5
5884882504	exhort	urge, insist, pressure	6
5884883330	explicate	analyze and develop (an idea or principle) in detail.	7
5884886877	juxtapose	compare and contrast	8
5884887953	lament	passionately express grief or sorrow	9
5884889055	lionize	glorify, exalt; treat as a celebrity.	10
5884889056	recapitulate	summarize and state again the main points	11
5884890801	repudiate	reject, forsake	12
5884890802	revel	celebrate in a lively and noisy way, especially with drinking and dancing	13
5884892840	thwart	prevent (someone) from accomplishing something	14
5930700770	abject	wretched, degrading	15
5930701492	aesthetic	concerned with the beauty or the appreciation of beauty	16
5930703706	aloof	detached; not friendly or forthcoming; cool nd distant	17
5930705345	ambivalent	uncertain, doubtful	18
5930706399	arduous	onerous, grueling	19
5988352244	ascetic	austere; characterized by the practice of severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence	20
5988364656	astute	shrewd, adroit, clever	21
5988366433	audacious	bold, daring, fearless	22
5988366434	capricious	fickle, volatile, erratic	23
5988368239	circumspect	cautious; wary and unwilling to take risks	24
6058926370	cohesive	united; working together effectively	25
6058926371	conciliatory	intended to placate or pacify	26
6058927978	convivial	friendly; lively and enjoyable	27
6058927979	cynical	sardonic, wry; distrustful of human sincerity or integrity	28
6058929880	deferential	obsequious, respectful and humble	29
6108292735	despondant	dismal; despairing	30
6108292736	didactic	instructional, educational	31
6108294171	diffident	modest, shy, timid	32
6108294970	discursive	rambling; not concise	33
6108296325	disparaging	pained; weary and hopeless	34
6175447525	disparate	dissimilar; contrasting	35
6175448154	earnest	serious and dedicated; sincere	36
6175449499	elegiac	mourning or expressing sorrow for that which is irrecoverably past	37
6175450469	erudite	learned; scholarly	38
6175452735	hackneyed	clichéd, trite, overused	39
6286451644	idyllic	perfect, ideal	40
6286451645	incorrigible	(a person or their tendencies) not able to be corrected, improved, or reformed.	41
6286452859	indignant	offended, affronted	42
6286452860	insipid	bland, weak, flavorless	43
6286453991	laconic	brief, concise, terse	44
6346547210	laudatory	praising, flattering	45
6346547211	nostalgic	remembering the past as better than it actually was	46
6346547834	pedantic	overly concerned with rules and details, fussy; punctilious	47
6346547835	pious	devout, virtuous	48
6346548597	pragmatic	practical, sensible	49
6467456117	reticent	reserved, introverted	50
6467456118	rueful	remorseful, regretful	51
6467458370	sanctimonious	smug, self-righteous	52
6467458371	stoic	someone who shows little emotion in times of great adversity	53
6467461234	surreptitious	covert, secretive	54
6467461235	voracious	insatiable, ravenous, rapacious	55
6467465234	ardor	fervor, passion, zeal, vehemence	56
6467465235	invocation	entreaty, summons, appeal, plea	57
6467467569	mirth	amusement, delight, glee	58
6467467570	reproof	reprimand, criticism	59

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AP Vocab Flashcards

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6241159195	Pacific Rim	Region including Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan; Rapid growth rates, expanding exports and industrialization; Either Chinese or strongly influenced by it; Gov't plays a strong role	0
6241175842	Taiwan	Island off Chinese mainland that became the refuge for the Nationalist regime of Chiang Kaishek as the Republic of China	1
6241181974	Republic of Korea	South Korea	2
6241184817	Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)	North Korea	3
6241191424	Hong Kong	Formerly a British colony on the Chinese mainland, returned to China in 1997	4
6241276862	Pragmatists	Communist officials in China who opposed the Great Leap Forward	5
6241300237	Viet Minh & Viet Cong (2 separate terms)	Communist fighters in Vietnam	6
6241314481	Mikhail Gorbachev	USSR leader in mid 1980s through early 1990s, urged reduction in nuclear arms and generally a more liberal leader for the Soviets	7
6241323034	Glasnost	Gorbachev's policy of "openness" to create more freedoms of speech in the USSR	8
6241353608	Perestroika	Gorbachev's policy of economic restructuring in the USSR to create more leeway for private ownership and less state control of industry and farming	9
6241381528	Multinational corporations	Powerful companies, mainly from the West or Pacific Rim, with production and distribution in many different countries	10

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AP Govt. Chapter 3 Flashcards

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7290820363	Block grants	Federal programs that provide funds to state and local governments for general functional areas, such as criminal justice or mental health programs.	0
7290820364	Categorical grants	Federal grants to states or local governments that are for specific programs or projects.	1
7290820365	Commerce clause	The section of the Constitution in which Congress is given the power to regulate trade among the states and with foreign countries.	2
7290820366	Concurrent powers	Powers held jointly by the national and state governments.	3
7290820367	Confederal system	A system consisting of a league of independent states, each having essentially sovereign powers. The central government created by such a league has only limited powers over the states.	4
7290820368	Cooperative federalism	The theory that the states and the national government should cooperate in solving problems.	5
7290820369	Devolution	The transfer of powers from a national or central government to a state or local government.	6
7290820370	Dual federalism	A system in which the states and the national government each remains supreme within its own sphere. The doctrine looks on nation and state as coequal sovereign powers. Neither the state government nor the national government should interfere in the other's sphere.	7
7290820371	Elastic clause, or necessary and proper clause	The clause in Article I, Section 8, that grants Congress the power to do whatever is necessary to execute its specifically delegated powers.	8
7290820372	Extradite	To surrender an accused or convicted criminal to the authorities of the state from which he or she has fled; to return a fugitive criminal to the jurisdiction of the accusing state.	9
7290820373	Federalism	A system of government in which power is divided by a written constitution between a central government and regional or subdivisional governments. Each level must have some domain in which its policies are dominant and some genuine constitutional guarantee of its authority.	10
7290820374	Federal mandate	Requirements in federal legislation that force states and municipalities to comply with certain rules.	11
7290820375	Full faith and credit clause	This section of the Constitution requires states to recognize one another's laws and court decisions. It ensures that rights established under deeds, wills, contracts, and other civil matters in one state will be honored by other states.	12
7290820376	Horizontal control	A check against the expansion of government power that relies on checks and balances between branches of government on the same level.	13
7290820377	Interstate compact	An agreement between two or more states. Agreements on minor matters are made without congressional consent, but any compact that tends to increase the power of the contracting states relative to other states or relative to the national government generally requires the consent of Congress. Such compacts serve as a means by which states can solve regional problems.	14
7290820378	New judicial federalism	The increased reliance of state courts of last resort on state constitutions rather than on the federal Constitution for the protection of individual rights.	15
7290820379	Police power	The authority to legislate for the protection of the health, morals, safety, and welfare of the people. In the United States, most police power is reserved to the states.	16
7290820380	Privileges and immunities	Special rights and exceptions provided by law. States may not discriminate against one another's citizens.	17
7290820381	Supremacy clause	The constitutional provision that makes the Constitution and federal laws superior to all conflicting state and local laws.	18
7290820382	Unitary system	A centralized governmental system in which local or subdivisional governments exercise only those powers given to them by the central government.	19
7290820383	Vertical control	A structural check against the accumulation of too much power in any one level of government (national or state).	20

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APES Vocabulary 7 Flashcards

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4946917869	Primary succession	Development in a lifeless area occurs in an area that has not previously been inhabited or in which the soil profile is completely destroyed (ex. bare rock surfaces from recent volcanic lava flows, rock faces that have been scraped clean by glaciers, or a city street)	0
4946943945	Secondary succession	The series of changes that occur in an area where the ecosystem has been disturbed, but where soil and organisms still exist	1
4946943946	Mutualism	A symbiotic relationship between two species in which both species benefit and both species participate	2
4946943947	Commensalism	A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited	3
4946943948	Parasitism	A relationship between two species in which one species, the parasite, benefits from the other species, the host, which is harmed	4
4946952329	Keystone species	Not necessarily abundant, but exert a strong control on community structure due to a pivotal ecological role. Examples: sea otters, sea stars, grizzly bears, prairie dogs	5
4946954795	Indicator species	Species that serve as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being degraded.	6
4946961300	Characteristics of endangered species	Extremely small range, requiring large territories, living on islands, low reproductive success, specialized breeding areas, and specialized feeding habitats	7
4946963117	Endangered species	Species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Examples: Northern spotted owl ( loss of old growth forest), bald eagle (DDT pollution causes thinning of eggs), Piping plover (nesting areas threatened by development	8
4946968813	Invasive species	An introduced species that spreads out and often has harmful ecological effects on other species or ecosystems.	9

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AP Chemistry Flashcards

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4771095573	Demokritus & Leucippos	Matter is composed of tiny indivisible objects called "Atomos".	0
4771098828	What is an Atom?	An atom is the smallest fundamental particle of matter that contains its own properties.	1
4771101202	Alchemists tried...	to make gold through chemistry	2
4771102474	Robert Boyle	1. first true quantitative experimenter 2. est. the idea of elements	3
4771103482	Element is..	groups of atoms with the exact same chemical properties * atoms of the same type * contains the same number of protons and electrons, but may differ in the number of neutrons	4
4771105465	Georg Stahl & Joseph Priestly	1. intensely studied combustion 2. * Priestly discovered oxygen (dephlogisticated air)	5
4771107208	Antoine Lavoisier	* complete stud 1. studied chemical reactions 2. took careful measurements	6
4771108243	Law of Conservation of Mass	the amount of mass in any chemical process must remain constant	7
4771109534	Elementary Treatise on Chemistry	summary of all known chemical knowledge at that point in time (1789)	8
4771111010	Joseph Proust	* father of analytical chemistry 1. studied the composition of elements in compounds	9
4771112935	Law of Definite Proportions	the mass ratio of elements in a compound must always be constant (conversion factor)	10
4771113440	John Dalton	*stimulated by Proust's work 1. Law of Multiple Proportions	11
4771114249	Law of Multiple Proportions	if multiple compounds can be produced by a set of elements, the ratio of elements varies by whole numbers ** This occurs because the number of atoms, which were not yet discovered, varied by whole numbers	12
4771119661	Dalton's Atomic Theory (Hard Sphere Theory)	the modern description of matter States: * all matter is composed of hard indestructible spheres called atoms atom of the same elements are the same while atoms of different elements differ in a fundamental way. chem. compounds are produced when atoms of diff. atoms combine in specific mass ratios unique to the compound * chem. reactions occur when atoms are reorganized and rebound with no changes in the atoms themselves - est. first table of atomic masses (most were wrong)	13
4771125542	atomic mass	relative mass of an element measured in AMU's	14
4771126844	AMU	atomic mass units (1/12 mass of a carbon-12 isotope)	15
4771127391	Joseph Gay-Lussac	1. studied volume changes associated with gaseous chemical reactions under constant conditions * used law of def. prop. & law of mult. prop. 2. observed that gases react in specific ratio	16
4771132670	Amedeo Avagadro	** Avagadro's Hypothesis 1. used Gay -Lussac's data and Law of Def. Prop. to predict that the volume of a gas must be directly related to the number of particles in said gas	17
4771135232	1 mole =	22.4 L @ STP /// 6.02 x 10^23 /// 1 AMU	18
4771136366	JJ Thomson	1. idea of an atom made sense from previous work of other scientists 2. studied cathode rays 3. observed deflection of rays by electric & magnetic fields ** m/e = -1.766 x 10^8 c/g	19
4771141965	Robert Millikan	1. conducted oil drop experiment 2. determined mass and change of electron mass = 9.109 x 10^3 kg change = 1.6 x 10^-19 coulombs (-1 fundamental charge)	20
4771143816	cathode	negative charge, attracts cations	21
4771144110	anode	positive charge, attracts anions	22
4771144613	Ernest Rutherford	1. conducted Gold Foil Experiment 2. discovered * atoms are mainly empty space * they have a massive center * they are positively charged	23
4771146065	Nuclear Model	Atoms are composed of mainly empty space with a small positively charged center called a nucleus, surrounded by negatively charged electrons	24
4771147156	Modern Atom	the identity of atoms are determined by the number of protons ( atomic # ( Z #) )	25
4771149110	Mass Number	sum of all nucleons ( protons & neutrons)	26
4771150532	isotope	atoms of the same element with differing mass numbers * same number of protons but a different number of neutrons	27
4771152472	electrons...	determine all chemical properties * found outside nuceus * ignorable mass *-1 charge	28
4771155691	Atomic Mass	weighted average mass of all isotopes in an element * Fractional Abundance (mass #) + FA + FA...	29
4771156935	Isotopic Symbol	* write symbol of element * place atomic # in lower Left side * top left corner is mass number * number of neutrons = protons - electrons	30
4771158337	Isotopic Name	* write element name * place hyphen/dash * write mass #	31
4771159176	compounds are...	chemical combinations of two or more elements	32
4771160094	Imperical formula	chemical formula that gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound * lowest terms	33
4771160932	Molecular formula	chemical formula that gives the exact number of atoms present in each compound	34
4771162428	Model	Simplified presentation of something * space filling model * ball and stick	35
4771163473	covalent compound	(molecular) atoms are held together by electrons being "shared" within overlapped outer shells * formed between non-metals * identified by 1st element being a non-metal - naming: > first element keeps name >second elements root gets -ide ending > use Greek prefixes to indicate the number of atoms present Never place mono on the first element	36
4771166975	ionic compound	compound held together by electrostatic attractions getting between oppositely charged ions	37
4771167970	ion	variation of an element/atom	38
4771168729	atoms are...	electrically charged due to the gain or loss of electrons	39
4771169445	+/-	gaining - losing +	40
4771170347	polyatomic ions...	keep their original name	41
4771170543	polyatomic cations...	keep their metal name * divalent cations must be specifically named (ous/ic)	42
4771171960	monoatomic ions	have an -ide suffix added to nonmetal roots	43
4771180153	Cations & Names	H+ Hydrogen Li + Lithium Na + Sodium K + Potassium Cs + Cesium Be 2+ Beryllium Mg 2+ Magnesium Ca 2+ Calcium Ba 2+ Barium Al 3+ Aluminum	44
4771189354	Anions & Names	H- Hydride F- Fluoride Cl - Chloride Br - Bromide I - Iodide O 2- Oxide S 2- Sulfide N 3- Nitride P 3- Phosphide	45
4771197922	Common Type 2 Cations	Fe 3+ / Fe 2+ Cu 2+ / Cu + Co 3+ / Co 2+ Sn 4+ / Sn 2+ Pb 4+ / Pb 2+ Hg 2+ / Hg2 2+ (Mercury I) Ag + Zn 2+ Cd 2+	46
4771203828	Polyatomic Ions		47

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AP Lang List 3 Flashcards

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6933263376	Scornful	expressing contempt for something viewed as lesser than; looking down with hatred.	0
6933263377	Supercilious	behaving or looking as though one thinks one is superior to others.	1
6933263378	Emulate	imitate.	2
6933263379	Frivolous	not having any serious purpose or value.	3
6933263380	Wry	using or expressing dry, especially mocking, humor.	4
6933263381	Sanguineous	optimistic or positive, especially in an apparently bad or difficult situation.	5
6933263382	Connotation	an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.	6
6933263383	Judicious	having, showing, or done with good judgment or sense.	7
6933263384	Condemnatory	expressing strong disapproval.	8
6933263385	Incredulous	unwilling or unable to believe something.	9

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