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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

9775965042	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9775965043	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9775965044	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9775965045	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9775965046	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9775965047	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9775965048	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9775965049	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9775965050	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9775965051	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9775965052	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9775965053	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9775965054	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9775965055	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9775965056	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9775965057	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9775965058	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9775965059	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9775965060	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9775965061	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9775965062	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9775965063	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9775965064	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9775965065	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9775965066	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9775965067	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9775965068	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9775965069	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9775965070	theory	general idea being tested	28
9775965071	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9775965072	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9775965073	mode	appears the most	31
9775965074	mean	average	32
9775965075	median	middle	33
9775965076	range	highest - lowest	34
9775965077	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9775965078	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9775965079	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9775965080	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9775965081	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9775965082	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9775965083	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9775965084	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9775965278	neuron		43
9775965085	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9775965086	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9775965087	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9775965088	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9775965089	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9775965090	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9775965091	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9775965092	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9775965093	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9775965094	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9775965095	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9775965096	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9775965097	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9775965098	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9775965099	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9775965100	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9775965101	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9775965102	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9775965103	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9775965104	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9775965105	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9775965106	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9775965107	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9775965108	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9775965109	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9775965110	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9775965111	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9775965112	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9775965113	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9775965114	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9775965115	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9775965116	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9775965117	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9775965118	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9775965119	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9775965120	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9775965121	occipital lobe	vision	80
9775965122	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9775965123	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9775965124	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9775965125	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9775965126	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9775965127	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9775965128	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9775965129	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9775965130	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9775965131	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9775965132	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9775965133	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9775965134	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9775965135	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9775965136	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9775965137	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9775965138	rods	night time	97
9775965139	cones	color	98
9775965140	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9775965141	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9775965142	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9775965143	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9775965144	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9775965145	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9775965146	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9775965147	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9775965148	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9775965149	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9775965150	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9775965151	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9775965152	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9775965153	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9775965154	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9775965155	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9775965156	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9775965157	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9775965158	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9775965159	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9775965160	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9775965161	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9775965162	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9775965163	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9775965164	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9775965165	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9775965166	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9775965167	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9775965168	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9775965169	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9775965170	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9775965171	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9775965172	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9775965173	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9775965174	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9775965175	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9775965176	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9775965177	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9775965178	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9775965179	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9775965180	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9775965181	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9775965182	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9775965183	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9775965184	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9775965185	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9775965186	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9775965187	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9775965188	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9775965189	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9775965190	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9775965191	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9775965192	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9775965193	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9775965194	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9775965195	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9775965196	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9775965197	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9775965198	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9775965199	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9775965200	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9775965201	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9775965202	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9775965203	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9775965204	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9775965205	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9775965206	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9775965207	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9775965208	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9775965209	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9775965210	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9775965211	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9775965212	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9775965213	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9775965214	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9775965215	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9775965216	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9775965217	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9775965218	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9775965219	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9775965220	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9775965221	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9775965222	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9775965223	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9775965224	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9775965225	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9775965226	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9775965227	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9775965228	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9775965229	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9775965230	encoding	information going in	189
9775965231	storage	keeping information in	190
9775965232	retrieval	taking information out	191
9775965233	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9775965234	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9775965235	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9775965236	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9775965237	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9775965238	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9775965239	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9775965240	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9775965241	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9775965242	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9775965243	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9775965244	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9775965245	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9775965246	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9775965247	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9775965248	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9775965249	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9775965250	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9775965251	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9775965252	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9775965253	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9775965254	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9775965255	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9775965256	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9775965257	context	environment helps with memory	216
9775965258	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9775965259	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9775965260	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9775965261	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9775965262	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9775965263	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9775965264	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9775965265	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9775965266	prototypes	generalize	225
9775965267	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9775965268	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9775965269	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9775965270	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9775965271	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9775965272	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9775965273	grammar is _________	universal	232
9775965274	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9775965275	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Lang Unit 2 Flashcards

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5045334457	aegis	protection	0
5045336903	apprise	notify	1
5045336904	bibulous	inebrious	2
5045338321	claque	fan club	3
5045338322	deracinate	uproot	4
5045340617	eleemosynary	philanthropic	5
5045340619	indigenous	native	6
5045342141	lachrymose	tearful	7
5045343709	lexicon	wordbook	8
5045343710	melee	fracas	9
5045345825	microcosm	miniature	10
5045347611	minuscule	tiny or very small	11
5045349607	obfuscate	muddy the waters	12
5045351013	paternalism	father-like	13
5045352391	polarize	divide	14
5045355893	purview	jurisdiction	15
5045360411	sanguine	optimistic	16
5045362135	solecism	misusage	17
5045363877	vassal	servant	18
5045364996	verisimilitude	realism	19

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AP Vocab Lesson Fifteen Flashcards

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4745198543	prominent	very noticeable or obvious	0
4745198764	autonomy	independence	1
4745198765	gustatory	relating to the sense of taste	2
4745199611	chthonian	pertaining to the underworld; dwelling in or beneath the surface of the earth	3
4745202299	extirpate	to root out or eradicate; to destroy completely	4
4745202802	coagulate	to change or be changed from liquid into a thickened or solid mass	5
4745203870	puissance	power; might	6
4745204134	appellation	name, title, or designation	7
4745204392	peripatetic	traveling, especially by foot	8
4745204742	misanthrope	one who hates or mistrusts humankind	9
4745205107	tutelary	pertaining to guardianship	10
4745205397	scion	descendant; heir	11
4745205875	jurisprudence	the science, philosophy, and application of the law	12
4745206572	supercilious	contemptuous; arrogant	13
4745207214	malevolent	having ill-will; wishing harm; evil	14

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9792051971	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9792051972	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9792051973	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9792051974	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9792051975	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9792051976	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9792051977	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9792051978	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9792051979	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9792051980	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9792051981	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9792051982	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9792051983	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9792051984	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9792051985	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9792051986	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9792051987	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9792051988	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9792051989	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9792051990	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9792051991	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9792051992	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9792051993	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9792051994	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9792051995	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9792051996	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9792051997	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9792051998	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9792051999	theory	general idea being tested	28
9792052000	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9792052001	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9792052002	mode	appears the most	31
9792052003	mean	average	32
9792052004	median	middle	33
9792052005	range	highest - lowest	34
9792052006	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9792052007	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9792052008	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9792052009	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9792052010	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9792052011	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9792052012	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9792052013	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9792052209	neuron		43
9792052014	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9792052015	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9792052016	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9792052017	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9792052018	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9792052019	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9792052020	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9792052021	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9792052022	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9792052023	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9792052024	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9792052025	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9792052026	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9792052027	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9792052028	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9792052029	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9792052030	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9792052031	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9792052032	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9792052033	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9792052034	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9792052035	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9792052036	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9792052037	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9792052038	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9792052039	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9792052040	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9792052041	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9792052042	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9792052043	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9792052044	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9792052045	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9792052046	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9792052047	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9792052048	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9792052049	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9792052050	occipital lobe	vision	80
9792052051	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9792052052	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9792052053	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9792052054	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9792052055	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9792052056	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9792052057	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9792052058	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9792052059	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9792052060	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9792052061	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9792052062	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9792052063	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9792052064	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9792052065	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9792052066	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9792052067	rods	night time	97
9792052068	cones	color	98
9792052069	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9792052070	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9792052071	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9792052072	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9792052073	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9792052074	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9792052075	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9792052076	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9792052077	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9792052078	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9792052079	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9792052080	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9792052081	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9792052082	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9792052083	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9792052084	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9792052085	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9792052086	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9792052087	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9792052088	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9792052089	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9792052090	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9792052091	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9792052092	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9792052093	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9792052094	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9792052095	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9792052096	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9792052097	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9792052098	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9792052099	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9792052100	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9792052101	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9792052102	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9792052103	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9792052104	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9792052105	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9792052106	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9792052107	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9792052108	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9792052109	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9792052110	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9792052111	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9792052112	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9792052113	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9792052114	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9792052115	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9792052116	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9792052117	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9792052118	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9792052119	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9792052120	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9792052121	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9792052122	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9792052123	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9792052124	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9792052125	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9792052126	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9792052127	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9792052128	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9792052129	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9792052130	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9792052131	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9792052132	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9792052133	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9792052134	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9792052135	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9792052136	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9792052137	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9792052138	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9792052139	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9792052140	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9792052141	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9792052142	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9792052143	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9792052144	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9792052145	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9792052146	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9792052147	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9792052148	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9792052149	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9792052150	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9792052151	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9792052152	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9792052153	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9792052154	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9792052155	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9792052156	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9792052157	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9792052158	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9792052159	encoding	information going in	189
9792052160	storage	keeping information in	190
9792052161	retrieval	taking information out	191
9792052162	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9792052163	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9792052164	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9792052165	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9792052166	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9792052167	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9792052168	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9792052169	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9792052170	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9792052171	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9792052172	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9792052173	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9792052174	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9792052175	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9792052176	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9792052177	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9792052178	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9792052179	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9792052180	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9792052181	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9792052182	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9792052183	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9792052184	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9792052185	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9792052186	context	environment helps with memory	216
9792052187	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9792052188	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9792052189	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9792052190	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9792052191	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9792052192	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9792052193	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9792052194	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9792052195	prototypes	generalize	225
9792052196	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9792052197	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9792052198	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9792052199	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9792052200	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9792052201	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9792052202	grammar is _________	universal	232
9792052203	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9792052204	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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Chapter 15 APES Flashcards

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6215947745	Air pollution	The introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or microorganisms into the atmosphere at concentrations high enough to harm plants, animals, and materials such as buildings, or to alter ecosystems	0
6215947746	Primary pollutant	Polluting compounds that come directly out of the smoke-stack, exhaust pip, or natural emission source; ie CO, CO2, SO2, NOx, and most suspended particulate matter	1
6215947747	Secondary pollutants	Pollutants that have undergone transformation in the presence of sunlight, water, oxygen, or other compounds; ie ozone, sulfate and nitrate	2
6215947748	Thermal Inversion	When a relatively warm layer of air at mid-altitude covers a layer of cold, dense air below. The warm inversion layer traps emissions that then accumulate beneath it	3
6215947749	Acid deposition	Occurs when nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the atmosphere and combine with atmospheric oxygen and water. These form the secondary pollutants nitric acid and sulfuric acid (which further break down into nitrate and sulfate which cause the acid in acid deposition)	4
6215947750	Asbestos	Pollutant used in pipe insulation, vinyl ceiling and floor tiles; Causes lung cancer	5
6215947751	Formaldehyde	Pollutant used in furniture stuffing, paneling, particleboard, foam insulation; Causes irritaion of eyes and trhoat, skin and lungs	6
6215947752	Chloroform	Pollutant used in chlorine treated water in hot showers; Causes cancer	7
6215947753	Para-dichlorobenzene	Pollutant used in air fresheners, mothball crystals; Causes cancer	8
6215947754	Radon	Radioactive pollutant found in some soils and rocks, can seep into some houses and increase the risk of lung cancer	9
6215947755	Ground level pollution	Pollution in the troposphere, the first 16 km (10 miles) of the atmosphere above the surface of Earth	10
6215947756	Tropospheric ozone (O3)	Harmful to both plants and animals and causes respiratory inflammations such as asthma and emphysema; Smog is seen here	11
6215947757	Haze	Reduced visibility	12
6215947758	Photochemical smog	A brownish haze that is a mixture of ozone and other chemicals, formed when pollutants react with each other in the presence of sunlight	13
6215947759	Gray smog	Nitrous oxide smog resulting from emissions from industry and other sources of gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels, especially coal	14
6215947760	Atmospheric brown cloud	The combination of particulate matter and ozone	15
6215947761	Natural sources of Sulfur dioxide	-Volcanic eruptions -Forest fires	16
6215947762	Natural sources of Nitrogen oxide	-Forest fires -Lightning -Microbial action in soils	17
6215947763	Natural sources of Carbon oxide	-Respiration of plants	18
6215947764	Natural sources of Particulate matter	-Volcanoes -Forest fires -Dust storms	19
6215947765	NAAQS (National ambient air quality standards)	Requires EPA to set 40 CFR part 50 for pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment	20
6215947766	Clean Air Act	1970; Set emission standards for cars, and limits for release of air pollutants; Regulates the 6 main pollutants (SOx, NOx, CO, PM, O3, Pb)	21
6215947767	Anthracite	Low sulfur coal	22
6215947768	Fluidized bed combustion	The most efficient way to burn coal; reduces NOx and SOx emissions from coal; has issues with polyaromatic hydrocarbon formation	23
6215947769	Baghouse filter	An instillation containing thousands of heat-resistant fiberglass bags to control particulate emissions; Works as a room size vacuum cleaner	24
6215947770	Scrubber	A device that uses water droplets to clean smokestack emissions	25
6215947771	Electrostatic precipitator	A device used for removing particulates from smokestack emissions. The charged particles are attracted to an oppositely charged metal plate, where they are precipitated out of the air	26
6215947772	Pollution permits	Federal permits allowing public utilities to release specific amounts of emissions into the air	27
6215947773	Ozone layer hole	The seasonal thinning of the ozone layer of the earth's atmosphere above Antarctica; Allows abnormal amounts of ultra-violet light to reach the earth's surface	28
6215947774	Sick building syndrome	A condition in which the majority of a building's occupants experience certain symptoms that vary with the amount of time spent in the building, without being able to identify a specified cause or illness	29
6215947775	Stratospheric ozone	Ozone (15 to 30 km above Earth's surface) that absorbs UV light	30
6215947776	Polar vortex	Arctic air masses that in the winter become isolated from the rest of the atmosphere and circulate about the pole; Rotates counterclockwise	31
6215947777	Montreal Protocol	An international agreement signed in 1987 by 105 countries and the European Community; Called for a reduction in the production and consumption of CFCs of 50 percent by 2000	32
6215947778	Mobile sources	Sources of air pollutants that move from place to place; Ie automobiles, trucks, buses, and trains	33
6215947779	Stationary sources	Non-moving sources of pollution; Ie factories	34
6215947780	Cataracts	Clouding of the lens of the eye	35
6215947781	UV radiation	Energy from the sun that damages DNA structure, increases mutation rate, and causes skin cancer	36
6215947782	Melanoma	Skin cancer	37
6215947783	Thermosphere	The outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere; Temperature increases as altitude increases	38
6215947784	Stratosphere	Second layer of atmosphere (12 to 50 km), Ozone held here, absorbs UV radiation	39
6215947785	Mesosphere	Third layer of the atmosphere (50 to 80 km), most meteorites burn up here	40
6215947786	Troposphere	First layer of the atmosphere (0 to 17 km), contains most atmospheric water vapor.	41
6215947787	Tropopause	The transition between the troposphere and the stratosphere	42
6215947788	Stratopause	the transition between the stratosphere and the mesosphere	43
6215947789	Mesopause	the transition between the mesosphere and the thermosphere	44
6215947790	Carbon Monoxide (CO)	Pollutant found in malfunctioning exhaust systems on household heaters, most typically natural gas heaters; Causes oxygen deprivation in the brain and ultimately death	45
6215947791	Carbon Dioxide (CO2)	Pollutant found indoors if household has poor ventilation system; Causes oxygen deprivation	46
6215947792	Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)	Pollutant found in refrigeration, air conditioning, aersol cans, foam insulation; Causes skin cancer, cataracts, and weakened immune system	47
6215947793	Fine Particles (PM10/PM2.5)	Pollutant found in coal, oil, diesel, and biofuels; Causes respiratory and cardiovascular disease	48
6215947794	Lead (Pb)	Pollutant found in gasoline, additive, oil, and old paint; Causes damage to central nervous system	49
6215947795	Mercury (Hg)	Pollutant found in coal, oil, and gold mining; Causes damage to central nervous system	50
6215947796	Nitric Acid (HNO3)	Pollutant found in fertilizers, explosives, dyes, plastics and cleaning solutions; Causes irritation to skin	51
6215947797	Nitric Oxides (NOx (NO/NO2))	Pollutant found in all combustion in the atmosphere; Causes respiratory irritation	52
6215947798	Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)	Pollutant found in combustion of fuels that contain sulfur; Causes respiratory irritation	53
6215947799	Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)	Pollutant found in detergents, soaps, fertilizers and lead-acid batteries; Causes skin irritation	54
6215947800	VOCs (Volatile organic compounds)	Pollutant found in evaporation of fuels, solvents, and paints; Results in ozone deformation	55

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AP Psychology - Chapter 18 Flashcards

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6691465839	Social Psychology	The scientific study of how people think about, interact with, influence, and are influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of other people. EX: Washing your hands before you eat because its was influenced before dinner everyday. Relevance: The study of Sociology.	0
6691465840	Attribution Theory	A theory that supposes that one attempts to understand the behavior of others by attributing feelings, beliefs, and intentions to them. EX: If someone cuts the line during black Friday shopping you automatically assume they are selfish, and rude and it makes you angry. Relevance: The studies of attribution theory were produced by Fritz Heider.	1
6691465841	Fundamental Attribution Theory	The tendency to use a dispositional (internal) explanation without considering the situational (external) factors that might be influencing the behavior of someone else. EX: Seeing a homeless person and assuming they are a drunk and that is why they are homeless. Relevance: Jones and Harris (1967)	2
6691465842	Foot-In- the door Phenomenon	Tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request EX: Asking your parents for a bike hoping when they say yes to a small request you ask for a larger request such as a car. Relevance: This technique is used most commonly with psychological experiments.	3
6691465843	Cognitive Dissonance Theory	the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. Ex: A common college student who regularly drives while intoxicated. When hearing that drinking and driving is dangerous for his or her health and others around them , the student might (1) state that he never drives more than a mile from the local bar, (2) the student may consider how much a taxi is and how much they will is saving by driving himself or (3) Just accept that his behavior is dangerous and stop driving drunk Relevance: Leon Festinger's	4
6691465844	Conformity	Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. Ex: Say your friends and you are going to dinner and a movie everyone wants chili's but you want olive garden, you just agree by adjusting your thoughts to the groups thoughts. Relevance: Sheriff's experiment (1936)	5
6691465845	Normative Social Influence	Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. Ex: Having all name brands like Micheal Kors Relevance: Solomon Asch	6
6691465846	Informational Social Influence	Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. Ex: Seek out experts, or look at others behaviors Relevance:	7
6691465847	Social Facilitation	Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others; the tendency to perform better when a person knows he is being watched. Ex: Someone who plays soccer Relevance:	8
6691465848	Social Loafing	The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. Ex: Group work in school Relevance:	9
6691465849	Deindividuation	The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. Ex: Riots at sports games. Relevance:	10
6691465850	Group Polarization	The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. Ex: Political Debates. Relevance:	11
6691465851	groupthink	The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. Ex: sororities and fraternities. Relevance:	12
6691465852	Prejudice	A rigid attitude that is based on group membership and predisposes an individual to feel, think or act in a negative way toward another person or group. Ex: Muslims after 9/11 Relevance:	13
6691465853	Stereotype	A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. Ex: Policeman like donuts. Relevance:	14
6691465854	Discrimination	Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group. Ex: Separate but equal. Relevance:	15
6691465855	In-group	A group with which an individual shares identity and feels loyalty towards. Ex: Field Hockey vs Soccer Relevance:	16
6691465856	Out-group	A group with which an individual does not identify and may feel competition/hostility towards. Ex: Relevance:	17
6691465857	In-group Bias	Tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group. Ex: Relevance:	18
6691465858	Scapegoat Theory	The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. Ex: Hitler to the Jews Relevance:	19
6691465859	Just- World Phenomenon	The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Ex: If a woman is raped, is it her fault Relevance:	20
6691465860	Aggression	Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy. Ex: Relevance:	21
6691465861	Frustration- Aggression Principle	the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression. Example: Luis's computer crashes just as he is about to finish writing a 10-page paper that he hadn't saved along the way. In his frustration at losing all that work, he throws his stapler across the room, breaking his window. Ex: Relevance:	22
6691465862	Conflict	A struggle between two opposing forces. Ex: Relevance:	23
6691465863	Social Trap	A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. Ex: Watering your lawn during a drought because who else is going to do it, right? Relevance:	24
6691465864	Mere Exposure Effect	The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. Ex: Advertisements Relevance:	25
6691465865	Passionate Love	An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. Ex: Relevance:	26
6691465866	Companionate love	The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. Ex: Relevance:	27
6691465867	equity	A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. Ex: Relevance:	28
6691465868	Self-disclosure	Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. Ex: Relevance:	29
6691465869	Altruism	Unselfish regard for the welfare of others. Ex: Relevance:	30
6691465870	Bystander effect	The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. Ex: Relevance:	31
6691465871	Social exchange theory	The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. Ex: Relevance:	32
6691465872	reciprocity norm	An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. Ex: Relevance:	33
6691465873	Social-responsibility Norm	An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. Ex: Relevance:	34
6691465874	Superordinate Goals	Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. Ex: Relevance:	35
6691465875	GRIT	Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions. Ex: Relevance:	36

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AP Statistics Flashcards

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9655333697	5 number summary	The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and maximum value for a data set. These five values give a summary of the shape of the distribution and are used to make box plots. The five numbers that help describe the center, spread and shape of data	0
9655333698	z score	a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from the norm (average or mean) -Number of standard deviations a score is above or below the mean (positive above, negative below	1
9655333699	standard deviation	A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean. A measure of spread. Specifically, the typical distance the data points are from the mean.	2
9655333700	population	(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn What the sample in an experiment or study usually reperesents	3
9655333701	categorical data	Data that can be placed into categories . For example "gender" is a categorical data and the categories are "male" and "female". Labels or names used to identify categories of like items If you asked people in which month they were born or what their favorite class is, they would answer with names, which would be categorical data. However, if you asked them how many siblings they have, they would answer with numbers, not categories Labels or names used to identify categories of like items	4
9655333702	quantitative data	Data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association. numerical information describing how much, how little, how big, how tall, how fast, etc. age is quantitative	5
9655333703	bar graph	a type of graph in which the lengths of bars are used to represent and compare data in categories A graph that uses horizontal or vertical bars to represent data.	6
9655333704	parameter	(n) a determining or characteristic element; a factor that shapes the total outcome; a limit, boundary a characteristic or constant factor something that determines the limits of certain data values	7
9655333705	sample	A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole. a small part of a population that represents the whole A survey in star city representing the entire state of arkansas	8
9655333706	random	Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. Assigning subjects to expenrimental groups based on chance. pulling names or numbers out of a hat	9
9655333707	bias	Any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population Any way that tampers with the accuracy of the sample	10
9655333708	Undercoverage	A sampling scheme that biases the sample in a way that gives a part of the population less representation than it has in the population. When some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample	11
9655333709	nonresponse	bias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond When many people of a sample do not respond	12
9655333710	voluntary response bias	Bias introduced to a sample when individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample.	13
9655333711	statistic	Application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data	14
9655333712	independent	(statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables	15
9655333713	historgram	graphical representation of a frequency distribution using vertical bars but bars touch each other to indicate variables are related	16
9655333714	box plot	A dsiplay that shows the distribution of values in a data set seperated into four equal-sized groups. A box plot is constructed from the five number summary of the data.	17
9655333715	scatterplot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation).	18
9655333716	correlation	A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1	19
9655333717	skewness	The extent to which cases are clustered more at one or the other end of the distribution of a quantitative variable rather than in a symmetric pattern around its center	20
9655333718	varience	commons measure of spread about the mean as center	21
9655333719	statistical significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance/The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low	22
9655333720	P-value	A measure of statistical significance. The lower, the more likely the results of an experiment did not occur simply chance.	23
9655333721	empirical rule	The rules gives the approximate % of observations w/in 1 standard deviation (68%), 2 standard deviations (95%) and 3 standard deviations (99.7%) of the mean when the histogram is well approx. by a normal curve	24
9655333722	lurking variable	A variable that has an important effect on the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied	25
9655333723	null hypothesis	Hypothesis that predicts NO relationship between variables. The aim of research is to reject this hypothesis	26
9655333724	alternate hypothesis	, is the hypothesis to be considered as an alternative to the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis will be rejected in favor of the Ha only if the sample data strongly indicate that the null hypothesis is false.	27
9655333725	quota sample	A sample deliberately constructed to reflect several of the major characteristics of a given population	28
9655333726	probability	A number with a value from 0 to 1 that describes the likelihood that an event will occur. example, if a bag contains a red marble, a white marble and a blue marble then the probability of selecting a red marble is 1/3.	29
9655333727	descriptive statistics	Mathematical procedures for organizing collections of data, such as determining the mean, the median, the range, the variance, and the correlation coefficient	30
9655333728	mean	A measure of center in a set of numerical data, computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing by the number of values in the list.	31
9655333729	median	A measure of center in a set of numerical data. The median of a list of values is the value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list - or the mean of the two central values if the list contains an even number of values.	32
9655333730	mode	Measure of central tendency that uses most frequently occurring score.	33
9655333731	range	Distance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data.	34
9655333732	data	Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis	35
9655333733	Q1	A location measure of the data such that has one fourth or 25% of the data is smaller than it. Found by dividing the ordered data set in half (excluding the middle observation if n is odd) and finding the median of the lower half of the data.	36
9655333734	Q3	A location to measeure when counting data to such as the median where instead of counting 50% it is 75% from the beginning of the sorted data	37
9655333735	minimum	(n.) the smallest possible amount; (adj.) the lowest permissible or possible	38
9655333736	outlier	A value much greater or much less than the others in a data set	39
9655333737	margin of error	In statistical research, the range of outcomes we expect for a population, given the data revealed by a sample drawn from that population	40
9655333738	statistical normal	scoring the middle of the bell-curve; low, moderate, or high scoring	41
9655333739	simple random sample	A sample selected in such a way that every element in the population or sampling frame has an equal probability of being chosen. Equivalently, all samples of size n have an equal chance of being selected. A sample of size n selected from the population in such a way that each possible sample of size n has an equal chance of being selected.	42
9655333740	sampling distribution	Distribution of sample proportions from sample to sample. A sampling distribution of a sample statistic for a fixed sample size n is the distribution of that statistic derived from every possible sample of size n for a given population. A distribution of statistics obtained by selecting all the possible samples of a specific size from a population	43
9655333741	stratified random sample	A method of sampling that involves dividing your population into homogeneous subgroups and taking a simple random sample in each subgroup. a sampling design in which the population is divided into several groups, and random samples are then drawn from each stratum	44
9655333742	systematic sample	A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame. When there is no relationship between the order of the sampling frame and the variables of interest, a systematic sample can be representative.	45
9655333743	cluster sample	Is obtained by selecting all individuals within a randomly selected collection or group of individuals.	46
9655333744	10% rule	a sample has to be lass than 10% of the whole population	47
9655333745	Interpolation	The estimation of an unknown number between known numbers. Interpolation is a way of approximating price or yield using bond tables that do not give the net yield on every amount invested at every rate of interest and for every maturity.	48
9655333746	Qualitative	Data in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements.	49
9655333747	theoretical probability	A probability obtained by analyzing a situation. If all of the outcomes are equally likely, you can find the theoretical probability of an event by listing all of the possible outcomes and then finding the ratio of the number of outcomes producing the desired event to the total number of outcomes. For example, there are 36 possible equally likely outcomes (number pairs) when two fair number cubes are rolled. of these six have a sum of 7, so the probability of rolling a sum of 7 is 6/36 or 1/6	50
9655333803	experimental probability		51
9655333748	block design	The subjects in an experiment are first divided into groups (called 'blocks') based on some common characteristic (such as gender) that is hypothesised to have an effect on the response. Randomization of treatments then happens within each block (each block is like its own mini-experiment)."	52
9655333749	blinding	The practice of concealing group assignment from study subjects, investigators, and/or those who assess subject outcomes, typically in the context of a randomized controlled trial. For ex, study subjects may receive capsules with identical appearance and taste; however, the treatment group receives the active drug, whereas the control group receives the placebo.	53
9655333750	double blind	An experiment in which neither the subjects nor the people who work with them know which treatment each subject is receiving Neither the subjects nor the people who have contact with them know which treatment a subject received	54
9655333751	placebo	A fake treatment. A chemically inert substance that produces real medical benefits because the patient believes it will help her	55
9655333752	least squares regression line	the line with the smallest sum of squared residuals	56
9655333753	type I error	An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable, when no such relation exists; a "false positive	57
9655333754	type II error	An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable, when in truth it did; a "false negative	58
9655333804	joint frequency		59
9655333755	matched pairs	an observational technique that involves matching each participant in the experimental group with a specific participant in the control group in order to eliminate the possibility that a third variable (and not the independent variable) caused changes in the dependent variable	60
9655333756	conditional prabability	probability given that something else has already occurred	61
9655333757	sample space	Set of all possible outcomes of an experiment	62
9655333758	confounded variable	A variable whose effect on the response variable cannot be separated from the effect of the explanatory variable on the response variable. (Note: Usually confounded variables are lurking variables but only a few lurking variables are also confounded.)	63
9655333759	marginal frequency	A set of intervals, usually adjacent and of equal width, into which the range of a statistical distribution is divided, each associated with a frequency indicating the number of measurements in that interval.	64
9655333760	coefficient of determination	The statistic or number determined by squaring the correlation coefficient. Represents the amount of variance accounted for by that correlation. Statistic that represents amount of variance accounted for by a correlation.	65
9655333761	binomial	A two-name naming system.	66
9655333762	unimodal	having one mode; this is a useful term for describing the shape of a histogram when it's generally mound-shaped a data set with one mode such a normal distribution usually has only one mode	67
9655333763	bimodal	A type of distribution, where there is two or more categories with an equal count or cases and with more cases than the other categories. A distribution with two modes	68
9655333764	experiment	A kind of research in which the researcher controls all the conditions and directly manipulates the conditions, including the independent variable. Testing the hypothesis	69
9655333765	law of large numbers	(statistics) law stating that a large number of items taken at random from a population will (on the average) have the population statistics	70
9655333766	extrapolation	calculation of the value of a function outside the range of known values	71
9655333767	snowball	Huyen wanted to conduct market research to find out why students were unhappy with Marketing 431, probably the finest course ever to be offered by a university. In order to do this she needed to find people who were unhappy with the course. Figuring that these people would talk to each other, she used a sampling technique where she found one person who was unhappy with the course and, after asking her research questions, asked this person for the name of another person who was unhappy with the course.	72
9655333768	IQR	A measure of variability, based on dividing a data set into quartiles Difference between upper and lower quartile of a boxplot	73
9655333769	Confidence interval	A range of values for a variable of interest; the specified probability is called the confidence level and the end points of the confidence interval are called the confidence limits A range of numbers in which most of the data values are likely to fall. we are 95% confident that etc.	74
9655333770	Standard Error	A statistic providing an estimate of the possible magnitude to error. The larger the standard error of measurement, the less reliable the score. Standard deviation of sampling distribution	75
9655333805	Residual		76
9655333771	Convenience sample	Whenever a sample is taken it gives an improper results because the sample was taken from a very convenient area instead of representing a population	77
9655333772	simulation	A representation of a situation or problem with a similar but simpler model or a more easily manipulated model in order to determine experimental results.	78
9655333773	degrees of freedom	The number of individual scores that can vary without changing the sample mean. Statistically written as 'N-1' where N represents the number of subjects.	79
9655333774	two way table	A table containing counts for two categorical variables. It has r rows and c columns. describes to categorical variables with row variable and column variable	80
9655333775	spread	The visible variation in a sample distribution	81
9655333776	center	The measure of the distance the mode is from the center of a distribution	82
9655333806	shape		83
9655333807	discrete random variable		84
9655333808	central limit theorem		85
9655333809	standardized value		86
9655333810	mutually exclusive		87
9655333777	wording bias	Whenever a bias is created in a sample by the way the survey is worded to favor one question	88
9655333811	causation		89
9655333812	z test		90
9655333813	t test		91
9655333778	chi squared goodness of fit	tests how well close the observes data is to what would be expected under the model. If a sign diff is found b/w the two then ob. data has not been generated by chance. nominal data Determine if scores from one variable match expectations for that distribution a gambler placed $1,000 into a game of greed in which he lost. He hopes to catch his opponent and bust him for loading the dice. He does this by choosing one dice to roll 36 times. He knows that the each side has an equal chance of landing face up. He hopes to get an outcome abnormal to this. Given the data below, can we prove that the dice are loaded	92
9655333779	frequency table	A grouping of qualitative data into mutually exclusive classes showing the number of observations in each class. A chart showing the number of times a specific event happens.	93
9655333780	area principle	the area occupied by a part of the graph should correspond to the magnitude of the value it represents	94
9655333814	simpsons paradox		95
9655333781	contingency table	displays counts, and, sometimes, percentages of individuals falling into named categories on two or more variables. The table categorizes the individuals on all variables at once, to reveal possible patterns in one variable that may be contingent on the category of the other. A two-variable table with cross-tabulated data.	96
9655333782	stem and leaf display	A multiple column table depicting the individual digits of the scores. A score of 95 would have a stem of 9 and a leaf of 5, a score of 62 would have a stem of 6 and a leaf of 2. If a particular stem has more than one leaf, such as the scores 54, 58, and 51, the stem of 5 has three leaves, in this case 458. . It shows the range of values of the variable	97
9655333783	multimodal	Describes a graph of quantitative data with more than two clear peaks. A distribution with more than two modes	98
9655333784	uniform	A histogram doesn't appear to have any mode and in which all the bars are approximately the same height Evenly spaced	99
9655333785	symetric	When in a normal distribution both sides are identical	100
9655333786	time plot	Displays data that change over time. Often, successive values are connected with lines to show trends more clearly. Sometimes a smooth curve is added to the plot to help show long-term patterns and trends. Displays data that change over time.	101
9655333787	se	standard deviation of residuals	102
9655333788	r2	overall measure of how successful the regression is in linearlly relating to y and x	103
9655333815	leverage		104
9655333789	influential point	a point when omitted will give very different results	105
9655333790	census	When a survey has no sample but instead test or surveys the entire population	106
9655333816	multistage samole		107
9655333791	pilot	small trial run of a survey to see if questions are clear	108
9655333792	convenience sample	Choosing a sample because it is convenient. failing to get a proper representation of the population because If you survey everyone on your soccer team who attends tonight's practice, you are surveying a convenience sample.	109
9655333793	response bias	Anything in a survey design that influences responses falls under the heading of response bias. One typical response bias arises from the wording of questions, which may suggest a favored response. Voters, for example, are more likely to express support of "the president" than support of the particular person holding that office at the moment. Anything that changes the response in a survey A police officer asking teenagers about drug use	110
9655333794	observational study	A study based on data in which no manipulation of factors has been employed. A study that observes characteristics of an existing population. usually a survey	111
9655333795	retrospective study	What study examines whether a past association exists between an exposure of interest and development of a present condition? data are collected from the past by going back in time	112
9655333796	prospective study	an observational study in which subjects are followed to observe future outcomes	113
9655333797	statistic factor	A multifactor model in which statistical methods are applied ot a set of historical returns to determine portfolios that best explain either historical return covariances or variances.	114
9655333798	control group	In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	115
9655333799	blinding	The practice of concealing group assignment from study subjects, investigators, and/or those who assess subject outcomes, typically in the context of a randomized controlled trial. For ex, study subjects may receive capsules with identical appearance and taste; however, the treatment group receives the active drug, whereas the control group receives the placebo.	116
9655333800	placebo effect	Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.	117
9655333801	trial	A performed experiment based upon the hypothesis you made.	118
9655333802	maximum	(n.) the greatest possible amount or degree in a data sample the largest value in a set of data	119

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-ap Flashcards

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6041514071	nap	0
6041514072	sap	1
6041514073	tap	2
6041514074	rap	3
6041515550	map	4
6041515551	cap	5

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AP Grammar Term Review Flashcards

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4758804285	phrase	A group of words	0
4758804947	clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.	1
4758806458	prepositional phrase	A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun. ex.I looked INTO THE WATER.	2
4758808540	infinitive phrase	Phrases that begin with an infinitive. (to + simple form of the verb) ex. TO GO TO COLLEGE is my goal.	3
4758809204	gerund phrase	Begins with noun form of verb ending in -ing, plus any modifiers or complements ex. I enjoy WALKING TO SCHOOL.	4
4758809729	participial phrase	A verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in ing or ed. FORGETTING HIS MANNERS, Ron burped out loud.	5
4758809764	independent clause	expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Has both a subject and a verb. ex. I RUN because I like to exercise.	6
4758812130	dependent clause	this clause contains a noun and a verb but is set up with a subordinate conjunction, which makes the clause an incomplete thought ex. SINCE I WAS LATE TO SCHOOL, I got detention.	7
4758813990	subject-verb agreement	Plural subjects must have plural verbs. Singular subjects must have singular verbs ex.The BOOKS on the shelf ARE new. The DOG in the trees IS mine.	8
4758814008	pronoun agreement	agreement in number and case between a pronoun and its antecedent ex. EVERYONE wants HIS or HER pay in full.	9
4758815453	parallel construction	successive sentences or phrases follow the same pattern of wording in order to emphasize and idea ex. I want TO RUN TRACK, TO WORK HARD, and TO EARN GOOD GRADES.	10
4758816483	misplaced modifier	a word or phrase apparently modifying an unintended word because of its placement in a sentence: e.g., 'when young' in 'when young, circuses appeal to all of us'	11
4758816766	faulty comparison	two things that logically cannot be compared are compared. a comparison can be faulty either logically or grammatically ex. I like ice cream more than grandma.	12
4758816767	idiom	A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally. ex. WE ARE IN THE SAME BOAT with this problem.	13
4758817203	diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words	14
4758817737	redundancy	unnecessary repetition	15
4758818425	noun	A person, place, thing, or idea	16
4758818426	pronoun	A word that takes the place of a noun or another pronoun	17
4758818998	verb	A word that expresses action or a state of being	18
4758818999	adjective	A word that describes a noun	19
4758819535	adverb	A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Ex. "slowly, again, not"	20
4758819536	preposition	A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word. It must be used in a phrase. Ex. "IN the yard, AFTER the game"	21
4758820051	conjunction	A word used to join words or groups of words. ex AND, BUT, OR, SINCE, BECAUSE	22
4758830524	interjection	A word that expresses emotion. An exclamation; ex. "Ouch!''	23
4758830801	active voice	when the subject of a sentence performs the action ex. Marla used the passive voice in her essay and scored poorly.	24
4758831304	passive voice	when the subject of the sentence receives the action. This sentence structure is discouraged. ex. The passive voice was use by Marla.	25
4829800234	ellipsis	an omission of text signified by three dots ...	26
4829845393	case	the category that describes the function of a pronoun: subject, object or possessive. Subjective examples: He, I, She, We, Objective examples: Her, Him, Me, Us, Possessive examples: Hers, His, Mine, Ours, Yours	27
4829845837	antecedent	the word that the pronoun replaces in a sentence ex KIM wore her warm coat.	28
4829866444	tense	this places the the action of a verb in a particular time. Examples: past, present, future, past perfect, present perfect, future perfect	29
4829875446	subject	who or what a sentence is about	30
4829877154	predicate	what is said about the subject of a sentence, contains at least one verb	31
4829888618	double negative	A diction problem where two negatives technically suggest the opposite of what someone is trying to express. ex. I don't want no vegetables!	32
4829905606	semicolon	; Use it to link two independent clauses	33
4829915021	colon	: signals a list to follow or an explanation	34
4829921541	expletive	a type of interjection ex. It is cold out. Damn!	35
4829925884	direct object	the object of a verb that has something done to it ex. She called ME. I bought TICKETS.	36
4829933765	indirect object	a substitute for a prepositional phrase- the receiver of a direct object ex. Give ME that pen. (Give the pen to me.)	37
4829942135	plural	having more than one	38
4829945408	singular	only one	39

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AP Terms: Attitudes & Concepts Flashcards

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6129230865	le courage	courage	0
6129230866	la douceur	gentleness	1
6129233052	l'enthousiasme	enthusiasm, excitement	2
6129233053	la fierté	pride	3
6129234956	la générosité	generosity	4
6129237198	l'idéalisme	idealism	5
6129237199	l'indépendance	independance	6
6129238808	l'innocence	innocence	7
6129238809	l'optimisme	optimism	8
6129241128	la politesse	politeness	9
6129242999	la prudence	prudence, carefulness	10
6129243000	le réalisme	realism	11
6129244743	le zèle	zeal	12
6129246153	l'aggressivité	aggressiveness	13
6129248513	l'arrogance	arrogance	14
6129248514	l'égoïsme	selfishness	15
6129250336	l'ennui	boredom	16
6129250337	l'envie	envy	17
6129253131	l'esprit rebelle	rebelliousness	18
6129255910	l'imprudence	recklessness	19
6129255911	l'insolence	rudeness	20
6129258256	la lâcheté	cowardice	21
6129258257	la paresse	laziness	22
6129261315	le pessimisme	pessimism	23
6129261317	la témérité	boldness	24
6129262638	le sarcasme	sarcasm	25
6129264792	le snobisme	snobbery	26
6129264793	l'avarice	greed	27
6129264794	la foi	faith	28
6129267226	l'hérosime	heorism	29
6129267227	l'humour	humor	30
6129271517	l'ingénuité	ingenuity	31
6129273617	la malice	malice	32
6129273618	la créativité	creativity	33
6129276770	la justice	justice	34
6129276771	les droits de l'homme	human rights	35
8953370294	l'âge adulte	adulthood	36
8953370297	l'enfance	childhood	37
8953372960	l'adolescence	teenage years	38
8953378066	grandir	to grow up	39
8953378068	s'épanouir	to develop, blossom (as a person or a flower)	40
8953389422	nécessaire	necessary	41
8953389423	obligatoire	obligatory, mandatory	42
8953393041	facultatif/facultative	optional	43
8953395826	quelque(s)	some (i.e. quelques gens)	44
8953399834	agrandir	to enlarge, to grow bigger	45
8953408446	surmonter	to overcome	46
8953408447	la crise	crisis	47
8953416887	financier/financière	financial	48
8953429766	franchir	to cross (usually boundaries)	49
8953433293	un défi	a challenge	50
8953436253	mûr / peu mûr	mature / immature	51
8953436255	mûrir	to mature	52
8953438830	égal(e)	equal	53
8953438831	le sexisme	sexism	54
8953441046	le racisme	racism	55
8953441049	la discrimination	discrimination	56
8953443781	la persécution	persecution	57
8953447116	imaginer	to imagine	58
8953453076	démarrer	to start	59
8953453082	un début	a beginning	60
8953456723	inquiétant(e)	worrisome	61
8953459785	le chômage	un employment	62
8953462048	un chômé	an unemployed person	63
8953465044	chômer	to be unemployed	64
8953472048	un manque	a lack	65
8953472049	un moyen	a means, a way	66
8953475079	manquer	to be lacking	67
8953488354	encourageant(e)	encouraging	68
8953488355	décourageant(e)	discouraging	69
8954236859	être au courant	to be informed, to be up to date, to be in the loop	70
8954266853	l'économie	the economy	71
8954274334	un obstacle	an obstacle	72
8954274335	habiter	to live in a place	73
8954274338	vivre	to live	74
8954276946	la vie	life	75
8954279941	l'occasion	the opportunity	76
8954279943	démenager	to move (living spaces)	77
8954286169	bouleverser	to disrupt, upset the order	78
8954297030	un changement	a change	79
8954297031	un bouleversement	a disruption	80
8954300566	changer	to change	81
8954300568	louer	to rent	82
8954303867	un domicile	a residence	83
8954303869	un foyer	a residence, a home	84

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