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AP Government Flashcards

8895297404	Conservative	Status Quo, less Gov.	0
8895297405	Moderate	Mid-Ground	1
8895297406	Liberal	Peaceful gradual change, reject violent revolution	2
8895297407	Radical	Far Left, Resorts to extreme methods to bring about change.	3
8895297408	Political Spectrum	Tool used to visually compare different political positions by placing them on one or more axis.	4
8895297409	Right	Less Gov intervention, Traditional Values	5
8895297410	Left	More Gov Intervention, support change	6
8895297411	Parliamentary Government	Executive are members of the legislative branch	7
8895297412	Presidential Governemt	Separates Power between executive/legislative	8
8895297413	Reactionary	Far right, Extreme methods	9
8895297414	Representative Democracy	People represented through elected officials.	10
8895297415	The State	Body of people living in a defined territory, having power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority.	11
8895297416	Monarchy	Power in the hands of royalty	12
8895297417	Dictatorship	Ruled by a single leader not elected.	13
8895297418	Military Dictatorship	Army is in control	14
8895297419	Theocracy	Religious based Government	15
8895297420	Public Policies	All things a government decides to do.	16
8895297421	Conferred Power	Power which is agreed upon.	17
8895297422	Four aspects of the State	1. Population: must have people 2. Territory: recognized boundaries 3. Sovereignty: Having supreme and absolute authority in it's own territory 4. Government- Different forms	18
8895297423	Evolutionary theory	Developed out of early familiy	19
8895297424	Divine Right Theory	State created by God and those of royal birth have a divine right to rule.	20
8895297425	Force Theory	A group claimed control and forced all other to submit.	21
8895297426	Social or Political Contract theory	Peoples moral and/or political obligations are dependent on an agreement among them to form the society in which they live. *Law and political order are not natural, they are human creations.	22
8895297427	Confederate	An alliance of independent states	23
8895297428	Federal	Power is divided between a central gov't and several local gov't.	24
8895297429	State of Nature	Survival of the Fittest	25
8895297430	Unitary	All power belongs to one level of gov't	26
8895297431	Government	An organization of people set up to protect the community and make rules. -Protects community -Makes laws -Keeps order	27
8895297432	Politics	Activities relate to governance of a country or area	28
8895297433	Democracy	Gov elected by the people. Determine either directly or through elected Reps.	29
8895297434	Direct Democracy	People vote Directly on every issue	30
8895297435	Democrats	Generally liberal because they support gov reg. of the economy.	31
8895297436	Republicans	Generally Conservatives because they advocate a reduction in gov.	32
8895297437	Current issues (Left)	Left: Pro Gun control, Pro Choice, No Censorship, Prisons should Rehabilitate, Pro-privacy, Equal funding for Education.	33
8895297438	Current issues (Right)	Right: Anti-gun Control, Pro-life, Anti Flag burning, Prisons should punish, Prayer in schools, School vouchers.	34
8895297439	Taxation (Left)	Acceptable, Gov have $ to fund programs benefiting society, % taxes preferred over flat rate, rich= more tax	35
8895297440	Taxation (Right)	Taxes infringe on personal freedoms Taxes= bad for free market Taxes= Penalization those who are successful Taxes= Punish Profit Prefers flat tax	36
8895297441	Business Regulation (Left)	Yes on gov. Reg Market no reliable to provide safe work conditions Gov. reg= protect workers+ consumers= Everyone= chance to succeed	37
8895297442	Business Regulations (Right)	Business need free from gov. and supply and demand will guide Gov policies that affect products are bad Trickle down economics is the way to stimulate economy	38
8895297443	Political Rights (Left)	Extend Civil Rights to minority groups, students, prisoners, homosexuals, and poor. Protect individual rights: Free speech, pro-choice, anti-capital punishment, and privacy.	39
8895297444	Political Rights (Right)	Cent gov= diminish Issues dealt best on state and local level No change in family values ( usually christian centered) O.K to censor obscure ideas that shake Status Quo.	40
8895297445	Distribution of wealth (Left)	Disparity between rich and poor no good, taxes= distribute wealth. Gov more involved in ed, Health care, Child C., and Elderly. Pub Project= Stimulate economy	41
8895297446	Distribution of wealth (Right)	Business= right to make profit People are rich or poor b/c of choices they make Prosperous people should no be penalized.	42
8895297447	Economy (Left)	Minimum wage standards Public projects= more jobs Gov provide basic living standards of living to all citizens	43
8895297448	Economy (Right)	Economy works best in free market (Laissez- Faire) Forces of the market= trusted to meet needs of business, consumer, and workers. Gov. programs should not compete with private industry.	44
8895297449	Foreign Affairs (Left)	Spread Democracy + Protect human rights in the world Strong Support of UN.	45
8895297450	Foreign Affairs (Right)	Gov role= pro us business and econ. intervention in other countries. Fix us before we fix others Support tariffs (tax on imports)	46
8895297451	SCOPE OF THE GOVERNMENT (Left)	The government should serve as the equalizers in society and establish a basic standard of living, a minimum wage is an acceptable tool of government intervention. The left accepts government control and regulation of business and an active government that protects political rights.	47
8895297452	SCOPE OF THE GOVERNMENT (Right)	Government should be downsized. Large governments, both federal and state, have the power to control business interests and therefore potentially infringe on the freedoms of individuals. Government programs tend to provide unnecessary services that go beyond the scope of the constitution.	48
8895297453	Two- Party System	A system where two major political parties dominate politics within a government	49
8895297454	Third party	Any political party that is not one of the two major parties in a two-party system	50
8895297455	Plank	Each issue included in a political party's platform. Gives the candidates a clear political position with which they can campaign. They give voters a sense of what the candidates believe in, the issues they think are important, and how - if elected - they will address them.	51
8895297456	Becoming President	Step 1: Formation of a Presidential Exploratory Committee Step 2: Announcement of intention to run for president based on findings of the exploratory committee Step 3: Fundraising and gathering of support and endorsements from the general public as well as other politicians, special interest groups, corporations, etc. Step 4: Campaigning early, especially in states where primaries are important (Iowa, New Hampshire, candidates home state, etc.) Step 5: Continuing to campaign to beat out all other opponents from within your own party Step 6: Attending your party's National Convention and securing the nomination of the party Step 7: Campaigning nationwide against your opponents from other parties Step 8: Winning election and securing enough electoral college votes to be named the next president	52
8895297457	Three main concepts of Government brought by English Colonists	The need for an ordered social system, or government. The idea of limited government, that is, that government should not be all-powerful. The concept of representative government—a government that serves the will of the people.	53
8895297458	Royal Colonies	Ruled directly by the English monarchy.	54
8895297459	Proprietary colonies.	Land given to the colonist by the Monarchy	55
8895297460	Charter Colonists	Self-governed, and their charters were granted to the colonists.	56
8895297461	Confederation	A joining of several groups for a common purpose	57
8895297462	The Albany Plan	In 1754, Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan, an annual congress of delegates (representatives) from each of the 13 colonies would be formed.	58
8895297463	Stamp Act Congress	In 1765, a group of colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York. These delegates prepared the Declaration of Rights and Grievances against British policies and sent it to the king.	59
8895297464	First Continental Congress	The colonists sent a Declaration of Rights to King George III. The delegates urged each of the colonies to refuse all trade with England until British tax and trade regulations were repealed, or recalled.	60
8895297465	Second Continental Congress	In 1775, each of the 13 colonies sent representatives to this gathering in Philadelphia. The Second Continental Congress served as the first government of the United States from 1776 to 1781.	61
8895297466	Declaration of Independence	July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. Between 1776 and 1777, most of the States adopted constitutions instead of charters.	62
8895297467	Common Features of State Constitutions	Popular Sovereignty Limited Government Civil Rights and Liberties Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances	63
8895297468	Popular Sovereignty	The principle of popular sovereignty was the basis for every new State constitution. That principle says that government can exist and function only with the consent of the governed. The people hold power and the people are sovereign.	64
8895297469	Limited Government	The concept of limited government was a major feature of each State constitution. The powers delegated to government were granted reluctantly and hedged with many restrictions.	65
8895297470	Civil Rights and Liberties	In every State it was made clear that the sovereign people held certain rights that the government must respect at all times. Seven of the new constitutions contained a bill of rights, setting out the "unalienable rights" held by the people.	66
8895297471	Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances	The powers granted to the new State governments were purposely divided among three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch was given powers with which to check (restrain the actions of) the other branches of the government.	67
8895297472	Articles of Confederation (AC)	Approved November 15, 1777 Est. "a firm league of friendship" between the states Needed the ratification of the 13 states March 1, 1781 Second Continental Congress declared the Articles effective	68
8895297473	Structure of Constitution	3 parts; the preamble, the articles(7), and the amendments	69
8895297474	The Preamble	intro, explains purpose of Constitution and purpose of govt	70
8895297475	Article I	establishes legislative branch	71
8895297476	Article II	creates an executive branch to carry out laws created by Congress	72
8895297477	Article III	creates judicial branch	73
8895297478	Article IV	explains the relationship of the states to one another and to the national govt	74
8895297479	Article V	spells out the ways the Constitution can be amended	75
8895297480	Article VI	contains the supremacy clause, establishing that federal law shall be the supreme law of the land	76
8895297481	Article VII	addresses ratification and says that 9 states are needed to ratify the Constitution	77
8895297482	Connecticut Compromise	Two houses Senate - equal representation House - proportional representation based on population Combination of Virginia and New Jersey plans	78
8895297483	6 Major Principles of Constitution	1. Popular sovereignty- rule by people 2. Federalism- power is divided between national and state govts 3. Separation of powers- limits the central govt by dividing power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches 4. checks and balances- each branch of govt exercises some control over the others	79
8895297484	Electoral College	a compromise, combining features of both congressional selection and direct popular election	80
8895297485	Electors	individuals selected in each state to officially cast that state's electoral votes; Wisconsin selects 10 electors	81
8895297486	Popular Vote	the popular vote winner may not win the electoral college; for example: small-state bias caused by each state getting at least three electoral votes regardless of its size	82
8895297487	The Virginia Plan	-Three Separate branches of government: Legislature, Executive, and Judicial -Bicameral legislature (2 parts) -Based on population or the amount of money given to support the central government -Members of House of Reps = based on population -Senate = chosen by House from a list from the State Legislature -Congress would be given powers it had under the Articles of Confederation -Any State law that conflicted with National Law would be vetoed -"National Executive" and "National Judiciary" -Council of Revision -Veto acts passed by Congress (but can be overridden by Congress) -State officers should take an Oath to the Union -Admission process for new States	83
8895297488	New Jersey Plan	-Unicameral (one body) Congress of the Confederation -Each state equally represented -Give them limited and closely monitored powers -Tax and regulate trade -Federal Executive -More than one person -Chosen by Congress/could be removed with a majority vote -Federal Judiciary -Single "supreme Tribunal" -Selected by the Executive Branch	84
8895297489	Three-Fifths Compromise	All "free persons" will be counted; 3/5 of all other persons Southerners could count slaves but had to pay taxes on them	85
8895297490	judicial review	power of courts to say that laws and actions of govt are invalid bc they conflict w the constitution's principles	86
8895297491	The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromises	Congress has the power to regulate foreign and interstate trade -Scared southerners because of slave trade -States cannot enact import/export taxes only federal government can -Could not act on the slave trade for 20 years	87
8895297492	AC (Power of congress)	Make war and peace Send and receive ambassadors Make treaties Borrow money Set up a money system Est. post offices Build a navy Raise an army by asking the states for troops Fix uniform standards of weights and measures Settle disputes among the states	88
8895297493	James Madison	James Madison was the co-author of the Articles of Confederation. Kept detailed records of the convention Conventions Floor leader Contributed more to the constitution than any other	89
8895297494	Constitutional Convention	Mid-February of 1787 meeting of all thirteen States, which eventually became the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.	90
8895297495	AC (States Obligations)	Pledge to obey the Articles and Acts of the Congress Provide the funds and troops requested by the congress Treat citizens of other states fairly and equally Give full faith and credit to public acts, records, and judicial proceedings Submit disputes to congress for settlement Allow open travel and trade b/w and among states Primarily responsible for protecting life and property Accountable for promoting the general welfare of the people.	91
8895297496	Weaknesses of the Articles	-One vote for each state, regardless of size. -Congress powerless to lay and collect taxes, and regulate foreign and interstate commerce. -No executive to enforce acts of congress. -No national court system. Amendment only with consent of all states. -Amendment only with consent of all State. -A 9/13 majority required to pass laws. -Articles only a "firm league of friendship"	92
8895297497	Lobbying	efforts by individuals or groups to influence governmental decision makers Types of lobbying; -full-time employee -temporary employee -often former legislatives	93
8895297498	Inside lobbying	appeals directly to lawmakers and their staff -through meetings -by providing research and info -by testifying at committee hearings	94
8895297499	Outside lobbying	attempt to influence decision makers indirectly, by influencing the public -try to build public support -increase conflict about an issue -lobby other groups and try to form alliances tactics: direct contact, direct mail, and media advertisements	95
8895297500	Electioneering	-efforts to help candidates financially -efforts to help candidates gain voter support	96
8895297501	Litigation	testifying to influence public policy	97
8895297502	Types of Interest Groups	-economic interests -environmental interests -equality interests -consumer and other public interest lobbies	98
8895297503	Economic Interests	trade associations; - organized commercial groups, farm organizations - corporations; form own interest groups, hire lobbyists - labor unions, professional associations	99
8895297504	Environmental Interests	- sprang up since 1970 - profound policy impact bc of numbers, not money	100
8895297505	PAC	Political Action Committees; raise and spend money to influence electoral outcomes	101
8895297506	Equality Interests	14th Amendment guarantees equality Minorities and Equality - social welfare policies Women	102
8895297507	Consumer and Other Public Interest Lobbies	Represent broad classes of people or the public as a whole -consumer, voters, reformers, etc Public Interest Groups -policies that are in the public's interest Think tanks -conduct research -advocate a strong ideological viewpoint	103
8895297508	How do interest groups shape public policy?	lobbying, electioneering, litigation, going public	104
8895297509	Law making process	http://integrationsolutions.westlaw.com/gov/leghist/images/cap.gif	105
8895297510	Presidential Roles	Chief of State - the ceremonial head of the government of the United States Chief Executive - given this title by the Constitution Chief Administrator - carry out the laws, head of the federal bureaucracy Chief Diplomat - main architect of America's foreign policy Commander in Chief - head of the nation's armed forces Chief Legislator - can push for laws to be passed Chief of Party - Leader of their political party	106
8895297511	Presidential Qualifications	Must be a natural born citizen Be at least 35 years old Have lived in the U.S. for at least 14 years	107
8895297512	Who takes over if pres. cannot	Vice President Speaker of the House President pro tempore Secretary of State	108
8895297513	22nd Amendment	set 2 term limit on	109
8895297514	Presidential pay	$400,000 a year and $50,000 expense account	110
8895297515	Presidential Benefits	Live in the White House (132 Rooms) Yacht, Automobiles, Air Force One Lifetime pension of $143,800 a year Camp David - Resort in Maryland	111
8895297516	Presidential power	Power to appoint cabinet members, diplomats and ambassadors, judges Power to make treaties - formal agreement between two or more sovereign state Executive Agreement - pacts between the President and the heads of foreign states Recognition - President can acknowledge the legal existence of a country and its government	112
8895297517	Presidential Legislative power	Recommend Legislation Veto Bills Can call for a special session of Congress	113
8895297518	Presidential Judicial power	Reprieve - postponement of the execution of a sentence Pardon - legal forgiveness of a crime (only involving a federal offense) Commutation - reduce the length of a sentence or a fine Amnesty - a general pardon offered to a group of violators 1977 - Pardon to Vietnam War draft evaders	114
8895297519	Main jobs of House and Senate	Make Laws Declare War Represent their Constituents	115
8895297520	House Membership	435 members (each state's delegation is determined by its population)	116
8895297521	Senate Membership	100 members (two per state)	117
8895297522	House Qualifications	25 years old U.S Citizens for 7 years Resident of State they're representing	118
8895297523	Senate Qualifications	30 years old U.S citizens for 9 years Resident of State they're representing	119
8895297524	Terms limit for House	2 years entire house elected every two years	120
8895297525	Terms limit for Senate	1/3 of Senate 2 years	121
8895297526	"Leader" of House	Speaker of the House	122
8895297527	"Leader" of Senate	Vice President	123
8895297528	How House is elected	Directly voted by voter per district	124
8895297529	How Senate is elected	Directly by the voters of a state	125
8895297530	Reapportionment	Applies only to HOUSE redistribution of seats every 10 years states gain or lose seats based on their population growing or shrinking	126
8895297531	Thomas Paine	Author of book "Common Sense"	127
8895297532	Gerrymandering	an attempt by politicians to create unbalanced districts for their party's political gain	128
8895297533	Special Powers of House	Brings impeachment charges May choose the President if there is no majority in the electoral system Must start all revenue bills	129
8895297534	Special Powers of Senate	Acts as jury in impeachment trials (2/3 vote needed) May choose the Vice President if there is no majority in the electoral system Must ratify treaties with foreign nations by 2/3 vote Must approves Presidential appointments (majority needed)	130
8895297535	What makes an interest group successful?	access, info, leadership skills, numerical strength, group unity, money	131
8895297536	CBO	- strengthen Congress' role in the budgeting process	132
8895297537	Pluralist Theory	- groups link ppl and govt - competition between interest groups is a central part of American democracy - different groups have strengths in different areas	133
8895297538	Types of Committees	Standing committees - handle bills in different policy areas Select - may be temporary and permanent and usually have focused responsibility Joint Committees - draw their membership from both the Senate and the House Conference Committees - are formed when Senate and the house pass different versions of the same bill	134
8895297539	Elite Theory	- reject the pluralists' assertion that competing groups balance power - believe unequal distribution of power in society ensures that interests of some groups will dominate others	135
8895297540	Hyperpluralist Theory	- argue that pluralism in the US is out of control -results in govt that is very subservient to interest groups and tries to appease them all	136
8895297541	4 Models of Representations	delegate model - assumes that a representative's job is to convey the will of the majority of their constituents to the legislature trustee model - should take the majority view into account but use his or best judgment when voting or acting on behalf of constituents politico model -middle path between trustees and delegate model conscience model - should generally follow what the follow what the public says unless it goes against their deepest values	137
8895297542	Agenda setting	bringing issues to the public's attention and placing them on the national agenda	138
8895297543	GAO	Government Accountability Office - broad authority to oversee the operations and finances of executive agencies	139
8895297544	GPOthec	Government Printing Office - distributes over 200,000 govt publications in U.S. govt bookstores throughout the nation	140
8895297545	Types of gerrymandering	Partisan gerrymandering - drawing a district to favor one political party over others Incumbent gerrymandering - a state legislature is so closely divided that neither political party has an advantage Racial gerrymandering - drawing a district to favor one racial group over others Affirmative racial gerrymandering - creation of predominately African American and minority districts whenever possible	141
8895297546	Free rider problem	barrier to collective action bc ppl can reap the benefits of group efforts without participating	142
8895297547	Single-issue groups	groups that have a narrow interest, tend to dislike compromise, and often draw membership from people new to politics	143
8895297548	CRS	Congressional Research Service - works for the U.S. Congress and provides nonpartisan an policy and research analysis to committees and members of both houses	144
8895297549	Edmund Burke	contrasts with the idea of representatives as delegated who feel obligated to vote according to the views of the "folks back home" regardless of their own personal viewpoint	145
8895297550	Caucus	a group of members of Congress sharing some interest or characteristic	146
8895297551	House Rules Committee	the committee in the House of Representatives that reviews most bills coming from a House committee before they go to the full House	147
8895297552	Companion legislation	similar or identical legislation which is introduced in Senate and House	148
8895297553	Omnibus legislation	large bills that often cover several topics and may contain extraneous, or pork-barrel projects	149
8895297554	Who runs for congress?	People involved: Law Business Public service	150
8895297555	legislative oversight	congress' monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings	151
8895297556	power of the purse	congressional exclusive power to authorize expenditures by all avenues of the federal govt	152
8895297557	advice and consent	advice and consent and confirmation of presidential appointments and treaties	153
8895297558	Seniority system	governs most committee assignments and movement into committee leadership positions	154
8895297559	Pork barrel	federal projects, grants, and contracts available to state and local govts, businesses, colleges, and other institutions	155
8895297560	congressional casework	activities of members of Congress that help constituents as individuals, particularly by cutting through bureaucratic red tape to get ppl what they think they have a right to get	156
8895297561	partisan polarization	a vote in which a majority of democratic legislators oppose a majority of republican legislators	157
8895297562	incumbent advantages	advertising - gather info through technological sources-thus having the incumbents' personal interests credit claiming - enhancing their standing w constituents through service to individuals and the district weak opponents -no name recognition campaign spending - the candidate who spends the most money tends to win misinformed voters	158
8895297563	federalist	a person who advocates or supports a system of government in which several states unite under a central authority	159
8895297564	anti-federalist	somebody who opposed the U.S. Constitution when it was being drawn up	160
8895297565	filibuster	any member can speak for as long as he or she wants on any given use	161
8895297566	Amendment 1 freedoms	Freedom of Religion, freedom of speech, Freedom of expression, Freedom of the Press, and Freedom of Assembly.	162
8895297567	bill of rights	the first ten amendments to the US Constitution	163

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APES Toxicity Flashcards

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5469268835	health	state of being - balance - max potential - no deficiencies	0
5469268836	disease	- compromised of one or more {entities} - weakens system - out of balance - decline {entities} - pathogens/ infectious agents - genetic mutations - chemical toxins - technology	1
5469268837	vector	an organism, typically a biting insect or tick, that transmits a disease or parasite from one animal or plant to another	2
5469268838	pathogens/ infectious agents	- virus (HIV, cold) --> vaccines, antigen - parasites (tape worm, lice, flea, tick) - bacteria (black plague, pink eye, cholera) - protists (giardia, malaria) - fungi (toe fungus, ring worm) Blood-borne: Hepatitis B, Hep C, Malaria Vector-borne: Dengue Fever, Yellow Fever, Chagas Disease Water-borne: Giardia, Mycobacterium, Norovirus Air-borne: colds, flu, Pneumonia	3
5469268839	modes of transmission	water air food contact blood vector borne	4
5469268840	tetanus	bacteria dormant in oxygen rich - rust	5
5469268841	botulinum	bacteria dormant in oxygen poor - neurotoxin - food-borne (canned food)	6
5469268842	treatment	prevention (vaccines) antibiotics - resistance education hygiene barriers probiotics	7
5469268843	genetic mutations	causes: replication errors chromosomal abnormalities mutagens (radiation, chemical (agent organe), viruses)	8
5469268844	teratogen	effect fetus cause birth defects chemicals (DDT, alcohol, thalidomide) - lack of folic acid - exess of something	9
5469268845	carcinogens	cancer causing mutations	10
5469268846	allergies and sensitivities	genetic component allergens: pollen, pollutants, dust, dander, food, mold immune system overreacting - sensitization --> anaphylaxis (airways close) --> desensitization (Benadryl, epinephrin)	11
5469268847	chemical toxins	neurotoxins - affect nervous system - venoms - anesthetics - drugs - poisons (curare, cyanide (blocks ETC in mitochondria), hemlock, etc - nerve gas - heavy metals/ arsenic Neurotoxins are toxic substances that inhibit, damage, or destroy tissue in the nervous system, especially neurons. This can result in negative effects including behavior changes, seizures, and even death. Lead in the human body causes many complications because it inhibits oxygen and calcium transport and alters nerve transmission in the brain. This is due to the fact that once it gets into a person's system, it is distributed throughout the body just like helpful minerals such as iron, calcium, and zinc. This causes side effects such as insomnia, delirium, cognitive deficits, tremor, hallucinations, and convulsions.	12
5469268848	heavy metals/ arsenic	"body burden" - concentration that effects mercury, lead, copper, nickel, silver, cadmium, gold - stored in fat tissue and replace other elements and compounds	13
5469268849	chelation process	The chelation process removes toxic heavy metals by using a variety of other substances that bind to the metals and help remove them. In humans, for example, EDTA is an amino acid that is generally administered to help remove calcium and lead from the body. The EDTA binds to these metals and helps carry them through the body systems so that they can be excreted through the urine.	14
5469268850	acute exposure	one time, maybe high dose	15
5469268851	long-term exposure	many times over long period, may be low dose	16
5469268852	acute effects	effects that are short terms and occur quickly after exposure	17
5469268853	long-term effects	effects that show up later but last longer	18
5469268854	synergy	greater effect together than each do separately - amplification of effects	19
5469268855	antagonistic	interfere with each other	20
5469268856	organic compounds	carbon-based molecules (CO2 exception) endocrine disruptors synthetic organic compounds	21
5469268857	endocrine disruptors	appear like hormones (Hormones are chemicals messengers usually used to communicate things about growth, development, and other bodily functions/ processes that are secreted directly into the bloodstream) - disrupt signal pathway - blocking - activating signal pathway * development problems, abnormalities, reproductive problems (sex changes in fish, amphibians - estrogen mimics) - pesticides, herbicides, plastic derivatives (PCBs)	22
5469268858	synthetic organic compounds	manufactured - hard to break down in nature tend to be persistent - doesn't break down (DDT) PCBs, BPA (plastic liner), CFCs (chloro-fluoro-carbons) - ozone degradation	23
5469268859	technology	phones, microwaves, bluetooth - electro magnetic radiation effects: mutations - carcinogens chemicals (drilling, etc) light - light pollution noise thermal - water temps	24
5469268860	particulates	small particles plastics - nurdles, microbeads exhaust, smoke, ash dust pollen heavy metals material - asbestos effects: - hard to remove/ manage - breathe in (respiratory problems) - cover surfaces - reduce visibility	25
5469268861	dose	amount	26
5469268862	concentration	solution	27
5469268865	ED	effective dose dose giving a positive response	28
5469268866	TD	toxic dose dose giving a negative response	29
5469268867	LD	lethal dose dose causing death	30
5469268869	margin of safety	the farther apart, the safer // the closer together they are, really dangerous	31
5469268871	hazardous	a substance that may cause substantial personal injury or illness during reasonable handling or use, including possible ingestion by children	32
5469268872	corrosive	capable of eating away materials and destroying living tissue when contact occurs ex: drain cleaners, oven cleaners, lye	33
5469268873	irritant	causes injury to the area of the body that it comes in contact with after immediate, prolonged, or repeated contact ex: toilet cleaners, chlorine bleach cleaners, pool chemicals	34
5469268876	toxic	poisonous, either immediately (acutely toxic) or over a long period of time (chronically toxic) eg, cancer, birth defects, or neurotoxicity (toxic to nerves) - more toxic - products that have nitrite or single elements not in a mixture ex: brake fluid, insecticides, fertilizers, rat poison, antifreeze	35
5469268877	ingestion	eating or drinking hazardous substances or contaminated foods and water and absorbing these substances through your gastrointestinal tract	36
5469268878	inhalation	breathing in gases, vapors, and sprays that are absorbed through the lungs and enter the bloodstream	37
5469268879	dermal (skin or eye contact)	hazardous substances contact the skin (dermal) or enter the eye causing injuries	38
5469268880	poison	highly toxic paint/ varnish removers, antifreeze	39
5469268885	FHSA	Fed Hazardous Substance Act standardizes labeling --> restrictions (colors, symbols, #s) US specific	40
5469268886	FIFRA	Fed Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act pesticides development, packaging, marketing, usage - registered --> can't cause unreasonable neg effects on environment and people if used correctly (low LD50, short half-life) - residues on foods US	41
5469268887	CERCLS	"superfund" used to clean up extremely contaminated environmental disasters/ areas --> chemical disasters provides $ to clean things up and make them livable US	42
5469268888	resistance	Pesticide resistance occurs when certain organisms have an adaptation that allows them to not be affected as much by the pesticide. Through natural selection, these organisms are favored, reproduce, and pass their resistant genes onto the next generation. Similarly, drug resistance occurs when organisms such as bacteria has an advantageous mutation that allows them to continue to survive and reproduce in the presence of the drug that is supposed to kill them.	43
5469268889	persistent environmental impact	The longer an environment is exposed to a toxin, the organisms change and adapt to try to survive in the new environment. This creates lasting effects on future generations as mutations and defects occur, usually resulting in population decline. DDT can be found in all birds and fish in the world and it is estimated that it would take 10 to 20 years to be completely DDT free. The persistent nature of a chemical makes it so that its toxic effects are felt for a long time in environmental systems. They creep into all forms of life and every level of organisms so that they become a part of the ecosystem and there is not one organism that isn't affected in some way. Because of this, its influence is amplified.	44

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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8318042644	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
8318042645	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
8318042646	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
8318042647	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
8318042648	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
8318042649	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
8318042650	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
8318042651	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
8318042652	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
8318042653	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
8318042654	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
8318042655	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
8318042656	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
8318042657	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
8318042658	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
8318042659	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
8318042660	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
8318042661	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
8318042662	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
8318042663	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
8318042664	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
8318042665	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
8318042666	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
8318042667	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
8318042668	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
8318042669	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
8318042670	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
8318042671	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
8318042672	theory	general idea being tested	28
8318042673	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
8318042674	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
8318042675	mode	appears the most	31
8318042676	mean	average	32
8318042677	median	middle	33
8318042678	range	highest - lowest	34
8318042679	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
8318042680	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
8318042681	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
8318042682	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
8318042683	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
8318042684	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
8318042685	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
8318042686	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
8318042687	neuron		43
8318042688	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
8318042689	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
8318042690	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
8318042691	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
8318042692	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
8318042693	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
8318042694	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
8318042695	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
8318042696	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
8318042697	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
8318042698	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
8318042699	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
8318042700	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
8318042701	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
8318042702	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
8318042703	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
8318042704	master gland	pituitary gland	60
8318042705	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
8318042706	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
8318042707	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
8318042708	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
8318042709	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
8318042710	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
8318042711	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
8318042712	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
8318042713	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
8318042714	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
8318042715	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
8318042716	hippocampus	process new memory	72
8318042717	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
8318042718	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
8318042719	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
8318042720	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
8318042721	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
8318042722	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
8318042723	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
8318042724	occipital lobe	vision	80
8318042725	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
8318042726	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
8318042727	Broca's area	speaking words	83
8318042728	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
8318042729	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
8318042730	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
8318042731	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
8318042732	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
8318042733	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
8318042734	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
8318042735	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
8318042736	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
8318042737	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
8318042738	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
8318042739	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
8318042740	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
8318042741	rods	night time	97
8318042742	cones	color	98
8318042743	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
8318042744	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
8318042745	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
8318042746	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
8318042747	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
8318042748	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
8318042749	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
8318042750	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
8318042751	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
8318042752	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
8318042753	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
8318042754	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
8318042755	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
8318042756	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
8318042757	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
8318042758	perception =	mood + motivation	114
8318042759	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
8318042760	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
8318042761	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
8318042762	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
8318042763	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
8318042764	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
8318042765	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
8318042766	insomnia	can't sleep	122
8318042767	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
8318042768	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
8318042769	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
8318042770	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
8318042771	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
8318042772	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
8318042773	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
8318042774	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
8318042775	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
8318042776	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
8318042777	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
8318042778	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
8318042779	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
8318042780	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
8318042781	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
8318042782	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
8318042783	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
8318042784	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
8318042785	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
8318042786	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
8318042787	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
8318042788	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
8318042789	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
8318042790	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
8318042791	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
8318042792	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
8318042793	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
8318042794	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
8318042795	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
8318042796	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
8318042797	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
8318042798	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
8318042799	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
8318042800	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
8318042801	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
8318042802	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
8318042803	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
8318042804	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
8318042805	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
8318042806	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
8318042807	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
8318042808	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
8318042809	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
8318042810	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
8318042811	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
8318042812	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
8318042813	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
8318042814	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
8318042815	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
8318042816	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
8318042817	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
8318042818	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
8318042819	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
8318042820	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
8318042821	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
8318042822	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
8318042823	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
8318042824	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
8318042825	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
8318042826	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
8318042827	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
8318042828	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
8318042829	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
8318042830	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
8318042831	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
8318042832	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
8318042833	encoding	information going in	189
8318042834	storage	keeping information in	190
8318042835	retrieval	taking information out	191
8318042836	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
8318042837	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
8318042838	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
8318042839	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
8318042840	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
8318042841	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
8318042842	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
8318042843	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
8318042844	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
8318042845	implicit memory	naturally do	201
8318042846	explicit memory	need to explain	202
8318042847	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
8318042848	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
8318042849	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
8318042850	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
8318042851	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
8318042852	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
8318042853	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
8318042854	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
8318042855	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
8318042856	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
8318042857	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
8318042858	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
8318042859	priming	association (setting you up)	215
8318042860	context	environment helps with memory	216
8318042861	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
8318042862	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
8318042863	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
8318042864	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
8318042865	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
8318042866	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
8318042867	children can't remember before age __	3	223
8318042868	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
8318042869	prototypes	generalize	225
8318042870	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
8318042871	against problem-solving	fixation	227
8318042872	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
8318042873	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
8318042874	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
8318042875	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
8318042876	grammar is _________	universal	232
8318042877	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
8318042878	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Vocabulary Review Flashcards

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9227021177	Output	Displaying information on the monitor	0
9227021178	Compile	Check a program for errors	1
9227021180	System.out.print(" ")	A command that outputs its parameter to the monitor.	2
9227021181	Debugging	Finding and fixing errors in a program	3
9227021182	String	A java class that displays characters.	4
9227021183	System.out.println(" ")	A command that outputs its parameter to the monitor followed by a new line.	5
9227021184	Escape Characters	Special characters in a string that display unique string characters.	6
9227021185	\"	Prints a "	7
9227021186	\\	Prints a \	8
9227021187	\t	Prints a tab	9
9227021188	\n	Prints a new line	10
9227021189	\'	Prints a '	11
9227021190	//	Creates a comment in program	12
9227021191	Comment	A line in a program that will not be executed as code.	13
9227021192	Input	Pulling user information into the computer.	14
9227021194	Declare	To create a variable in memory	15
9227021195	int	A primitive data type that holds a whole number	16
9227021196	double	A primitive data type that holds a decimal number	17
9227021197	char	A primitive data type that holds a single character	18
9227021198	Concatenation	Adding Strings together	19
9227021200	casting	Changing one data type into another	20
9227021201	x++	Adds one to x	21
9227021202	x--	Subtracts one from x	22
9227021203	x+=	Adds a number to x	23
9227021204	x-=	Subtracts a number from x	24
9227021205	x*=	Multiplies a number to x	25
9227021206	x/=	Divides x by a number	26
9227021207	Roundoff Error	An error that occurs when doing math with decimals in Java	27
9227021208	Math.random()	A method that returns a random value between 0 and .9999999964	28
9227021209	Math.abs()	A method that returns the absolute value of the parameter	29
9227021210	Math.pow(x,y)	A method that returns x to the y power	30
9227021211	Math.sqrt()	A method that returns the square root of the parameters	31
9227021212	Persnickety	An entirely too complicated word the Dovi said just to sound smart.	32
9227021214	Two dimensional arrays	When you need to store a table of data - creates an array of arrays. Array with both rows and columns.	33
9227021215	Row - major	Means that the row comes first.	34
9227021217	Run	The computer follows the directions	35
9227021218	Command	Direction that tells a computer what to do	36
9227021222	Variable	A name for a spot in the computer's memory. This value can change while the program runs.	37
9227021224	The Scanner class	This class adds input to your Java programs	38
9227021230	Modular division	Gives the remainder when dividing two numbers	39
9227021233	Grouping	If you want your if to do more than one thing	40
9227021235	Boolean Operators	AND && Both must be true OR \|\| One or both must be true NOT ! Takes the opposite	41
9227021238	Loop	Repeating code.	42
9227021239	While loop	A loop of code until an initial boolean is false.	43
9227021240	Scope	The block of code where a variable is declared. A local variable cannot be accessed outside the block of code in which it is declared.	44
9227021241	Tracing the loop	This means writing down what the loop does.	45
9227021242	Primitive Data	Holds only one piece of data at a time. The variable holds the actual value. Example: int and double	46
9227021243	Class Data	Holds more than one piece of data at a time and can hold data of different types. Has built in methods (tools).	47
9227021244	Garbage Collection	Java goes through and "cleans up" any unattached values in memory.	48
9227021247	Object	In Java, this is a variable of a class type. It can hold lots of data and has methods. It is different than a primitive type.	49
9227021249	The new command	This is a Java command. It creates a new reference - this is when Java stores the memory address in the variable.	50
9227021250	Element	The box of the array. Each box holds a value. All values are the same data type.	51
9227021251	Index	The address of the elements. Starts at 0 and ends at (length -1).	52
9227021252	Initialize	Stores known values in an array.	53
9227021253	Initializer Lists	Automatically sets the values in an array.	54
9227021254	The for header	The first line of a for loop.	55
9227021257	Insertion	Means putting a value into the middle of an array	56
9227021258	Deletion	Means removing a value from the middle of an array	57
9227021259	Inheritance	Defines relationship between objects that share characteristics - the process where one class acquires the properties (methods and fields) of another.	58
9227021260	Extends	The keyword used to inherit the properties of a class. It links the child class to its parent.	59
9227021261	Super	This calls methods/constructors from the parent class. If the parent class does not have the method, Java looks at the next parent class up the ladder. At the top, ALL classes inherit from Object.	60
9227021263	Interface	The ultimate to-do list - defines common features of behavior that could be used by any class or program that uses those behaviors. Contains the methods, no instance variables or code, and all methods are public abstract methods.	61
9227021264	Sub Class	Class that extends from and inherits code from a super class. Has access to both the state and behavior.	62
9227021265	Super Class	Class that contains the code with both state and behavior that can be extended by its subclasses.	63
9227021266	Method overriding	Methods from the superclass that are overridden by the subclass.	64
9227021267	List interface	A way for objects to be stored using standard behavior (behaviors: add, remove, etc.)	65
9227021268	Wrapper classes	Wraps a primitive in a class type. There is one for each of the primitive types.	66
9227021269	Is-A relationship	This refers to inheritance or implementation. Expressed using keyword "extends".	67
9227021270	Has-A relationship	This is an instance of one class that has a reference to an instance of another class or another instance of same class.	68
9227021271	Searching	Find an element in an array.	69
9227021272	Sorting	Order the elements in an array.	70
9227021273	Linear search	A search that starts at beginning of the set, asks if this the correct value, moves to the next value in the set, and repeats.	71
9227021274	Selection sort	A sort that finds the smallest value in the array, swaps it with the current position, and then moves the current position over one.	72
9227021275	Insert sort	A sort we move through the array and insert each element in the correct position in the array.	73
9227021276	Binary search	A search that finds the middle of the set, checks if this is the value, and then moves based on a value that is too high or too low.	74
9227021278	Repetition - Recursive	Method calls itself	75
9227021279	Merge sort	A sort that divides the array into smaller and smaller pieces, then merges them in order. This sort is often written recursively.	76
9227021280	ArrayList	A collection of objects.	77
9227021282	for-each loop	A loop that moves through a collection of objects.	78
9227021285	Variables of a Class Object	The state (condition) of the object.	79
9227021286	Methods of a Class Object	Behavior (actions) of the object.	80
9227021287	Class	A template for an object.	81
9227021288	Instantiation	Creates an object in memory and gives it a name.	82
9227021289	Constructor	A special method that is called when an object is instantiated.	83
9227021290	Public	Means it can be used by a program outside this file.	84
9227021291	Private	Means it can only be used by this class.	85
9227021292	Get Method	An accessor method that allows a user to retrieve a value.	86
9228210065	Set Method	A mutator method that allows a user to change a value in a class.	87
9227021293	Method overloading	Creating multiple methods with the same name but different signatures.	88
9227021294	Signature	The number, order, and type of parameters.	89
9227021295	Static	A modifier that is added to a method or a variable. It means only one copy exists for all objects of that class - all objects share this variable or method.	90
9227021296	Constant	A value that cannot change. The variable name is usually typed in all uppercase letters.	91
9227021297	Static methods	A method that belongs to the Class not to an object created. You do not need to create an object to use them.	92
9227021298	Void Methods	A section of code belonging to a class that is given a name, has parameters, and does not return a value.	93
9227021299	A parameter	The local variable in a method header that holds the data sent in.	94
9227021300	Argument	The data sent to a method that must match the parameter data type it is getting sent to.	95
9227021301	Primitive Types as Parameters	When a method copies the value and stores it in the local parameter. Any changes made are lost when control returns to the calling function.	96
9227021302	Class Types as Parameters	When a method copies the reference to the memory address and stores it in the local parameter. Since the reference points to the original spot in memory all changes are saved.	97
9227021303	The return command	Sends a value back to the calling method.	98
9227021304	Return Methods	Methods that send back any type of primitive or class data.	99
9227021305	Overloaded methods	When a program has more than one method with the same name.	100
9227021306	Signature	Number and types of parameters	101
9227021307	Recursion	A method that repeats by calling itself.	102
9227021308	The stack	This is the location in memory where the interrupted method calls are stored. Once the base case is hit the program moves through this and carries out all the commands.	103
9227021309	Primitive Data	Holds only one piece of data at a time. The variable holds the actual value. Example: int and double	104
9227021311	Garbage Collection	Java goes through and "cleans up" any unattached values in memory.	105
9227021312	Overloaded	This means the method has multiple uses depending on the type or number of parameters used.	106
9227021313	Methods	Code that is given a name and parameters that belong to a class. (Spells)	107
9227021314	Object	A variable of a class type. It can hold lots of data and has methods. It is different than a primitive type.	108
9227021316	New	A Java command that creates a new reference - this is when Java stores the memory address in the variable.	109
9227021319	Initialize (array)	Stores known values in an array.	110
9227021321	The For header	The first line of a For loop.	111
9227021322	Algorithms	A process that has an order, has clear instructions, has operations that can be done by a computer, produces a result, and stops in a finite amount of time	112
9227021340	If Statement	A command that allows computers to make a decision in a program	113
9227021341	==	What we use inside of an IF statement to test if something is equal.	114
9227021342	>	What we use inside of an IF statement to test if something is greater than.	115
9227021343	>=	What we use inside of an IF statement to test if something is greater than or equal to.	116
9227021344	<	What we use inside of an IF statement to test if something is less than.	117
9227021345	<=	What we use inside of an IF statement to test if something is less than or equal to.	118
9227021346	!=	What we use inside of an IF statement to test if something is not equal to.	119
9227021347	scope	When variables exist only inside of the {} of a command	120
9227021348	while loop	A command that repeats a section of code until a Boolean condition is false.	121
9227021349	DeMorgan's Law	Allows you to factor into Boolean conditions	122
9227021350	Short Circuit Evaluation	A built in feature of Java that stops evaluation if the first Boolean condition is true in an \|\| and if the first Boolean condition is false in an &&	123
9227021351	Tracing Code	The act of computing a code manually	124
9227021352	Truth Tables	A representation of all possible Boolean outcomes.	125
9227021353	\|\|	Or	126
9227021354	&&	And	127
9227021356	Boolean	A condition that is either true or false	128
9227021357	Boolean Variable	A primitive data type that only holds two values, either true or false.	129
9227021359	Else	A command that occurs when an If statement is false.	130
9227021360	else if	A command that tests a new Boolean condition when the first if statement is false.	131

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AP Biology Evolution (Rolling) Flashcards

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5130623693	adaptation	trait that helps an organism be more suited to the environment	0
5130623694	natural	type of selection that happens in nature. Environments select for a favorable phenotype.	1
5130623695	artificial	type of selection in which people breed animals with characteristics they desire	2
5130623698	gene pool	the alleles in a population	3
5130623699	p2	homozygous dominant individuals in the hardy weinberg equation	4
5130623700	2pq	heterozygous individuals in the hardy weinberg equation	5
5130623701	q2	recessive individuals in the hardy weinberg equation	6
5130623702	p	dominant allele in the hardy weinberg equation	7
5130623703	q	recessive allele in the hardy weinberg equation	8
5130623704	natural slection	theory that states that competition for resources results in different survival rates	9
5130623705	mutation	primary source of genetic diversity in organisms that produce asexually	10
5130623706	genetic drift	changes in allele frequency due to CHANCE	11
5130623709	stabilizing selection		12
5130623710	directional selection		13
5130623711	disruptive selection		14
5130623712	directional	selection when ONE extreme phenotype is favored	15
5130623714	disruptive	selection when the intermediate phenotypess selected against	16
5130623717	homologous structures	anatomical similarities inherited by a common ancestor	17
5130623720	allopatric	speciation that results from a geographic barrier	18
5130623721	sympatric	speciation that happens without a geographic barrier	19
5130623722	mechanical isolation	type of sympatric speciation in which the mating structures are incompatible	20
5130623723	gamete isolation	type of sympatric speciation in which the gametes cannot fuse	21
5130623729	postzygotic barriers	type of sympatric speciation in which there are barriers after zygote formation	22
5130623730	prezygotic barriers	type of sympatric speciation in which there are barriers before zygote formation	23

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AP Poetry Terms Flashcards

Terms commonly found on the AP Literature Test.

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5906009465	alliteration	the repetition of identical or similar consonant sounds, usually at the beginning of words	0
5906009466	allusion	a reference in a work of literature to a historical or literary event, person, place or passage outside of the work	1
5906009467	antithesis	a figure of speech characterized by strongly contrasting words, clauses, sentences, or ideas and used for emphasis or stylistic effectiveness	2
5906009468	apostrophe	a figure of speech in which someone (usually, but not always absent), some abstract quality, or a nonexistent personage is directly addressed as though present	3
5906009469	assonance	the repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds	4
5906009470	ballad meter	a four-line stanza rhymed abcd with four feet in lines one and three and three feet in lines two and four	5
5906009471	blank verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter	6
5906009472	cacophony	a harsh, unpleasant combination of sounds or tones	7
5906009473	caesura	a pause, usually near the middle of a line of verse, usually indicated by the sense of the line, and often greater than the normal pause	8
5906009474	conceit	an ingenious and fanciful notion or conception, usually expressed through an elaborate analogy, and pointing to a striking parallel between two seemingly dissimilar things	9
5906009475	consonance	the repetition of similar consonant sounds in a group of words	10
5906009476	couplet	a two-line stanza, usually with end-rhymes the same	11
5906009477	devices of sound	the techniques of deploying the sound of words	12
5906009478	diction	choice of words especially with regard to correctness, formality, clearness, or effectiveness	13
5906009479	didactic poem	a poem which is intended primarily to teach a lesson	14
5906009480	dramatic poem	a poem which employs a dramatic form or some element or elements of dramatic techniques as a means of achieveing poetic ends	15
5906009481	elegy	a sustained and formal poem setting forth the poet's meditations upon death or another solemn theme	16
5906009482	end-stopped	a line with a pause at the end	17
5906009483	enjambment	the continuation of the sense and grammatical construction from one line of poetry to the next	18
5906009484	extended metaphor	an implied analogy, or comparison, which is carried throughout a stanza or an entire poem	19
5906009485	euphony	a style in which combinations of words pleasant to the ear predominate	20
5906009486	eye rhyme	rhyme that appears correct from spelling, but is half-rhyme or slant rhyme from the pronunciation	21
5906009487	feminine rhyme	a rhyme of two syllables, one stressed and one unstressed, as "waken" and "forsaken" and "audition" and "rendition"	22
5906009488	figurative language	writing that uses words to mean something other than their literal meaning, often in the form of metaphor, irony, or simile	23
5906009489	free verse	poetry which is not written in a traditional meter but is still rhythmical	24
5906009490	heroic couplet	two end-stopped iambic pentameter lines rhymed aa, bb, cc with the thought usually completed in the two-line unit	25
5906009491	hyperbole	a deliberate, extravagant, and often outrageous exaggeration	26
5906009492	imagery	the images of a literary work; the sensory details of a work; the figurative language of a work	27
5906009493	irony	the contrast between actual meaning and the suggestion of another meaning, or between what might be expected and what actually occurs	28
5906009494	internal rhyme	rhyme that occurs within a line, rather than at the end	29
5906009495	lyric poem	any short poem that presents a single speaker who expresses thoughts and feelings	30
5906009496	masculine rhyme	rhyme that falls on the stressed and concluding syllables of the rhyme-words	31
5906009497	metaphor	a figurative use of language in which a comparison is expressed without the use of a comparative term	32
5906009498	meter	the repetition of a regular rhythmic unit in a line of poetry. each unit is known as a foot	33
5906009499	metonymy	a figure of speech which is characterized by the substitution of a term naming an object closely associated with the word in mind for the word itself	34
5906009500	mixed metaphors	the mingling of another metaphor with another immediately following with which the first is incongruous	35
5988170181	mood	certain feelings or vibes evoked in readers through words and descriptions	36
5906009501	narrative poem	a non-dramatic poem which tells a story or presents a narrative, whether simple or complex, long or short	37
5906009502	octave	an eight-line stanza	38
5906009503	onomatopoeia	the use of words whose sound suggests their meaning (such as "hiss," "buzz," or "zip")	39
5906009504	oxymoron	a form of paradox that combines a pair of contrary terms into a single expression	40
5906009505	paradox	a situation or action or feeling that appears to be contradictory but on inspection turns out to be true or at least to make sense	41
5906009506	parallelism	any structure which brings together parallel elements, be these nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, or larger structures to show that the ideas in the parts or sentences are equal in importance	42
5906009507	paraphrase	a restatement of an idea in such a way as to retain the meaning while changing the diction and form	43
5906009508	personification	a kind of metaphor that give inanimate objects or abstract ideas human characteristics	44
5906009509	poetic foot	a group of syllables in verse usually consisting of one accented syllable and one or two unaccented syllables associated with it	45
5906009510	pun	a play on words that are identical or similar in sounds but have sharply diverse meanings	46
5906009511	quatrain	a four-line stanza with any combination of rhymes	47
5906009512	refrain	a group of words forming a phrase or sentence and consisting of one or more lines repeated at intervals in a poem, usually at the end of a stanza	48
5906009513	rhyme	close similarity or identity between accented syllables occupying corresponding positions in two or more lines of verse	49
5906009514	rhyme royal	a seven-line stanza of iambic pentameter that rhymes ababbcc; used by Chaucer and other medieval poets	50
5906009515	rhythm	the recurrence of stressed and unstressed syllables	51
5906009516	sarcasm	a type of irony in which a person appears to be praising something but is actually insulting it. Its purpose is to injure or to hurt	52
5906009517	satire	writing that seeks to arouse a reader's disapproval of an object by ridicule	53
5906009518	scansion	a system for describing the meter of a poem by identifying the number and the type(s) of feet per line	54
5906009519	sestet	a six-line stanza	55
5906009520	simile	a directly expressed comparison; a figure of speech comparing two objects, usually with "like," "as," or "than"	56
5906009521	sonnet	normally a fourteen-line iambic pentameter poem	57
5906009522	stanza	usually a repeated grouping of three or more lines with the same meter and rhyme scheme	58
5906009523	rhetorical strategy	the management of language for a specific effect	59
5906009524	structure	the arrangement of materials within a work; the relationships of the parts of a work to the whole; the logical divisions of a work	60
5906009525	style	the mode of expression in language; the characteristic manner of expressions of an author	61
5906009526	symbol	something that is simultaneously itself and a sign of something else	62
5906009527	synecdoche	a form of metaphor which in mentioning a part signifies the whole	63
5906009528	syntax	the order of and arrangement of words in a sentence; a sentence's grammatical structure, length, and type	64
5906009529	tercet	a three-line stanza, often rhyming, that constitutes the core of a variety of poetic expressions	65
5906009530	terza rima/rhyme	a three-line stanza that rhymes aba, bcb, cdc, etc.	66
5906009531	theme	the main thought expressed by a work	67
5906009532	tone	the manner in which an author expressed his or her attitude	68
5906009533	understatement	the opposite of hyperbole; represents something less than it really is	69
5906009534	villanelle	a nineteen-line poem divided into five tercets and a final quatrain	70

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AP Spanish AP practice Hispanohablantes Flashcards

vocabulario nuevo/ importante del examen

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5986807107	el índole	nature, character	0
5986807108	aminorar	to reduce	1
5986807109	pescar una idea	to get/understand/guess an idea or clue from another person	2
5986807110	redactar	to edit	3
5986807111	el terciopelo	velvet	4
5986807112	marchitarse	to wither, fade away	5
5986807113	el crisol	melting pot	6
5986807114	estar equivocado	to be mistaken	7
5986807115	equivocarse	To make a mistake	8
5986807116	el paladar	the palate, the roof of the mouth	9
5986807117	dejar de	To stop (doing something)	10
5986807118	al pie de	exactly, to the letter	11
5986807119	reclutar	to recruit	12
5986807120	el desenlace	ending, outcome	13
5986807121	caprichosa	whimsical (impulsive/fussy)	14
5986807122	temerosa	frightening	15
5986807123	juguetona	playful	16
5986807124	cariñosa	loving, affectionate	17
5986807125	se asusta	gets scared	18
5986807126	se entristece	to become sad	19
5986807127	se marcha	he/she leaves	20
5986807128	resplandeciente	resplendent, gleaming, sparkling	21
5986807129	estar pendiente de	to be hanging on, to be waiting for	22
5986807130	el elogio	the praise	23
5986807131	el hechizo	the spell	24
5986807132	hechizado	bewitched	25
5986807133	un jarrón	a jug/vase	26
5986807134	ciego,a	blind	27
5986807135	la maceta	flower pot	28
5986807136	trasladarse	to transfer, move, relocate	29
5986807137	mudarse	To move (from one house to another)	30
5986807138	el envejecimiento	aging process, deterioration	31
5986807139	creciente	growing	32
5986807140	salir canas	to turn grey (hair)	33
5986807141	tasa de la natalidad	birth rate	34
5986807142	la cifra	figure, number	35
5986807143	la falta de	the lack of	36
5986807144	los remedios	remedies, solutions	37
5986807145	el portavoz	spokesperson	38
5986807146	recaudar	to raise funds	39
5986807147	la escasez	Scarcity	40
5986807148	la beca	scholarship	41
5986807149	recorrer	To travel through	42
5986807150	rodante	rolling, moving	43
5986807151	al	upon	44
5986807152	enfatizar	to emphasize	45
5986807153	apoyar	To support	46
5986807154	la actitud	the attitude	47
5986807155	el embarazo	the pregnancy	48
5986807156	promover	to promote	49
5986807157	evitar	to avoid	50
5986807158	fallecer	to pass away	51
5986807159	fallecido	deceased	52

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Ap Biology Chapter 19 Flashcards

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6152043007	Capsid	The protein shell that encloses the viral genome	0
6152045122	Viral envelopes	Membranes that surround the capsids of some viruses and are derived from the host's cell membranes	1
6152060560	Bacteriophages	Viruses that infect bacteria	2
6152065667	Host range	A limited number of host cells that a virus can infect	3
6152069886	Lytic cycle	A phage reproductive cycle that culminates in the death of the host cell	4
6152076239	Virulent phage	A phage that reproduces only by the lytic cycle	5
6152086605	Lysogenic cycle	A phage cycle that replicates the phage genome without destroying the host	6
6152093391	Prophage	The DNA that is from a virus that is integrated into the host bacteria	7
6152147366	Temperate phages	Phages that use both the lytic and lysogenic cycles	8
6152153812	Retroviruses	Viruses that use reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA genome into DNA	9
6152166408	Provirus	The viral DNA that is integrated into the host genome	10
6152172290	Vaccines	Harmless derivatives of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune system to mount defenses against the actual pathogen	11
6152284831	Viroids	Circular RNA molecules that infect plants and disrupt their growth	12
6152288590	Prions	Slow-acting, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain diseases in mammals	13

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