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AP Seminar Vocabulary Flashcards

5920981537	alignment	Cohesion between the focus of an inquiry, the method of collecting information, the process of analysis of the information, and the conclusions made to increase understanding of that focus	0
5920989219	argument	A claim or thesis that conveys a perspective developed through a line of reasoning and supported by evidence	1
5920996242	assumption	A belief regarded as true and often unstated	2
5920996243	author	One who creates a work (e.g., article; research study; foundational, literary, or philosophical text; speech, broadcast, or personal account; artistic work or performance) that conveys a perspective and can be examined	3
5920998667	bias	A personal opinion, belief, or value that may influence one's judgement, perspective, or claim	4
5921004472	claim	A statement made about an issue that asserts a perspective	5
5921004473	commentary	Discussion and analysis of evidence in relation to the claim which may identify patterns, describe trends, and/or explain relationships	6
5921009235	complex issue	Issue involving many facets or perspectives that must be understood in order to address it	7
5921010976	concession	Acknowledgement and acceptance of an opposing or different view	8
5921032346	conclusion	Understanding resulting from analysis of evidence	9
5921147345	context	The intent, audience, purpose, bias, situatedness, and/or background (larger environment) of a source or reference	10
5921149174	conventions	The stylistic features of writing (e.g., grammar, usage, mechanics)	11
5921155136	counterargument	An opposing perspective, idea, or theory supported by evidence	12
5921157955	credibility	The degree to which a source is believable and trustworthy	13
5921161471	cross-curricular	Goes beyond the traditional boundary of a single content area of discipline	14
5921163813	deductive	A type of reasoning that constructs general propositions that are supported with evidence or cases	15
5921169075	evidence	Information (e.g., data, quotations, excerpts from texts) used as proof to support a claim or thesis	16
5921169077	fallacy	Evidence or reasoning that is false or in error	17
5921171833	implication	A possible future effect or result	18
5921174369	inductive	A type of reasoning that presents cases or evidence that leads to a logical conclusion	19
5921177632	inquiry	A process for seeking truth, information, or knowledge through a study, research investigation, or artistic endeavor/work	20
5921181434	interdisciplinary	Involving two or more areas of knowledge	21
5921336886	issue	Important problem for debate or discussion	22
5921343386	lens	Filter through which an issue or topic is considered or examined	23
5921345732	limitation	A boundary or point at which an argument or generalization is no longer valid	24
5921349063	line of reasoning	Arrangement of claims and evidence that leads to a conclusion	25
5921351438	literature	The foundational and current texts of a field or discipline of study	26
5921353415	perspective	A point of view conveyed through an argument	27
5921355405	plagiarism	Failure to acknowledge, attribute, and/or cite any ideas or evidence taken from another source	28
5921358101	point of view	A position or standpoint on a topic issue	29
5921361713	primary source	An original source of information about a topic (e.g., study, artifact, data set, interview, article)	30
5921365068	qualification	A condition or exception	31
5921367734	qualitative	Having to do with text, narrative, or descriptions	32
5921369925	quantitative	Having to do with numbers, amounts, or quantities	33
5921372512	rebuttal	Contradicting an opposing perspective by providing alternate, more convincing evidence	34
5921372513	refutation	Disproving an opposing perspective by providing counterclaims or counterevidence	35
5921407034	reliability	The extent which something can be trusted to be accurate	36
5921408847	resolution	The act of solving a problem or dispute	37
5921413332	scaffolding	The provision of temporary structured support for students to aid in skill development	38
5921418201	secondary source	A commentary about one or more primary source that provides additional insight, opinions, and/or interpretation about the primary source, data, study, or artifacts	39
5921420840	sequencing	The organization of curriculum content into an order which progresses from simple to more complex	40
5921423051	solution	A means of answering a question or addressing a problem or issue	41
5921425646	text	Something composed (e.g., articles; research studies; foundational, literary, and philosophical texts; speeches, broadcasts, and personal accounts; artistic works and performances) that convey a perspective and can be examined	42
5921428483	thesis	A claim or position on an issue or topic put forward and supported by evidence	43
5921430786	tone	The way in which an author expresses an attitude about his or her topic or subject through rhetorical choices	44
5921433372	validity	The extent to which an argument or claim is logical	45
5921433373	vocal variety	Changing vocal characteristics (e.g., pitch, volume, speed) in order to emphasize ideas, convey emotion or opinion, or achieve other specific purposes	46

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AP Psych Unit 4 Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Curie High, Chicago IL
terms from Myers Psychology for AP

Terms : Hide Images

5469908274	sensation	the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.	0
5469908275	perception	the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.	1
5469908276	bottom-up processing	analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.	2
5469908277	top-down processing	information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.	3
5469908278	selective attention	the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.	4
5469908279	inattentional blindness	failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.	5
5469908280	change blindness	failing to notice changes in the environment.	6
5469908281	psychophysics	the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.	7
5469908282	absolute threshold	the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.	8
5469908283	signal detection theory	a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.	9
5469908284	subliminal	below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness	10
5469908285	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.	11
5469908286	difference threshold	the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. Also called the just noticeable difference (jnd).	12
5469908287	Weber's law	the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than a constant amount).	13
5469908288	sensory adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.	14
5469908289	transduction	conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.	15
5469908290	wavelength	the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic versions of this vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.	16
5469908291	hue	the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.	17
5469908292	intensity	the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude.	18
5469908293	pupil	the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.	19
5469908294	iris	a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.	20
5469908295	lens	the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.	21
5469908296	retina	the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.	22
5469908297	accomodation	the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.	23
5469908298	rods	retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.	24
5469908299	cones	retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. These detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.	25
5469908300	optic nerve	the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.	26
5469908301	blind spot	the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye and no receptor cells are located there.	27
5469908302	fovea	the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.	28
5469908303	feature detectors	nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.	29
5469908304	parallel processing	the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.	30
5469908305	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory	the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.	31
5469908306	opponent-process theory	the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.	32
5469908307	audition	the sense or act of hearing.	33
5469908308	frequency	the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second).	34
5469908309	pitch	a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency.	35
5469908310	middle ear	the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.	36
5469908311	cochlea	a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses	37
5469908312	inner ear	the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.	38
5469908313	place theory	in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.	39
5469908314	frequency theory	in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.	40
5469908315	conduction hearing loss	hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.	41
5469908316	sensorineural hearing loss	hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness.	42
5469908317	cochlear implant	a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.	43
5469908318	kinesthesis	the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.	44
5469908319	vestibular sense	the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.	45
5469908320	gate-control theory	the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.	46
5469908321	sensory interaction	the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste.	47
5469908322	gestalt	an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes	48
5469908323	figure-ground	the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).	49
5469908324	grouping	the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.	50
5469908325	depth perception	the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.	51
5469908326	visual cliff	a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.	52
5469908327	binocular cues	depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes.	53
5469908328	retinal disparity	a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.	54
5469908329	monocular cues	depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.	55
5469908334	perceptual set	a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.	56

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AP Spanish - Contemporary Life Flashcards

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6642882989	la lucha libre	wrestling	0
6642882990	el atletismo	track & field	1
6642882991	la banda escolar	school band	2
6642882992	la equitación	competitive horseback riding	3
6642882993	el esquí acuático	water skiing	4
6642882994	la gimnasia	gymnastics	5
6642882996	la natación	swimming	6
6642882997	la oratoria	public speaking	7
6642882998	el patinaje en línea	rolling blading	8
6642882999	montar a caballo	horseback riding	9
6642883000	el jugador	player	10
6642883001	el éxito	success	11
6642883002	fatal	awful	12
6642883003	el fracaso	failure	13
6642883004	Fue todo un....	It was a.....	14
6642883005	el animador	cheerleader	15
6642883006	el entrenador	trainer/coach	16
6642883007	el equipo	team	17
6642883008	increíble	incredible	18
6642883009	la competencia	competition	19
6642883010	el debate	debate	20
6642883011	el puntaje	score	21
6642883012	el trofeo	trophy	22
6642883013	perder	to lose	23
6642883014	ganar	to win	24
6642883015	animar	to cheer	25
6642883016	empatar	to tie	26
6642883017	gritar	to shout	27
6642883018	llorar	to cry	28
6642883019	reaccionar	to react	29
6642883020	reírse	to laugh	30
6642883021	me fue muy bien/mal.	I did very well/badly.	31
6642883022	Me dieron ganas de...	I felt like...	32
6642883023	me dio (mucha) tristeza	It made me (very) sad.	33
6642883024	me dio (mucha) alegría	It made me (very) happy.	34
6642883025	Me dio vergüenza.	It made me embarrassed.	35
6642883026	Me puse a...	I started to...	36
6642883027	me puse	I became	37
6642883028	Me reí mucho.	I laughed a lot.	38
6642883029	lloré mucho	I cried a lot	39
6642883030	grité mucho	I shouted a lot	40
6642883031	¿Cómo salió la competencia?	How did the competition go?	41
6642883032	fue todo un éxito/fracaso	it was a total success/failure	42
6642883034	¿Cómo te fue en...?	How did you do in...?	43
6642883035	Estuvo buenísima/increíble/fatal...	It was great/incredible/awful...	44
6642883036	¿Cómo te sentiste cuando ganaste el partido?	How did you feel when you won the match?	45
6642883037	Me dio mucha alegría.	It made me very happy.	46
6642883039	¿Cómo reaccionaste cuando tu equipo perdió?	How did you react when your team lost?	47
6642883040	¡Me dio una rabia!	It made me angry!	48
6642883041	¡Me dieron ganas de llorar!	I felt like crying!	49
6642883042	las competencias escolares	school competitions	50
6642883043	buenos comentarios	good comments	51
6642883044	¡Felicidades!	Congratulations!	52
6642883045	¡Qué lástima!	What a shame!	53
6642883046	Lo siento mucho.	I'm very sorry.	54
6642883047	contemporáneo	contemporary	55
6642883049	las costumbres	customs	56
6642883050	los valores sociales	social values	57
6642883051	el tipo	type	58
6642883052	el estéreotipo	stereotype	59
6642883053	el significado	meaning	60
6642883054	el producto	product	61
6642883055	la práctica	practice	62
6642883056	la perspectiva	perspective	63
6642883059	la ubicación	location	64
6642883060	la población	population	65
6642883062	el sello	seal	66
6642883063	el escudo	coat of arms, shield	67
6642883064	el idioma	language	68
6642883065	la cultura folclórica	folk culture	69
6642883066	la cultura popular	popular culture	70
6642883067	la cultura alta	high culture	71
6642883068	la clase alta	higher class	72
6642883069	la clase baja	lower class	73
6642883070	la clase media	middle class	74
6642883072	el folleto	brochure	75
6642883073	las diferencias	differences	76
6642883074	las similitudes, las semejanzas	similarities	77
6642883075	la fuente	source	78

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AP German -- Essay Expressions Flashcards

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6539000110	Zitat aus Quellenmaterial, statistische Angabe, Fragen, Sprichwörter, persönlicher Bezug	What you can use in your introduction is ...	0
6539006478	Es geht in der Quelle (den Quellen) um ...	The topic of the source(s) is ...	1
6539009317	Der Text / die Grafik behandelt das Thema ... / hat zum Thema ...	The text/ graphic deals with the topic ...	2
6539011610	Der Text / die Grafik "TITEL" zeigt / erklärt / ...	The text / graphic "TITLE" shows / explains / ...	3
6539014870	Es geht um ...	It's about ...	4
6539018809	Der Autor / die Autorin erklärt / behauptet / ist der Meinung, dass ...	The author of the text explains / expresses / claims ...	5
6539022545	die Meinung	point of view	6
6539022546	die Stellungnahme	statement	7
6539026657	Es soll darauf aufmerksam gemacht werden, dass / wie / warum ...	It should be pointed out that / how / why	8
6539030311	Der Standpunkt des Autors ist ...	The point of view of the author is ...	9
6539033695	Der Autor / die Autorin begründet seine/ihre Meinung mit folgenden Argumenten:	The author bases his opinion with the following arguments:	10
6539036827	Sie/Er möchte zeigen / beweisen / darauf aufmerksam machen, dass ...	She/He would like to show that / prove that / call attention to ...	11
6539038603	Ihrer/Seiner Meinung nach ...	In her/his opinion ...	12
6539039648	Meiner Meinung nach ...	In my opinion ...	13
6539041217	Im Gegensatz dazu ...	On the contrary ...	14
6539041218	Im Unterschied zu ...	In contrast to	15
6539042448	Im Vergleich zu ...	In comparison to ...	16
6539043655	Thema der Grafik ist ...	The topic of the graphic is ...	17
6539046007	Die Grafik / Tabelle / ... zeigt, dass ...	The graphic / table shows that ..	18
6539050485	Die Grafik ist aus dem Jahr 2014.	The graphic is from 2014.	19
6539051379	Laut Quelle 1 ...	According to source 1 ...	20
6539052943	Ich denke, dass ...	I think that ..	21
6539052944	Ich finde, dass ...	I believe that ...	22
6539055184	Ich bin der Meinung, dass ...	I'm of the opinion that ...	23
6539058743	Die Argumente sind gut begründet / sinnvoll / unsinnig.	The arguments are well founded / absurd.	24
6539061229	Mein Fazit ist, dass ...	My conclusion is that ..	25
6539065112	Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass ...	To summarize it can be said ...	26
6539066265	Im Großen und Ganzen	Overall	27
6539068005	Ich denke, der Autor hat (nicht) Recht.	I think, the author is (not) right.	28

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AP meiosis Flashcards

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9226851622	crossing over	Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.	0
9226851623	diploid	(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number	1
9226851624	disjunction	the separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes following meiotic synapsis	2
9226851625	fertilization	Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell	3
9226851626	gamete	Sex cell	4
9226851627	gametogenesis	Formation of gametes	5
9226851628	gonad	ovaries and testes Glands related to sexual characteristics and the processes involved in reproduction	6
9226851629	haploid	An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.	7
9226851630	homologous pair	Similarly constructed chromosomes that have the same shape and contain genes for the same traits	8
9226851631	meiosis	A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.	9
9226851632	nondisjunction	Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.	10
9226851633	oogenesis	Egg production	11
9226851634	ootid	final product of oogenesis; following a period of maturation, becomes an ovum	12
9226851635	ovum	A mature egg cell	13
9226851636	polar bodies	the 3 smaller cells produced in oogenesis that will degenerate	14
9226851637	somatic cell	Any of the cells of a plant or animal except the reproductive cells.	15
9226851638	sperm	Male sex cell	16
9226851639	spermatogenesis	Formation of sperm	17
9226851640	synapsis	Pairing of homologous chromosomes	18
9226851641	tetrad	structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis	19
9226851642	zygote	Fertilized egg	20

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Quantitative Skills for AP Biology Flashcards

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6247534308	hypothesis	A plausible and testable explanation for observed phenomena.	0
6247534309	independent variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	1
6247534310	dependent variable	The variable that responds to manipulations of the independent variable. The data.	2
6247534311	confounding variable	Any extraneous variable that affects the variables being studied so that the results do not reflect an actual relationship between the variables under investigation.	3
6247534312	quantitative data	Data based on quantities (numerical data).	4
6247534313	qualitative data	Data based on qualities (non-numerical data).	5
6247534314	continuous data	Data that can be any value on a range.	6
6247534315	discrete data	Data that is capable of assuming only particular values. Usually the result of counting or grouping.	7
6247534316	control group	The empirical group that does not receive the independent variable. Serves as a basis for comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	8
6247534317	experimental group	The empirical group that is exposed to the independent variable.	9
6247534318	correlational study	A research method that can determine the degree to which two variables are related, but cannot show which variable caused a change in the other variable.	10
6247534319	pseudoscience	A body of ideas clothed in the jargon and outward appearance of science but was not created with the standards required of the scientific method.	11
6247534320	extrapolation	Estimating a value outside the range of measured data.	12
6247534321	statistics	The study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.	13
6247534322	population (N)	A complete set of items (people, animals, etc.) that have at least one thing in common and are the subject of the statistical analysis.	14
6247534323	sample (n)	A subset of individuals selected from the population.	15
6247534324	descriptive statistics	Statistics that quantitatively describe the main features of a data set, especially measures of central tendency and dispersion.	16
6247534325	inferential statistics	Statistics that draw conclusions from sample data. Used to test hypotheses and make estimations about the population.	17
6247534326	sampling bias	A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.	18
6247534327	normal distribution	A unimodal, symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution of data.	19
6247534328	parametric data	Data that show an approximate normal distribution on a histogram.	20
6247534329	nonparametric data	Data that do not show an approximate normal distribution on a histogram. Can be qualitative data.	21
6247534330	frequency or count data	Recordings of discrete, or qualitative, data. Generated by counting.	22
6247534331	comparative statistics	Statistics that compare variables.	23
6247534332	association statistics	Statistics that look for correlations between variables.	24
6247534333	standard deviation	A measurement measures the amount of variation or dispersion from the mean.	25
6247534334	standard error	A statistic used to make an inference about how well the sample mean matches up to the true population mean.	26
6247534335	linear regression	Defines a line of best fit for correlational data that can be used as a prediction of the relationship between two variables.	27
6247534336	histogram	A graphical representation of tabulated frequencies.	28
6247534337	scatterplot	A graph of plotted points that show the relationship between two sets of data.	29
6247534338	bar graph	A graph drawn using rectangular bars to show how large each value is.	30
6247534339	box-and-whisker plots	A way of graphically depicting groups of numerical data through their quartiles.	31
6247534340	bins	Ranges of numerical values into which data are sorted in statistical analysis.	32
6247534341	mean	A measure of central tendency determined by adding all scores together and dividing by the number of scores. Often referred to as the statistical average.	33
6247534342	sampling	The selection of a subset of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.	34
6247534343	68-95-99.7 Rule	In a normal distribution, about 68% of values fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean, about 95% fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean, and about 99.7% fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean.	35
6247534344	error bars	A graphical representation of the variability of data and are used on graphs to indicate the error, or uncertainty in a reported measurement.	36
6247534345	median	A measure of central tendency, represented by the score that separates the upper half of the scores in a distribution from the lower half.	37
6247534346	mode	Measure of central tendency that refers to the most frequently occurring scores.	38
6247534347	Chi-square test	A statistical hypothesis test that measures the difference between observed frequencies and expected frequencies.	39
6247534348	null hypothesis	Hypothesis that predicts NO relationship between variables.	40
6247534349	alternative hypothesis	Hypothesis that predicts a relationship DOES EXIST between variables.	41
6247534350	degrees freedom	The number of ways by which a dynamic system can move without violating any constraint imposed on it. (n-1)	42
6247534351	critical value	A cutoff value corresponding to a given significance level.	43
6247534352	p-value	A predetermined choice of test certainty. The smaller the p-value, the more confidence can be claimed.	44
6247534353	mathematical modelling	A description of a system using mathematical concepts and language.	45
6247534354	r-value	The correlation coefficient that ranges from -1.0 to +1.0. The closer it is to 0, the less two variables are related.	46
6247534355	hypothesis testing	A method of statistical inference that determines if a result is statistically significant or if it is likely to have occurred by chance alone.	47
6247534356	Occam's razor	A principle that states that among competing hypotheses, the one with the fewest assumptions should be selected.	48
6247534357	type I error	False positive. Mistakenly reject the null hypothesis.	49
6247534358	type II error	False negative. Mistakenly reject the null hypothesis.	50

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AP Government Chapter 16 Flashcards

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6650737119	Standing to Sue	The requirement that plaintiffs have a serious interest in a case, which depends on whether they have sustained or are likely to sustain a direct and substantial injury from another party or from an action of government.	0
6650743256	Class Action Suits	Lawsuits in which a small number if people sue on behalf of all people in similar circumstances.	1
6650758582	Justiciable Disputes	Issues capable of being settled as a matter of law.	2
6650772168	Amicus Curiae Briefs	Legal briefs submitted by a "friend of the court" for the purpose of influencing a court's decision by raising additional points of view and presenting information not contained in the briefs of the formal parties.	3
6650797905	Original Jurisdiction	The jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually in a trial.	4
6650805960	Appellate Jurisdiction	The jurisdiction of courts that hear cases brought to them from lower courts.	5
6650811327	District Courts	The 91 federal courts of original jurisdiction.	6
6650816393	Courts of Appeal	Appellate courts empowered to review all final decisions of district courts, except in rare cases.	7
6650821164	Supreme Court	The pinnacle of the American judicial system.	8
6650826457	Senatorial Courtesy	An unwritten tradition whereby nominations for state-level federal judicial posts are usually not confirmed if they are opposed by a senator of the president's party from the state in which the nominee will serve.	9
6650842453	Solicitor General	A presidential appointee and the third-ranking office in the Department of Justice. In charge of the appellate court litigation of the federal government.	10
6650851132	Opinion	A statement of legal reasoning behind a judicial decision.	11
6650853949	Stare Decisis	A latin phrase meaning "let the decision stand."	12
6650859195	Precedent	How similar cases have been decided in the past.	13
6650861835	Judicial Implementation	How and whether court decisions are translated into actual policy, thereby affecting the behavior of others.	14
6650868140	Original Intent	A view that the Constitution should be interpreted according to the original intent of the framers.	15
6650873877	Judicial Review	The power of the courts to determine whether acts of Congress and, by implication, the executive are in accord with the US constitution.	16
6650879657	Judicial Restraint	A judicial philosophy in which judges play minimal policymaking roles, leaving that duty strictly to the legislatures.	17
6650884361	Judicial Activism	A judicial philosophy in which judges make bold policy decisions, even charting new constitutional ground.	18
6650887738	Political Questions	A doctrine developed by the federal courts and used as a means to avoid deciding some cases, principally those involving conflicts between the president and Congress.	19
6650895637	Statutory Construction	The judicial interpretation of an act of Congress.	20

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AP Psychology Abnormal and Treatment Flashcards

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9422198100	what qualifies behavior/thoughts/emotions as being disordered and abnormal	deviant, dysfunctional, distress, dangerous	0
9422198101	DSM-5	diagnostic and statistical manual and mental disorders	1
9422198102	psychopathology	the study of mental disorders	2
9422198103	diagnosis	a label of a cluster of symptoms	3
9422198104	prognosis	outlook for your condition, time span of treatment, what is going to happen with your condition	4
9422198105	etiology	cause or origin of condition	5
9422198106	prevalence	how common/present something is within a population	6
9422198107	incidence	the rate at which new people are being diagnosed	7
9422198108	comorbid	when two disorders occur together	8
9422198109	insanity	legal defense, you have to prove that you were incompetent at the time of the crime	9
9422198110	historical theories	possessed by demons, put into asylums, beating, bleeding, burning, castration, trephination	10
9422198111	phillippe pinel	changed the way mental illnesses were cared for, treated mentally ill as physically ill	11
9422198112	diathesis-stress model	when prexisting vulnerabilities and chronic stress are bunched together, theres a higher liklihood of mental illness	12
9422198113	psychodynamic etiology	childhood trauma, unconscious desires, messed up id	13
9422198114	psychodynamic treatment	hypnosis, analysis, counseling, free association	14
9422198115	behavioral etiology	their environment/experiences forces their behavior (people have fear of dogs because they got bit by a dog)	15
9422198116	behavioral therapy	taking them away/exposing them to their fear	16
9422198117	humanistic etiology	if basic human needs aren't met, mental health is affected or lacking unconditional positive regard	17
9422198118	humanistic treatment	talk therapy	18
9422198119	cognitive etiology	people who have pessimistic explanatory styles controls the way they behave	19
9422198120	cognitive treatment	studying how depressed people think, change how they think	20
9422198121	biological etiology	genetic disorder/inherited, neurotransmitter imbalances, damage neural pathways	21
9422198122	biological treatment	drug therapy, gene therapy, study brain structure	22
9422198123	sociocultural etiology	disorders that only exist in certain cultures (eating disorders)	23
9422198124	evolutionary etiology	extreme manifestation of natural self defense	24
9422198125	biopsychosocial etiology	combo of biological and cognitive causes	25
9422198126	biopsychosocial treatment	medicine and therapy	26
9422198127	generalized anxiety disorder	most common, show symptoms for 6 months, feel tension most of the time, impending dread	27
9422198128	panic disorder	recurrent panic attacks, constant fear of another attack, one month of excessive concern or maladaptive behavioral changes	28
9422198129	social anxiety disorder	pathological shyness, intense irrational fear of social situations or performance, symptoms for 6 months	29
9422198130	specific phobia	excessive fear triggered consistently, feel powerless to stop it, disrupt daily routine, 6 months	30
9422198131	agoraphobia	fear of open spaces, afraid to leave your house because of a fear of having a panic attack and not getting any help	31
9422198132	common anxiety disorder etiology	light genetic link/predisposition, chronic stress, traumatic event	32
9422198133	anxiety disorder treatment	medication, anxiolytics, group or talk therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy	33
9422198134	obsessions	intrusive, unavoidable thoughts	34
9422198135	compulsions	behavior that makes the thoughts subside, time consuming and distressing	35
9422198136	OCD etiologies	neurotransmitter imbalance (serotonin) otherwise unknown, sometimes triggering event	36
9422198137	OCD treatment	SSRIs or other medication, cognitive behavioral therapy	37
9422198138	PTSD	involve an event that threatened death/serious injury/violence with one or more symptoms for one month	38
9422198139	PTSD etiologies	traumatic event	39
9422198140	PTSD treatment	trauma focused therapy, exposure therapies, cognitive processing therapy, antidepressants	40
9422198141	major depressive disorder	more intense version of depression, 5 or more symptoms for more than 2 weeks, can't carry out normal daily activity	41
9422198142	persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)	milder/fewer symptoms for more than two years, can continue every day functioning	42
9422198143	bipolar disorder	vasilation between major depressive disorder and state of mania, highest suicide risk	43
9422198144	cyclothymia	less intense versions of bipolar disorder, hypomania and dysthymia	44
9422198145	seasonal affective disorder	seasonal pattern of depressive symptoms associated with lack of sunlight	45
9422198146	mood disorder etiologies	diathesis stress, biological component, genetics, low serotonin/norepinephrin (depression), high norepinephrine (mania)	46
9422198147	mood disorder treatment	drugs (SSRIs), cognitive behavioral therapy, rational emotive behavioral therapy	47
9422198148	positive symptoms of schizophrenia	symptom added on top of normal experience	48
9422198149	delusions	false beliefs-cognitive	49
9422198150	hallucinations	sensory experience with no stimulus	50
9422198151	negative symptoms	symptoms taken away from normal experience	51
9422198152	catatonia	you literally stop moving and completely freeze, but people can move your body	52
9422198153	disorganized symptoms	flight of ideas, word salad	53
9422198154	etiologies for schizophrenia	genetics, paternal age, brain structure, excess of dopamine	54
9422198155	treatment of schizophrenia	drugs (antipsychotics), family therapy, social skills training	55
9422198156	dissociative identity disorder	parts of personality separated from others, two or more "alters"	56
9422198157	etiologies of DID	traumatic childhood event, extreme PTSD	57
9422198158	treatment of dissociative disorders	talk therapy/drug therapy	58
9422198159	dissociative amnesia	suddenly you forget who/where you are	59
9422198160	fugue	find yourself in a different place/city with no clue who they are	60
9422198161	somatic symptom disorder	unexplained physical ailment, high health anxiety about symptoms, present 6 months	61
9422198162	illness anxiety disorder	nonexistant or minor bodily symptoms, worry/fear of serious disease, six months	62
9422198163	conversion disorder	impaired motor/sensory function, blindness, numbness, paralysis. no medical explanation, warrant medical explanation	63
9422198164	factitious disorder	purposefully LIE about bodily/psychological symptoms, no incentive/external benefit	64
9422198165	somatoform disorder etiologies	chronic stress, traumatic event	65
9422198166	somatoform treatments	cognitive behavioral therapy, hard to treat because there's nothing medically wrong	66
9422198167	Paranoid Personality Disorder	distrust/suspicious of others without justification	67
9422198168	Schizoid Personality Disorder	detatch from social relationships and doesn't express emotion	68
9422198169	Schizotypal Personality Disorder	odd beliefs or magical thinking. behavior that is odd, eccentric or peculiar	69
9422198170	Antisocial Personality Disorder	sociopath disregard/violation of others rights, lack of remorse, manipulative	70
9422198171	Borderline Personality Disorder	overdramatic, big changes in emotion	71
9422198172	Histrionic Personality Disorder	seeks attention, overdramatic, compulsive need for attention	72
9422198173	Narcissistic Personality Disorder	fantasize about future, obsessed with themselves, superior to everyone	73
9422198174	Avoidant Personality Disorder	fear of rejection, bad with relationships, overreacts about everything	74
9422198175	dependent Personality Disorder	excessive need to be taken care of, inability to make decisions, clingy behavior	75
9422198176	obsessive compulsive disorder	obsessed with orderliness, perfectionist that interferes with task completion	76
9422198177	resistance	the client refuses/ can't access things from their unconscious	77
9422198178	interpretation	latent/manifest content in your dreams	78
9422198179	transference	a client redirects feelings toward someone in your life towards their therapist	79
9422198180	projective tests	rorschach (ink blot), thematic approach test (see a picture and make a story)	80
9422198181	psychodynamic	building off Freud, but not quite, like Adler, Horney	81
9422198182	congruence	when your real self = your ideal self	82
9422198183	unconditional positive regard	unconditional love from at least one place in your life	83
9422198184	tenants of good talk therapy	acceptance, genuineness, empathy	84
9422198185	rational-emotive behavioral therapy	directly confronting negative or illogical thoughts, degrades a persons thought patterns	85
9422198186	cognition and depression	reteaching thoughts in order to affect behaviors	86
9422198187	beck depression inventory	survey that shows negative cognitive tendencies that may be associated with depression	87
9422198188	counter-conditioning	if you have a feared stimulus, you pair it with a good thing	88
9422198189	counter-conditioning used for	phobias, generalized anxiety disorder	89
9422198190	mary cover jones	woman who counter conditioned Baby Albert, pioneer of counter conditioning	90
9422198191	exposure therapy	someone is shown what they fear/what makes them anxious	91
9422198192	flooding	overwhelm the person with the feared stimulus, for more mild cases, must be done carefully	92
9422198193	aversion therapy	used for addiction, pairing negative stimulus with addictive substance to make you not want it	93
9422198194	virtual reality	helps people with phobia or PTSD using technology to mimic someone experiencing something without actually experiencing it	94
9422198195	systematic desensitization	used with phobias, progress/gain exposure in exposure to feared stimulus while learning how to calm yourself down	95
9422198196	anxiety hierarchy	slow exposure to phobia	96
9422198197	cognitive behavioral therapy	refrain thoughts specifically towards behavior	97
9422198198	group therapy	all people suffering from the same issues	98
9422198199	family therapy	the immediate family of someone who is suffering from an illness	99
9422198200	electro convulsive therapy	biomedical therapy for depression, brief electric current stimulation sent through brain of anesthetized patient	100
9422198201	repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation	application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain	101
9422198202	pyschosurgery	surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in effort to change behavior	102
9422198203	lobotomy	one used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent. patients cut nerves connecting frontal lobe to emotion	103

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9713196721	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9713196722	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9713196723	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9713196724	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9713196725	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9713196726	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9713196727	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9713196728	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9713196729	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9713196730	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9713196731	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9713196732	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9713196733	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9713196734	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9713196735	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9713196736	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9713196737	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9713196738	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9713196739	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9713196740	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9713196741	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9713196742	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9713196743	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9713196744	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9713196745	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9713196746	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9713196747	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9713196748	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9713196749	theory	general idea being tested	28
9713196750	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9713196751	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9713196752	mode	appears the most	31
9713196753	mean	average	32
9713196754	median	middle	33
9713196755	range	highest - lowest	34
9713196756	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9713196757	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9713196758	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9713196759	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9713196760	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9713196761	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9713196762	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9713196763	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9713196955	neuron		43
9713196764	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9713196765	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9713196766	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9713196767	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9713196768	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9713196769	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9713196770	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9713196771	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9713196772	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9713196773	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9713196774	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9713196775	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9713196776	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9713196777	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9713196778	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9713196779	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9713196780	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9713196781	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9713196782	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9713196783	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9713196784	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9713196785	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9713196786	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9713196787	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9713196788	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9713196789	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9713196790	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9713196791	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9713196792	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9713196793	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9713196794	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9713196795	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9713196796	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9713196797	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9713196798	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9713196799	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9713196800	occipital lobe	vision	80
9713196801	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9713196802	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9713196803	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9713196804	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9713196805	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9713196806	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9713196807	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9713196808	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9713196809	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9713196810	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9713196811	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9713196812	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9713196813	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9713196814	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9713196815	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9713196816	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9713196817	rods	night time	97
9713196818	cones	color	98
9713196819	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9713196820	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9713196821	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9713196822	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9713196823	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9713196824	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9713196825	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9713196826	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9713196827	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9713196828	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9713196829	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9713196830	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9713196831	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9713196832	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9713196833	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9713196834	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9713196835	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9713196836	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9713196837	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9713196838	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9713196839	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9713196840	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9713196841	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9713196842	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9713196843	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9713196844	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9713196845	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9713196846	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9713196847	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9713196848	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9713196849	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9713196850	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9713196851	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9713196852	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9713196853	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9713196854	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9713196855	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9713196856	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9713196857	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9713196858	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9713196859	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9713196860	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9713196861	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9713196862	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9713196863	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9713196864	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9713196865	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9713196866	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9713196867	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9713196868	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9713196869	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9713196870	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9713196871	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9713196872	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9713196873	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9713196874	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9713196875	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9713196876	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9713196877	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9713196878	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9713196879	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9713196880	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9713196881	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9713196882	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9713196883	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9713196884	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9713196885	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9713196886	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9713196887	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9713196888	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9713196889	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9713196890	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9713196891	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9713196892	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9713196893	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9713196894	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9713196895	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9713196896	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9713196897	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9713196898	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9713196899	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9713196900	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9713196901	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9713196902	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9713196903	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9713196904	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9713196905	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9713196906	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9713196907	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9713196908	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9713196909	encoding	information going in	189
9713196910	storage	keeping information in	190
9713196911	retrieval	taking information out	191
9713196912	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9713196913	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9713196914	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9713196915	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9713196916	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9713196917	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9713196918	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9713196919	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9713196920	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9713196921	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9713196922	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9713196923	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9713196924	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9713196925	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9713196926	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9713196927	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9713196928	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9713196929	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9713196930	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9713196931	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9713196932	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9713196933	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9713196934	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9713196935	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9713196936	context	environment helps with memory	216
9713196937	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9713196938	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9713196939	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9713196940	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9713196941	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9713196942	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9713196943	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9713196944	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9713196945	prototypes	generalize	225
9713196946	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9713196947	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9713196948	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9713196949	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9713196950	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9713196951	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9713196952	grammar is _________	universal	232
9713196953	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9713196954	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Government Chapter 3 Flashcards

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4813898721	federalism	A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people. It is a system of shared power between units of government.	0
4813907047	unitary governments	A way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government. Most national governments today are unitary governments.	1
4813919175	confederation*	weak national government; all power in components	2
4813923077	intergovernmental relations	The workings of the federal system - the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments.	3
4814068952	supremacy clause	Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.	4
4814077120	Tenth Amendment	The constitutional amendment stating that "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people."	5
4814154863	McCulloch v. Maryland	A 1819 Supreme Court decision that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments. In deciding this case, Chief Justice John Marshall and his colleagues held that Congress had certain implied powers in addition to the enumerated powers found in the Constitution.	6
4814158018	enumerated powers	Powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution; for Congress, these powers are listed in Article I, Section 8, and include the power to coin money, regulate its value, and impose taxes.	7
4814163305	implied powers	Powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution. The Constitution states that Congress has the power to "make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution" the powers enumerated in Article I.	8
4814168043	elastic clause	The final paragraph of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out those enumerated powers.	9
4814181100	Gibbons v. Ogden	A landmark case decided in 1824 in which the Supreme Court interpreted very broadly the clause in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution giving Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity.	10
4814338077	full faith and credit clause	A clause in Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgements rendered by the courts of other states.	11
4814341654	extradition	A legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed.	12
4814347118	privileges and immunities	A clause in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution according citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens of other states.	13
4814362500	dual federalism	A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies.	14
4814366634	cooperative federalism	A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly.	15
4814547086	fiscal federalism	The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments.	16
4814595892	categorical grants	Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes, or "categories," of state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions.	17
4814658634	project grants	Federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications.	18
4814662012	formula grants	Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations.	19
4814685883	block grants	Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services.	20
4815001381	four reasons federal government has gained power relative to states	implied powers, commerce power, the Civil War, struggle for racial equality	21
4815011527	three states' obligations to each other	full faith and credit, extradition, privileges and immunities	22
4815015426	three factors of cooperative federalism	shared costs, federal guidelines, shared administration	23
4815019104	four advantages of democracy	more opportunities to participate in politics, increased access to government, losing elections is more acceptable, diversity of opinion	24
4815023313	three disadvantages of democracy	states differ in resources devoted to services (ex. education), local interests are able to thwart national majority support, large number of governments is hard to control	25
4815030761	eight powers granted to national government	coin money, conduct foreign relations, regulate commerce, provide an army and a navy, declare war, establish courts, establish post offices, make necessary and proper laws	26
4815039704	seven powers granted to both national and state governments	tax, borrow money, establish courts, make and enforce laws, charter banks and corporations, spend money for the general welfare, take private property for public purposes with just compensation	27
4815045503	six powers granted to state governments	establish local governments, regulate commerce within a state, conduct elections, ratify amendments, take measures for public health, safety, and morals, 10th Amendment	28
4815054030	three powers denied to national government	tax articles exported from one state to another, violate Bill of Rights, change state boundaries	29
4815057250	three powers denied to national and state governments	grant titles of nobility, permit slavery, deny citizens right to vote because of race, color, servitude, or gender	30
4815064257	five powers denied to state governments	tax imports or exports, coin money, enter into treaties, impair obligations or contracts, abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens or deny due process and equal protection of the law	31

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