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AP World Regions_2016 Flashcards

World Geographical Regions

4818652815	Mexico	0
4818652817	Latin America	1
4818652819	Central Asia	2
4818652820	Middle East	3
4818652821	South Asia	4
4818652822	East Asia	5
4818652823	Southeast Asia	6
4818652825	North Africa	7
4818652826	West Africa	8
4818652827	Central Africa	9
4818652828	South Africa	10
4818652829	East Africa	11
4818652830	Africa	12

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AP Spanish Flashcards

Quiero que hagas las actividad de "learn" para ganar 5/5

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8856120911	aceptar	to accept	0
8856120912	permitir	to allow, starts with 'p'	1
8856120913	preguntar	to ask	2
8856120914	dejar	to allow, starts with 'd'	3
8856120915	creer	to believe	4
8856120916	prestar	to borrow	5
8856120917	romper	to break	6
8856120918	traer	to bring	7
8856120919	comprar	to buy	8
8856120920	poder	can/to be able	9
8856120921	cancelar	to cancel	10
8856120922	cambiar	to change	11
8856120923	limpiar	to clean	12
8856120924	peinar	to comb	13
8856120925	quejarse	to complain	14
8856120926	toser	to cough	15
8856120927	contar	to count	16
8856120928	cortar	to cut	17
8856120929	bailar	to dance	18
8856120930	dibujar	to draw	19
8856120931	beber	to drink	20
8856120932	conducir	to drive	21
8856120933	comer	to eat	22
8856120934	explicar	to explain	23
8856120935	caerse	to fall	24
8856120936	llenar	to fill	25
8856120937	encontrar	to find	26
8856120938	terminar	to finish	27
8856120939	caber	to fit	28
8856120940	reparar	to fix	29
8856120941	volar	to fly	30
8856120942	como punto de partida	as a point of departure	31
8856120943	en primer lugar	in the first place	32
8856120944	con respecto a	with respect to (regarding)	33
8856120945	actualmente	presently	34
8856120946	hasta el momento	until now	35
8856120947	mientras tanto	meanwhile	36
8856120948	a pesar de (que)	in spite of (use "que" if followed by a conjugated verb)	37
8856120949	de lo contrario	otherwise	38
8856120950	en cambio	on the other hand	39
8856120951	por el contrario	on the contrary	40
8856120952	sin embargo	however	41
8856120953	de todos modos	nevertheless	42
8856120954	así que	so, therefore	43
8856120955	con relación a	in relation to	44
8856120956	conviene indicar (que)	it is suitable to indicate(that)	45
8856120957	en cuanto a	regarding	46
8856120958	por lo común	as a rule (usually)	47
8856120959	también viene al caso	it is also to the point	48
8856120960	para mí	in my opinion	49
8856120961	de hecho	in fact (as a matter of fact)	50
8856120962	en otras palabras, o sea (que), es decir (que)	in other words	51
8856120963	mejor dicho (que)	better said	52
8856120964	hay que tomar en cuenta que...	one must realize (take into account) that...	53
8856120965	sin duda, no cabe duda (de que)	without a doubt	54
8856120966	sobre todo	above all	55
8856120967	para ilustrar	to illustrate	56
8856120968	a fin de cuentas	in the end	57
8856120969	al parecer, por lo visto	apparently (seemingly)	58
8856120970	como consecuencia/resultado	as a result (consequently)	59
8856120971	en resumen, en suma	in summary	60
8856120972	en resumidas cuentas	in short	61
8856120973	por consiguiente, por eso, por lo tanto	therefore	62
8856120974	por lo mismo	for the same reason	63
8856120975	puesto que, ya que	since, seeing that	64
8856120976	como quieras	whatever you say	65
8856120977	me da igual/lo mismo	it's all the same to me	66
8856120978	de acuerdo	okay, I agree	67
8856120979	ni hablar, ¡Qué va!	no way	68
8856120980	ni lo sueñes	don't even think about it	69
8856120981	figúrate	imagine that	70
8856120982	parece mentira, ¡Mentira!, no lo puedo creer, ¡Qué bárbaro!	I can't believe it	71
8856120983	Qué te parece si.....?	What if (What would you think if....?)	72
8856120984	Sería mejor, más vale, mejor (+ verb)	It would be better	73
8856120985	¡Eso es el colmo!	That is the last straw!	74
8856120986	no puedo más	I can't take it anymore	75
8856120987	¡Cuánto lo siento!	I'm so sorry!	76
8856120988	no hay más remedio	there's no other choice (solution)	77
8856120989	en serio	seriously (really)	78
8856120990	eso no vale	that's not fair	79
8856120991	que yo sepa	as far as I know	80
8856120992	debe de ser...	it probably is (it must be)...	81
8856120993	¿Qué te parece?	What do you think?	82
8856120994	mediante	by means of (through)	83
8856120995	así que, en cuanto	as soon as	84
8856120996	aun	even, still	85
8856120997	aun cuando	even when	86
8856120998	cada vez que	each time that	87
8856120999	como	as, since	88
8856121000	con tal (de) que	provided that	89
8856121001	desde que	since	90
8856121002	en caso de que	in case that	91
8856121003	hasta que	until	92
8856121004	mientras	while	93
8856121005	mientras tanto	meanwhile	94
8856121006	ni...ni	neither...nor	95
8856121007	sin embargo	nevertheless (however)	96
8856121008	sin que	without	97
8856121009	tan pronto como	as soon as	98
8856121010	una vez que	once	99
8856121011	ya que	since (seeing that)	100
8856121012	a partir de	beginning with	101
8856121013	en primer lugar	in the first place	102
8856121014	para empezar	to begin	103
8856121015	a la (misma) vez	at the same time	104
8856121016	además	besides (furthermore)	105
8856121017	ahora mismo	right now	106
8856121018	al mismo tiempo	at the same time	107
8856121019	antes de + infinitive	before (action)	108
8856121020	de aquí (ahora, hoy) en adelante	from now on	109
8856121021	después de + infinitive	after (action)	110
8856121022	durante	during	111
8856121023	entonces	then	112
8856121024	hasta el momento, la fecha	until now	113
8856121025	hoy día	nowadays	114
8856121026	luego	then (later)	115
8856121027	para continuar	to continue	116
8856121028	primero	first	117
8856121029	también	also	118
8856121030	tan pronto como	as soon as	119
8856121031	de lo contrario	otherwise	120
8856121032	en cambio	on the other hand	121
8856121033	por el/al contrario	on the contrary	122
8856121034	así que	so, therefore	123
8856121035	en cuanto a	regarding	124
8856121036	hablando a	speaking of	125
8856121037	no...sino (que)	not...but rather	126
8856121038	por lo común	as a rule	127
8856121039	por lo general	generally	128
8856121040	por un lado...por otro lado	on one hand... on the other hand...	129
8856121041	también viente al caso	it is also to the point	130
8856121042	a mi parecer	in my opinion	131
8856121043	además	furthermore	132
8856121044	de hecho	in fact	133
8856121045	en otras palabras	in other words	134
8856121046	en realidad	actually	135
8856121047	es decir	that is to say	136
8856121048	lo importante es que	what is important is that	137
8856121049	lo que importa es que	what matters is that	138
8856121050	o sea	in other words	139
8856121051	sin duda	without a doubt	140
8856121052	sobre todo	above all	141
8856121053	para ilustrar	to illustrate	142
8856121054	por ejemplo	for example	143
8856121055	a causa de	because of	144
8856121056	a fin de cuentas	in the end	145
8856121057	al fin	finally	146
8856121058	al fin y al cabo	in the end	147
8856121059	al parecer	apparently	148
8856121060	como resultado	as a result	149
8856121061	en conclusión	in conclusion	150
8856121062	en fin	finally	151
8856121063	finalmente	finally	152
8856121064	para concluir	to conclude	153
8856121065	para resumir	to summarize	154
8856121066	para terminar	to end	155
8856121067	por	because of	156
8856121068	por consiguiente	therefore	157
8856121069	por ese motivo	for that reason	158
8856121070	por lo mismo	for the same reason	159
8856121071	tal vez	maybe	160
8856121072	no obstante	nevertheless	161
8856121073	por otro lado	on the other hand	162
8856121074	al contrario	on the contrary	163
8856121075	de todas maneras	anyway	164

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AP Psychology - Chapter 13 Flashcards

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6305732028	emotion	a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience	0
6305732029	James-Lange Theory	the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion -arousing stimuli	1
6305732030	Cannon-Bard Theory	the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion	2
6305732031	two-factor theory	Schachter-Singer's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.	3
6305732032	polygraph	A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).	4
6305732033	catharsis	emotional release; in psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges	5
6305732034	feel-good, do-good phenomenon	people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood	6
6305732035	subjective well-being	self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life; used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life	7
6305732036	adaptation-level phenomenon	our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience	8
6305732037	relative deprivation	the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself	9

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AP Vocabulary Flashcards

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5491804727	Vexed	irritated; annoyed	0
5491806437	Zealous	(adj.) fervent, filled with eagerness in pursuit of something	1
5491810081	Enamor	(v.) to fill with love, fascinate, usually used in passive form followed by "of" or "with"	2
5491812024	Exasperation	a feeling of intense irritation or annoyance	3
5491815293	irreverent	(adj.) showing a lack of respect for people or things that are generally taken seriously.	4
5491817243	Mirth	Gladness and merriment usually accompanied by laughter	5
5491819630	Despondent	(adj.) feeling depressed, discouraged, hopeless	6
5491821554	Rancor	(n.) bitter resentment or hatred	7
5491824855	Frivolous	Lacking in seriousness or importance	8
5491826987	Benevolent	(adj.) kindly, charitable	9
5491830491	ardor	great emotion or passion	10
5491832834	funereal	sad; solemn; suitable for a funeral	11
5491834376	umbrage	offense; resentment	12
5491836330	Audacious	Fearless and daring	13
5491837666	Candid	Completely honest, straightforward	14
5491839638	Saturnine	gloomy	15
5491843065	Somber	(adj.) dark, gloomy; depressed or melancholy in spirit	16
5491845332	Didactic	Intended to teach; instructive	17
5491848507	Buoyancy	irrepressible liveliness and good spirit	18
5491855426	Irascible	Easily angered	19
5491857472	nostalgic	Longing for things from the past	20
5491860054	Veneration	adoration, honor, respect	21
5491861807	Placid	Calm	22
5491862953	Gall	impudence, effrontery; gutsyness	23

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AP Government Vocabulary Flashcards

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6683204178	Affirmative action	LBJ's executive order-designed to correct the effects of past discrimination; requirement by law that positive steps be taken to increase the number of minorities in business, schools, colleges, and labor	0
6683204179	Agenda setting	The process of forming the list of matters that policymakers intend to address	1
6683204180	Amendment	A revision/change to a bill, law, or constitution	2
6683204181	Amicus curiae brief	Friend of the court; interest groups may be invited to file legal briefs supporting/rejection arguments of the case	3
6683204182	Anti-Federalists	Opposed the adoption of the U.S. Constitution b/c it gave too much power to the national govt at the expense of the state govts and it lacked a bill of rights	4
6683204183	Appellate jurisdiction	On appeal from lower courts-Supreme Court is mostly an appellate court	5
6683204184	Apportionment	Distribution of representatives among the states based on the population of each state	6
6683204185	Appropriations	Money granted by Congress or to a state legislature for a specific purpose	7
6683204186	Articles of Confederation	1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)	8
6683204187	At-large	All the voters of a state/country elect their representative (senate elections are at large on the federal level)	9
6683204188	Bicameral	2 chambers; Congress has the Senate and the House of Representatives	10
6683204189	Bill	a proposal for a law	11
6683204190	Bills of attainder	Prohibits a person being found guilty of a crime w/o a trial	12
6683204191	Bill of Rights	The first 10 amendments to the Constitution-guarantees liberties to the people-written in 1789-ratified in 1791	13
6683204192	Blanket primary	Registered voters may vote for candidates from either party on the same primary ballot	14
6683204193	Block grant	Money given to states for general programs within a broad category	15
6683204194	Brief	Legal document submitted to the court setting forth the facts of a case and supporting a particular position	16
6683204195	Brief orders	The returning of a case to a lower court b/c a smiliar case was recently decided	17
6683204196	Brown v. BOE of Topeka, KA	Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson: ended legal segregation, said school regulation is unconstitutional	18
6683204197	Bureaucracy	A systematic way of organizing a complex &large adminstrative structure w/ responsibility for carrying out day-to-day tasks of the organization, departments, &agencies of the govt	19
6683204198	Bureaucratic theory	The hierarchical structure and standarized procedures of govt allow bureaucrats to hold the real power over public policy; proposed by Max Weber	20
6683204199	Cabinet	Govt depts headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy &operate a specific policy are of govt activity	21
6683204200	Casework	Assistance given to constituents by congressional members, answering questions/doing favors	22
6683204201	Categorical grant	Federal grants for specific purposes define by law	23
6683204202	Caucus	Locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political offices	24
6683204203	Caucus (congressional)	An association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology/regional/ethnic/economic interest	25
6683204204	Certificate	A lower court asks the Supreme Court abt a rule of law/procedure	26
6683204205	Checks and balances	Each branch of govt is subject to restraints by the other two branches	27
6683204206	Civil liberties	Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens	28
6683204207	Civil rights	Positive acts of govt designed to prevent discrimination &provide equality before the law	29
6683204208	Closed primary	Only registered party members may vote in the primary (independents, greens, etc...not allowed)	30
6683204209	Cloture rule	Prevents filibustering (16 signatures) and ends debate in the Senate, by a 3/5s vote of the Senate	31
6683204210	Coattail effect	Weaker/lesser-known candidates from (bottom of the ticket) the president's party profit from the president's popularity-people vote straight ticket because they like the top of the ticket.	32
6683204211	Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise	Resolved differences btwn northern and southern states; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for 20 yrs.	33
6683204212	Comparable worth	Women should be paid salaries equal to men for equivalent job responsibilities &skills	34
6683204213	Concurrent jurisdiction	The authority to hear cases is shared by federal &state courts	35
6683204214	Concurrent powers	Powers shared by the federal and state govts (tax, to define crimes and punishments)	36
6683204215	Concurring opinion	Justice/justices who agree w/ the majority's opinion but not with the reason behind the decision	37
6683204216	Conference committee	A temporary committee to work out a compromise version of a bill that has passed the House of Representaives &Senate in diff. forms	38
6683204217	Congressional districting	State legislatures draw congressional districts for Congressional elections	39
6683204218	Connecticut Compromise	Legislative branch-2 houses-one based on population, one based on equal representation	40
6683204219	Conservative	A person whose pol. views favor more local, limited govt, less govt regulations, conformity to social norms &values; rough on criminals	41
6683204220	Constituency service	Casework, assistance to constituents by congressional members	42
6683204221	Constituent	people within a district or state-government official represents them.	43
6683204222	Constitution	The document setting forth the laws &principles of the govt; a plan of govt	44
6683204223	Constitutional courts	Federal courts created by Congress under Article III of the Constitution, including the district courts, courts of appeals, &specialized courts such as the U.S. Court of International Trade	45
6683204224	Constitutional law	Laws relating to the interpretation of the Constitution	46
6683204225	Cooperative federalism	Cooperation among federal, state, &local govts; "marble cake" federalism	47
6683204226	Courts of appeals	Federal courts that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, &other fed. courts	48
6683204227	Critical election	Sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions	49
6683204228	Dealigning election	Party loyality becomes less important to voters, &they vote for the other party candidate/independent	50
6683204229	Dealignment	When a significant # of voters choose to no longer support a particular pol. party	51
6683204230	Declaration of Independence	Drafted in 1776 by T. Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain (3 parts-New theory of government, reasons for separation, formal declaration of war and independence)	52
6683204231	Deficit	Govt spending exceeds revenue	53
6683204232	Delegated powers	Powers specifically granted to the national govt by the Constitution	54
6683204233	Democracy	A system whereby the people rule either directly/by elected representation	55
6683204234	Deviating election	Minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, &new voters	56
6683204235	Devolution	An effort to shirft responsibility of domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size &activites of the fed. govt; some states have attempted to shift responsibilities further to local govts	57
6683204236	Direct democracy	Citizens meet and make decisions abt public policy issues	58
6683204237	Direct primary	Election within the party to choose their favorite candidate for a particular office	59
6683204238	Discretionary spending	Spending set by the govt through appropriations bills, including operation expenses &salaries of govt employees (defense, environment, education, space exploration)	60
6683204239	Discrimination	Unfair treatment of a person based on race/group membership	61
6683204240	Dissenting opinion	Justice/justices who disagree with the majority opinion	62
6683204241	District courts	Lowest level of fed. courts, where fed. cases begin &trials are held (bank robbery, environmental violations, tax evasion)	63
6683204242	Divided govt	One party controls the executive, &the other party controls on /both houses of Congress	64
6683204243	Double jeopardy	Being tried twice for the same offense (if you appealing, it is not double jeopardy because you are asking to be retried)	65
6683204244	Dual federalism	Fed. &state govts each ahve defined responsibilities w/n their own sphere of influence; "layer cake" federalism	66
6683204245	Elastic clause	The necessary &proper clause/Art. I, Sec. 8, Clause 18/imlied powers clause- that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its powers	67
6683204246	Electoral college	Number each state gets is based on the number of representatives and the number of senators that state has. Need 270 to win election	68
6683204247	Electorate	People qualified to vote	69
6683204248	Elite theory	A small group of people identified by wealth/ pol. power, who rule in their self-interest	70
6683204249	Eminent domain	Allows the govt to take property for public use but also requires the govt to provide just compensation for that property	71
6683204250	Entitlement program	Madatory payments made by the federal government to people meeting eligibility requirements, such as Social Security, vets, welfare, medicare	72
6683204251	Environmental impact statement	Required studies &reports of likely environmental impacts, filed w. the Environmental Protection Agency prior to the beginning of a project	73
6683204252	Equal Protection Clause	Constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally-14th amendment	74
6683204253	Establishment Clause	Prohibits the establishment of a national religion-1st amendment	75
6683204254	Exclusionary rule	Rule that evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used agains the person form whom it was seized	76
6683204255	Executive agreement	Agreement w/ another head of state not requiring approval form teh Senate	77
6683204256	Executive order	The president directs an agency to carry out policies/existing laws (informal power)	78
6683204257	Executive privilege	The right of the president to withhold info from Congress/ refuse to testify; limited by U.S. v. Nixon	79
6683204258	Ex post facto law	Laws applied to acts committed before passage of the laws are unconstitutional	80
6683204259	Extradition	States may return fugitives to a state from which they fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's gov	81
6683204260	Federal budget	Amount of money the federal govt expects to receive &authorizes govt to spend for a fiscal (12 mo.) year	82
6683204261	Federalism	Powers that are shared and divided among federal and sub-divisional government (state/local)	83
6683204262	Federalist Papers	Written by Hamilton, Jay, & Madison to support ratification of the U.S. Constituiton	84
6683204263	Federalists	Supported a strong central govt &expanded legislative powers	85
6683204264	Federal system	Power is divided between the states &the fed. govt	86
6683204265	Filibuster	A lengthy speech designed to delay or kill the vote on a bill; used only in the Senate	87
6683204266	Fiscal federalism	National govt's use of fiscal policy to influence states through the granting/withholding of appropriations	88
6683204267	Fiscal policy	The policies of taxation &spending that comprise the nation's economic policy	89
6683204268	Fiscal year	A 12-month pd, October through Septmeber, for planning the federal budget	90
6683204269	Floor leaders	Direct party strategy &decisions in the House of Representatives &Senate	91
6683204270	Franking privilege	Privilege that allows member sof Congress to mail letters &other materials to constituents postage-free	92
6683204271	Free Exercise Clause	Congress may not make laws restricting/ prohibiting a person's relgious practices-1st amendment	93
6683204272	Freedom of expression	Freedom of speech/right to petition the govt for redress as 1st amendment right	94
6683204273	Front-loading	Choosing an early date to hold the primary election	95
6683204274	Full Faith &Credit Clause	States are required to recognize the laws &legal documents of other states-Article 4 for Federalism!	96
6683204275	Gatekeepers	Media executives, news editors, &prominent reporters who decide what news to present &how it will be presented	97
6683204276	General election	Voters choose officeholder form among all the candidates nominated by pol. parties/running as independents	98
6683204277	Gerrymandering	Drawing of congressional districts to favor one pol. party/group over another	99
6683204278	Get-out-the-vote	A compaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls	100
6683204279	Government	The formal &informal institutions, people, &processes used to create &conduct pulbic policy	101
6683204280	Grants-in-aid	Programs, money, &resources provided by the fed. govt to state &local govts to be used for specific projects &programs	102
6683204281	Grassroots	Avg voter at the local level	103
6683204282	Gridlock	When opposing parites &interests often block each other's proposals, creating a pol. stalemate/inaction btwn the esecutive &legislative branches of govt	104
6683204283	Hatch Act	Prohibits govt employees from engaging in pol. activities whle on duty/running for office/seeking poli. funding while off duty; if in sensitive positions, may not be involved w/ pol. activities on/off duty	105
6683204284	Hyperpluarlism	Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling govt in many directinos at the same time, causing gridlock ineffectiveness	106
6683204285	Ideology	A consistent set of beliefs by groups/individuals	107
6683204286	Impeachment	Bringing charges of wrongdoing against a govt official by the House of Representatives	108
6683204287	Implied powers	Not expressed, but may be considerered through the use of the Necessary and Proper (elastic) Clause	109
6683204288	Impoundment	Refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated	110
6683204289	Incorporation	Application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under Amend. XIV	111
6683204290	Incorporation doctrine	The Supreme Court ruling that most guarantees in teh Bill of Rights are applicatable to the states through Amend. XIV	112
6683204291	Incrementalism	Small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget-making--that th ebest indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase	113
6683204292	Incumbency effect	Tendency of those alrady holding office to win reelection due to advgs b/c they already hold the office	114
6683204293	Incumbent	The person currently holding office	115
6683204294	Inherent powers	Powers that exist for the national govt b/c the govt is sovereign	116
6683204295	Initiative	Allows voters to petition to propose legislation &then submit it for a vote by qualified voters	117
6683204296	Interest group	A group of private citizens whose goal is to influence &shape public policy	118
6683204297	Interstate compacts	Agreements btwn states to work together on common issues	119
6683204298	Iron triangle	Alliance- agencies, interest groups, &congressional committees/subcommittees (also known as sub-governments)	120
6683204299	Issue network	Individuals in WA--located w/n interest groups, congressional staff, think tanks, universities, &the media--who regulary discuss &advocate public policies	121
6683204300	Joint committee	Committee made up of members of both house of Congress-housekeeping issues decided	122
6683204301	Judicial activism	The Court should play an active role in determining national policies	123
6683204302	Judicial restraint	Holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social &pol. questions, operation strictly w/n the limits of the Constitution	124
6683204303	Judicial review	Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison	125
6683204304	Jurisdiciton	The authority of the courts to hear &decide issues in certain cases	126
6683204305	Legislative courts	Courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose w/ a narrow range of authority	127
6683204306	Legislative veto	To reject the actions of the president/executive agency by a vote of one/both house of Congress w/o the consent of th epresident; ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Immigration &Naturalization Service v. Chadha	128
6683204307	Lemon test	Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constituionality of state laws in regard to establishment clause (3 pronged test)	129
6683204308	Liberal	A person whose views favor more govt involvemnt in business, social welfare, minority rights, &increased govt spending	130
6683204309	Limited govt	Basic prinicple of U.S. govt that each person has rights that govt cannot take away	131
6683204310	Line item veto	The president can reject a par tof a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional	132
6683204311	Lobbying	Attempting to influence policymakers though a variety of methods	133
6683204312	Lobbyist	Uses pol. persuasion to influence legislation &benefit his/her org.	134
6683204313	Logrolling	The exchange of pol. favors for support of a bill	135
6683204314	Loose constructionist	broad interpretation of the Constitution	136
6683204315	Maintaining elections	Traditional majorty power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty	137
6683204316	Majority leader	The elected leader of the party with the most seat in the House of Representatives/Senate	138
6683204317	Majority-minority districts	Drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority	139
6683204318	Majority opinion	The majority of justices agree on the decision &the reasons for th edecision	140
6683204319	Mandates	Requirements imposed by the national govt on state &local govts to comply w/ fed. rules ®ulation	141
6683204320	Mandatory spending	Required govt spending by permanent laws	142
6683204321	Marbury v. Madison	Judicial review!	143
6683204322	Markup	Rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it (happens in sub-committee)	144
6683204323	Mass media	All forms of communication that reach a large portion of the public	145
6683204324	McCulloch v. Maryland	Supreme Court decision upholding the supremacy of the national government over the states/implied powers clause also strenthened-national bank established because this supported power to tax	146
6683204325	Media event	A speech or photo opporutnity staged to give a politician's view on an issue	147
6683204326	Miranda v. Arizona	Right to be told what you are being held for.	148
6683204327	Moderate	Person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies	149
6683204328	Monetary policy	controlling the money supply-Federal Reserve (independent agency)	150
6683204329	Motor voter law	register to vote when you update your license (1993)	151
6683204330	National chairman	Appointed by the DNC or the RNC as head of the party	152
6683204331	National debt	Amount of money owed by the government	153
6683204332	Natural rights	Basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights that a government cannot deny-Locke-life, liberty, property	154
6683204333	Necessary and Proper Clause	Gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary to carry out their constitutional duties; "elastic" clause (Art. I, Sec 8, clause 18)	155
6683204334	New Deal coalition	Alliance of southern conservatives, religious, and ethnic minorities who supported the Democratic Party for 40 years	156
6683204335	North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)	Created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. by lessening and eliminating tariffs	157
6683204336	Off-year election	An election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election-common for sitting president's party to lose seats in Congress	158
6683204337	Open primary	registered voters can vote in either primary-do not have to register with any party.	159
6683204338	Opinion leaders	Those individuals held in great respect becasue of their position, expertise, or peronsality, who may informally and unintentionally influence others	160
6683204339	Orignial jurisdiction	Court hears and decides a case for the first time	161
6683204340	Oversight	Congress monitors policies of the executive branch (money, hearings, investigations)-checks and balances	162
6683204341	Pardon	A convicted person is exempt form the penalities of a crime	163
6683204342	Plessy v. Ferguson	The Supreme Court case that upheld separate-but-equal segregation in 1896	164
6683204343	Pluralist theory	interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts-everyone gets a piece of the pie-a marketplace of ideas, compromise happens-positive view	165
6683204344	Policy adoption	The approval of a policy by legislation	166
6683204345	Policy evalution	Determines if a policy is achieving its goals	167
6683204346	Policy formulation	The crafting of a policy to resolve public problems	168
6683204347	Policy implementation	Carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts	169
6683204348	Political action committee	Extention of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns-financial arm of the interest group	170
6683204349	Political agenda	Issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power	171
6683204350	Political culture	A set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens and that influences political opinions and behaviors	172
6683204351	Political efficacy	Belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking-vote makes a difference	173
6683204352	Politcal ideology	A consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy taht sets the framework for evaluation government and public policy	174
6683204353	Political party	Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections	175
6683204354	Political socialization	Complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values (family, school, media, religion, national events-all help to socialize)	176
6683204355	Politics	Method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government (who gets what, when, and how)	177
6683204356	Popular sovereignty	people are the source of all govermental power	178
6683204357	Pork barrel legislation	Legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary of unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a memeber's chance of reelection	179
6683204358	Precedents	Standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes	180
6683204359	Presidential preference primaries	Voters select delegates to the presidential nominating convention	181
6683204360	President pro tempore	Serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the VP; chosen by the majority party	182
6683204361	Primary election	Nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election	183
6683204362	Prior restraint	Censorship of information before it is published or broadcast (unconstitutional in most cases)	184
6683204363	Privileges and immunities	States are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states (article 4)	185
6683204364	Procedual due process	Method of government action, or how th elaw is carried out according to the established rules and procedures	186
6683204365	Public opinion	A colleciton of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics, and the making of public policy	187
6683204366	Public policy	The exercise of government power in doing those htings necessary to maintain legitmate authority and ocntrol over society	188
6683204367	Pure speech	Verbal communication of ideas and opinions	189
6683204368	Radical	Ideological view that favors rapid funamental change in teh existing social, economic, or political order	190
6683204369	Ratification	Method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law	191
6683204370	Reactionary	Ideological view that favors a return to a previous state of affairs	192
6683204371	Realignment	A shift of voting patterns to form new coaltions of party support	193
6683204372	Reapportionament	Redistribution of the congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution	194
6683204373	Recall	Special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term expires	195
6683204374	Referendum	Procedure whereby the state submits legislation to its voters for approval, allowing citizens to vote directly on issues	196
6683204375	Representative democracy	Citizens choose officals (representatives) who make decisions about public policy	197
6683204376	Reserved powers	Powers belonging specifically to the states and the people because they were not delegated to teh national government nor denied to the states	198
6683204377	Revenue sharing	Giving money back to the state and local government with no strings attached	199
6683204378	Rider	An addition of amendment added to a bill that often has no realtion to the bill but that may not pass onits own merits (senate only)	200
6683204379	Rule of four	Requirement that a case can only be heard by the Supreme Court if four justices vote to hear the case	201
6683204380	Rules committee	Determines the rules of debate for bills in the House of Representatives-also known as the calender committee	202
6683204381	Runoff primary	When no candidate receives a majority of votes, an election held betweent eh two candidates who received the most votes in the primary	203
6683204382	Sampling	Using a represenative cross-seciton of the general population chosen at random in the polling process	204
6683204383	Sampling errors	Percentage of possible erros in teh polling process	205
6683204384	Select committee	Committee selected for a specific purpose-investigation-hearing	206
6683204385	Self-incrimination	Accusing oneself or giving evidence that may prove oneself guilty	207
6683204386	Senatorial courtesy	The practice of allowing senators form teh president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to apporve or diapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts ONLY	208
6683204387	Seniortiy system	System in which the chairmanship of a committee is given tot eh member with the longest continuous service	209
6683204388	Separation of powers	Practice by which power is separated among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches	210
6683204389	Single-member districts	Only one representative is chosen from each district	211
6683204390	Social contract theory	A voluntary agreement between the government and the governed	212
6683204391	Social insurance programs	Programs to help the elderly, ill, and unemployed if the claimant has paid into them	213
6683204392	Social welfare policy	Government program to enhance quality of life	214
6683204393	Soft money	Money distributed form a national political party organization that wasn ot regulated by law; restricted by the Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2002	215
6683204394	Sound bite	A brief statement on TV or radio	216
6683204395	Speaker of the House	Leading officer in the House of Representatives, chosen by the majority party	217
6683204396	Speech plus	Verbal and symbolic speech used together	218
6683204397	Split-ticket voting	Voting for candidates form more than one party in the same election	219
6683204398	Standing committee	Permanent committees in the House/Senate-every represetative and every senator is appointed to 2 or 3.	220
6683204399	Stare decisis	Let the decision stand; decisions are based on precedents from previous cases	221
6683204400	Straight-ticket voting	Voting for candidates all of the same party on the same ballot-creates the coattail effect	222
6683204401	Straw poll	Early form of polling that asks the same question of a large number of people	223
6683204402	Strict constuctionist	Narrow interpretation of the Constitution	224
6683204403	Substantive due process	the law itself is fair or unfair-not the procedures-but the law	225
6683204404	Suffrage	The right to vote	226
6683204405	Superdelegates	Party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses	227
6683204406	Super Tuesday	Day when several states hold their presidential primaries (usually the second Tuesday in March)	228
6683204407	Supremacy CLause	Ntional law supersedes all other laws passed by states (Art VI)	229
6683204408	Symbolic speech	Using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea	230
6683204409	Three-Fifths Compromise	Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)	231
6683204410	Traditional democratic theory	Government depends upon the consent of the governed	232
6683204411	Trial balloon	Tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gaugin public reaction	233
6683204412	Trustee	After listening to constiutents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions	234
6683204413	Two-party system	Several political parties exist, but only two major political parties compete for power and dominate elections	235
6683204414	Unfunded mandates	Federal government requires the states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary	236
6683204415	Virginia Plan	Madison's plan for a bicameral legislature, whith the executive and judiciary chosen by the legislature	237
6683204416	War Powers Act	Limits the ability of the president to commit troops to combat-48 hours to tell Congress when and why the troops were sent, they have 60-90 to bring them home if they disagree	238
6683204417	Watergate	Break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate building in 1972 that resulted in a cover-up and the subsequent resignation of Nixon	239
6683204418	Writ of certiorari	Order by the Supreme Court directing a lower court to send up the records of a case for review	240
6683204419	Writ of habeas corpus	right to be told what you are being held for and shown evidence against you-used in death penalty case appeals.	241
6683204420	red tape	complex rules and procedures that must be followed to get something done (agencies-bureaucracy)	242
6683204421	Trustee/Delegate-roles Congressman play	trustee--do what is best regardless of voter opinion; delegate--do what the voters want	243
6683204422	pocket veto	DIES-sits on desk-10 days go past-Congress adjourns within the 10 days.	244
6683204423	OMB (Office of Management and Budget)	1921) to prepare estimates of how much will be spent by federal agencies, to negotiate and to make that legislative proposals of these other departments jive with the president's program.	245
6683204424	Speaker of the House	decides who willbe recognized to speak- rules whether motions are relevant to the business at hand; decides which bills where the bills will go (committees)-influencial as to what bills are brought up for a vote-appoints members to special and select committees	246
6683204425	Whips	assistant to the floor leaders, keeps a head count of votes, rounds up members for important votes	247
6683204426	Congressional caucuses	association of members created to support a political ideology or regional economic interest (black caucus, women's caucus...)	248
6683204427	General Accounting Office (GAO)	performs routine financial audits of money spent by the executive departments and investigates agencies	249
6683204428	malapportionment	unfair proportional distribution of representatives to a legislative body	250
6683204429	majority/minority districts	those with a majority of residents who are part of an ethnic minority	251
6683204430	soft money	political parties solicit unlimited funds from individuals, corporations, spend on voter registration campaigns and get-out the-vote drives and "not on behalf of specific candidates"	252
6683204431	Civil Service	hiring government employees on the basis of merit. Also refers to government employees outside the military.	253
6683204432	Circuit Courts	Part of federal court system-13 federal circuit courts: one for the D.C. and 12 for the rest of the country. Also called "courts of appeal"	254
6683204433	Council of Economic Advisors	established by Employment Act of 1946- advise the President on economic policy- 3 members, appointed by President and approved by Senate,	255
6683204434	EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)	INDEPENDENT agency created in 1964-works to eliminate employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, disability, age or other criteria unrelated to job performance.	256
6683204435	EOP (Executive office of the President)	name for the group of agencies, councils, and staff members which advise the president and help run the federal bureaucracy-was established by an executive order from FDR	257
6683204436	Grand Jury (5th amendment)	ranges in size from 6 to 23, depending on the state, and functions to determine whether there is enough evidence available against a person accused of a crime to justify a trial.	258
6683204437	Gubernatorial	pertaining to a governor	259
6683204438	Joint Chiefs of Staff	high-ranking military officers who represent the Navy, Army, Air Force and Marines. They assist the civilian leaders of the Department of Defense-advise the president on security matters.	260
6683204439	Lame Duck	person holding office after his or her replacement has been elected to the office, but before the current term has ended.	261
6683204440	PAC (Political Action Committee)	an independent organization established by interest groups, political candidates, and people who hold office. PACs serve to raise and contribute money to the political campaigns of individuals whose platforms agree with the aims of the PAC.	262
6683204441	indictment	Written statement of criminal charges brought against a defendant	263
6683204442	Shield law	Law guaranteeing news reporters the right to protect the annonymity of their sources. States have passed this--not the federal government.	264

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AP - essential vocab Flashcards

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6411509905	a portata di mano	within reach, convenient	0
6411509906	a proposito di	speaking of	1
6411509907	a titolo gratuito, gratis	for free	2
6411509908	accogliere	to receive, to accept	3
6411509909	adattarsi (a)	to adapt oneself	4
6411509910	affabilità	amiability, friendliness	5
6411509911	affrontare	to confront, to cope with	6
6411509912	al punto di	to the extent	7
6411509913	allinearsi (con)	to side with, to conform to	8
6411509914	anzitutto	first of all	9
6411509915	appartenere (a)	to belong	10
6411509916	assumere	to hire, to assume	11
6411509917	avere a che fare (con)	to have to do with	12
6411509918	avere la sensazione (di)	to sense, to have a feeling	13
6411509919	badante	caregiver	14
6411509920	ben accetto	welcome, liked	15
6411509921	considerevole	substantial, significant	16
6411509999	a testa	each, per person	17
6411510024	provocare	to cause, to provoke	18
6411509978	finire in bellezza	to end on a high note	19
6411509940	in modo deciso	decisively	20
6411509943	malcontento	discontent, dissatisfaction	21
6411510030	visto e considerato	since, given that	22
6411509971	apparizione	appearance	23
6411510005	consumare	to use, to consume	24
6411509956	trattare male	to treat badly, to be rude	25
6411509990	consentire	to agree, to allow	26
6411509989	fare la coda, la fila	to be in line	27
6411510003	bloccare	to stop, to block	28
6411510028	spreco	waste (n.)	29
6411509938	in base a	on the basis of	30
6411509941	in via di sviluppo	developing	31
6411510023	prevenire	to prevent	32
6411509967	si tratta di	it's about...; it deals with...	33
6411510007	diffuso	widespread	34
6411509991	divario	gap, difference	35
6411509963	il dovere	duty, responsibility	36
6411509997	per tutti i gusti	to suit all tastes	37
6411510029	vietare	to forbid, to prohibit	38
6411509962	disoccupazione	unemployment	39
6411509986	svolgersi	to take place, to be set	40
6411510009	eppure	and yet, still	41
6411509958	usanza	habit, tradition	42
6411510027	rimanere a secco	to be left without	43
6411510006	contribuente	taxpayer	44
6411509957	tuttavia	however, nevertheless	45
6411509946	patria	homeland	46
6411509972	nell'arco di	in the span of	47
6411509924	constringere (a)	to force, to compel	48
6411509939	in confronto a, rispetto a	in comparison with, compared to	49
6411509982	lodare	to praise	50
6411509930	disillusione	disenchantment	51
6411509948	polemica	debate, controversy	52
6411509944	mettersi nei panni di	to put oneself in somebody's place	53
6411509988	analfabeta	illiterate	54
6411509947	per giunta	in addition	55
6411509935	fare riferimento (a)	to refer to, to mention	56
6411509955	trascorrere	to spend, pass time	57
6411509993	far fronte a	to face, sto stand up to	58
6411509977	fare del proprio (il mio) meglio	to do one's best	59
6411510000	abbassare	to lower	60
6411510019	mi fa piacere	I'm glad	61
6411509987	valere la pena	to be worth the effort	62
6411510016	inesauribile	inexhaustible	63
6411510004	conservazione	preservation	64
6411509966	rendersi conto di	to realize, to be aware of	65
6411509937	in accordo con	in accordance with	66
6411509926	da una parte ... dall'altra parte	one the one hand, on the other hand	67
6411509952	sentirsi a proprio agio , a disagio	to feel at ease, uneasy	68
6411509950	provenire da	to be from	69
6411509973	essere capace di	to be able to	70
6411509979	funzionare	to work, to serve as	71
6411509936	imporre	to impose, to enforce	72
6411509954	tentativo	attempt, try (n.)	73
6411509953	sottolineare	to emphasize	74
6411509932	fare a meno (di)	to do without	75
6411509984	meritare	to deserve, to merit	76
6411509933	fare mostra (di)	to pretend	77
6411509951	riguardare	to be about	78
6411509964	efficace	effective	79
6411510021	per lo più	for the most part	80
6411509975	essere impegnato	to be busy	81
6411509998	a beneficio di	for the benefit of	82
6411509929	di seconda mano	used, second hand	83
6411509995	lasciare tempo al tempo	to let things take their course	84
6411509928	delitto	crime, offense, felony	85
6411510012	fuori legge	illegal	86
6411509959	usi e costumi	customs and traditions	87
6411509942	integrare, integrarsi	to integrate, to fit in	88
6411509983	lusso	luxury, wealth	89
6411509974	essere costretto a	to be forced to	90
6411509981	influire (isc) su	to influence, to affect	91
6411510018	mettere al bando	to ban, to exclude	92
6411509996	occuparsi di	to deal with	93
6411509985	peggiorare	to worsen, to aggravate	94
6411509965	quotidianità	everyday life	95
6411509927	datore di lavoro	employer	96
6411509980	gestire (isc)	to manage, to handle	97
6411510010	essere sottoposto a	to be subject to	98
6411509970	anziché	instead of, rather than	99
6411509923	corrispondere (a)	to be equivalent to	100
6411510022	preoccuparsi di	to worry about	101
6411509925	criminalità	crime	102
6411509961	avere a disposizione	to have at one's disposal	103
6411509934	fare parte (di)	to be a part of, to belong	104
6411509976	essere propenso a	to be inclined to	105
6411509931	essere frutto (di)	to be the result of	106
15207513938	pretendere	to demand	107

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9666246900	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9666246901	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9666246902	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9666246903	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9666246904	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9666246905	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9666246906	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9666246907	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9666246908	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9666246909	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9666246910	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9666246911	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9666246912	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9666246913	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9666246914	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9666246915	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9666246916	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9666246917	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9666246918	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9666246919	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9666246920	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9666246921	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9666246922	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9666246923	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9666246924	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9666246925	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9666246926	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9666246927	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9666246928	theory	general idea being tested	28
9666246929	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9666246930	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9666246931	mode	appears the most	31
9666246932	mean	average	32
9666246933	median	middle	33
9666246934	range	highest - lowest	34
9666246935	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9666246936	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9666246937	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9666246938	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9666246939	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9666246940	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9666246941	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9666246942	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9666247134	neuron		43
9666246943	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9666246944	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9666246945	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9666246946	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9666246947	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9666246948	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9666246949	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9666246950	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9666246951	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9666246952	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9666246953	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9666246954	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9666246955	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9666246956	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9666246957	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9666246958	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9666246959	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9666246960	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9666246961	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9666246962	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9666246963	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9666246964	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9666246965	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9666246966	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9666246967	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9666246968	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9666246969	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9666246970	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9666246971	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9666246972	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9666246973	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9666246974	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9666246975	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9666246976	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9666246977	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9666246978	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9666246979	occipital lobe	vision	80
9666246980	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9666246981	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9666246982	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9666246983	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9666246984	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9666246985	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9666246986	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9666246987	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9666246988	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9666246989	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9666246990	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9666246991	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9666246992	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9666246993	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9666246994	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9666246995	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9666246996	rods	night time	97
9666246997	cones	color	98
9666246998	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9666246999	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9666247000	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9666247001	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9666247002	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9666247003	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9666247004	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9666247005	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9666247006	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9666247007	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9666247008	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9666247009	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9666247010	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9666247011	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9666247012	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9666247013	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9666247014	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9666247015	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9666247016	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9666247017	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9666247018	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9666247019	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9666247020	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9666247021	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9666247022	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9666247023	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9666247024	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9666247025	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9666247026	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9666247027	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9666247028	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9666247029	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9666247030	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9666247031	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9666247032	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9666247033	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9666247034	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9666247035	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9666247036	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9666247037	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9666247038	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9666247039	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9666247040	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9666247041	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9666247042	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9666247043	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9666247044	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9666247045	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9666247046	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9666247047	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9666247048	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9666247049	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9666247050	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9666247051	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9666247052	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9666247053	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9666247054	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9666247055	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9666247056	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9666247057	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9666247058	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9666247059	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9666247060	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9666247061	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9666247062	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9666247063	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9666247064	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9666247065	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9666247066	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9666247067	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9666247068	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9666247069	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9666247070	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9666247071	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9666247072	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9666247073	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9666247074	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9666247075	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9666247076	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9666247077	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9666247078	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9666247079	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9666247080	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9666247081	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9666247082	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9666247083	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9666247084	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9666247085	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9666247086	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9666247087	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9666247088	encoding	information going in	189
9666247089	storage	keeping information in	190
9666247090	retrieval	taking information out	191
9666247091	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9666247092	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9666247093	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9666247094	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9666247095	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9666247096	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9666247097	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9666247098	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9666247099	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9666247100	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9666247101	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9666247102	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9666247103	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9666247104	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9666247105	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9666247106	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9666247107	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9666247108	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9666247109	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9666247110	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9666247111	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9666247112	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9666247113	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9666247114	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9666247115	context	environment helps with memory	216
9666247116	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9666247117	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9666247118	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9666247119	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9666247120	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9666247121	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9666247122	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9666247123	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9666247124	prototypes	generalize	225
9666247125	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9666247126	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9666247127	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9666247128	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9666247129	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9666247130	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9666247131	grammar is _________	universal	232
9666247132	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9666247133	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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Musik - AP Flashcards

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9893160653	die Musik	music	0
9893160654	das Musikinstrument	musical instrument	1
9893160655	der Rhythmus	rhythm	2
9893160656	die Geige	violin	3
9893160657	die Gitarre	guitar	4
9893160658	die Flöte	flute	5
9893160659	das Klavier	piano	6
9893160660	das Cello	cello	7
9893160661	der Liedtext	lyrics	8
9893160662	der Klang	sound	9
9893160663	die Melodie	melody	10
9893160664	das Orchester	orchestra	11
9893160665	das Konzert	concert	12
9893160666	der Komponist	composer	13
9893160667	der Dirigent	conductor	14
9893160668	der Sänger	singer	15
9893160669	die Stimme	voice	16
9893160670	das Schlagzeug	drums	17
9893160671	der Ton	sound	18
9893160672	das Geräusch (e)	sound	19
9893160673	der Lärm	noise	20
9893160674	der Geschmack	taste	21
9893160675	laut	loud	22
9893160676	schrecklich	horrible	23
9893160677	angenehm	pleasant	24
9893160678	entspannend	relaxing	25
9893160679	klingen	to sound	26
9893160680	sich entspannen	to relax	27
9893160681	komponieren	to compose	28
9893160682	dirigieren	to conduct	29
9893160683	pfeifen (pfiff, gepfiffen)	to whistle	30
9893160684	summen (summte, gesummt)	to hum	31
9893160685	die Trompete (-n)	trumpet	32
9893160686	die Posaune (-n)	trombone	33
9893160687	die Klarinette (-n)	clarinet	34
9893160688	hoch	high	35
9893160689	tief	deep	36
9893160690	das Saxophon (-e)	saxophone	37
9893160691	das Publikum	audience	38
9893160692	der Kopfhörer	headphones	39

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AP Biology- Chapter 25 Flashcards

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5114493682	Fossil Record shows macroevolutionary changes including:	1) emergence of terrestrial vertebrates 2) origins of photosynthesis 3) long-term impacts of mass extinctions	0
5114493683	Possible order of Formation on Earth:	1) Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules 2) Joining of small molecules into macromolecules 3) Packaging of molecules into "protobionts" 4) Origin of self-replicating molecules	1
5114493684	Synthesis of Organic Compounds:	1) Early earth formed~ 4.6 bya 2) Early atmosphere~ water vapor; chemicals released by volcanic eruptions	2
5114493685	Abiotic Synthesis of Macromolecules:	1) small organic form polymers (polymerize) when they are concentrated on hot sand, clay, or rock 2) polymers formed this way are a complex mix of linked and cross-linked amino acid 3) possible that such polymers may have acted as weak catalysts for a variety of reactions on earth	3
5114493686	Protobionts:	1) aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by membrane or membrane-like structure 2) exhibit simple reproduction and metabolism 3) maintain an internal chemical environment different from external environment 4) could have formed spontaneously from abiotically produced organic compounds	4
5114493687	Self-Replicating Molecules:	1) First genetic material- probably RNA 2) Combining early protobionts with self-replicating, catalytic RNA= first life? 3) Steps toward Natural Selection: double stranded DNA, RNA taking on modern role as intermediates	5
5114493688	1920's: A.I. OParin & J.B.S. Haldane	1) hypothesized early atmosphere= reducing environment 2) AKA electron-adding 3) necessary for forming organic molecules	6
5114493689	1953: Stanley Miller & Harold Urey	1) Tested Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis 2) Showed that synthesis of organic molecules in a reducing atmosphere is possible	7
5114493690	Liposomes	1) small membrane-bound droplets 2) lipids (or other organic compounds) + water	8
5114493691	Ribozymes	RNA molecules that can catalyze reactions like proteins; some can make complementary copies of short stretches of their own sequences or other short pieces of RNA	9
5114493692	Fossil Records	1) reveals major changes in the history of life 2) richest source of fossils are in sedimentary rock 3) biased in favor of species: existed for long time, abundant and widespread, hard parts	10
5114493693	Relative Age of Fossils:	determined from rock layer (sedimentary strata) that it appears in	11
5114493694	Absolute Age= Radioactive Dating	"Parent" isotope decays into a "daughter" isotope at a constant rate	12
5114493695	Half-Life	1) time required for half the parent isotope to decay 2) different for each radioactive isotope	13
5114493696	Radiocarbon Dating	1) C-14: decays into C-12; present in known concentrations in all living things 2) Death= no new C-14 incorperated 3) Time since death can be determined 4) Half-Life= 5,730 years 5) Can be used to date fossils/organic material up to 75,000 years old	14
5114493697	If Fossils older than 75,000 years, ?	other isotopes with longer half-lives used (plutonium, uranium, potassium, argon)	15
5114493698	Magnetism of rocks provide with dating info:	1) iron particles in rocks align with Earth's magnetic field when the rock forms 2) magnetic field has reversed multiple times, but rocks stay aligned the same way	16
5114493699	Tetrapods:	mammals, reptiles, amphibians	17
5114493700	Mammal evolution has been traced based on ________ modifications, from ancestral _________ (group of reptiles)	gradual; synapsids	18
5114493701	Geologic Record	1) divided into Archean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic eons 2) split further into eras, periods and epochs 3) major boundaries bet. geological divisions correspond to extinction events in fossil record	19
5114493702	Key Events in Life's History:	1) First Single-Celled Organisms 2) Photosynthesis and Oxygen Revolution 3) First Eukaryotes 4) Origin of Multicellularity 5) Colonization of Land	20
5114493703	(1) First Single-Celled Organisms: Stromatolites	1) rock-like structure composed of many layers of bacteria and sediment 2) 3.5 bya 3) sole inhabitants of Earth from 3.5-2.1 bya	21
5114493704	(2) Photosynthesis and Oxygen Revolution:	1) most atmospheric oxygen (O2) is of biological origin 2) O2 produced by photosynthesis reacted with dissolved iron --> iron formation (rust-like) 3) 2.7 bya --> O2 began accumulating in atmosphere and rusting iron-rich terrestrial rocks	22
5114493705	(2) "Oxygen Revolution"	1) 2.7-2.2 bya 2) posed challenge for life 3) led to cellular respiration developing 4) allowed organisms to exploit new ecosystem	23
5114493706	(3) First Eukaryotes	oldest eukaryotic fossils= 2.1 bya	24
5114493707	(3) Endosymbiotic Theory	proposes that mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts and related organelles) were originally small prokaryotes living within larger prokaryotic host cells	25
5114493708	(3) Endosymbiont:	1) cell that lives within a host cell 2) undigested prey or internal parasites 3) developed mutualistic relationship --> eventually single organism	26
5114493709	(3) Serial Endosymbiosis	mitochondria first, then some descendants gained chloroplasts	27
5114493710	(3) Mitochondria and Plastids	1) have similarities in their inner membrane structure and function 2) independent replication of these organelles (division similar to some pro.) 3) transcribe and translate own DNA 4) contain their own ribosomes (more similar to pro. ribo.)	28
5114493711	(4) Origin of Multicellularity	1) DNA comparisons have been used to estimate date of first common ancestor of multicellular eukaryotes (1.5 bya) 2) oldest known multicellular fossil= small algae (1.2 bya)	29
5114493712	(4) "Snowball Earth" Hypothesis	1) periods of extreme glaciation (in a glacier) 2) confined life to equitorial region region or deep-sea regions from 750-580 mya 3) Thaw of snowball corresponds to first major diversification of multicellular eukaryotes (565 mya) 4) Edicaran Biota: larger, more diverse soft-bodied organisms (565-535 mya)	30
5114493713	(4) Cambrian Explosion (AKA Cambrian Period)	1) sudden appearance of representatives of all modern phyla in the fossil record 2) 535-525 mya 3) first evidence of predator-prey interactions 4) many animal phyla appeared before Cambrian (had a long fuse) 5) 700 million- 1 billion years ago 6) DNA and Chinese Fossil evidence	31
5114493714	(5) Colonization of Land	1) First began 500 mya 2) plants & fungus likely colonized together (many mutual relationships & first land plants would have needed a vascular system; no roots/leaves) 3) Tetrapods evolved from lobe-finned fishes (365 mya) 4) Tetrapods & Arthropods are most widespread & diverse land animals	32
5114493715	Continental Drift	1) earth's continents moves slowly over underlying hot mantle 2) oceanic and continental plates can collide, separate, or slide past each other 3) Interactions bet. plates cause the formation of mountains & islands, & earthquakes 4) breakup of pangea led to allopatric speciation 5) current distributation of fossils reflects continental drift	33
5114493716	Supercontinent Pangea (250 mya)	1) less shallow water 2) colder and drier inland climate 3) changes in climate as continents moved toward and away from the poles 4) changes in ocean circulation patterns --> global cooling	34
5114493717	Mass Extincton	1) dramatic increase of the rate of extinction 2) most species that have ever lived are now extinct	35
5114493718	"The Big Five"	in each one, more than 50% of Earth's species became extinct	36
5114493719	End-Permian Extinction	1) Less than 5 mya, 96% of marine animal species extinct 2) possible cause: volcanism --> global warming; decrease in oceanic oxygen	37
5114493720	Cretaceous Extinction	1) 65.5 mya; 50% marine species; many terrestrial plants and animals, including most dinosaurs 2) iridium in sedimentary rocks suggests meteorite impact~ 65 mya 3) Chiczulub crater off Mexican coast= evidence meteorite (dates to the same time)	38
5114493721	Sixth mass extinction?	1) current rate of extinction has been estimated by some scientists to be 100X-1000X the typical background rate 2) some say it caused by human actions	39
5114493722	Consequences of mass extinction:	1) alter ecological communities & available niches 2) can take 5-100 my for diversity to recover 3) can pave the way for adaptive radiations	40
5114493723	Adaptative Radiations	evolution of diversity adapted species from a common ancestor upon introduction to new environmental opprotunites	41
5114493724	Worldwide adaptive radiations:	1) mammals underwent adaptive radiation after extinction of terrestrial dinosaurs 2) other notable radiations include: Photosynthetic prokaryotes, large predators in cambrian, land plants, Insects, Tetrapods	42
5114493725	Regional adaptive radiations:	can occur when organisms colonize new environments with little competition	43
5114493726	Heterochrony	1) can have significant impact on body shape 2) Ex: contrasting shapes of human and chimpanzee skulls are the result of small changes in relative 3) can alter the timing of reproductive development relative to the development of non reproductive organs	44
5114493727	Paedomorphosis	1) rate of reproductive development accelerates compared with somatic development 2) sexually mature species may retain body features that were juvenile structures in ancestral species	45
5114493728	Changes in Spatial Pattern	substantial evolutionary change can also result from alterations in genes that control the placement and organization of body parts (Homeotic Genes)	46
5114493729	Evolution of Development	1) Tremendous increase in diversity during the Cambrian explosion is a puzzle 2) Developmental genes may play an especially important role 3) Changes developmental genes can result in new morphological forms	47
5114493730	Changes in Gene Regulation	1) Ex: three-spine sticklebacks in lakes have fewer spines than their marine relatives 2) Same gene sequence, different gene expression	48
5114493731	Evolution is like tinkering-	process in which new forms arise by the slight modification of existing forms	49
5114493732	Complex structures usually evolve in many _______ stages from previously __________ structures. (apparently happened independently)	small; existing	50
5114493733	Some structures evolve in one context but become co-opted for a different ___________.	function	51

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Ap Biology Chapter 42 Flashcards

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4882944151	Closed circulatory system	Blood is confined to vessels and separate from interstitial fluid	0
4882988439	Capillary beds	Networks of capilaries where chemical exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid occurs	1
4883023733	Cardiac cycle	Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart	2
4883028346	Sytole	contraction of the heart	3
4883030081	Diastole	Relaxation of the heart	4
4883032072	Stroke volume	The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction.	5
4883036291	Cardiac output	The volume of blood pumped per minute (This depends on both heart rate and stroke volume)	6
4883059130	Atrioventricular valves	Valves that separate each ventricle and atrium and prevent back flow of blood	7
4883078432	Semilunar Valves	Controls blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary artery	8
4883084421	Heart murmur	The back flow of blood through a defective valve	9
4883090390	Sinoatrial node	The "pacemaker," This sets the rate and timing at which cardiac muscle cells contract	10
4883099300	Atrioventricular node	The impulses from the SA node travel here and then to the heart cells	11
4883110170	Electrocardiogram	A machine that records the impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle	12
4883118031	Endothelium	The epithelial layer that lines blood vessels	13
4883130563	Pulse	The rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each heart beat	14
4883134584	Systolic pressure	The pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole (It is the highest pressure in the arteries)	15
4883144093	Diastolic pressure	The pressure in the arteries during diastole (It is lower than systolic pressure)	16
4883151687	Vasoconstriction	The contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole walls (Increases blood pressure)	17
4883158467	Vasodilation	The relaxation of smooth muscles in the arterioles (Decreases blood pressure)	18
4883166473	Endothelin	A peptide that is an important inducer in vasoconstriction	19
4883175397	120mmHg	The blood pressure for a healthy 20 year old at sytole	20
4883181020	70mmHg	The blood pressure for a healthy 20 year old at diastole	21
4883185859	Fainting	Caused by inadequate blood flow to the head	22
4883198984	Lymphatic system	Returns fluid that leaks out in the capillary beds	23
4883204639	Lymph	Fluid that reenters the circulation directly at the venous end of the capillary bed and indirectly through the lymphatic system	24
4883217063	Lymph nodes	Organs that filter lymph and play an important role in the body's defense	25
4883221145	Edema	Swelling caused by distributions in the flow of lymph	26
4883226424	Plasma	A liquid matrix that suspends the several kinds of cells that make up blood (It is 90% water)	27
4883235816	Platelets	A third cellular element are fragment cells that are involved in clotting	28
4883242882	Erythrocytes	Red blood cells (These are the most numerous blood cells)	29
4883250093	Hemoglobin	The iron containing protein that transports oxygen	30
4883251631	Leukocytes	White blood cells, There are 5 kinds: Monocytes, Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, and Lymphocytes	31
4883274171	Fibrin	The converted form of fibrinogen by a cascade of complex reactions to form a clot	32
4883284962	Thrombus	A blood clot that is formed within a blood vessel	33
4883291933	Erythropoietin	A hormone that erythrocytes produce when oxygen delivery is low	34
4883298599	Stem cells	The source that is common within the production of Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets	35
4883317804	Atherosclerosis	A cardiovascular disease caused by the build up of plaque deposits within arteries	36
4883321173	Heart attack	The death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from the blockage of one or more coronary arteries	37
4883326949	Stroke	The death of nervous tissue in the brain due to the rupture or blockage of arteries in the head	38
4883337694	Low-density Lipoproteins	"Bad Cholesterol" These are associated with plaque formation	39
4883343112	High-density Lipoproteins	"Good Cholesterol" These help lower the deposition of cholesterol	40
4883352041	Gas exchange	Supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and disposes of carbon dioxide	41
4883355831	Hypertension	High blood pressure that promotes atherosclerosis and increases the chance of heart attack and stroke	42
4883361844	Partial pressure	The pressure exerted by particular gas in a mixture of gases	43
4884538680	Ventilation	Moves the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface	44
4884544859	Countercurrent exchange	Blood flows in the opposite direction of the water passing over the gills	45
4884547830	Surfactants	Secretions that cover the alveoli	46
4884570071	Breathing control centers	Occurs in the medulla oblongata and the pons	47
4884578266	Negative pressure breathing	Breathing by pulling air into the lungs	48
4884582614	Tidal volume	The volume of air inhaled with each breath	49
4884585554	Vital capacity	The maximum tidal volume	50
4884591906	Residual volume	The amount of air left in the lungs after exhaling	51
4884598825	Respiratory pigment	Proteins that transport oxygen (these greatly increase the amount of oxygen the blood can carry)	52
4884607857	Bohr shift	CO₂ produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O₂	53
4884621173	Myoglobin proteins	Proteins that can store oxygen	54
4898185218	Right atrium	What is indicated by the yellow arrow	55
4898250789	Right ventricle	What is indicated by the yellow arrow	56
4898288771	Left atrium	What is indicated by the yellow arrow	57
4898303538	Left ventricle	What is indicated by the yellow arrow	58

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