| CourseNotes

AP Environmental Chapter 1 Flashcards

4825579645	Environment	Everything around us and how it influences us.	0
4825579646	Environmental Science	How human and natures systems interact	1
4825593309	System	Anything that interacts/influences something else by exchanging energy and materials (can be different sizes)	2
4825596365	Ecosystem	A certain location on Earth with living and non living interacting components	3
4825601347	Biotic	Living components of an ecosystem	4
4825602660	Abiotic	Non living components of an ecosystem	5
4825604206	Environmentalist	A person who tries to protect the environment and raise awareness (NOT and environmental scientist)	6
4825608344	Environmental Studies	Environmental sciences combined with humanities (law, literature, politics, economics and ethics)	7
4825613752	Ecosystem Services	How things people need from nature are produced	8
4825616626	Environmental Indicators	Show current state of the ecosystem	9
4825618306	Sustainability	Using Earth's resources in a way that doesn't harm next generations	10
4825622366	Biodiversity	Diversity of life forms in an environment	11
4825623993	Genetic Diversity	Genetic variation of individuals in a population	12
4825626314	Species Diversity	Number of different species in a region or habitat	13
4825628546	Species	A group of organisms that is distinct from other groups in it's morphology (body form and structure), behavior or biochemical properties	14
4825633876	Speciation	Evolution of a new species	15
4825636277	Background Extinction Rate	Average rate a species is expected to go extinct	16
4825638002	Ecosystem Diversity	Number of different ecosystems or habitats in a certain regioin	17
4825640316	Hectacres	100 meters x 100 meters or 2.47 acres	18
4825642243	Greenhouse Gases	Heat trapping gases in the Earth's atmosphere Most important: CO2	19
4825648045	Anthropogenic	Caused/Derived by human activites	20
4825651574	Population Stabilization	6.8-10.5 Billion by 2100	21
4825652985	Development	Improvement in human well being through economic advancement	22
4825656437	Five Global Environment Indicators	1. Biological Diversity 2. Food Production 3. Surface Temp. and CO2 4. Human Population 5. Resource Depletion	23
4825661335	Sustainable Living	1. Environmental systems must not be damaged beyond recovery 2. Renewable resources must not be depleted faster than the regenerate 3. Non renewable resources must be used sparingly	24
4825669738	Sustainable Development	Development that balances human well being, economic demands and resource managment	25
4825673107	Biophilia	Love of life (a need)	26
4825674476	Ecological Footprint	How much a person consumes in land area	27
4825677050	Scientific Method	A way to study the natural world methodically	28
4825679299	Hypothesis	A testable educated guess about how something works	29
4825681386	Null Hypothesis	A hypothesis that can be proved incorrect (sometimes easier)	30
4825683855	Replication	Several sets of measurement for the same experiment	31
4825685453	Sample Size	Number of times a measurement is replicated (sometimes referred to as n)	32
4825696903	Accuracy	How close a value is to the true value	33
4825698760	Precision	How close the repeated values are	34
4825699932	Uncertainty	How much a measured/calculated value varies from the true value	35
4825704667	Inductive Reasoning	Making general statements from facts or examples	36
4825706138	Deductive Reasoning	Applying a general statement to specific facts or situations. Not always true	37
4825709167	Critical Thinking	Looking at all sources questioniably	38
4825711517	Theory	When a hypothesis is confirmed multiple times and the idea is widely accepted it becomes a ____________	39
4825716111	Natural Law	A theory with no exceptions that was proven after many, many tests	40
4825719771	Natural Experiment	When a natural event acts as an experimental treatment in an ecosystem	41
4825722154	Environmental Justice	Social movement to enforce environmental laws equally despite other factors (wealth etc)	42

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Human Geography - Religion Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards from chapter 6 on religion

Terms : Hide Images

9085369743	Religion	a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities	0
9085369744	Monotheistic Religion	belief system in which one supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in the universe	1
9085369745	Polytheistic Religion	belief system in which multiple deities are revered as creators and arbiters of all that exists in the universe	2
9085369746	Animistic Religion	the belief that inanimate objects, such as hills, trees, rocks, rivers, and other elements of the natural landscape, possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on Earth	3
9085369747	Universalizing Religion	A religion that appeals to all people and in some cases great effort is undertake in evangelism and missionary work.	4
9085369748	Ethnic Religion	a religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of people.	5
9085369749	Hinduism	one of the oldest religions in the modern world, dating back over 4000 years, and originating in the Indus River Valley of what is today part of Pakistan... is unique among the world's religions in that it does not have a single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins.	6
9085369750	Caste System	the strict social segregation of people—specifically in India's Hindu society—on the basis of ancestry and occupation	7
9085369751	Buddhism	religion founded in the sixth century BCE and characterized by the belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge, especially self-knowledge; elimination of greed, craving, and desire; complete honesty; and never hurting another person or animal.	8
9085369752	Confucianism	a philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chinese culture.	9
9085369753	Judaism	religion with its roots in the teachings of Abraham (from Ur), who is credit with uniting his people to worship only one God.	10
9085369754	Diaspora	a term describing forceful or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place. Originally denoting the dispersal of Jews.	11
9085369755	Zionism	the movement to unite the Jewish people of the diaspora and to establish a national homeland for them in the promised land	12
9085369756	Christianity	religion based on the teachings of Jesus. According to Christian teaching, Jesus is the son of God, placed on Earth to teach people how to live according to God's plan	13
9085369757	Eastern Orthodox Church (eoc)	one of the three major branches of Christianity, In 1054 CE, Christianity was divided along that same line when the church, centered in Constantinople; and the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Rome, split.	14
9085369758	Protestant	one of three major branches of Christianity, many adherents to the Catholic church began to question the role of religion in their lives and opened the door to the Protestant Reformation in 1517	15
9085369759	Islam	the youngest of the major world religions, Islam is based on the teachings of Muhammad, born in Mecca in 571 CE. According to the teaching, Muhammad received the truth directly from Allah in a series of revelations during which Muhammad spoke the verses of the Qu'ran (Koran), the Islamic holy book.	16
9085369760	Sunnis	Adherents to the largest branch of Islam, called the orthodox or traditionalist. They believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life's problems, and they differ from the Shiites in accepting the traditions of Muhammad as authoritative	17
9085369761	Shiites	adherents of one of the two main divisions of Islam.... represent the Persian (Iranian) variation of Islam and believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali (based largely in Iraq & Iran)	18
9085369762	Indigenous Religions	belief systems and philosophies practiced and traditionally passed from generation to generation among peoples within a ... tribe or group	19
9085369763	Minarets	tower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier call Muslims to prayer	20
9085369764	Hajj	the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad	21
9085369765	Religious Fundamentalism	religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy	22
9085369766	Religious Extremism	religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence	23
9085369767	Shari'a Laws	The system of Islamic law, sometimes called Quranic law. Unlike most western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, sharia is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Quran.	24
9085369768	Jihad	a doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "Holy War," Jihad represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standards set by the Qu'ran	25

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology Chapter 21 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6385704531	Macroevolution	Evolutionary change above species level.	0
6385704532	Microevolution.	Evolutionary change within allele frequencies in species.	1
6385704533	Hardy-Weinberg Equations	Used to calculate allele frequencies to determine if evolution is occuring.	2
6385704534	Allele Frequency Equation	p + q = 1	3
6385704535	p	Frequency of dominant allele.	4
6385704536	q	Frequency of recessive allele.	5
6385704537	Genotype Frequency Equation	p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1	6
6385704538	p^2	Frequency of homozygous dominant individuals.	7
6385704539	2pq	Frequency of heterozygote individuals.	8
6385704540	q^2	Frequency of homozygous recessive individuals.	9
6385704541	Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium	Large population size, no gene flow (immigration/ emigration), no mutations, random mating, and no natural selection.	10
6385704542	Factors that Lead to a Change in Allele Frequency	Small population size (genetic drift), bottleneck, founder effect.	11
6385704543	Genetic Drift	A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next; effects are most pronounced in small populations.	12
6385704544	Bottleneck	Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions; typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population	13
6385704545	Founder Effect	Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population.	14
6385704546	Sexual Selection	Adaptive changes that lead to an increased ability to secure a mate.	15
6385704547	Sexual Dimorphism	A difference in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of the same species (size, color, ornamentation, behavior).	16
6385704548	Natural Selection	Only mechanism of evolution that leads to adaptation to environment.	17
6385704549	Directional Selection	A mode of natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype.	18
6385704550	Disruptive Selection	Describes changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values. In this case, the variance of the trait increases and the population is divided into two distinct groups.	19
6385704551	Stabilizing Selection	Instead of favoring individuals with extreme phenotypes, it favors the intermediate variants. It reduces phenotypic variation and maintains the status quo.	20
6385704552	Diploidy	Unfavorable recessive alleles can "hide" in the population as heterozygotes. Only expressed when two heterozygotes have offspring.	21
6385704553	Balanced Polymorphism	Natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypes in a population (heterozygote advantage).	22
6385704554	Genetic Variation	Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences.	23
6385704555	Gene Flow	The transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes.	24
6385704556	Neutral Variation	Differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage.	25

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP BOY Moriconi Syntax Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

4785137497	syntax	in grammar, the arrangement of words as elements in a sentence to show their relationship.	0
4785140407	spatial ordering	organization of information using spatial cues such as top to bottom, left to right, etc.	1
4785142805	.rhetorical question	a question asked for rhetorical effect to emphasize a point, no answer being expected; e.g. "Robert, is this any way to speak to your mother?"	2
4785145295	periodic sentence	a sentence written so that the full meaning cannot be understood until the end; e.g. Across the stream, beyond the clearing, from behind a fallen tree, the lion emerged.	3
4785149454	parallelism	using the same part of speech or syntactic structure in (1) each element of a series, (2) before and after coordinating conjunctions (and, but, yet, or, for, nor), and (3) after each of a pair of correlative conjunctions (not only...but also, neither...nor, both...and, etc.). Below are examples for definitions (1) and (3): (1) Over the hill, through the woods, and to grandmother's house we go. (3) That vegetable is both rich in vitamins and low in calories.	4
4785155241	litotes	a figure in which an affirmative is expressed by a negation of the contrary. A "citizen of no mean city" is, therefore, "a citizen of an important or famous city."	5
4785159924	inverted syntax	reversing the normal word order of a sentence; e.g. "Whose woods these are I think I know." Robert Frost	6
4785165012	ellipsis	1. In grammar, the omission of a word or words necessary for complete construction but understood in context. E.g. "If (it is) possible, (you) come early." 2. The sign (...) that something has been left out of a quotation. "To be or not...that is the question."	7
4785182954	enumeration	Detailing parts, causes, effects, or consequences to make a point more forcibly	8
4785187477	climax	Arranging words, clauses, or sentences in the order of increasing importance, weight, or emphasis.	9
4785191052	polysyndeton	Use of a conjunction between each word, phrase, or clause for amplifying the effect.	10
4785199320	epithet	An adjective or adjective phrase appropriately qualifying a subject by naming a key or important characteristic of the subject	11
4785211751	hypophora	Raising one or more questions and then proceeding to answer them, usually at some length	12
4785215622	asyndeton	Omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses	13
4785215623	apostrophe	An interruption in the discussion and addresses directly a person or personified thing either present or absent	14
4785217167	antithesis	Establishes a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them, often in a parallel structure	15
4785217948	anaphora	The repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of successive phrases	16
4785217949	amplification	Repeating a word or expression while adding more detail to it, in order to emphasize a word or idea to make sure the reader sees its importance	17
4785219743	zeugma	Linking a series of ideas with two or more parts of speech; i.e. one subject with two or more verbs, a verb with two or more direct objects	18
4785219744	expletive	A single word or short phrase, usually interrupting syntax to lend emphasis to the words immediately proximate to the single word or short phrase.	19
4785228144	parenthesis	A word, phrase, or whole sentence inserted as an aside in the middle of another sentence. Interruption to introduce a new idea	20
4785252561	juxtaposition	Unassociated ideas, words and phrases are placed next to one another to surprise or disrupt your association.	21
4785252562	subordination	When one idea is made a dependent clause to an independent clause (while, although, since, etc.)	22
4785255161	loose sentence	Making sense before the ending	23
4785269480	telegraphic sentence	A sentence shorter than 5 words.	24
4785272345	balanced sentence	Structure similarities between sentences or parts of sentences—repeated structure	25

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9722615733	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9722615734	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9722615735	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9722615736	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9722615737	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9722615738	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9722615739	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9722615740	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9722615741	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9722615742	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9722615743	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9722615744	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9722615745	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9722615746	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9722615747	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9722615748	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9722615749	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9722615750	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9722615751	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9722615752	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9722615753	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9722615754	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9722615755	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9722615756	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9722615757	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9722615758	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9722615759	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9722615760	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9722615761	theory	general idea being tested	28
9722615762	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9722615763	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9722615764	mode	appears the most	31
9722615765	mean	average	32
9722615766	median	middle	33
9722615767	range	highest - lowest	34
9722615768	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9722615769	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9722615770	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9722615771	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9722615772	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9722615773	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9722615774	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9722615775	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9722615968	neuron		43
9722615776	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9722615777	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9722615778	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9722615779	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9722615780	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9722615781	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9722615782	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9722615783	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9722615784	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9722615785	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9722615786	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9722615787	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9722615788	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9722615789	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9722615790	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9722615791	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9722615792	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9722615793	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9722615794	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9722615795	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9722615796	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9722615797	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9722615798	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9722615799	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9722615800	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9722615801	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9722615802	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9722615803	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9722615804	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9722615805	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9722615806	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9722615807	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9722615808	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9722615809	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9722615810	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9722615811	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9722615812	occipital lobe	vision	80
9722615813	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9722615814	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9722615815	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9722615816	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9722615817	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9722615818	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9722615819	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9722615820	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9722615821	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9722615822	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9722615823	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9722615824	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9722615825	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9722615826	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9722615827	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9722615828	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9722615829	rods	night time	97
9722615830	cones	color	98
9722615831	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9722615832	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9722615833	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9722615834	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9722615835	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9722615836	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9722615837	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9722615838	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9722615839	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9722615840	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9722615841	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9722615842	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9722615843	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9722615844	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9722615845	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9722615846	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9722615847	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9722615848	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9722615849	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9722615850	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9722615851	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9722615852	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9722615853	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9722615854	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9722615855	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9722615856	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9722615857	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9722615858	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9722615859	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9722615860	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9722615861	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9722615862	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9722615863	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9722615864	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9722615865	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9722615866	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9722615867	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9722615868	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9722615869	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9722615870	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9722615871	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9722615872	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9722615873	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9722615874	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9722615875	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9722615876	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9722615877	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9722615878	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9722615879	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9722615880	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9722615881	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9722615882	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9722615883	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9722615884	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9722615885	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9722615886	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9722615887	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9722615888	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9722615889	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9722615890	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9722615891	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9722615892	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9722615893	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9722615894	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9722615895	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9722615896	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9722615897	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9722615898	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9722615899	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9722615900	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9722615901	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9722615902	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9722615903	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9722615904	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9722615905	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9722615906	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9722615907	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9722615908	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9722615909	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9722615910	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9722615911	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9722615912	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9722615913	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9722615914	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9722615915	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9722615916	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9722615917	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9722615918	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9722615919	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9722615920	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9722615921	encoding	information going in	189
9722615922	storage	keeping information in	190
9722615923	retrieval	taking information out	191
9722615924	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9722615925	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9722615926	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9722615927	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9722615928	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9722615929	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9722615930	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9722615931	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9722615932	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9722615933	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9722615934	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9722615935	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9722615936	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9722615937	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9722615938	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9722615939	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9722615940	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9722615941	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9722615942	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9722615943	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9722615944	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9722615945	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9722615946	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9722615947	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9722615948	context	environment helps with memory	216
9722615949	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9722615950	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9722615951	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9722615952	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9722615953	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9722615954	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9722615955	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9722615956	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9722615957	prototypes	generalize	225
9722615958	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9722615959	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9722615960	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9722615961	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9722615962	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9722615963	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9722615964	grammar is _________	universal	232
9722615965	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9722615966	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Literary Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

7204419511	Conceit	a complex metaphor or analogy, often and extended one that (especially in the case of the metaphysical writers) makes an unusual or surprising connection	0
7204420543	Anachronism	When something is assigned to a time in which it did not exist. For example, Shakespeare references a chiming clock in Julius Caesar. Sometimes these are unintentional errors, but they are sometimes used intentionally for humor or satire.	1
7208109732	Idiom	an expression that refers to a construction or expression in one language that cannot be matched or directly translated word-for-word in another language. Ex. In the long run, with a grain of salt.	2
7208121185	Imagery	to use figurative language to represent objects, actions and ideas in such a way that it appeals to our physical senses. Ex. It was dark and dim in the forest.	3
7208123839	Indirect Characterization	the author showing the audience what kind of person a character is through the character's thoughts, words, and deeds. this requires inference on the part of the reader to determine character traits.	4
7208332358	Conflict	The opposition between two characters, two large groups of people, or the protagonist and a larger problem such as forces of nature, ideas, public mores. can also be internal and be the character against his own self	5
7208332867	Connotation	The extra tinge or taint of meaning each word carries beyond the minimal, strict definition found in a dictionary. Used by authors in diction choices to create specific nuances of meaning.	6
7208333194	Consonance	the recurrence of similar sounds, especially consonants, in close proximity	7
7208389177	Syntax	The way in which words and punctuation are used and arranged to form phrases, clauses, and sentences	8
7208394512	Theme	A main idea or underlying meaning of a literary work. A story may have several of these	9
7208400930	Tone	The attitude of a writer toward a subject or audience. It is generally expressed through syntax, diction, and the level of formality in the writing.	10
7208498804	Personification	A figure of speech by which animals, abstract ideas, or inanimate things are referred to as if they were human	11
7208502998	Plot	A plan or scheme, constituting the organizing design that gives a piece of literature such as a play or novel its purpose, structure, or integrity, as well as story-line	12
7208503238	Point of View	The position or vantage-point from which the events of a story seem to be observed and presented to us	13
7208547113	Euphemism	a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing	14
7208547962	Extended Metaphor	metaphor that an author develops over several lines or an entire work; can act as a theme and more deeply explores the similarities between the tenor and the vehicle than a regular metaphor	15
7208548515	Flashback	Interruption of the story to present something that occurred before the beginning of the story	16
7208558999	Paradox	It is a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or silly but may include a latent truth. It is also used to illustrate an opinion or statement contrary to accepted traditional ideas. this is often used to make a reader think over an idea in an innovative way.	17
7208559000	Oxymoron	A figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect. this phrase is commonly a combination of an adjective proceeded by a noun with contrasting meanings, e.g. "cruel kindness" or "living death".	18
7208563675	Palindrome	A number, a word, a sentence, a symbol or even signs that can be read forward as well as backward or in reverse order with the same effects and meanings.	19
7208609337	antagonist	character(s) which stands in opposition to the protagonist (main character)	20
7208609687	antithesis	rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence (ex: "Setting foot on the moon may be a small step for a man but a giant step for mankind.")	21
7208610020	apostrophe	rhetorical device in which a character addresses a character or object that is not present	22
7209059453	synecdoche	a figure of speech which allows a part to stand for a whole or for a whole to stand for a part (ex: "All hands on deck!")	23
7209066701	symbolism	the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities by giving them meanings that are different from their literal sense	24
7209078760	synesthesia	a technique adopted by writers to present ideas, characters or places in such a manner that they appeal to more than one sense- hearing, seeing, smell, etc.- at a given time (Her brightly colored dress was very loud.)	25
7209191389	Epic Simile	a detailed comparison in the form of a simile that are many lines in length. A simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different things. Unlike a metaphor, a simile draws resemblance with the help of the words "like" or "as". Therefore, it is a direct comparison. also called homeric simile	26
7209192123	Ellipsis	a literary device that is used in narratives to omit some parts of a sentence or event, which gives the reader a chance to fill the gaps while acting or reading it out. It is usually written between the sentences as "...". (dated back to Ernest Hemingway)	27
7209192124	Epiphany	means "appearance" or "manifestation. In literary terms, an epiphany is that moment in the story where a character achieves realization, awareness or a feeling of knowledge after which events are seen through the prism of this new light in the story.	28
7210588855	Archetype	In literature, this is a typical character, an action or a situation that seems to represent such universal patterns of human nature. also known as universal symbol, may be a character, a theme, a symbol or even a setting.	29
7210589307	Assonance	Typically found in poetry, this takes place when two or more words, close to one another repeat the same vowel sound, but start with different consonant sounds.	30
7210589308	Asyndeton	means unconnected. It is a stylistic device used in literature and poetry to intentionally eliminate conjunctions between the phrases and in the sentence, yet maintain the grammatical accuracy. Example: She felt tired, beaten, bruised, abandoned. This device can be used to speed up pace.	31
7210884532	Polsyndeton	a stylistic device when several coordinating conjunctions are used in succession to produce rhythm and repetition in order to create a feeling of being built up; tends to slow down pace of sentence; Example: The red and white and blue.	32
7210885973	Pun	a play on words to create a humorous effect by using a word that suggests two or more meanings or by exploiting similar sounding words having different meanings	33
7210886710	Protagonist	the central character or leading figure in poetry, narrative, or novel; commonly the "hero"	34
7210903716	Mood	a literary element that evokes certain feelings or vibes in readers through words and descriptions; creates an atmosphere	35
7210903717	Motif	a recurrent image, idea or a symbol that repeats throughout a work of literature that develops or explains a theme	36
7210906604	Onomatopoeia	a word that imitates the natural sounds of a thing making the description more expressive and interesting	37
7210927915	Foil	A character that shows qualities that are in contrast with the qualities of another character.	38
7210935553	Foreshadowing	A literary device in which a writer gives an advance hint of what is to come later in the story.	39
7210941495	Hyperbole	A figure of speech that involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.	40
7210940557	Verbal Irony	occurs when a speaker speaks something contradictory to what he intends to	41
7210941638	Situational Irony	involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected	42
7210941899	Irony	the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning	43
7210941135	Dramatic Irony	a useful plot device for creating situations where audience knows more about the situations, the causes of conflicts and their resolutions before leading characters or actors	44
7211260863	Rhyme	correspondence of sound between words or the endings of words, especially when these are used at the ends of lines of poetry.	45
7211261894	Rhythm	a strong, regular, repeated pattern of movement or sound	46
7211262377	Rhetorical shift	A change or movement in a piece from one point or idea to another	47
7212528393	Metaphor	a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied, or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated.	48
7212532735	Meter	Stressed and unstressed syllabic pattern found in poetry. The rhythm of poetry.	49
7212537793	Metonymy	Figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else it's related to; Example: The White House (meaning the president) responded today.	50
7212784508	Alliteration	The rhetorical device of commencing adjacent or closely connected words with the same sound or syllable	51
7212786187	Allusion	An indirect or passing reference to some event, person, place, or artistic work, the nature and relevance of which is not explained by the writer but relies on the reader's familiarity with what is thus mentioned.	52
7212791347	anaphora	the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.	53
7212854968	Omniscient third-person point of view	A method of storytelling in which the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all of the characters in the story	54
7212862769	Limited third-person	A method of storytelling which adheres closely to one character's, usually the main character's, perspective	55
7212866192	First-person point of view	A literary style in which the narrative is told from the perspective of a narrator speaking directly about himself or herself	56
7212869763	Objective/dramatic narrator	The perspective in which the author is recording action from a neutral point of view	57
7213844914	Denotation	Literal or dictionary meanings of a word in contrast to its connotative or associated meanings	58
7213844915	Dialect	Language used by the people of a specific area, class, district or any other group of people. The term dialect involves the spelling, sounds, grammar and pronunciation used by a particular group of people and it distinguishes them from other people around them.	59
7213844916	Detail	An individual feature, fact, or item included in literature to provide more information	60
7214549007	Sarcasm	Use of irony to show distaste	61
7214551393	Satire	Use of irony, humor and/or exaggeration to criticize people's or society's faults	62
7214553000	Setting	A place and time where characters are placed and events take place	63
7217517080	Dialogue	conversation between two or more people as a feature of a book, play, or movie.	64
7217517081	Diction	the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.	65
7217517082	Direct Characterization	the process by which the personality of a fictitious character is revealed by the use of descriptive adjectives, phrases, or epithets. With this, the author tells you what the character is like. No inference is required.	66
7221620287	Juxtaposition	the act of placing two things (ideas, characters, actions) next to each other to compare and contrast	67
7221648337	Litotes	"simple"; a figure of speech that creates a positive expression by negating the opposite (think "not too bad"), creating ironic understatement.	68
7221671774	Malapropism	the incorrect use of a word in place of a word sounding similar (think Dogberry in "Much Ado About Nothing" or Rachel in The Poisonwood Bible)	69
7222566437	Simile	a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid (e.g., as brave as a lion, crazy like a fox ).	70
7222566438	Style	literary element that describes the ways that the author uses words — the author's word choice, sentence structure, figurative language, and sentence arrangement all work together to establish mood, images, and meaning in the text.	71
7222566439	Suspense	The pleasurable emotion of anticipation and excitement regarding the outcome or climax of a book, film etc. The unpleasant emotion of anxiety or apprehension in an uncertain situation.	72

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Gov. Chapter 2 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

7290762779	Anti-Federalist	An individual who opposed the ratification of the new Constitution in 1787. The Anti-Federalists were opposed to a strong central government.	0
7290762780	Bicameral legislature	A legislature made up of two parts, called chambers. The U.S. Congress, composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate, is a bicameral legislature.	1
7290762781	Checks and balances	A major principle of the American system of government whereby each branch of the government can check the actions of the others.	2
7290762782	Confederation	A political system in which states or regional governments retain ultimate authority except for those powers they expressly delegate to a central government. A voluntary association of independent states, in which the member states agree to limited restraints on their freedom of action.	3
7290762783	Electoral college	A group of persons called electors selected by the voters in each state and the District of Columbia; this group officially elects the president and vice president of the United States. The number of electors in each state is equal to the number of each state's representatives in both chambers of Congress.	4
7290762784	Federalist	The name given to one who was in favor of the adoption of the U.S. Constitution and the creation of a federal union with a strong central government.	5
7290762785	Federal system	A system of government in which power is divided between a central government and regional, or subdivisional, governments. Each level must have some domain in which its policies are dominant and some genuine political or constitutional guarantee of its authority.	6
7290762786	Great Compromise	The compromise between the New Jersey and Virginia plans that created one chamber of the Congress based on population and one chamber representing each state equally; also called the Connecticut Compromise.	7
7290762787	Madisonian model	A structure of government proposed by James Madison in which the powers of the government are separated into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.	8
7290762788	Natural rights	Rights held to be inherent in natural law, not dependent on governments. John Locke stated that natural law, being superior to human law, specifies certain rights of "life, liberty, and property." These rights, altered to become "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness," are asserted in the Declaration of Independence.	9
7290762789	Ratification	Formal Approval.	10
7290762790	Representative assembly	A legislature composed of individuals who represent the population.	11
7290762791	Separation of powers	The principle of dividing governmental powers among different branches of government.	12
7290762792	Social contract	A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.	13
7290762793	State	A group of people occupying a specific area and organized under one government; may be either a nation or a subunit of a nation.	14
7290762794	Supremacy doctrine	A doctrine that asserts the priority of national law over state laws. This principle is rooted in Article VI of the Constitution, which provides that the Constitution, the laws passed by the national government under its constitutional powers, and all treaties constitute the supreme law of the land.	15
7290762795	Unicameral legislature	A legislature with only one legislative chamber, as opposed to a bicameral (two-chamber) legislature, such as the U.S. Congress. Today, Nebraska is the only state in the Union with a unicameral legislature.	16

Powered by Quizlet.com

Dudley AP Government 7 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6291992960	Constituents	The residents of a congressional district or state.	0
6291992961	Reapportionment	The assigning by Congress of congressional seats after each census. State legislatures are in charge of this process.	1
6291992962	Redistricting	The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.	2
6291992963	Gerrymandering	The drawing of legislative district boundaries to gain an advantage for a party, group, or incumbent.	3
6291992964	Safe seat	An elected office that is predictably won by one party or the other, so the success of that party's candidate is almost taken for granted.	4
6291992965	Incumbent	The current holder of the elected office.	5
6291992966	Earmarks	Special spending projects that are set aside on behalf of individual members of Congress for their constituents.	6
6291992967	Bicameralism	The principle of a two-house legislature.	7
6291992968	Enumerated powers	The powers expressly given to Congress in the Constitution.	8
6291992969	Speaker	The presiding officer in the House of Representatives, formally elected by the House but actually selected by the majority party.	9
6291992970	Party caucus	A meeting of the members of a party in a legislative chamber to select party leaders and to develop party policy. Called a conference by the Republicans.	10
6291992971	Majority leader	The legislative leader selected by the majority party who helps plan party strategy, confers with other party leaders, and tries to keep members of the party in line.	11
6291992972	Minority leader	the legislative leader selected by the minority party as spokesperson for the opposition.	12
6291992973	Whip	Party leader who is the liaison between the leadership and the rank-and-file in the legislature.	13
6291992974	Closed rule	A procedural rule in the House of Representatives that prohibits any amendments to bills or provides that only members of the committee reporting the bill may offer amendments.	14
6291992975	Open rule	A procedural rule in the House of Representatives that permits floor amendments within the overall time allocated to the bill.	15
6291992976	President pro tempore	Officer of the Senate selected by the majority party to act as chair in the absence of the vice president.	16
6291992977	Filibuster	A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator refuses to relinquish the floor and thereby delays proceedings and prevents a vote on a controversial issue.	17
6291992978	Cloture	A procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate.	18
6291992979	Standing committee	A permanent committee established in a legislature, usually focusing on a policy area.	19
6291992980	Special or select committee	A congressional committee created for a specific purpose, sometimes to conduct an investigation.	20
6291992981	Joint committee	A committee composed of members of both the House of Representatives and the Senate; such committees oversee the Library of Congress and conduct investigations.	21
6291992982	Seniority rule (system)	A legislative practice that assigns the chair of the committee or subcommittee to the member of the majority party with the longest continuous service on the committee.	22
6291992983	Conference committee	Committee appointed by the presiding officers of both chambers of Congress to adjust differences on a particular bill passed by each in different form.	23
6291992984	Discharge petition	If signed by majority of the House of Representatives' members, will pry a bill from committee and bring it to the floor for consideration.	24
6291992985	Rider	A provision attached to a bill- to which it may or may not be related- in order to secure its passage or defeat.	25
6291992986	Pocket veto	A veto exercised by the president after Congress has adjourned; if the president takes no action for 10 days, the bill does not become law and does not return to Congress for possible override.	26
6291992987	Override	An action taken by Congress to reverse the presidential veto, requiring a two-thirds majority in each chamber.	27
6291992988	Delegate	An official who is expected to represent the views of his or her constituents even when personally holding different views; one interpretation of the role of legislator.	28
6291992989	Trustee	An official who is expected to vote independently based on his or her judgment of the circumstances; one interpretation of the role of the legislator.	29
6291992990	Logrolling	Mutual aid and vote trading among legislators.	30
6291992991	Attentive public	Those citizens who follow public affairs closely.	31
6291992992	Polarization	The extent to which liberals and conservatives occupy the more extreme positions on the liberal- conservative ideological spectrum.	32

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology Chapter 6 Flashcards

Psychology Ninth Edition by David Myers. Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception Vocabulary

Terms : Hide Images

6487583100	sensation	the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.	0
6487583101	perception	the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.	1
6487583102	bottom-up-processing	analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information. Ex. Building up like blocks	2
6487583103	top-down processing	information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.	3
6487583104	psychophysics	the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.	4
6487583105	absolute threshold	the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular experience of them. Ex. Gas pedal	5
6487583106	signal detection theory	a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimuli (signal amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. Ex. AC in the room kicks on	6
6487583107	subliminal	below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness. Ex. Advertising	7
6487583108	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response. Ex. In class activity	8
6487583109	difference threshold	the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (or jnd). Ex. 50/50	9
6487583110	Weber's law	the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount). Ex. Outline	10
6487583111	sensory adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. Ex. Getting used to the smell of your own house	11
6487583112	transduction	conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret. Ex. Earth space science 8th grade w Perkins	12
6487583113	wavelength	the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from short blips of cosmic ray to the long pulses of radio transmission. Ex. Chem w listort last chapter	13
6487583114	hue	the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth. Ex. Color	14
6487583115	intensity	the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude. Ex. Brightness	15
6487583116	pupil	the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. Ex. Black circle of the eye	16
6487583117	iris	a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. Ex. Colored part of the eye	17
6487583118	lens	the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina Ex. Glasses lens.	18
6487583119	retina	the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.	19
6487583120	accommodation	the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. Ex. Changing	20
6487583121	rods	retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. Ex. Perioheral/twilight	21
6487583122	cones	retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. Ex. Daylight/well lit	22
6487583123	optic nerve	the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. Ex. Nerve	23
6487583124	blind spot	the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there. Ex. Negative connotation to blind associated w no receptor cells	24
6487583125	fovea	the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster. Ex. Fovea>Focus	25
6487583126	feature detectors	nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.	26
6487583127	parallel processing	the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. Ex. 2 things at once	27
6487583128	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory	the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors - one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue - which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.	28
6487583129	opponent-process theory	the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. Ex. Michigan, Christmas, Michael Jackson	29
6487583130	audition	the sense or act of hearing.	30
6487583131	frequency	the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second). Ex. Associated w pitch	31
6487583132	pitch	a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency. Ex. American idol	32
6487583133	middle ear	the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window. Ex. Hammer anvil and stirrup	33
6487583134	cochlea	a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses. Ex. Coiled>Cochlea	34
6487583135	inner ear	the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.	35
6487583136	place theory	in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated. Ex. Place	36
6487583137	frequency theory	in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.	37
6487583138	conduction hearing loss	hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. Ex. Brooks	38
6487583139	sensorineural hearing loss	hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness. ex. NEural>NErve	39
6487583140	cochlear implant	a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.	40
6487583141	kinesthesis	the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.	41
6487583142	vestibular sense	the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance. Ex. vestiBular>Balance	42
6487583143	gate-control theory	the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain. Ex. One door closes another door opens	43
6487583144	sensory interaction	the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste. Ex. When something tastes like it smells	44
6487583145	gestalt	an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. Ex. "Sum is greater than the whole"	45
6487583146	figure-ground	the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).	46
6487583147	grouping	the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. Ex. Clumping	47
6487583148	depth perception	the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance. Ex. Goalkeeping and high balls	48
6487583149	visual cliff	a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals	49
6487583150	binocular cues	depth clues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes. Ex. Bi means two	50
6487583151	retinal disparity	a binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance - the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the close the object. Ex. Refer to definition of retina	51
6487583152	monocular cues	depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone. Ex. Mono means one	52
6487583153	phi phenomenon	an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession. Ex. Strobe lights	53
6487583154	perceptual constancy	perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change.	54
6487583155	color constancy	perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object	55
6487583156	perceptual adaptation	in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field. Ex. In class	56
6487583157	perceptual set	a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.	57
6487583158	human factors psychology	a branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use. Ex. Texting while driving	58
6487583159	extrasensory perception (ESP)	the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition Ex. Telepathy	59
6487583160	parapsychology	the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis.	60