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Flashcards

AP Psych Midterm Terms Flashcards

5853608794	Nervous System	The network of nerve cells & fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.	0
5853608795	Endocrine System	A system of glands that produce a chemical that helps control metabolic activity.	1
5853608796	Neurons	Individual cells that are the smallest unit of the nervous system, they transmit info to other nerve cells, muscles, or gland cells.	2
5853608797	Dendrites	Short fibers that branch out from the cell body & pick up incoming messages.	3
5853608798	Axon	A single, long fiber, extending from the cell body; it carries outgoing messages.	4
5853608799	Nerve	Group of axons bundled together/a light fiber that transmits impulses of sensation to the brain.	5
5853608800	Myelin Sheath	White, fatty covering found on some axons.	6
5853608801	Sensory (afferent) Neurons	A neuron that sends info from our senses to the Central Nervous System (Carry messages from sense organs to the spinal cord or brain).	7
5853608802	Motor (efferent) Neuron	A neuron that sends info away from the central nervous system to the muscles or glands.	8
5853608803	Interneurons	Neurons that carry messages from one neuron to another.	9
5853608804	Threshold of Excitation	The level that an impulse must exceed to cause a neuron to fire.	10
5853608805	All or None Law	The principle that the action potential in a neuron does not vary in strength; a neuron will fire at full strength, or it will not fire at all.	11
5853608806	Neurotransmitters	Chemicals released by the synaptic vesicles that travel across the synaptic space and affect adjacent neurons.	12
5853608807	Acetylcholine	Neurotransmitter that is involved in arousal, attention, memory, & too much of it can lead to Alzheimer's.	13
5853608808	Dopamine	Neurotransmitter involved in pleasure & pain.	14
5853608809	Serotonin	Neurotransmitter involved in sleep, dreaming, mood, & eating.	15
5853608810	Norepinephrine	Neurotransmitter involved in arousal, learning, and memory.	16
5853608811	Endorphins	Neurotransmitter that blocks pain & can be released during exercise.	17
5853608812	Central Nervous System (CNS)	The division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord.	18
5853608813	Hindbrain	Area of the brain containing the Medulla Oblongata, Pons, and Cerebellum.	19
5853608814	Medulla Oblongata	Part of the brain that controls breathing, heart rate, & blood pressure.	20
5853608815	Pons	The part of the brainstem that connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. It regulates sleep and wake cycles.	21
5853608816	Cerebellum	Region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control.	22
5853630382	Cerebrum	The largest division of the brain. It is divided into 2 hemispheres, each of which is divided into 4 lobes.	23
5853637605	Corpus Callosum	A thick band of nerve fibers connecting the left & right cerebral hemispheres (the big indent/line that separates the 2 hemispheres).	24
5853608817	Brainstem	The central trunk of the brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and midbrain, and continuing downward to form the spinal cord.	25
5853608818	Midbrain	Between the hindbrain & forebrain; it is important for hearing & sight, & is one of the places where pain is registered.	26
5853608819	Forebrain	Anterior part of brain, including cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, & hypothalamus.	27
5853608820	Thalamus	The relay station; called the gateway to the cerebral cortex b/c nearly all sensory inputs pass through it to the higher levels of the brain. Ex. You are out late and sneak back into the house but you accidentally slam the front door. Even though your mom was sleeping, the sound wakes her up due to her thalamus.	28
5853608821	Hypothalamus	Controls autonomic nervous system; center for emotional response & behavior. Regulates body temp, food intake, water balance, & thirst. Ex. A friend is in an accident where they hit their head. The doctor finds they have damage to their ___________. You notice a change in their emotions, weight, and growth due to this.	29
5853608822	Cerebral Cortex	The outer layer of the cerebrum, composed of folded gray matter and playing an important role in consciousness (regulates most complex behavior).	30
5853608823	Occipital Lobe	Understands/interprets what the eyes are seeing.	31
5853608824	Temporal Lobe	Part of the brain that deals with speech perception, hearing, & some types of memory.	32
5853608825	Parietal Lobe	Part of the brain used for spatial awareness & perception (receives sensory info from throughout the body).	33
5853608826	Frontal lobe	Responsible for memory formation, emotions, decision making/reasoning, & personality.	34
5853608827	Spinal Cord	Complex cable of neurons that runs down the spine, connecting the brain to most of the rest of the body.	35
5853608828	Sympathetic division	Branch of the autonomic nervous system; it prepares the body for quick action in an emergency.	36
5853608829	Parasympathetic Division	Branch of the autonomic nervous system; it calms & relaxes the body.	37
5853608830	Hormones	Chemical substances released by the endocrine glands; they help regulate bodily activities.	38
5853608831	Endocrine glands	Glands in the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream.	39
5853608832	Thyroid Glands	gland in the neck that secretes thyroxin (hormone) regulating growth and development.	40
5853608833	Thyroxin	A primary hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism (affects alertness, energy, fat/thin).	41
5853608834	Insulin	A hormone produced in the pancreas that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood.	42
5853608835	Gonads	The reproductive glands; testes in males and ovaries in females.	43
5853608836	Epinephrine	A hormone released by the adrenal cortex (part of adrenal glands) that activates the sympathetic nervous system.	44
5853608837	Genetics	The study of how traits are transmitted from one generation to the next.	45
5853608838	Traits	A distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person.	46
5853608839	Heredity	The passing on of physical and mental characteristics from one generation to the next.	47
5853608840	Genes	Elements that control the transmission of traits; they are found on the chromosomes and are passed down from parents.	48
5853608841	Chromosomes	Pairs of threadlike bodies within the cell nucleus that contain the genes.	49
5853608842	DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)	Double-helix configuration, holds genetic information/code, main ingredient of chromosomes, & makes you what you are.	50
5853608843	Dominant Gene	Member of a gene pair that controls the appearance of a certain trait.	51
5853608844	Recessive Gene	Member of a gene pair that can control the appearance of a certain trait only if it's paired w/another recessive trait.	52
5853608845	Identical Twin	Twins developed from a single fertilized ovum (egg) & therefore identical in genetic makeup at the time of conception.	53
5853608846	Fraternal Twin	Twins developed from 2 separate fertilized ova (eggs) & therefore diff. in genetic makeup.	54
5853608847	Amniocentesis	The sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus, used to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus.	55
5853713976	Psychology	The scientific study of behavior & mental process.	56
5853713977	Goals of Psychology	To observe, predict, & control behavior.	57
5853713978	Scientific Method	Generating a theory that attempts to explain the data.	58
5853713979	Case Study	The description of a single individual or a few individuals.	59
5853713980	Correlation	Relationship between two or more variables.	60
5853713981	Random Sample	Equal chance of being selected.	61
5853713982	Representative Sample	Carefully chosen so the subjects corresponds closely to the characteristics of the larger population.	62
5853713983	Biased Sample	A skewed sample that is collected where aspects of the sample are purposely avoided or taken advantage of. Ex: Asking teens if they approve of the curfew (obviously not).	63
5853713984	Behaviorism	The idea that psychology should be studied only through the behavior of humans and animals; excluding thoughts or feelings. Founder: James B. Watson	64
5853713986	Reinforcement	A form of behaviorism; conditioning behavior using rewards and patterns	65
5853713987	Humanistic Psychology	How people strive to improve and reach their potential	66
5853713988	Cognitive Psychology	Study of mental processes, focusing on how people perceive, interpret, store and retrieve info; Believe that mental process can and should be studied scientifically.	67
5853713989	Sensation	The experience of sensory stimulation from one of the five senses.	68
5853713990	Perception	The brain's process of organizing and making sense of sensory information. Ex: Hear a siren and thinking its a cop car, but its actually an ambulance.	69
5853713991	Absolute Threshold	Smallest amount of energy you can detect ½ of the time. Ex: radio on in a room softly and you finally notice.	70
5853713992	Adaptation	An adjustment to the senses depending on the amount of stimulation they are receiving. Ex: Eat salty chips and after a couple of chips you don't even notice that they are salty.	71
5853713993	JND (Just noticeable Difference)	The smallest change in stimulation that can be detected half the of the time.	72
5853713994	Weber's Law	The principle that the JND for any given sense is a constant fraction or proportion of the stimulation being judged.	73
5853713995	Cornea	The clear protective coating over the front of the eye.	74
5853713996	Pupil	A small opening in the iris through which light enters the eye; dilates to regulate light entered.	75
5853713997	Iris	Colored part of eye/regulates the size of the pupil (contracts to make pupil smaller, protecting eye from damage, helps to see better in bright light & relaxes to open the pupil wider, allowing as much light as possible to enter in dim light).	76
5853713998	Lens	Transparent part of the eye behind the pupil that focuses light onto the retina.	77
5853713999	Retina	Back part of the eye sensitive to light which forms an image; contains receptor cells that are sensitive only to visible light.	78
5853714000	Fovea	Area of the retina that is the center of the visual field, images that pass through the lens are in sharpest focus here.	79
5853714001	Rods	Receptor cells that are responsible for night vision and perception of brightness.	80
5853714002	Cones	Receptor cells that are responsible for color vision.	81
5853714003	Dark Adaptation	Takes 30 minutes to adapt to the dark; increased sensitivity of rods and cones in darkness.	82
5853714004	Light Adaptation	Takes 1 minute to adapt to bright light; decreased sensitivity of rods and cones in bright light.	83
5853714005	Afterimage	Sense experience that occurs after a visual stimulus has been removed; ex. still see an image after not looking at the original image.	84
5853714006	Blind Spot	Area of the eye without cones or rods (receptors).	85
5853714007	Hue	A color or shade.	86
5853714008	Saturation	The intensity of a color, especially as a degree in which it differs from white.	87
5853714009	Colorblindness	A reduced ability to distinguish between certain colors.	88
5853714010	Trichromats	People who have normal vision, can see all colors. Not colorblind.	89
5853714011	Monochromats	People who are totally colorblind. Respond only to shades of light and dark.	90
5853714012	Dichromats	People who are blind to either red-green or yellow-blue, only being able to see two of the primary colors (ex. Mr. Campbell).	91
5853714013	Sound Waves	Changes in pressure caused when molecules of air or fluid collide with one another and then move apart again.	92
5853714014	Frequency	The number of cycles per second in a wave; in sound, the primary determinant of pitch.	93
5853714015	Hertz	Cycles per second; unit of measurement for the frequency of waves.	94
5853714016	Pitch	The quality of sound caused by vibrations.	95
5853714017	Decibels	A unit used to measure how intense a sound is.	96
5853714018	Pheromone	Chemical messengers that are picked up by our sense of smell.	97
5853714019	Taste Buds	Cluster of nerve endings on the tongue and lining of mouth that provide sense of taste.	98
5853714020	Papillae	Small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds.	99
5853714021	Gate Control Theory	Theory that controls the pain messages to the brain.	100
5853714022	Placebo	Chemically inactive substance that is similar to the actual substance being tested, but with no actual effects.	101
5853714023	Placebo effect	Pain relief that occurs when a person believes a pill (placebo) or procedure will reduce pain, actual cause of the relief seems to come from endorphins.	102
5861823646	Consciousness	What we are thinking.	103
5861823647	Waking Consciousness	Mental state that encompasses the thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that occur when we are awake and reasonably alert.	104
5861823648	Altered State of Consciousness	State of consciousness that doesn't occur naturally and must be induced in some way. Achieved through: Hypnosis, daydream, sleep, & intoxication.	105
5861823649	Daydreaming	a series of pleasant thoughts that distract one's attention from the present.	106
5862375593	Circadian Cycle	A 24 hour cycle that affects a person's mental, physical, and behavioral changes.	107
5861823650	REM (rapid-eye movement)	Stage 5 of sleep. Dreaming occurs and the brain's activity resembles waking activity. Helps body recover from stress.	108
5861823651	NREM (Non-REM)	Sleep that helps the body recover from physical exertion.	109
5861823652	Dreams	Vivid visual and auditory experiences that occur primarily during REM periods of sleep.	110
5861823653	Insomnia	Trouble falling asleep. Causes: Caffeine, Alcohol, Stress, Sleeping Pills, Tech.	111
5861823655	Apnea	Breathing stops during sleep, blood pressure rises. Causes: Overweight, enlarged tonsils.	112
5861823657	Narcolepsy	A person who falls asleep instantly. (Enters REM sleep immediately) Causes: Might be Genetic (treated w/meds)	113
5862391428	Sensory Deprivation	Extreme Reduction of Sensory Stimuli.	114
5861823659	Substance Abuse	A pattern of drug use that diminishes the ability to fulfill responsibilities at home, work, or school that results in repeated use of drug in dangerous situations or that leads to legal difficulties related to drug use.	115
5861823660	Psychoactive Drugs	Chemical substances that change moods and perceptions.	116
5861823661	Substance Dependence	A pattern of compulsive drug taking that results in tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, or other specific symptoms for at least a year.	117
5861823662	Tolerance	You need to take more and more of it in order to get the same effects.	118
5861823663	Withdrawal Symptoms	Unpleasant physical or psychological effects when you stop taking a substance.	119
5861823664	Double Blind Procedure	Experimental design useful in studies of the effects of drugs, in which neither the subject nor the researcher knows at the time of administration which subjects are receiving an active drug and which are receiving the inactive substance.	120
5861823665	Meditation	Any of the various methods of concentration, reflection, or focusing of thoughts undertaken to suppress the activity of the sympathetic nervous system.	121
5861823666	Hypnosis	Trance like state in which a person responds readily to suggestions.	122
5861823667	Alcohol	Depressant that is the intoxicating ingredient in whiskey, beer, wine, and other fermented or distilled water.	123
5861823668	Barbituates	Potentially deadly depressants first used for their sedative and anticonvulsant properties, now used only to treat such conditions as epilepsy and arthritis.	124
5861823669	Tranquilizers	a medicinal drug taken to reduce tension or anxiety.	125
5861823670	Opiates	Medications that relieve pain. They reduce the intensity of pain signals reaching the brain and affect those brain areas controlling emotion, which diminishes the effects of a painful stimulus.	126
5861823671	Amphetamines	Used to postpone sleep and increase alertness, and also suppresses your appetite. If used in high doses, it will give a general rush followed by a crash, accompanied by severe depression.	127
5861823672	Cocaine	Drug derived from the coca plant that, although producing a sense of euphoria by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system, also leads to anxiety, depression and addictive cravings.	128
5861823673	Caffeine	Stimulant for Central Nervous System.	129
5861823674	Nicotine	It acts as a stimulant in small doses, but in larger amounts blocks the action of autonomic nerve and skeletal muscle cells.	130
5861823675	LSD	Hallucinogenic or "psychedelic" drug that produces hallucinations and delusion similar to those occurring in a psychotic state.	131
5861823676	Marijuana	A mild hallucinogen that produces a "high" often characterized by feelings of euphoria, a sense of well being, swings in mood from gaiety to relaxation; may also cause feelings of anxiety and paranoia)	132
5862309592	Hallucinogen	No withdrawal effects but you have high tolerance quickly, can have flashbacks weeks or months later, lead to memory loss and paranoia.	133
5862342817	Depressant	Chemicals that inhibit brain activity by altering neurotransmitters and produce a calming or drowsy effect (Alcohol).	134
5862363343	Stimulants	Drugs that affect the brain similar to how certain neurotransmitters work. They act like dopamine and norepinephrine and enhance their effects.	135
5861905291	Memory	The ability to remember the things that we have experienced, imagined, or learned.	136
5861905292	Short-term memory	Activated memory that holds few items briefly.	137
5861905293	Long-term memory	The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.	138
5861905294	Information processing model	A computer like model used to describe the way humans encode, store, and retrieve information.	139
5861905295	Chunking	The grouping of information into meaningful units for easier handling by short-term memory.	140
5861905296	Rote rehearsal	Retaining information in memory simply by repeating it over and over. "Rote, Rote, Rote your boat"	141
5861905298	Serial position effect	The finding that when asked to recall a list of unrelated items, performance is better for the items at the beginning (primacy) and end of the list (recency).	142
5861905300	Schemata	A set of beliefs or expectations about something that is based on past experience.	143
5861905301	Explicit memory	Memory for information that we can readily express in words and are aware of having; these memories can be intentionally retrieved from memory.	144
5861905302	Implicit memory	Memory for information that we cannot readily express in words and may not be aware of having; these memories cannot be intentionally retrieved from memory.	145
5861905303	Decay theory	A theory that argues that the passage of time causes forgetting.	146
5861905304	Retrograde amnesia	The inability to recall events preceding an accident or injury, but without loss of earlier memory.	147
5861905305	Retroactive interference	The process by which new information interferes with information already in memory.	148
5861905306	Proactive interference	The process by which information already in memory interferes with new information.	149
5861905307	Mnemonics	The study and development of systems for improving and assisting the memory (PEMDAS, etc).	150
5861905308	Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve	Demonstrates the decline of memory retention in time. How information is lost over a period of time when there is no attempt to retain it.	151
5861905310	Hysterical Amnesia	When someone experiences a traumatic event, they often forget the event.	152
5861905311	Childhood amnesia (Infantile amnesia)	Children rarely recall events that occurred before they were 2 years old. (B/c the specific regions of the brain devoted to memory haven't fully developed yet)	153
5861905312	Autobiographical Memory	Our recollection of events that happened in our life and when those events took place.	154
5861905313	Eidetic imagery	The ability to reproduce unusually sharp and detailed images of something one has seen.	155
5861905314	Mnemonist	People who have excellent memory.	156
5861905316	Flashbulb memory (Print Theory)	When someone has an important event they can recall vivid memories even after a long time has passed.	157
5861905317	Encoding	Transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained in the memory system.	158
5861905318	Storage	Retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time.	159
5861905319	Retrieval	Recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it.	160
5861905320	Emotional memories	Learned emotional responses to various stimuli.	161
5861905321	Episodic memories	(Declarative) The portion of long-term memory that stores personally experienced events.	162
5861905322	Semantic memories	(Non-Declarative) The portion of long-term memory that stores general facts and information.	163
5861905323	Procedural memories	The portion of long-term memory that stores information relating to skills, habits, and other perceptual-motor tasks.	164
5861905324	Priming	The implicit memory of effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences response to a later stimulus. It is a technique in psychology used to train a person's memory in both positive and negative ways.	165
5861905325	Elaborative Rehearsal	The linking of new information in short-term memory to familiar material stored in long-term memory	166
5861905326	Tip of the Tongue Theory (TOT)	When we try to remember something so hard that we make it harder for ourselves. (Knowing a word, but not being able to recall it).	167
5861905327	Long Term Potentiation (LTP)	When we learn new things, new connections are formed in the brain, when we review or practice previously learned things, old connections are strengthened.	168
5871861402	Power Motive	The need to be in control.	169
5871877719	Stimulus Motive	What makes you tick.	170
5871880672	Affiliation Motive	The need to be with others.	171
5871891934	Achievement Motive	The need to win.	172
5861905328	Situational Factors	Always take a test in the seat you learned the material.	173
5861905329	State dependent memory	If you learned while chewing gum, chew gum for the test.	174
5861905330	Reconstructive process	We often reconstruct memories for social reasons or personal defense. We do this because we want it to be more consistent with a current image or perception.	175
5861905331	Source Error	People are unable to tell the difference between what they saw and what they heard or imagined.	176
5862211499	Classical Conditioning	A form of learning in which a response elicited by a stimulus becomes elicited by a previously neutral stimulus, almost by accident.	177
5862211500	Unconditioned Response (UR)	The response that occurs automatically when the US is presented.	178
5862211501	Unconditional Stimulus (US)	Any stimulus that consistently produces a particular, natural occurring, automatic response.	179
5862211502	Conditioned Stimulus (CS)	The stimulus that is neutral at the start of the conditioning process and does not normally produce the UR. However, with repeated pairing with the US, it produces the CR.	180
5862211503	Conditioned Response (CR)	The learned response that is produced by the CS.	181
5862401260	Response Acquisition	First stages of learning when a response is first established; the period when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response.	182
5862211504	Intermittent Pairing	Paring the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus on only a portion of learning rituals; this procedure reduces both the rate of learning and the final level of learning achieved.	183
5862211505	Desensitization Theory	A conditioning technique used to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation; if a person can associate relaxation with the fearful stimulus then they could change human behavior.	184
5862211506	Learning	The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior.	185
5862211507	Taste Aversion	Conditioned avoidance of certain foods even if there is only one pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.	186
5862211508	Operant Conditioning	A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishment for behavior.	187
5862211509	Reinforcers	Stimuli that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.	188
5862211510	Positive Reinforcers	Presenting a motivating item to the person/animal after the desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future.	189
5862211511	Negative Reinforcers	When a certain stimulus is removed after a particular behavior is exhibited. This increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated in the future.	190
5862211512	Punishers	Stimuli that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.	191
5862211513	Law of Effect	Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation. The responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in the future.	192
5862211514	Biofeedback	A technique that uses monitoring devices to provide precise information about internal physiological processes, such as heart rate or blood pressure, to teach people to gain voluntary control over theses functions.	193
5862211515	Neurofeeback	A biofeedback technique that monitors brain waves with the use of an EEG to teach people to gain voluntary control over their brain wave activity.	194
5862211516	Skinner Box	A box often used in operant conditioning of animals; it limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur.	195
5862211517	Shaping	By rewarding more and more exaggerated behavior, complex actions could be trained through small successive rewards.	196
5862211518	Punishment	Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.	197
5862211519	Blocking	A process whereby prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a second stimulus even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously.	198
5862211520	Avoidance Training	Learning a desirable behavior to prevent the occurrence of something unpleasant, such as punishment.	199
5862211521	Learned Helplessness	The general belief that one is incapable of accomplishing tasks and has little or no control of the environment.	200
5862211522	Fixed Ratio	Reinforcement after a fixed number of fixed responses. (Ex: say hi to every 4th person)	201
5862211524	Fixed Interval	Reinforcement after a certain amount of time. (Ex: Trip someone every 5 mins)	202
5862211526	Variable Ratio	There's no set reinforcement after a certain number of times (random). (Trip every 9th, 17th, 38th, ... person)	203
5862211527	Variable Interval	There's no set reinforcement after a certain amount of time. (hit someone every 10, 23, 55, ... mins).	204
5862211529	Continuous Reinforcement	When every correct response is reinforced (ex: getting paid).	205
5862211531	Stimulus Discrimination (classical conditioning)	When we learn to respond only to the original stimulus, and not to other similar stimuli.	206
5862211532	Stimulus Generalization (classical conditioning)	When an organism responds to a new stimulus in the same way as a previously encountered stimulus, based on similarity of the stimuli and the organism's history of reinforcement with the previous stimulus.	207
5862211535	Response Generalization	Giving a response that is somewhat different from the response originally learned to that stimulus.	208
5862211536	Higher Order Conditioning (Second order conditioning)	When you pair a new CS with the old CS and eventually change to a new CS.	209
5862211537	Backward Conditioning	When a CS immediately follows a US. Unlike usual conditioning procedures, in which the CS precedes the US.	210
5862211538	Extinction	The disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is not reinforced.	211
5862211539	Primary Reinforcers	Biological. Things like food, drink, and pleasure (sex).	212
5862211540	Secondary Reinforcers	They acquire their power via a history of association with primary reinforcers or other _______________ reinforcers (Ex: grades in school, money, & tokens).	213
5862211542	Spontaneous Recovery	The reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response. If the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are no longer associated, extinction will occur very rapidly after a spontaneous recovery.	214
5862211543	Latent Learning	A form of Learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without any obvious reinforcement of behavior or associations that are learned.	215
5862211544	Insight	When a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning. It is the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based on trial and error.	216
5862211545	Vicarious Learning (observational learning)	Learning that occurs when one person (the learner) learns a behavior by watching another person perform the behavior (Ex: shadowing, demonstrations, & training films).	217
5862211547	Vicarious Punishment	When the tendency to engage in a behavior is weakened after having observed the negative consequences for another engaging in that behavior.	218
5862211548	Cognitive Learning	Learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable.	219
5862211550	Social Learning Theorists	Psychologists whose view of learning emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience by the learner.	220
5871825636	Representativeness	A heuristic by which a new situation is judged on the basis of its resemblance to a stereotypical model (Answers).	221
5871825637	Language	A flexible system of symbols that allow us to communicate ideas to others.	222
5871825638	Phonemes	The universal sounds in language. Ex: T, Th, & K	223
5871825639	Morphemes	Simple words or pre or suffixes. Made from combining phonemes. Ex: Hot, Tall, Down	224
5871825640	Surface Structure	Parts of a sentence (noun, verb, etc.). Ex: John (n) skipped (v) classes (pn)	225
5871825641	Deep Surface Structure	Deeper meaning of the sentence. Ex: John is not doing well and needs to stay more focused...	226
5871825642	Top Down Processing	When you start with an idea and build on that idea with sentences. Ex: A reflection paper (you start with an idea)	227
5871825643	Bottom Down Processing	When you're trying to understand a sentence, you try and break down the meaning. Ex: Reading a book (you understand the whole picture)	228
5871825644	Syntax	Sentence rules.	229
5871825645	Semantics	Sentence meanings.	230
5871825646	Images	We use them to help us problem solve, we also use graphs and charts to understand an idea.	231
5871825647	Concepts	Categories we use to classify something.	232
5871825648	Prototypes	(models) Used to represent something (Yankee Stadium).	233
5871825649	Linguistic Determination	The belief (or fact) that humans are influenced by our language.	234
5871825650	Benjamin Worfe	A man who believes that we are influenced by our language. The more words we know, the better thinkers we are.	235
5871825651	Problem Representation	First step to solving a problem is to define it.	236
5871825652	Convergent Thinking	Thinking that is directed towards one correct solution to a problem.	237
5871825653	Divergent Thinking	Thinking that meets the criteria of originality & flexibility. Ex: Brainstorming, free writing, & keeping a journal.	238
5871825654	Trial & Error	A fundamental method of problem solving. It is characterized by repeated, varied attempts which are continued until success, or until the agent stops trying.	239
5871825655	Retrieval	The process in which information in your memory can be recalled. Information concerning events, images, and feelings are all stored in our memory.	240
5871825656	Algorithm	Set of step-by-step procedures that provides the correct answer to a particular problem. Ex: PEMDAS	241
5871825657	Heuristics	(Rules of thumb) A mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently. These rule-of-thumb strategies shorten decision making time and allow people to function w/o constantly stopping to think.	242
5871825658	Brainstorming	A group problem-solving technique that involves the spontaneous contribution of ideas from all members of the group.	243
5871825659	Mental Set	How we approach a problem.	244
5871825660	Functional Fixedness	When you are unable to think outside the box.	245
5871825661	Compensatory Model	It weighs all options and we pick the one with the highest score.	246
5873666017	Non Compensatory Model	Pick something based on what you like. Ex: picked a car because it's red	247
5871825662	Availiability	We often base solution off of what's in front of us.	248
5871825663	Confirmation Bias	We often notice when we are correct, not when we are wrong.	249
5871825664	Working Backwards	One outlines their goal and works back in a well-organized and systematic manner. Ex: Mazes	250
5871825665	Hindsight Bias	We tend to notice our mistakes or others when it's too late.	251
5871825666	Counterfactual Thinking	We come up with "if only" statements when we don't like the outcome.	252
5871825667	Multitasking	Our brains aren't wired to do more that one thing at the same time. It slows down thinking, decreases accuracy, and increases stress.	253
5871825668	Intelligence	The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations.	254
5871825669	Crystallized Intelligence	The ability to use learned knowledge and experience.	255
5871825670	Fluid Intelligence	The general ability to think abstractly, reason, identify patterns, solve problems, & discern relationships.	256
5871825671	Intelligence Quotient (IQ)	Intelligence index; original definition; mental age divided by chronological age, then multiplied by 100.	257
5871825672	Deviation IQ	Scores based on a person's standing in his or her age group; how far above or below average a person's score is, relative to other scores.	258
5871825674	IQ Test	-1st was designed by Binet/Simon in 1905 and used in schools -1916= Stanford/Binet intelligence scale was designed and is still used today. It measures people in language, visual reasoning, math, & short term memory. -Adults use the WAIS to get a number of how smart they are.	259
5873646873	Hillclimbing	A heuristic; each set move made to progressively get closer to a final goal; simple; example: balancing a budget, reduce expenses to a smaller deficit.	260
5873677254	Drive Reduction Theory	The purpose of biological drives is to correct disturbances of homeostasis.	261
5873692096	Homeostasis	Balance (biologically).	262
5873696678	Primary Drive	Innate drives (thirst, hunger, sex).	263
5873699553	Secondary Drives	Learned by conditioning (money).	264
5873709609	Yerkes-Dodson Law (Arousal Theory)	Elevated arousal levels can improve performance up to a certain point (ex: some stress can help you perform better).	265

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AP 1 Flashcards

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5798817170	fern	0
5798817773	tripped (trip)	1
5798818113	fell (fall)	2
5798818503	twisted (twist)	3
5798819168	skin (skinned)	4
5798819676	lamb	5
5798820135	fix	6
5798820269	pan	7

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AP Government Chapter 17 Flashcards

Policymaking for Health Care and the Environment

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4773613457	health maintenance organization	Organization contracted by individuals or insurance companies to provide health care for a yearly fee	0
4773613460	Medicare	A program added to the Social Security system in 1965 that provides hospitalization insurance for the elderly and permits older Americans to purchase inexpensive coverage for doctor fees and other medical expenses	1
4773613461	Medicaid	A public assistance program designed to provide health care for poor Americans	2
4773613459	national health insurance	A compulsory insurance program for all Americans that would have the government finance citizens' medical care	3
4773613462	Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)	An agency of the federal government created in 1970 and charged with administering all the government's environmental legislation	4
4773613463	National Environmental Policy Act	The law passed in 1969 that is the centerpiece of federal environmental policy in the United States	5
4773613464	environmental impact statements	A report required by the National Environmental Policy Act that specifies the likely environmental impact of a proposed action	6
4773613465	Clean Air Act of 1970	The law that charged the Department of Transportation with the responsibility to reduce automobile emissions	7
4773613466	Water Pollution Control Act of 1972	A law intended to clean up the nation's rivers and lakes, requiring municipal, industrial, and other polluters to use pollution control technology and secure permits from the EPA for discharging waste products into waters	8
4773613467	Endangered Species Act of 1973	This law requires the federal government to protect actively each of the hundreds of species listed as endangered	9
4773613468	Superfund	A fund created by Congress in 1980 to clean up hazardous waste sites that is funded by taxes on chemical products	10
4773616836	global warming	The increase in the earth's temperatures that, according to most scientists, is occurring as a result of the carbon dioxide that is produced when fossil fuels are burned collecting in the atmosphere and trapping energy from the sun	11

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Noble AP MASTER Flashcards

AP Language Terms

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6167101810	allusion	a brief, indirect reference to a person, place, event, or literary work. Ex: "flying too close to the sun" is an allusion to Icarus' tragic mistake	0
6167101811	apostrophe	a dramatic speech to a dead, absent, or inanimate character or object	1
6167101812	antagonist	the person, force, or environment that opposes the main character	2
6167101813	dynamic character	a character who undergoes important change over the course of the narrative	3
6167101814	flat character	a character who is limited to a single trait	4
6167101815	hero	main character	5
6167101816	protagonist	main character	6
6167101817	round character	a complex, realistic character, who has varied, sometimes contradictory traits	7
6167101818	static character	a character who undergoes little or no change over the course of the narrative	8
6167101819	cliché	a phrase or idea that is overused to a point near meaninglessness	9
6167101820	conflict	a struggle between opposing forces, usually the protagonist and antagonist	10
6167101821	external conflict	a struggle between the protagonist and outside forces	11
6167101822	internal conflict	a struggle within the protagonist EX: alcoholism, depression, hubris	12
6167101823	dialogue	a conversation between two or more persons.	13
6167101824	drama	narrative told in dialogue or pantomime, usually before an audience	14
6167101825	fable	a tale that uses animal characters to teach a moral lesson	15
6167101826	foil	a minor character who highlights a quality of the main character by contrast. EX: a lazy brother makes the main character appear industrious	16
6167101827	foreshadowing	a literary device by which the writer suggests future narrative events Ex: a character's repeated references to burning or flames may indicate a climactic fire	17
6167101828	genre	a type or subcategory within a field of artistic endeavor. EX: in literature: crime fiction, science fiction, mystery	18
6167101829	Gothic	literary style that combines elements of horror and romance. EX: Shelley's Frankenstein	19
6167101830	hyperbole	obvious and intentional exaggeration for effect	20
6167101831	auditory image	an image perceived via the auditory sense. EX: the roar of the crowd	21
6167101832	gustatory image	an image perceived via one's sense of taste. EX: sweetened coffee	22
6167101833	kinetic image	a visual image that evokes a sense of movement. EX: a speeding car, a falling leaf	23
6167101834	olfactory image	an image perceived via one's sense of smell. EX: rotten eggs	24
6167101835	tactile image	an image perceived via one's sense of touch. EX: "skin like sand paper"	25
6167101836	visual image	the most common of all images, one perceived via one's sense of sight. EX: a blue sky or a shaggy dog	26
6167101837	dramatic irony	a narrative situation which is fully understood by the audience but not by all of the characters	27
6167101838	verbal irony	expressing meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect	28
6167101839	situational irony	when the least likely thing to happen, happens. EX: the firehouse burns down	29
6167101840	figurative language	language whose meanings extend beyond the literal. EX: metaphor, personification, irony	30
6167101841	connotation	the associated or secondary meanings of a word or expression	31
6167101842	denotation	literal meaning; dictionary definition	32
6167101843	diction	word choice in speaking or writing	33
6167101844	syntax	ways in which words are combined to form phrases, sentences, and ideas; word order	34
6167101845	expository writing	writing that is used to explain, describe, or inform; the text is organized around one topic and developed according to a logical pattern	35
6167101846	narrative	the presentation of a series of events; may be real or fictional	36
6167101847	persuasive writing	mode of discourse in which the writer attempts to convince the reader of a given point of view	37
6167101848	myth	a traditional story, especially one concerning the early history of a people, or explaining some natural phenomenon; typically concerns a hero, and supernatural beings or events	38
6167101849	mood	narrative element that evokes an emotional setting in the narrative; mood intends to affect the reader emotionally and psychologically	39
6167101850	oral tradition	a community's cultural and historical traditions, passed by word of mouth from one generation to another	40
6167101851	parable	a short allegorical story designed to illustrate a truth, religious principle, or moral lesson	41
6167101852	paradox	a statement that contradicts itself and still seems true	42
6167101853	parody	an imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect	43
6167101854	plot	the events that make up a story	44
6167101855	exposition	the revelation, in a narrative, of background information about events, settings, characters	45
6167101856	setting	the time, place, and weather in which a story takes place	46
6167101857	crisis	the point at which the central conflict in a story becomes clear; "it's on!"	47
6167101858	rising action	a related series of incidents in a literary plot that build tension toward the climax	48
6167101859	climax	the point of highest tension in a narrative	49
6167101860	resolution	the point at which the climactic question is resolved	50
6167101861	flashback	an interruption of the chronological sequence of a film or literary work to depict an earlier event	51
6167101862	frame story	an outer, initial AND concluding narrative that is sometimes wrapped around the main/inner narrative, thereby "framing" it, providing context, and unifying both narratives thematically. EX: Their Eyes Were Watching God, The Wizard of Oz	52
6167101863	non-linear plot	a plot type that diverges from traditional chronology	53
6167101864	subplot	a secondary, subordinate plot in a story, play, or other narrative	54
6167101865	poetry	a specialized, but varied form of literature that relies on figurative language, emotion, and the aesthetics of sound	55
6167101866	metaphor	A figure of speech that makes a direct comparison (X=Y) between two dissimilar things based on a shared quality. EX: "Love is a rose," where love is both beautiful and thorny	56
6167101867	metonymy	a figure of speech that replaces a thing with something else with which it is closely associated EX: "The pen is mightier than the sword," where the pen is written argument, and the sword is military force.	57
6167101868	personification	a figure of speech in which a non-human being or inanimate object is given human qualities	58
6167101869	prose poem	a poem whose structure rejects traditional poetic forms like stanzas and lines, favoring traditional prose forms, like sentences and paragraphs	59
6167101870	simile	comparison between two dissimilar things using "like" or "as"	60
6167101871	point of view	the perspective from which a story is told; the eyes/ears through which the reader experiences the story	61
6167101872	narrator	the voice of the narrative; the one who tells the story	62
6167101873	1st person	a narrative point of view in which the story is narrated by a character in the story EX: "Call me Ishmael..."	63
6167101874	2nd person	a narrative point of view in which the protagonist is referred to by the pronoun "you," as if the reader were a character	64
6167101875	3rd person	a narrative point of view in which the story is told by an outsider; characters are referred to by the pronouns "they," "he," and "she."	65
6167101876	limited point of view	the narrator only knows the thoughts and feelings of one character	66
6167101877	omniscient narrator	the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all the characters	67
6167101878	prose	written language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.	68
6167101879	pun	a joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word, or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings.	69
6167101880	rite of passage	a tradition that marks an important transition in a person's life, such as birth, puberty, marriage, or death; in a coming of age story, the character experiences a rite of passage	70
6167101881	initiation	a story that puts the protagonist through an experience of maturation, or transition from one stage of life to another	71
6167101882	coming of age	refers to both the life process and literary genre in which an individual/character matures	72
6167101883	romantic	characterized by an idealized view of reality. EX: chivalry, heroism	73
6167101884	satire	a dramatic or narrative technique that employs humor, irony, exaggeration, and/or ridicule to expose foolishness and corruption in an individual, group, or society	74
6167101885	stream of consciousness	narration that tries to recreate the flow of thoughts in a character's mind. Typically characterized by loose structure, run-on sentences, and random thoughts. EX: James Joyce's novels	75
6167101886	style	the sum of all the choices an artist or writer makes	76
6167101887	suspense	the anticipation, excitement, or tension created by uncertainty in a narrative about the outcome of the rising action	77
6167101888	symbol	a literary device in which an object, place, or event contains layers of meaning beyond the obvious, in the context of the narrative. EX: Gatsby's green light, Janie Starks' horizon.	78
6167101889	conventional symbol	a symbol that has an understood or widely accepted interpretation. EX: water symbolizes cleansing, new beginnings, and freedom of movement	79
6167101890	personal symbol	a symbol whose significance is unique to an individual. EX: conventionally, a ring is a symbol of commitment, but to Martha, a widow, it is a symbol of loss	80
6167101891	theme	the main idea or underlying meaning of a literary or artistic work	81
6167101892	tone	the author's attitudes toward the subject or audience, as implied in a literary work	82
6167101893	willing suspension of disbelief	the agreement on the part of the reader or audience to ignore the unbelievable elements of a story for the sake of enjoyment	83
6167101894	imagery	Literary tool used to create a fully realized description of a setting person or thing by appealing to the senses	84
6167101895	synecdoche	a figure of speech by which a part represents a whole, or vice versa. EX: "Set sail!" or "Cleveland won the game."	85
6167101896	analogy	a comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification EX: Tom Buchanan is like the guy who soils the pool, then jumps out and says. "Who soiled the pool?"	86
6167101897	audience	the people the writer is intending to communicate with, or convince EX: The audience for Donald Trump's most recent tweet was clearly the news media.	87
6167101898	context	the circumstances that form the setting for an event or statement, including the audience, the historical period, previous remarks by the opposition ... all of which must be known for the statement to be fully understood	88
6167101899	counterargument	the argument AGAINST the stated argument, often included so it can be refuted	89
6167101900	ethos	appeal to the audience's desire for a credible and trustworthy source, by establishing one's expertise, fairness, and good character	90
6167101901	logos	an appeal to the audience's sense of reason/logic through use of facts, analogies and careful argument	91
6167101902	pathos	an emotional appeal; an effort to reach one's audience by appealing to their anger, sadness, fear	92
6167101903	juxtaposition	the side-by-side placement of an unlikely pair for effect EX: In the novel 1984, the main character is named Winston Smith, juxtaposing the most common English last name with the first name of a beloved, heroic British figure (Churchill), suggesting that this "regular guy" might also be a hero	93
6167101904	synthesis	the combination of multiple sources or ideas in a coherent way to make a unified argument	94
6167101905	litotes	a type of understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite EX: A man wins the lottery and says, "Well, buying that ticket wasn't a waste of time."	95
6167101906	polysyndeton	a stylistic device in which several coordinating conjunctions are used in succession in order to achieve an artistic effect EX: "They all stood by him: his mother and his brother and his auntie and the neighbor with the daisies and, yes, and even his dog."	96
6167101907	assonance	the repetition of vowel sounds, usually in verse, for effect	97
6167101908	consonance	the repetition of consonant sounds NOT at the beginning of words, usually in verse, for effect	98
6167101909	alliteration	the repetition of consonant sounds in 2 or more successive words, usually at the beginning of the words	99
6167101910	elegy (adj: elegiac)	a song or poem expressing sorrow or lamentation, especially for someone dead	100
6167101911	periodic sentence	A sentence that saves the main clause or predicate until the end, for emphasis. EX: "Without regard for his mother's broken heart, his lover's tragic longing, or his cat's mournful eyes at the window, he left."	101
6191149600	loose sentence	Roughly the opposite of a periodic sentence, a loose sentence BEGINS with the main clause, which is then followed by multiple qualifying clauses or phrases	102
6167101912	declarative sentence	the most common sentence type, written as a simple statement, typically simple subject followed by a simple predicate. EX. "Her shoes were brown." "We arrived late to school."	103
6167101913	interrogative sentence	a sentence that "interrogates," or asks a question. EX: "Are you coming to dinner?" "What the heck were you thinking?"	104
6167101914	exclamatory sentence	a sentence -- including a subject and a verb, of course -- that expresses a strong opinion or emotion, typically ending in an exclamation point. EX: "This sucks!"	105
6167101915	epigram	a brief, clever, usually satirical saying. EX: "I can resist everything but temptation." - Oscar Wilde (syn: maxim, adage, aphorism, witticism)	106
6167101916	platitude	a trite, hollow statement, generally directed at quelling social or emotional unrest. Platitudes usually address a difficult topic with a shallow, unifying wisdom. EX: "Rome wasn't built in a day." "Let cooler heads prevail."	107
6167101917	periphrasis/circumlocution	wordiness; using too many words when just a few would do; beating around the bush	108
6167101918	onomatopoeia	a word that sounds like its meaning EX: hiss, purr, boom	109
6167101919	motif	a recurrent theme in a literary work EX: car accidents, or truth vs. lies, in The Great Gatsby	110
6167101920	euphemism	the substitution of a less offensive expression for one that might be offensive or unpleasant. EX: "sanitary engineer" for "garbage man;" "make love" for "have sex"	111
6167101921	epithet	an adjective or descriptive phrase expressing a quality or characteristic of the person mentioned. EX: "He was so lazy, we added the epithet "Lazy" to Lazy Bob's name."	112
6167101922	epilogue	A final section or chapter of a novel, used to tie up loose ends and, often, to reveal what became of the characters. EX: in a documentary, the final image on which text is displayed: "The body of James Donahue was never found ... States Attorney Schmidt never brought charges against anyone for the crime ..."	113
6167101923	deus ex machina	Latin for "God from a machine." An improbable contrivance in a story. An artificial, or improbable, character, device, or event introduced suddenly in a work of fiction or drama to resolve a situation or untangle a plot. EX: the rescue of Frodo and Sam by the eagles in LOTR	114
6167101924	Bildungsroman	German for "education novel," a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (AKA coming of age) EX: Dickens' Great Expectations, Twain's Huckleberry Finn	115
6190974239	rhythm	the strong, regular, repeated sound of stressed or unstressed syllables (in verse) or punctuated phrases/clauses (in rhetorical text)	116
6190984674	antithesis	the use of contrasted meaning within parallel structure for rhetorical emphasis EX: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times..."	117
6191000168	anecdote	a short, interesting story told or written to draw attention, for humorous effect, or to prove a point	118
6191005741	appositive	a noun or noun phrase that defines or explains another noun, which it follows EX: "... my brother, the only man I ever loved, ..."	119
6191011423	ambiguity	language, the structure or content of which makes its meaning unclear, allowing multiple interpretations. Ambiguity may occur by mistake because of poor communication, or may be purposeful, for effect (AKA "equivocation")	120
6191016301	anaphora	a device in which a word or words are repeated at the beginning of two or more successive clauses or sentences, for emphasis EX: In the Declaration of Independence, the repetition of "He has..." at the beginning of each of George III's transgressions against the colonies	121
6191021293	oxymoron	a two-word contradiction EX: "plastic glass," "living dead"	122
6191023135	rhetoric	the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially through the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques	123
6191029718	invective	speech or writing that attacks, insults, or denounces a person, topic, or institution, often with strong language (syn: harangue, polemic)	124
6191054742	homily	literally, a sermon, but more informally, a homily may be any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice	125
6192620623	authorial intrusion	a literary device wherein the author steps through the curtain of text and speaks directly to the reader	126
6192731380	catharsis	Greek for "cleansing." An emotional release through which a character achieves moral or spiritual renewal EX: the cathartic deaths of Romeo & Juliet finally bring peace between the Montagues & Capulets	127
6194521587	hubris	the extreme pride/arrogance that ultimately brings about a character's downfall EX: Odysseus, Oedipus, Darcy in "Pride & Prejudice"	128
6192765490	digression	a temporary departure from the main subject in speech or writing	129
6192814549	non sequitur	a logical fallacy in which the conclusion of an argument is both false and irrelevant EX: 1. If I am Japanese, then I am Asian. 2. I am not Japanese. 3. Therefore, I am not Asian. (Also, "non sequitur" can refer to a digression in a conversation or statement	130
6192814550	syllogism	a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true EX: all dogs are animals; all animals have four legs; therefore, all dogs have four legs	131
6194428232	archetype	a universally recognized symbol; a typical character, action or image that represents universal patterns of human nature. An archetype, also known as universal symbol, may be a character, a theme, a symbol, or a setting. EX: a stormy night, a wise old man, a road	132
6194462309	allegory	The device of using character or story elements symbolically to represent ideas. A character may personify hope, for example, or freedom, or fear. EX: George Orwell's Animal Farm	133
6194626151	verisimilitude	the quality of believability in a narrative or work of art; the accuracy with which it imitates real life	134
6194639943	red herring	a clue (usually in detective or suspense novels) intended to mislead readers or characters, leading them to false conclusions. In an argument, a red herring is an irrelevant topic introduced to divert the attention of listeners or readers from the original issue.	135
6194687737	idiom	an expression whose meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its elements EX: "kick the bucket," "blood is thicker than water"	136
9789654750	anadiplosis	a rhetorical device in which a writer or speaker uses a word near the end of the clause and then repeats that word to begin the next clause. EX: ""The general who became a slave. The slave who became a gladiator. The gladiator who defied an emperor!"	137
9789726396	antimetabole	a literary term or device that involves repeating a phrase, exactly, in reverse order. EX: "You like Alabama; Alabama likes you." or "Fair is foul and foul is fair."	138
9789817076	anastrophe	a form of literary device wherein the order of the noun and the adjective in the sentence is exchanged. EX: "Ready are you? What know you of ready? For eight hundred years have I trained Jedi. My own counsel will I keep on who is to be trained. . . . This one a long time have I watched. . . . Never his mind on where he was."	139
9790947557	chiasmus	Like antimetabole, but less restrictive. A device in which a phrase is repeated, in reverse, but only approximately. EX: I'd love to be marry you, but you wouldn't love to be married to me.	140
9802735615	zeugma	a device in which a single word is used to modify two words, usually in different senses. EX: Last week. I lost my dog and my mind OR She broke his window and his heart.	141
9804663492	epistrophe	the repetition of one or more words at the end of a phrase, clause or verse. (opposite of anaphora) Our family was lost, the village was lost, and the nation was lost.	142
9805627896	deductive reasoning	AKA: the scientific method. A theory, or hypothetical conclusion is proposed, then observations are made of data, or evidence, to determine if the theory is correct. Deductive reasoning moves from the general: the theory, to the specific: the observations. Make conclusions, THEN study data.	143
9805763022	inductive reasoning	Specific observations are made of events, trends, or social processes, and then broader generalizations and theories are based on those observed cases. Study data, THEN make conclusions.	144
9805921947	circular reasoning	a logical fallacy that attempts to make an argument by assuming that what you are trying to prove is already true. EX: You should save your money, because money is important. OR, I deserve a later curfew, so you should let me stay until midnight!	145
9806012326	false equivalence	a logical fallacy that claims a similarity between two things that are not equivalent. (Moral equivalence is included. ) EX: comparing a politician who lies to his wife about an infidelity to a politician who lies to his constituents about stealing money from them	146

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AP Human Geography Models Flashcards

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9085380150	Population Pyramid		0
9085380151	Demographic Transition Model		1
9085380152	Epidemiological Transition Model		2
9085380153	Malthus' Theory		3
9085380154	Ravenstein's Laws of Migration	Said most people migrate for economic reasons, others for cultural reasons and/or environmental reasons; said there is an inverse relationship between number of migrants and distance traveled	4
9085380155	Gravity Model	A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.	5
9085380156	Weber's Least Cost Theory	Industries will locate where three things can be done. These things being: minimize transportation costs, minimize labor costs, maximize agglomeration. Emphasises on cheap, cheap, cheap. With low production prices will result in high profit margins. The agglomeration keeps buisnesses competative as well as adds conviency to the consumer.	6
9085380157	Rostow's Model		7
9085380158	Wallerstein's Core-Periphery Model	A model of the spatial structure of an economic system in which underdeveloped or declining peripheral areas are defined with respect to their dependence on a dominating core region	8
9085380159	New International Division of Labor	Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.	9
9085380160	Heartland Theory		10
9085380161	Rimland Theory	Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest.	11
9085380162	Organic Theory	The view that states resemble biological organisms with life cycles that include stages of youth, maturity, and old age.	12
9085380163	Von Thunen Model	An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive , with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less.	13
9085380164	Central Place Theory	A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.	14
9085380165	Concentric Zone Model	A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.	15
9085380166	Sector Model	A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).	16
9085380167	Multiple Nuclei Model	A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.	17
9085380168	Urban Realms Model	a simplified description of urban land use, especially descriptive of the modern North American city. it features a number of dispersed, peripheral centers of dynamic commercial and industrial activity linked by sophisticated urban transportation networks.	18
9085380169	Peripheral Model	A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.	19
9085380170	African City Model	Africa has the world's lowest levels of urbanization yet the most fastest growing cities. African cities have a high range of diversity so formulating a model is difficult	20
9085380171	Latin American City Model	Griffin-Ford model. Developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford. Blends traditional Latin American culture with the forces of globalization. The CBD is dominant; it is divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine". The end of the spine of elite residency is the "mall" with high-priced residencies. The further out, less wealthy it gets.	21
9085380172	Southeast Asian City Model	McGee model. Developed by T.G McGee. The focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it. McGee found no formal CBD but found seperate clusters of elements of the CBD surrounding the port zone: the government zone, the Western commercial zone, the alien commercial zone, and the mixed land-use zone with misc. economic activities.	22

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AP Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards

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5710483689	neuron	nerve cells that transfer information within the body	0
5710490694	axon	the extension of a nerve cell that transmits signals	1
5710500529	dendrite	the extension of a nerve cell that receives signals	2
5710507809	synapse	the junction between an axon and a dendrite across which chemical messengers are sent	3
5710515208	neurotransmitter	chemical messages that pass information from the transmitting cell to the receiving cell	4
5710536373	resting potential	the membrane potential of a neuron that is not sending a signal	5
5710539232	action potential	a massive change in voltage that prompts changes in the shapes of voltage-gated ion channels	6
5710596990	voltage-gated ion channel	ion channels that respond to changes in voltage-related stimulus	7
5710613609	threshold	the membrane potential that must be reached through voltage increase in order to cause action potential	8

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AP Statistics Chapter 7 Flashcards

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6775491511	parameter (think "parameter" begins with a p)	a number that describes some characteristic of the population (typically mu or p)	0
6775491512	statistic (think "samle" begins with a s)	a number that describes some characteristic of a sample (typically x bar or p hat)	1
6775491514	sampling distribution of a statistic	the distribution of values taken by the statistic in all possible samples of the same size from the same population	2
6775491515	biased	not estimating the true center well	3
6775491516	unbiased	the mean of its sampling distribution is equal to the true value of the parameter being estimated	4
6775491517	the smaller the variability	the larger the sample ...	5
6775491518	variability of a statistic	is described by the spread of its sampling distribution	6
6775491519	p-hat	a sample proportion (formula: x/n)	7
6775491520	the formula for the mean of the sampling distribution of p-hat		8
6775491521	the formula for the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of p-hat		9
6775491522	the formula for the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of x-bar		10
6775491523	the formula for the mean of the sampling distribution of x-bar	µ "sub" x = µ	11
6775491525	Central Limit Theorem (CLT)	Draw an SRS of size n from any population with mean (µ) and finite standard deviation (σ). This says that when n is large (n ≥ 30) the sampling distribution of the sample means (x-bar) is approximately Normal.	12

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AP list 3 Flashcards

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4947708915	Absolution	forgiveness, pardon, release	0
4947711674	Blantant	obvious	1
4947711675	Creditable	praiseworthy	2
4947713971	Ensconce	establish firmly in a position	3
4947716853	Hasten	hurry, accelerate, rush	4
4947720064	Laceration	a cut	5
4947722705	Obdurate	stubborn	6
4947722734	Plausible	can be believed; reasonable	7
4947727511	Reprieve	a respite, postponement of a sentence	8
4947732154	Tawdry	of little value; gaudy	9
4947735584	Abstain	desist, go without, withdraw	10
4947738245	Blighted	damaged, destroyed, ruined	11
4947741695	Credulous	gullible, ready to believe anything	12
4947745012	Enshroud	cover	13
4947746974	Haughtiness	arrogance, pride	14
4947749661	Lachrymose	tearful, sad	15
4947752362	Obfuscate	deliberately make something difficult to understand	16
4947755054	Plethora	an excess	17
4947757842	Repudiate	shun, eschew	18
4947760013	Tedium	boredom	19