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Ap Biology Chapter 45 Flashcards

6695977620	Endocrine system	Secretes hormones into blood from ductless glands that coordinate slower but longer-acting responses	0
6695977621	Paracrine	Signals act on cells near the secreting cell	1
6695977622	Local regulators	Chemical signals that travel over short distances due to diffusion	2
6695977623	Autocrine	Signals act on the secreting cell itself (usually for apoptosis)	3
6695977624	Pheromones	Chemical signals that are released from the body and are used to communicate with other individuals	4
6695977625	Hypothalamus	What gland is this?	5
6695977626	Pineal	What gland is this?	6
6695977627	Pituitary	What gland is this?	7
6695977628	Thyroid	What gland is this?	8
6695977629	Parathyroid	What gland is this?	9
6695977630	Adrenal	What gland is this?	10
6695977631	Pancreas	What gland is this?	11
6695977632	Kidney	What gland is this?	12
6695977633	Ovaries	What gland is this?	13
6695977634	Thymus	What gland is this?	14
6695977635	Heart	What gland is this?	15
6695977636	Liver	What gland is this?	16
6695977637	Stomach	What gland is this?	17
6695977638	Small intestine	What gland is this?	18
6695977639	Type I diabetes mellitus	An autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells (usually develops while you're young)	19
6695977640	Type II diabetes mellitus	Involves insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells due to change in insulin receptors (due to being overweight and not exercising)	20
6695995259	Signal Transduction	The linkage of mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response	21
6696013441	Hormone	A regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action.	22
6696029175	Prostaglandins	Any of a group of cyclic fatty acid compounds with varying hormonelike effects.	23
6696060141	Neurohormones	A hormone produced by nerve cells and secreted into the circulation.	24
6696068328	Epinephrine	A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, especially in conditions of stress.	25
6696090766	Negative Feedback	The diminution or counteraction of an effect by its own influence on the process giving rise to it, as when a high level of a particular hormone in the blood may inhibit further secretion of that hormone, or where the result of a certain action may inhibit further performance of that action.	26
6696101805	Islets of Langerhans	Groups of pancreatic cells secreting insulin and glucagon.	27
6696113341	Posterior pituitary	A small gland in the head called the master gland that secretes the hormone oxytocin which increases uterine contractions and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which increases reabsorption of water by the tubules of the kidney.	28
6696141479	Anterior pituitary	is the glandular, anterior lobe in the pituitary gland that regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, reproduction and lactation	29
6696171271	Tropic hormone	Any hormone the regulates the function of endocrine cells or glands.	30
6696184372	Growth Hormone	Any hormone that stimulates growth through tropic and nontropic effects.	31
6696223250	Cortiocosteroids	Any of a group of steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex or made synthetically.	32
6696240426	Glucocorticoids	Any of a group of corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone) that are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and have anti-inflammatory activity.	33
6696255460	Mineralocorticoids	A corticosteroid, such as aldosterone, that is involved with maintaining the salt balance in the body.	34
6696272177	Melatonin	A hormone that regulates functions relates to light and to seasons marked by changes in day light, ultimately affecting the biological clock of the organism.	35
6696292596	Progestins	Hormones that prepare and maintain tissues of the uterus.	36
6696301723	Estrogens	Hormones that are formally responsible for the maintenance of the female reproductive system.	37

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AP Biology- Chapter 24 Flashcards

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5114486302	Speciation	1) origin of new species 2) focal point of evolutionary theory 3) evolutionary theory must explain how new species originate and how population evolve	0
5114486303	Microevolution	1) consists of adaptations that evolve within population, confined to one gene pool 2) observable	1
5114486304	Macroevolution	1) evolutionary change ABOVE the species level 2) not directly observed, but inferred	2
5114486305	A SPECIES is defined by:	morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and DNA sequences when grouping organisms	3
5114486306	Species	1) group of populations have potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring 2) do not breed successfully with other population 3) gene flow bet. populations hold the phenotype of population together	4
5114486307	Reproductive Isolation	1) existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring 2) classified by whether factors act before or after fertilization	5
5114486308	Prezygotic Barriers	1) block fertilization from occurring 2) impede different species from attempting to mate 3) prevent successful completion of mating 4) hindering fertilization if mating is successful	6
5114486309	Habitat Isolation	two species encounter each other rarely, or not at all, because they occupy different habitats, even though not isolated by physical barriers	7
5114486310	Temporal Isolation	species that breed at different times of day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix gametes	8
5114486311	Behavioral Isolation	courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a species are effective barriers	9
5114486312	Mechanical Isolation	morphological can prevent successful mating	10
5114486313	Gametic Isolation	sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species	11
5114486314	Postzygotic Barriers	prevent hybrid zygote from developing into viable, fertile adult	12
5114486315	Hybrids	offspring of crosses bet. different species	13
5114486316	Reduced Hybrid Viability	genes of different parent species may interact and impair the hybrid's development	14
5114486317	Reduced Hybrid Fertility	even if hybrid are vigorous, they may be sterile	15
5114486318	Hybrid Breakdown	some first-generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate with another species or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile	16
5114486319	Biological species concept cannot be applied to ________ or to _________ organisms (including prokaryotes)	fossils; asexual	17
5114486320	Morphological Species Concept	1) defines species by structural features 2) applies to sexual and asexual reproduction 3) relies on subjective criteria	18
5114486321	Ecological Species Concept	1) views species in terms of its ecological niche 2) applies to sexual and asexual reproduction 3) emphasizes the role of disruptive selection	19
5114486322	Phylogenic Species Concept	defines species as smallest group individuals on	20
5114486323	Allopatric Speciation	1) geographic barriers separate populations 2) interrupts/reduces gene flow 3) definition of "barrier" depends on mobility of a population 4) more geographic barriers= higher number of species 5) reproductive isolation increases with distance bet. populations 6) Intrinsic barriers to reproduction-not biological barrier	21
5114486324	Sympatric Speciation	take place in geographic overlapping areas	22
5114486325	Polyploidy	1) extra sets of chromosomes are present due to accidents during cell division 2) more common in plants than in animals	23
5114486326	Autopolyploid	individual with more than two chromosome sets, derived from one species	24
5114486327	Allopolyploid	species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species	25
5114486328	Habitat Differentiation	appearance of new ecological niches	26
5114486329	Sexual Selection	choosing mates with different characteristics	27
5114486330	Hybrid Zones	1) regions where members of different species mate and produce hybrids 2) occur in single band where two species meet 3) distribution more complex if parent species found in multiple habitats in same region	28
5114486331	Hybrid	offspring of two different species with often reduced fitness	29
5114486332	Three Outcomes of Hybrid Zone:	1) strengthening of reproductive barriers 2) weakening of reproductive barriers 3) no change= continued formation of individuals	30
5114486333	Reinforcement/Strengthening of Barriers:	1) occurs when hybrids are less fit than parent species 2) hybridization will decrease 3) more likely to have sympatric speciation	31
5114486334	Weakening/Fusion of Barriers:	1) if hybrids are fit, allows for substantial gene flow 2) lead to fusion of species	32
5114486335	Stability= continued formation of hybrids	1) More fit: local extinction of parent species within hybrid zone can prevent fusion 2) Less fit: high immigration rates into hybrid zone can prevent increased reproductive isolation	33
5114486336	Rate of Speciation:	1) varies widely 2) get broad patterns from fossils record, morphological data, & molecular data	34
5114486337	Punctuated Equilibrium	1) Niles Elderedge & Stephen Jay Gould 2) contrasts with the model of gradual change in species' existence 3) suggests that speciation can be rapid 4) Range= 4,000 years to 40,000,000 years; Average= 6,500,000	35
5114486338	Fossil record	some examples of species that appear suddenly, remain unchanged for extended periods of time, then suddenly disappear	36

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AP Psychology Unit 3 Flashcards

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4836331953	biological psychology	the scientific study of the links between psychological and biological processes	0
4836336133	neuron	a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system	1
4836336548	dendrites	a branchlike extension of a neuron that receives messages and send it towards the cell body	2
4836340095	axon	the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons, muscles, or glands	3
4836343340	Myelin sheaths	a fatty tissue layer encasing the axons of some neurons; enables greater sending speed	4
4836345434	action potential	a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon	5
4836347984	refractory period	a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired	6
4836348254	threshold	the level of stimulation needed to trigger neural impulse	7
4836349486	all or none response	a neurons reaction of either firing or not firing	8
4836349808	synapse (synaptic gap)	the space between the axon terminal of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron	9
4836354797	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons	10
4836355661	reuptake	a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron	11
4836356465	endorphins	"morphine within" natural opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure	12
4836357690	agonist	a molecule that stimulates a response by binding to a receptor site	13
4836360763	antagonist	a molecule that blocks a response by binding to a receptor site	14
4836361528	nervous system	the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system	15
4836365672	central nervous system (CNS)	consists of the brain and spinal cord	16
4836367151	Peripheral nervous system (PNS)	the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body	17
4836368317	nerves	bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs	18
4836370832	sensory (afferent) neurons	neurons that carry INCOMING information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord	19
4836371999	motor (efferent) neurons	neurons that carry OUTGOING information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands	20
4836375385	interneurons	neurons within the brain and spinal cord that intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs	21
4836377931	somatic nervous system	the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles (also called skeletal nervous system) (soma=body)	22
4836380128	autonomic nervous system	the part of the PNS that controls the glands and muscles of internal organs (such as the heart) its sympathetic division arouses, parasympathetic calms	23
4836382296	sympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situation	24
4836383936	parasympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy	25
4836386235	reflex	a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus	26
4836386792	endocrine system	the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream	27
4836387907	hormones	chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream and affect other parts of the body	28
4836389873	adrenal glands	a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress (think ADRENALine)	29
4836394096	pituitary gland	the endocrine system's most influential glands. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, regulates growth and other endocrine glands	30
4836396417	lesion	tissue destruction	31
4836398751	electroencephalogram (EEG)	an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp	32
4836401588	CT (Computed tomography) scan	a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by a computer into a slice of the brain's structure	33
4836404309	PET (position emission tomography)	a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a task	34
4836408845	MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)	a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. shows brain anatomy	35
4836412979	fMRI (functional MRI)	a technique for revealing blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. Show brain function and structure	36
4836415188	brainstem	the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; is responsible for automatic survival functions	37
4836416977	medulla	the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing	38
4836419485	thalamus	the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla	39
4836422979	reticular formation	a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important part in controlling arousal	40
4836424351	cerebellum	the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; processes sensory input, coordinates movement output and balance, also enables nonverbal learning	41
4836427914	limbic system	neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres, associated with emotions and drives	42
4836433254	amygdala	two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion	43
4836434998	hypothalamus	a neural structure lying below the thalamus, directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature) helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward	44
4836437622	cerebral cortex	the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information processing center	45
4836439621	glial cells	cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning and thinking	46
4836440813	frontal lobes	portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements	47
4836444665	parietal lobes	portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body positions	48
4836449509	occipital lobes	portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from visual fields	49
4836450814	temporal lobes	part of cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes auditory areas, each receiving information, primarily from the opposite ear	50
4836452477	motor cortex	an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements	51
4836454098	somatosensory cortex	area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations	52
4836455269	association areas	areas of the cerebral cortex that aren't involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking	53
4836458783	plasticity	the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience	54
4836459857	neurogenesis	the formation of new neurons	55
4836460480	corpus callosum	the large band of neural fibers connecting the two hemispheres and carrying messages between them	56
4836461202	split brain	a condition resulting from surgery that violates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers(mainly from the corpus callosum) connecting them	57
4836465104	consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment	58
4836466247	cognitive neuroscience	the study of brain activity linked with cognition (perception, thinking, memory, and language)	59
4836467415	dual processing	the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks	60
4836470294	behavior genetics	the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior	61
4836471578	environment	every external influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us	62
4836472226	chromosomes	threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes	63
4836473398	DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)	a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes	64
4836474254	genes	the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins	65
4836475942	genome	the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosome	66
4836478457	identical (homozygotic) twins	twins who develop from a single fertilized egg split in two	67
4836479755	fraternal (dizygotic) twins	twins that develop from two fertilized eggs. genetically not closer than brother and sister	68
4836481216	molecular genetics	the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes	69
4836483056	heritability	the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes.	70
4836485796	interaction	the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (environment) depends on another factor (heredity)	71
4836487043	epigenetic	the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occurs without a DNA change	72
4836488312	evolutionary psychology	the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection	73
4836490725	natural selection	the principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed to succeeding generations	74
4836492441	mutation	a random error in gene replication that leads to change	75
4838929841	Acetylcholine (ACh)	Neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning, and memory(table 9.1 pg 82)	76
4838931495	dopamine	neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion(table 9.1 pg 82)	77
4838933658	Serotonin	neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal(table 9.1 pg 82)	78
4838934895	norepinephrine	neurotransmitter that helps control alertness and arousal(table 9.1 pg 82)	79
4838937398	GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)	a major inhibitory neurotransmitter(table 9.1 pg 82)	80
4838938124	Glutamate	a major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory (table 9.1 pg 82)	81

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AP Lang Unit 3 Flashcards

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7277850997	abominate	to have an intense dislike or hatred for	0
7277853678	ascribe	to assign or refer to	1
7277855558	enjoin	instruct or urge (someone) to do something	2
7277858362	ferment	to (of a substance) undergo fermentation; to incite or stir up (trouble or disorder)	3
7277872302	noncommittal	not decisive or definite; unwilling to take a clear position or to say yes or no	4
7277874475	sangfroid	composure or coolness, sometimes excessive, as shown in danger or under trying circumstances	5
7277878757	vitriolic	filled with bitter criticism or malice	6
7277880958	acculturation	the process of social, psychological, and cultural change that stems from blending between cultures.	7
7277889185	circuitous	roundabout, not direct	8
7277890888	expedite	to cause to progress faster	9
7277893605	inadvertent	not resulting from or achieved through deliberate planning	10
7277895948	peculate	embezzle or steal (money, especially public funds).	11
7277898956	seditious	inciting or causing people to rebel against authority	12
7277904117	wheedle	employ endearments or flattery to persuade someone to do something or give one something	13
7277913401	adventitious	happening or carried on according to chance rather than design or inherent nature	14
7277916207	commiserate	(v.) to sympathize with, have pity or sorrow for, share a feeling of distress	15
7277918257	expiate	atone for (guilt or sin)	16
7277922187	nominal	(of a role or status) existing in name only; (of a price or amount of money) very small	17
7277928089	proclivity	a tendency to choose or do something regularly; an inclination or predisposition toward a particular thing	18
7277930823	tenuous	very weak or slight	19

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AP Spanish Flashcards

Quiero que hagas las actividad de "learn" para ganar 5/5

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8327587907	aceptar	to accept	0
8327587908	permitir	to allow, starts with 'p'	1
8327587909	preguntar	to ask	2
8327587910	dejar	to allow, starts with 'd'	3
8327587911	creer	to believe	4
8327587912	prestar	to borrow	5
8327587913	romper	to break	6
8327587914	traer	to bring	7
8327587915	comprar	to buy	8
8327587916	poder	can/to be able	9
8327587917	cancelar	to cancel	10
8327587918	cambiar	to change	11
8327587919	limpiar	to clean	12
8327587920	peinar	to comb	13
8327587921	quejarse	to complain	14
8327587922	toser	to cough	15
8327587923	contar	to count	16
8327587924	cortar	to cut	17
8327587925	bailar	to dance	18
8327587926	dibujar	to draw	19
8327587927	beber	to drink	20
8327587928	conducir	to drive	21
8327587929	comer	to eat	22
8327587930	explicar	to explain	23
8327587931	caerse	to fall	24
8327587932	llenar	to fill	25
8327587933	encontrar	to find	26
8327587934	terminar	to finish	27
8327587935	caber	to fit	28
8327587936	reparar	to fix	29
8327587937	volar	to fly	30
8327587938	como punto de partida	as a point of departure	31
8327587939	en primer lugar	in the first place	32
8327587940	con respecto a	with respect to (regarding)	33
8327587941	actualmente	presently	34
8327587942	hasta el momento	until now	35
8327587943	mientras tanto	meanwhile	36
8327587944	a pesar de (que)	in spite of (use "que" if followed by a conjugated verb)	37
8327587945	de lo contrario	otherwise	38
8327587946	en cambio	on the other hand	39
8327587947	por el contrario	on the contrary	40
8327587948	sin embargo	however	41
8327587949	de todos modos	nevertheless	42
8327587950	así que	so, therefore	43
8327587951	con relación a	in relation to	44
8327587952	conviene indicar (que)	it is suitable to indicate(that)	45
8327587953	en cuanto a	regarding	46
8327587954	por lo común	as a rule (usually)	47
8327587955	también viene al caso	it is also to the point	48
8327587956	para mí	in my opinion	49
8327587957	de hecho	in fact (as a matter of fact)	50
8327587958	en otras palabras, o sea (que), es decir (que)	in other words	51
8327587959	mejor dicho (que)	better said	52
8327587960	hay que tomar en cuenta que...	one must realize (take into account) that...	53
8327587961	sin duda, no cabe duda (de que)	without a doubt	54
8327587962	sobre todo	above all	55
8327587963	para ilustrar	to illustrate	56
8327587964	a fin de cuentas	in the end	57
8327587965	al parecer, por lo visto	apparently (seemingly)	58
8327587966	como consecuencia/resultado	as a result (consequently)	59
8327587967	en resumen, en suma	in summary	60
8327587968	en resumidas cuentas	in short	61
8327587969	por consiguiente, por eso, por lo tanto	therefore	62
8327587970	por lo mismo	for the same reason	63
8327587971	puesto que, ya que	since, seeing that	64
8327587972	como quieras	whatever you say	65
8327587973	me da igual/lo mismo	it's all the same to me	66
8327587974	de acuerdo	okay, I agree	67
8327587975	ni hablar, ¡Qué va!	no way	68
8327587976	ni lo sueñes	don't even think about it	69
8327587977	figúrate	imagine that	70
8327587978	parece mentira, ¡Mentira!, no lo puedo creer, ¡Qué bárbaro!	I can't believe it	71
8327587979	Qué te parece si.....?	What if (What would you think if....?)	72
8327587980	Sería mejor, más vale, mejor (+ verb)	It would be better	73
8327587981	¡Eso es el colmo!	That is the last straw!	74
8327587982	no puedo más	I can't take it anymore	75
8327587983	¡Cuánto lo siento!	I'm so sorry!	76
8327587984	no hay más remedio	there's no other choice (solution)	77
8327587985	en serio	seriously (really)	78
8327587986	eso no vale	that's not fair	79
8327587987	que yo sepa	as far as I know	80
8327587988	debe de ser...	it probably is (it must be)...	81
8327587989	¿Qué te parece?	What do you think?	82
8327587990	mediante	by means of (through)	83
8327587991	así que, en cuanto	as soon as	84
8327587992	aun	even, still	85
8327587993	aun cuando	even when	86
8327587994	cada vez que	each time that	87
8327587995	como	as, since	88
8327587996	con tal (de) que	provided that	89
8327587997	desde que	since	90
8327587998	en caso de que	in case that	91
8327587999	hasta que	until	92
8327588000	mientras	while	93
8327588001	mientras tanto	meanwhile	94
8327588002	ni...ni	neither...nor	95
8327588003	sin embargo	nevertheless (however)	96
8327588004	sin que	without	97
8327588005	tan pronto como	as soon as	98
8327588006	una vez que	once	99
8327588007	ya que	since (seeing that)	100
8327588008	a partir de	beginning with	101
8327588009	en primer lugar	in the first place	102
8327588010	para empezar	to begin	103
8327588011	a la (misma) vez	at the same time	104
8327588012	además	besides (furthermore)	105
8327588013	ahora mismo	right now	106
8327588014	al mismo tiempo	at the same time	107
8327588015	antes de + infinitive	before (action)	108
8327588016	de aquí (ahora, hoy) en adelante	from now on	109
8327588017	después de + infinitive	after (action)	110
8327588018	durante	during	111
8327588019	entonces	then	112
8327588020	hasta el momento, la fecha	until now	113
8327588021	hoy día	nowadays	114
8327588022	luego	then (later)	115
8327588023	para continuar	to continue	116
8327588024	primero	first	117
8327588025	también	also	118
8327588026	tan pronto como	as soon as	119
8327588027	de lo contrario	otherwise	120
8327588028	en cambio	on the other hand	121
8327588029	por el/al contrario	on the contrary	122
8327588030	así que	so, therefore	123
8327588031	en cuanto a	regarding	124
8327588032	hablando a	speaking of	125
8327588033	no...sino (que)	not...but rather	126
8327588034	por lo común	as a rule	127
8327588035	por lo general	generally	128
8327588036	por un lado...por otro lado	on one hand... on the other hand...	129
8327588037	también viente al caso	it is also to the point	130
8327588038	a mi parecer	in my opinion	131
8327588039	además	furthermore	132
8327588040	de hecho	in fact	133
8327588041	en otras palabras	in other words	134
8327588042	en realidad	actually	135
8327588043	es decir	that is to say	136
8327588044	lo importante es que	what is important is that	137
8327588045	lo que importa es que	what matters is that	138
8327588046	o sea	in other words	139
8327588047	sin duda	without a doubt	140
8327588048	sobre todo	above all	141
8327588049	para ilustrar	to illustrate	142
8327588050	por ejemplo	for example	143
8327588051	a causa de	because of	144
8327588052	a fin de cuentas	in the end	145
8327588053	al fin	finally	146
8327588054	al fin y al cabo	in the end	147
8327588055	al parecer	apparently	148
8327588056	como resultado	as a result	149
8327588057	en conclusión	in conclusion	150
8327588058	en fin	finally	151
8327588059	finalmente	finally	152
8327588060	para concluir	to conclude	153
8327588061	para resumir	to summarize	154
8327588062	para terminar	to end	155
8327588063	por	because of	156
8327588064	por consiguiente	therefore	157
8327588065	por ese motivo	for that reason	158
8327588066	por lo mismo	for the same reason	159
8327588067	tal vez	maybe	160
8327588068	no obstante	nevertheless	161
8327588069	por otro lado	on the other hand	162
8327588070	al contrario	on the contrary	163
8327588071	de todas maneras	anyway	164

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AP Psychology unit 5 Flashcards

Myers Psychology for AP 1e
Chapter 5: States of Consciousness

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5015577325	consciousness	Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.	0
5015577326	circadian rhythm	regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.	1
5015577327	REM sleep	the sleep stage in which the brain and eyes are active, the muscles are relaxed and vivid dreaming occurs. Also known as paradoxical sleep.	2
5015577328	alpha waves	The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.	3
5015577329	sleep	natural, periodic loss of consciousness, on which the body and mind depend for healthy functioning	4
5015577330	hallucinations	False sensory experiences that occur without any sensory stimulus	5
5015577331	delta waves	The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.	6
5015577332	NREM sleep	the stage of sleep associated with muscular relaxation. It encompasses all stages of sleep except REM sleep	7
5015577333	insomnia	a person regularly has difficulty in falling or staying asleep	8
5015577334	narcolepsy	A sleep disorder in which the victim suffers sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks. often characterized by entry directly into REM sleep	9
5015577335	sleep apnea	A sleep disorder in which the person ceases breathing while asleep, and repeats this cycle throughout the night	10
5015577336	night terrors	a person experiences episodes of high arousal with apparent terror. Usually occur during stage four	11
5015577337	dreams	sequences of images, emotions, and thoughts the most vivid of which occur during REM sleep	12
5015577338	manifest content	According to Freud, the story line of a dream	13
5015577339	latent content	According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream	14
5015577340	REM rebound	The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation	15
5015577341	hypnosis	A social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.	16
5015577342	posthypnotic suggestion	A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, that is to be carried out when the subject is no longer hypnotized	17
5015577343	dissociation	A split between different levels of consciousness, allowing a person to divide attention between two or more thoughts or behaviors	18
5015577344	psychoactive drug	A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods. They work by affecting or mimicking the activity of neurotransmitters	19
5015577345	tolerance	The diminishing of a psycoactive drug's effect that occurs with repeated use, requiring progressively larger doses to produce the same effect	20
5015577346	withdrawal	The discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use of an addictive drugs	21
5015577347	physical dependence	A physiological need for a drug that is indicated by the presence of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is not taken	22
5015577348	psychological dependence	A psychological need to use a drug	23
5015577349	addiction	Compulsive craving for a drug despite adverse consequences and withdrawal symptoms	24
5015577350	depressants	psychoactive drugs such as alcohol, opiates, and barbiturates, that reduce neural activity and slow body functions	25
5015577351	barbiturates	depressants, sometimes used to induce sleep or reduce anxiety	26
5015577352	opiates	depressants derived from the opium poppy such as opium, morphine, and heroin; they reduce neural activity and temporarily lessen pain and anxiety	27
5015577353	stimulants	psychoactive drugs such as caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.	28
5015577354	amphetamines	a type of stimulant and as such, speed up body functions and neural activity	29
5015577355	methamphetamine	A powerfully addictive stimulant that speeds up body functions and is associated with energy and mood changes	30
5015577356	Ecstasy (MDMA)	produces short-term euphoria by increasing serotonin levels in the brain. Repeated use may permanently damage serotonin neurons, suppress immunity, and impair memory and other cognitive functions	31
5015577357	hallucinogens	Psychedelic drugs, such as LSD and marijuana, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.	32
5015577358	LSD	A powerful hallucinogenic capable of producing vivid false perceptions and disorganization of thought processes. it produces its unpredictable effects partially because it blocks the action of a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin	33
5015577359	near-death experience	An altered state of consciousness that has been reported by some people who have had a close brush with death	34
5015577360	THC	The major active ingredient in marijuana; classified as a mild hallucinogen	35

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AP World Period 4 Flashcards

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5673382336	Counter reformation	The catholic church responded to the reformation by the council of Trent.	0
5673382338	Atahulpa	Fought over rule of the Incan empire with brother. Later ambushed by Pizarro who took over.	1
5673382339	Capitalism	A system of trade and exchange dedicated to the pursuit of private profit	2
5673382340	Henry VIII	King of England. His divorce led to conflict with the pope. He created the Anglican church	3
5673382341	Charles V	Holy Roman emperor that inherited Spain. Split up his kingdom.	4
5673382342	Council of Trent	The congress of Roman Catholic authorities that met to reform church practices and reconcile with the Protestant.	5
5673382343	Elizabeth I	Defeated the Spanish Armada. Daughter of Henry. This girl made England a world power	6
5673382344	Ignatius loyola	Founded society of Jesus and spread the message across the world. Jesuits.	7
5673382345	Indulgence	In the penitential cycle you can pay this or do a penance	8
5673382346	Louis XIV	A powerful monarch that inspired the need for a democratic government	9
5673382347	Mercantilism	An economic system where governed net regulated all commercial activity	10
5673382348	Glorious revolution	English rulers claimed more power than the parliament	11
5673382349	English bill of rights	Limited the powers of the monarch.	12
5673382350	Moctezuma II	Aztec ruler that plundered and dominated neighboring tribes. Many wished to overthrow him.	13
5673382351	Francis bacon	Influential thinker best known for scientific method.	14
5673382352	Francis drake	First Englishman to circumnavigate the world. Helped defeat Spanish Armada.	15
5673382353	Antipodes	Australia and New Zealand	16
5673382354	Joseph banks	Wrote about the Maori on his voyage	17
5673382355	Shah Abbas	Safavid dude that built the army by trading with Europe and encouraged trade	18
5673382356	Treaty of tordesillas	This treaty divided the newly found lands between Spain and portugal.	19

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AP Biology Chapter 27 Flashcards

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6355123544	halobacterium	Prokaryotes that thrive in salinities that dehydrate and kill other cells - pump potassium ions into the cells until the ionic concentration inside matches the concentration outside	0
6355198729	they are able to adapt to a broad range of habitats	Why are prokayotes some of the most abundant organisms on earth?	1
6355204843	0.5-5 micrometers	How large is the diameter of the typical prokayote?	2
6355249685	cell wall	This maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment in prokaryotes	3
6355276648	cocci	Single spherical prokaryotes	4
6355278514	diplococci	Pairs of spherical prokaryotes	5
6355280747	streptococci	Chains of spherical prokaryotes	6
6355283624	staphylococci	Clusters of spherical prokaryotes	7
6355288179	bacilli	Rod-shaped prokaryotes (the single version is most common)	8
6355291245	streptobacilli	Chains of rod-shaped prokaryotes	9
6355295845	spirilla	Spiral prokaryotes that range from comma-like shapes to loose coils	10
6355300417	spirochetes	Spiral prokaryotes that are corkscrew-shaped	11
6355306474	it causes prokaryotes to lose water (and thus inhibits cell reproduction)	Why can salt be used to preserve foods?	12
6355314905	peptidoglycan	A polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides - found in bacterial cell walls	13
6355322115	gram stain	A technique where scientists can classify many bacterial species into two groups based on differences in cell wall composition (stain, rinse, and stain determines staining response)	14
6355325217	gram-positive bacteria	Bacteria that had simpler walls with relatively large amounts of peptidoglycan - traps crystal violet	15
6355327094	gram-negative bacteria	Bacteria that have less peptidoglycan located between the outer membrane and plasma membrane and are structurally more complex - easily rise out crystal violet	16
6355350742	gram-negative (lipids in outer layer)	Which type of bacteria, gram-positive or gram-negative, are more likely to be toxic?	17
6355356340	gram-negative	Which type of bacteria, gram-positive or gram-negative, are more resistant to antibiotics?	18
6355375602	capsule	A dense and well-defined layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall of many prokaryotes	19
6355377183	slime layer	Poorly organized layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall of many prokaryotes	20
6355384829	to protect against dehydration or the host's immune system	What is the purpose of a capsule/slime layer?	21
6355396894	fimbriae	Hairlike appendages that some prokaryotes use to stick to their substrate or one another	22
6355413860	pili	Appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other	23
6355425198	taxis	A directed movement toward or away from a stimulus	24
6355428926	chemotaxis	Prokaryotes that change their movement pattern in response to chemicals	25
6355440153	flagella	What probably evolved independently in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes? (because of different proteins and rotational mechanisms)	26
6355447387	motor, hook, and filament	What are the three main parts of the bacterial flagellum?	27
6355482699	exaptation	A process in which existing structures take on new functions through descent with modification	28
6355487434	a circular chromosome with fewer proteins	What is the typical genome of a prokaryote?	29
6355495833	nucleoid	A region of cytoplasm that appears lighter than the surrounding cytoplasm in electron micrographs where the chromosome is located in prokaryotes	30
6355500284	plasmids	Smaller rings of independently replicating DNA molecules that usually only carry a few genes	31
6355511331	binary fission	Reproduction where a single prokaryotic cell divides into 2 cells, which then divide more - many prokaryotes can divide every 1-3 hours	32
6355520199	they are small, they reproduce by binary fission, and they have short generation times	What are three key features involved with reproduction in prokaryotes?	33
6355619922	endospores	Cells that lack an essential nutrient produce these - it is a resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacteria cells (very tough)	34
6355642394	not in an evolutionary sense	Are prokaryotes inferior to humans?	35
6355658405	they reproduce so fast that even though new mutations are rare, they occur pretty often	Why is there so much genetic variation when prokaryotes reproduce asexually?	36
6355686195	genetic recombination	The combining of DNA from two sources	37
6355691708	horizontal gene transfer	The movement of genes from one organism to another when individuals are members of different species	38
6355714726	transformation	A process in which the genotype and possibly phenotype are altered by the uptake of foregin DNA	39
6355731417	recombinant	A cell that contains DNA derived from two different cells	40
6355738530	transduction	A process in which bacteriophages carry procaryotic genes from one host cell to another	41
6355760080	conjugation	A process where DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells (usually of the same species) that are temporarily joined - always one way	42
6355764446	F factor	A piece of DNA that controls a bacteria's ability to form pili and donate DNA during conjugation (could be a plasmid or within chromosome)	43
6355771110	F plasmid	The F factor in its plasmid form	44
6355774196	F+ cells	What are cells that have the F factor and function as DNA donors during conjugation called?	45
6355778746	Hfr cell	A cell with the F factor built into its chromosome	46
6355804215	R plasmids	Plasmids that carry resistance genes (resist antibiotics)	47
6355818415	phototrophs	Organisms that obtain energy from light	48
6355820417	chemotrophs	Organisms that obtain energy from chemicals	49
6355823989	autotrophs	Organisms that need only CO2 in some form as a carbon source	50
6355828689	heterotrophs	Organisms that need at least one organic nutrient	51
6355833193	obligate aerobes	Prokaryotes that need O2 for cellular respiration	52
6355847918	obligate anaerobes	Prokaryotes that are poisoned by O2	53
6355853281	anaerobic respiration	A process in which substances other than O2, such as nitrate ions or sulfate ions accept electrons at the "downhill" end of the electron transport chain and extract chemical energy	54
6355864081	facultative anaerobes	Prokaryotes that us O2 if it is present but also carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration if needed	55
6355873714	nitrogen fixation	A process where atmosphereic nitrogen is converted to ammonia	56
6355883320	heterocysts	A few speciailized cells in a filament that carry out nitrogen fixation	57
6355887194	biofilms	Surface-coating colonies of different prokaryotic species - allow nutrients to reach cells in the interior and wastes to be expelled	58
6355924322	extremophiles	Archaea that live in environments so extreme that few other organisms can survive there	59
6355926452	extreme halophiles	Extremophiles that live in highly saline environments	60
6355929257	extreme thermophiles	Extremophiles that thrive in very hot environments	61
6355933253	DNA does not remain in a double helix and proteins denature	Why do the cells of most organisms die at hot temperatures?	62
6355942764	methanogens	Archaea that release methane as a byproduct of their unique ways of obtaining energy	63
6355946342	energy and methane waste	What is released when methanogens use CO2 to oxidize H2?	64
6355985897	proteobacteria	Diverse group of gram-negative bacteria that includes 5 subgroups	65
6355991276	alpha proteobacteria	A subgroup of proteobacteria that includes bacteria that are closely associated with eukaryotic hosts	66
6355999335	beta proteobacteria	A subgroup of proteobacteria that is nutrionally diverse and contains soil bacteria	67
6356007958	epsilon proteobacteria	A subgroup of proteobacteria that is mostly pathogenic to humans and other animals	68
6356013837	chlamydias	Parasites that can only survive within animal cells, are gram-negative, and cause a lot of common diseases	69
6356019656	cyanobacteria	Photoautotrophs with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis	70
6356036009	decomposers	Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes that break down dead organisms as well as waste products	71
6356046257	symbiosis	An ecological relationship in which two species live in close contant with each other	72
6356051131	mutualism	An ecological interaction between two species in which both benefit	73
6356054468	commensalism	An ecological relationship in which one species benefits while the other is not harmed or helped in any significant way	74
6356061836	parasitism	An ecological relationship in which a parasite eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its hosts (harm but usually don't kill)	75
6356064781	pathogens	Parasites that cause disease	76
6356078577	exotoxins	Poisionous proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms	77
6356089836	endotoxins	Lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that are released only when the bacteria die and their cell walls break down	78
6356102934	bioremediation	The use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water	79

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Flashcards

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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8967701089	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
8967701090	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
8967701091	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
8967701092	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
8967701093	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
8967701094	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
8967701095	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
8967701096	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
8967701097	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
8967701098	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
8967701099	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
8967701100	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
8967701101	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
8967701102	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
8967701103	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
8967701104	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
8967701105	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
8967701106	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
8967701107	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
8967701108	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
8967701109	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
8967701110	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
8967701111	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
8967701112	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
8967701113	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
8967701114	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
8967701115	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
8967701116	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
8967701117	theory	general idea being tested	28
8967701118	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
8967701119	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
8967701120	mode	appears the most	31
8967701121	mean	average	32
8967701122	median	middle	33
8967701123	range	highest - lowest	34
8967701124	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
8967701125	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
8967701126	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
8967701127	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
8967701128	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
8967701129	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
8967701130	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
8967701131	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
8967701132	neuron		43
8967701133	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
8967701134	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
8967701135	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
8967701136	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
8967701137	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
8967701140	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	49
8967701141	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	50
8967701142	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	51
8967701143	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	52
8967701144	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	53
8967701145	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	54
8967701146	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	55
8967701147	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	56
8967701148	endocrine system	Uses hormones in the blood system	57
8967701149	master gland	pituitary gland	58
8967701150	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	59
8967701154	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	60
8967701155	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	61
8967701156	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	62
8967701158	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	63
8967701161	hippocampus	process new memory	64
8967701162	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	65
8967701163	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	66
8967701164	association areas	integrate and interpret information	67
8967701166	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	68
8967701167	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	69
8967701168	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	70
8967701169	occipital lobe	vision	71
8967701170	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	72
8967701171	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	73
8967701172	Broca's area	speaking words	74
8967701173	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	75
8967701175	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	76
8967701176	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	77
8967701177	top-down processing	brain to senses	78
8967701178	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	79
8967701179	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	80
8967701180	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	81
8967701181	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	82
8967701182	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	83
8967701183	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	84
8967701185	sensory adaptation	No longer notice something	85
8967701186	rods	night time	86
8967701187	cones	color	87
8967701188	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	88
8967701199	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	89
8967701200	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	90
8967701201	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	91
8967701203	perception is your what?	mood + motivation	92
8967701204	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	93
8967701205	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	94
8967701208	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	95
8967701209	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	96
8967701210	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth/repair	97
8967701211	insomnia	can't sleep	98
8967701212	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	99
8967701213	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	100
8967701214	night terrors	wake up screaming and have no idea why	101
8967701217	purpose of dreaming	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	102
8967701219	depressants	slows neural pathways	103
8967701220	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	104
8967701221	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	105
8967701222	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	106
8967701223	stimulants	hypes neural processing	107
8967701224	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	108
8967701225	caffeine	((stimulant))	109
8967701226	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	110
8967701227	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	111
8967701228	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	112
8967701229	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	113
8967701230	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	114
8967701231	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	115
8967701232	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	116
8967701233	types of learning	classical operant observational	117
8967701234	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	118
8967701235	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	119
8967701236	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	120
8967701237	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	121
8967701238	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	122
8967701239	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	123
8967701240	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	124
8967701241	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	125
8967701242	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	126
8967701243	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	127
8967701244	operant conditioning	control by organism	128
8967701245	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	129
8967701246	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	130
8967701247	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	131
8967701248	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	132
8967701249	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Punch card)	133
8967701250	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lot)	134
8967701251	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	135
8967701252	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	136
8967701253	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	137
8967701254	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	138
8967701255	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	139
8967701257	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	140
8967701258	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	141
8967701260	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	142
8967701262	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	143
8967701263	Bobo doll experiment legacy	see good: do good see evil: do evil	144
8967701264	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	145
8967701265	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	146
8967701266	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	147
8967701272	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	148
8967701273	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	149
8967701274	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	150
8967701275	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	151
8967701276	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	152
8967701277	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	153
8967701278	encoding	information going in	154
8967701279	storage	keeping information in	155
8967701280	retrieval	taking information out	156
8967701281	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	157
8967701282	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	158
8967701284	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	159
8967701286	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	160
8967701287	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	161
8967701288	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	162
8967701289	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	163
8967701290	implicit memory	naturally do	164
8967701291	explicit memory	need to explain	165
8967701292	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	166
8967701293	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	167
8967701294	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	168
8967701295	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	169
8967701296	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	170
8967701297	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	171
8967701299	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	172
8967701300	if we can't remember a memory...	change memory to suit us/fill in the blanks with logical story	173
8967701301	misinformation effect	not correct information	174
8967701302	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	175
8967701304	priming	setting you up	176
8967701305	context	environment helps with memory	177
8967701306	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	178
8967701307	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	179
8967701308	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	180
8967701310	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	181
8967701311	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	182
8967701317	mental set	what has worked in the past	183
8967701318	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	184
8967701319	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	185
8967701320	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	186

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