| CourseNotes

AP Biology Chapter 24 Flashcards

6382262912	Speciation	The origin of new species	0
6382265618	Microevolution	Consists of adaptations that evolve with a population, confined to one gene pool	1
6382267538	Macroevolution	Evolutionary change above the species level	2
6382271414	Biological species concept	States that a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring; they do not breed successfully with other populations	3
6382281418	Reproductive isolation	The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring	4
6382291017	Hybrids	The offspring of crosses between different species	5
6382294529	Prezygotic barriers	Preventing fertilization: Impeding different species from attempting to mate, preventing the successful completion of mating, and hindering fertilization if mating is successful	6
6382302178	Habitat isolation	Two species encounter each other rarely, or not at all, because they occupy different habitats, even though not isolated by physical barriers	7
6382313316	Temoral isolation	Species that breed at different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes	8
6382319002	Behavioral isolation	Courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a species are effective barriers	9
6382323447	Mechanical isolation	Morphological differences can prevent successful mating	10
6382325544	Gametic isolation	Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species	11
6382328370	Postzygotic barriers	Preventing the viability of hybrids: Reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, and hybrid breakdown	12
6382342877	Reduced hybrid fertility	Even if hybrids are vigorous, they may be sterile	13
6382349991	Hybrid breakdown	Some first generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate with another species or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile	14
6382361466	Morphological species concept	Defines a species by structural features	15
6382364926	Ecological species concept	Views a species in terms of its ecological niche	16
6382370985	Phylogenetic species concept	Defines a species as the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree	17
6382375414	Allopatric speciation	A type of speciation where gene flow is interrupted or reduced when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations	18
6382386685	Sympatric speciation	A type of speciation that takes place in geographically overlapping populations	19
6382389630	Polyploidy	The presence of extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division	20
6382392182	Autopolyploid	An individual with more than two chromosome sets, derived from one species	21
6382398034	Allopolyploid	A species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species	22
6382403591	Hybrid zone	A region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids	23
6382406770	Reinforcement of barriers	Occurs when hybrids are less fit than the parent species	24
6382426267	Punctuated equilibrium	A period of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change	25

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP CSP Unit 3 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6432874768	lossy text compression	-mostly used in audio or video formats where a loss in precision is undetectable to human eyes and ears	0
6432874769	gif	-uses a dictionary of up to 255 different colors -each pixel is stored as small number that refers to the dictionary. -a lossless format for image files that supports both animated and static images.	1
6432874770	lossy compression	(or irreversible compression) a data compression method that uses inexact approximations, discarding some data to represent the content. Most commonly seen in image formats like .jpg.	2
6432874771	lossless compression	a data compression algorithm that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data	3
6432874772	zip format	used for photos or text, but usually for text	4
6432874773	gif and bmp	photo formats	5
6432874774	transformation	When an manipulation is performed on a digital image to compress the information (lossless or lossy) this is called a	6
6432874775	file extensions	______you often see on a file (for example: myPhoto.jpg) is really just an indicator to the computer of how the underlying bits are organized, so the computer can interpret them. If you change the name of the file to myPhoto.gif, that does not magically change the underlying bits; all you've done is confuse the computer. It won't be able to open the file because it will attempt to interpret the file as a GIF when really the bits are in JPG format.	7
6432874776	RGB, 24, hexadecimal	The most common color representation scheme - _______ - typically uses ___ bits (3 bytes) with 8 bits each for Red, Green and Blue intensities. And one of the most common ways you see these colors represented is in ______.	8
6432874777	pixel	short for "picture element" it is the fundamental unit of a digital image, typically a tiny square or dot which contains a single point of color of a larger image.	9
6432874778	RGB	the RGB color model uses varying intensities of (R)ed, (G)reen, and (B)lue light are added together in to reproduce a broad array of colors.	10
6432874779	light	As you are about to see, with color, we actually use binary to encode the physical phenomenon of ________.	11
6432874780	RGB, 0, 255	The ______ color scheme is composed of red, green, and blue components that have a range of intensities from _ to ____.	12
6432874781	screen resolution, density	_____________ is the number of pixels and how they are arranged vertically and horizontally, and _________ is the number of pixels per a given area.	13
6432874782	light, RGB	Computer screens emit _______, so when you mix ______ colors, you are really mixing light together	14
6432874783	turn all lights off	to make black appear on computer screen	15
6432874784	turn all lights on	to make white appear on computer screen	16
6432874785	mix full red and full blue	to make pink appear on the computer screen	17
6432874786	3, grayscale	The Pixelation Tool is in RGB mode, as long as the number of bits per pixel is a multiple of ___ (3, 6, 9, 12, etc.) This allows for the same number of bits to be allocated to each color channel. Other bits-per-pixel settings will set the image to ______, with more bits allowing finer control over the shade of gray.	18
6432874787	hexadecimal, 4, compression	It is important to note that _________ numbers are used to aid humans in reading longer strings of bits, but they in no way change the underlying data being represented. Instead, they allow us to read __ bits at a time rather than 1, and so allow us to more easily parse binary information. Hexadecimal representation is NOT a form of ________, since the underlying binary representation is not changing at all. Rather it is a more convenient way of representing that binary information when humans need to read and interact with it.	19
6432874788	metadata	Data that describes other data. For example, a digital image my include metadata that describe the size of the image, number of colors, or resolution.	20
6432874789	raster, raster, resolution	Digital images can be stored in many formats, but one of the most common formats is "______". _________ images store the image as an array of individual pixels, each of which has a particular color. Higher-quality images can be obtained by decreasing the size of the pixels (______).	21
6432874790	image	A type of data used for graphics or pictures.	22
6432874791	height, width	Simply encoding the pixel data is not enough. We also need to encode the ______ and _____ of the image, or the image could not be recreated - other than through trial and error	23
6432874792	metadata	We've seen forms of _______ before. For example: an internet packet. The packet contains the data that needs to be sent, but also other data like the to and from address, and packet number.	24
6432874793	1 kilobyte	1024 bytes	25
6432874794	1 megabyte	1024 kilobytes	26
6432874795	1 terabyte	1024 megabytes	27
6432874796	1 perabyte	1024 terabytes	28
6432874797	fewer, dictionary	The basic principle behind compression is to develop a method or protocol for using ______ bits to represent the original information. The way we represent compressed data in this lesson, with a "__________" of repeated patterns is similar to the LZW compression scheme, but it should be noted that LZW is slightly different from what students do in this lesson. Students invent their own way here. LZW is used not only for text (zip files), but also with the GIF image file format.	29
6432874798	compress, algorithm	There is no single correct way to ________ text using the method we use in this lesson because a) there is no known _______ for finding an optimal solution, and b) we don't even know a way to verify whether a given solution is optimal. There is no way to prove it or derive it beyond trying all possibilities by brute force. This is an example of an algorithm that cannot run in a "reasonable amount of time".	30
6432874799	LZW, zip	There is a compression algorithm called ______ compression upon which the common "____" utility is based. Zip compression does something very similar to what you did today with the text compression widget. Here is an animation of lzw in action. You can see the algorithm doesn't compress it the most, but it is following a heuristic that will lead to better and better compression over time.	31

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9788093818	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9788093819	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9788093820	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9788093821	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9788093822	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9788093823	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9788093824	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9788093825	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9788093826	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9788093827	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9788093828	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9788093829	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9788093830	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9788093831	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9788093832	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9788093833	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9788093834	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9788093835	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9788093836	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9788093837	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9788093838	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9788093839	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9788093840	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9788093841	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9788093842	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9788093843	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9788093844	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9788093845	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9788093846	theory	general idea being tested	28
9788093847	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9788093848	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9788093849	mode	appears the most	31
9788093850	mean	average	32
9788093851	median	middle	33
9788093852	range	highest - lowest	34
9788093853	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9788093854	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9788093855	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9788093856	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9788093857	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9788093858	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9788093859	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9788093860	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9788094055	neuron		43
9788093861	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9788093862	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9788093863	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9788093864	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9788093865	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9788093866	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9788093867	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9788093868	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9788093869	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9788093870	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9788093871	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9788093872	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9788093873	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9788093874	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9788093875	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9788093876	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9788093877	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9788093878	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9788093879	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9788093880	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9788093881	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9788093882	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9788093883	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9788093884	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9788093885	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9788093886	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9788093887	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9788093888	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9788093889	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9788093890	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9788093891	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9788093892	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9788093893	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9788093894	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9788093895	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9788093896	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9788093897	occipital lobe	vision	80
9788093898	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9788093899	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9788093900	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9788093901	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9788093902	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9788093903	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9788093904	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9788093905	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9788093906	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9788093907	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9788093908	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9788093909	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9788093910	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9788093911	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9788093912	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9788093913	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9788093914	rods	night time	97
9788093915	cones	color	98
9788093916	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9788093917	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9788093918	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9788093919	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9788093920	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9788093921	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9788093922	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9788093923	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9788093924	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9788093925	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9788093926	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9788093927	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9788093928	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9788093929	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9788093930	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9788093931	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9788093932	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9788093933	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9788093934	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9788093935	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9788093936	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9788093937	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9788093938	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9788093939	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9788093940	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9788093941	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9788093942	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9788093943	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9788093944	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9788093945	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9788093946	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9788093947	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9788093948	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9788093949	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9788093950	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9788093951	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9788093952	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9788093953	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9788093954	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9788093955	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9788093956	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9788093957	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9788093958	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9788093959	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9788093960	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9788093961	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9788093962	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9788093963	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9788093964	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9788093965	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9788093966	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9788093967	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9788093968	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9788093969	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9788093970	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9788093971	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9788093972	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9788093973	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9788093974	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9788093975	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9788093976	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9788093977	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9788093978	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9788093979	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9788093980	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9788093981	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9788093982	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9788093983	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9788093984	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9788093985	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9788093986	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9788093987	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9788093988	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9788093989	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9788093990	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9788093991	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9788093992	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9788093993	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9788093994	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9788093995	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9788093996	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9788093997	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9788093998	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9788093999	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9788094000	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9788094001	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9788094002	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9788094003	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9788094004	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9788094005	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9788094006	encoding	information going in	189
9788094007	storage	keeping information in	190
9788094008	retrieval	taking information out	191
9788094009	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9788094010	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9788094011	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9788094012	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9788094013	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9788094014	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9788094015	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9788094016	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9788094017	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9788094018	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9788094019	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9788094020	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9788094021	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9788094022	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9788094023	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9788094024	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9788094025	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9788094026	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9788094027	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9788094028	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9788094029	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9788094030	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9788094031	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9788094032	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9788094033	context	environment helps with memory	216
9788094034	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9788094035	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9788094036	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9788094037	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9788094038	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9788094039	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9788094040	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9788094041	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9788094042	prototypes	generalize	225
9788094043	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9788094044	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9788094045	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9788094046	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9788094047	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9788094048	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9788094049	grammar is _________	universal	232
9788094050	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9788094051	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology - Social Psychology Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9552153757	Philip Zimbardo	Prison experiment (6 days - the guards became evil and by the end everyone thought it was a real prison), fried grasshopper experiment	0
9552153758	Solomon Asch	Developed the line test to test for conformity- people conformed 33% of the time	1
9552153759	Leon Festinger	Proposed the cognitive dissonance theory	2
9552153760	Stanley Milgram	Student of Asch, shock experiments with the "teacher" and "learner", tested obedience (which varied based on circumstances in each experiment)	3
9552153761	Social psychology	explore how we think about, influence, and relate to eachother	4
9552153762	attribution theory	internal disposition or external situations, proposed by Fritz Heider	5
9552153763	situational attribution	we attribute something to the situation	6
9552153764	dispositional attribution	we attribute something to our personality	7
9552153765	fundamental attribution error	we overestimate the influence of personality	8
9552153766	actor-observer effect	seeing the world from the actor's perception we better appreciate the situation, how we view thing from the outside or n the actor's view	9
9552153767	self-serving bias	we like to skew our perceptions to make ourselves seem better, like attributing good things to ourselves and bad to the situation	10
9552153768	central route persuasion	people are analytical and involved with the problem, giving facts, demonstrating, etc. (focus on arguments and respond with favorable thoughts), less superficial	11
9552153769	peripheral route persuasion	people respond to incidental cues, attractiveness, celebrity endorsement, etc. (faster judgements)	12
9552153770	foot-in-the-door phenomenon	people agree to a small action and then are more likely to agree to a larger one -Cialdini	13
9552153771	familiarity effect	being familiar/ recognizing with something and thus being affected by it	14
9552153772	validity effect	you hear about something often and thus believe it more (ex: I've heard it a lot, so it's probably true)	15
9552153773	role	the set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave	16
9552153774	cognitive dissonance theory	when we know our attitudes and actions don't match -Festinger	17
9552153775	conformity	adjusting behavior and thinking toward a group standard, Chartrand studied the chameleon effect where humans copycat and Asch developed the line test	18
9552153776	normative social influence	we understand social norms because the price for being different is severe, influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval	19
9552153777	informational social influence	influence resulting from willingness to accept others' opinions about reality	20
9552153778	social facilitation	people perform better when competing against others- only in simple tasks. For harder ones, people performed worse when being watched.	21
9552153779	social loafing	tendency for people to work less in a group	22
9552153780	deindividuation	abandoning normal restraints to power of group, loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity (ex: KKK, riots, food fights, tribal masks, etc.)	23
9552153781	group polarization	amplification of group's prevailing tendencies- terrorism!	24
9552153782	Groupthink	to preserve good feelings dissents are self-censored, desire for harmony in a group- Janis came up with this	25
9552153783	culture norm	rules for accepted and expected behavior	26
9552153784	personal space	body buffer zone! (personal bubble please)	27
9552153785	Prejudice	prejudgement (the attitude, not the action)	28
9552153786	Stereotype	a trait commonly associated with a type of person (ex: dumb blondes), rationalize inequalities	29
9552153787	ethnocentrism	people believe their own race is best	30
9552153788	contact hypothesis	interaction/ contact can help people accept each other	31
9552153789	discrimination	predisposition to action (the prejudiced beliefs may influence such acts)	32
9552153790	implicit and explicit attitudes	internal and external attitudes (what we really feel vs. what we show or say on the outside)	33
9552153791	Implicit Association Test	test what people associate other people with (ex: black names = violence)	34
9552153792	Ingroup	us	35
9552153793	Outgroup	them	36
9552153794	ingroup bias	people like their own group best	37
9552153795	scapegoat theory	finding someone to blame releases tension	38
9552153796	other-race effect	tendency to recognize your own race more accurately	39
9552153797	social identity	we associate ourselves with certain groups and contrast ourselves with others	40
9552153798	ethnic identity	we associate ourselves with a certain ethnicity and contrast ourselves with others (?)	41
9552153799	just-world phenomenon	Good behavior is rewarded and bad behavior is punished, believe that other people get what they deserve	42
9552153800	blaming the victim	people think that the victim is partly to blame for their situation	43
9552153801	aggression	any physical/verbal behavior intended to destroy	44
9552153802	frustration-aggression principle	frustration creates anger which may create aggression	45
9552153803	mere-exposure effect	the more you are around someone or something the more you like it or them	46
9552153804	passionate love	physical arousal and cognitive appraisal, temporary, beginning of a love relationship	47
9552153805	companionate love	deep affectionate attachment, comes after passionate stage	48
9552153806	equity	both partners receive in proportion to what they give	49
9552153807	self-disclosure	revealing intimate details about ourselves	50
9552153808	altruism	unselfish regard for welfare of others	51
9552153809	bystander effect	when more people share the responsibility to help, any single observer is less likely to help	52
9552153810	diffusion of responsibility	bystander effect, people feel less responsible when in the presence of others	53
9552153811	social exchange theory	maximize reward and minimize cost	54
9552153812	reciprocity norm	we help others who have helped us - expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them	55
9552153813	social-responsibility norm	we help others who need our help, expectation that people will help those dependent upon them	56
9552153814	conflict	perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas	57
9552153815	self-fulfilling prophecy	influence makes you act so that it comes true (Ex: You think he hates you, so you act coldly to him. He is offended and thus does hate you)	58
9552153816	superordinate goals	goals that bring people together to cooperate	59
9552153817	attitude	feelings that influence our thoughts, actions, etc.	60

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP-Ensayo Transitional Phrases Flashcards

The Spanish transition words for Senora McCord's AP Spanish Final. Check the "ignore stuff in parenthesis" check-box for best results.

Terms : Hide Images

5653821933	Para empezar	to begin	0
5653821934	En primer lugar	in the first place	1
5653821935	Al principio	in the beginning	2
5653821936	Como punto de partida	as a starting place	3
5653821937	Para continuar	to continue	4
5653821938	Durante	during	5
5653821939	Mientras tanto	meanwhile	6
5653821940	Además	in addition	7
5653821941	También	also	8
5653821942	Luego (second alphabetically)	then	9
5653821943	Después de (infinitivo)	after	10
5653821944	Mientras	while	11
5653821945	Y	and	12
5653821946	Entonces	then	13
5653821947	Antes de (infinitivo)	before	14
5653821948	Como	like, as, since	15
5653821949	Sin embargo	however	16
5653821950	A pesar de	despite	17
5653821951	Aunque	although	18
5653821952	Pero	but	19
5653821953	En cambio	on the other hand	20
5653821954	Sino que	but rather + infinitive	21
5653821955	Sino	but rather	22
5653821956	De hecho	in fact	23
5653821957	En realidad	in reality	24
5653821958	Hay que tomar en cuenta	take into account	25
5653821959	Lo importante es que	what's important is	26
5653821960	Para ilustrar	to illustrate	27
5653821961	Por ejemplo	for example	28
5653821962	A causa de	because of	29
5653821963	Al fin y al cabo	in the end	30
5653821964	En conclusion	in conclusion	31
5653821965	En fin	in the end	32
5653821966	En resumen	en summary	33
5653821967	Para concluir	to conclude	34
5653821968	Para terminar	to finish	35
5653821969	Por eso	for this	36

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9827705700	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9827705701	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9827705702	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9827705703	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9827705704	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9827705705	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9827705706	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9827705707	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9827705708	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9827705709	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9827705710	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9827705711	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9827705712	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9827705713	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9827705714	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9827705715	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9827705716	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9827705717	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9827705718	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9827705719	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9827705720	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9827705721	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9827705722	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9827705723	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9827705724	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9827705725	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9827705726	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9827705727	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9827705728	theory	general idea being tested	28
9827705729	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9827705730	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9827705731	mode	appears the most	31
9827705732	mean	average	32
9827705733	median	middle	33
9827705734	range	highest - lowest	34
9827705735	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9827705736	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9827705737	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9827705738	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9827705739	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9827705740	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9827705741	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9827705742	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9827705934	neuron		43
9827705743	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9827705744	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9827705745	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9827705746	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9827705747	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9827705748	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9827705749	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9827705750	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9827705751	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9827705752	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9827705753	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9827705754	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9827705755	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9827705756	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9827705757	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9827705758	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9827705759	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9827705760	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9827705761	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9827705762	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9827705763	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9827705764	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9827705765	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9827705766	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9827705767	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9827705768	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9827705769	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9827705770	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9827705771	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9827705772	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9827705773	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9827705774	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9827705775	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9827705776	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9827705777	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9827705778	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9827705779	occipital lobe	vision	80
9827705780	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9827705781	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9827705782	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9827705783	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9827705784	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9827705785	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9827705786	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9827705787	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9827705788	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9827705789	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9827705790	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9827705791	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9827705792	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9827705793	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9827705794	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9827705795	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9827705796	rods	night time	97
9827705797	cones	color	98
9827705798	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9827705799	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9827705800	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9827705801	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9827705802	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9827705803	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9827705804	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9827705805	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9827705806	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9827705807	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9827705808	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9827705809	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9827705810	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9827705811	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9827705812	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9827705813	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9827705814	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9827705815	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9827705816	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9827705817	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9827705818	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9827705819	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9827705820	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9827705821	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9827705822	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9827705823	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9827705824	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9827705825	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9827705826	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9827705827	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9827705828	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9827705829	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9827705830	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9827705831	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9827705832	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9827705833	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9827705834	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9827705835	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9827705836	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9827705837	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9827705838	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9827705839	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9827705840	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9827705841	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9827705842	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9827705843	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9827705844	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9827705845	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9827705846	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9827705847	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9827705848	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9827705849	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9827705850	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9827705851	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9827705852	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9827705853	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9827705854	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9827705855	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9827705856	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9827705857	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9827705858	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9827705859	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9827705860	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9827705861	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9827705862	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9827705863	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9827705864	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9827705865	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9827705866	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9827705867	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9827705868	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9827705869	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9827705870	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9827705871	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9827705872	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9827705873	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9827705874	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9827705875	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9827705876	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9827705877	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9827705878	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9827705879	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9827705880	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9827705881	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9827705882	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9827705883	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9827705884	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9827705885	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9827705886	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9827705887	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9827705888	encoding	information going in	189
9827705889	storage	keeping information in	190
9827705890	retrieval	taking information out	191
9827705891	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9827705892	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9827705893	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9827705894	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9827705895	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9827705896	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9827705897	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9827705898	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9827705899	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9827705900	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9827705901	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9827705902	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9827705903	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9827705904	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9827705905	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9827705906	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9827705907	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9827705908	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9827705909	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9827705910	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9827705911	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9827705912	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9827705913	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9827705914	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9827705915	context	environment helps with memory	216
9827705916	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9827705917	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9827705918	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9827705919	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9827705920	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9827705921	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9827705922	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9827705923	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9827705924	prototypes	generalize	225
9827705925	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9827705926	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9827705927	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9827705928	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9827705929	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9827705930	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9827705931	grammar is _________	universal	232
9827705932	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9827705933	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Human Geography Population Flashcards

These are the vocabulary words from Rubenstein's AP Human Geography textbook.
Chapter-1: Thinking Geographically
Chapter-2: Population
Chapter-3: Migration
Chapter-4: Folk and popular culture
Chapter-5: Language
Chapter-6: Religion
Chapter-7: Ethnicity
Chapter-8: Political Geography
Chapter-9: Development
Chapter-10: Agriculture
Chapter-11: Industry
Chapter-12: Services
Chapter-13: Urban Patterns
Chapter-14: Resource Issues

Terms : Hide Images

5033838696	arithmetic density	The total number of people divided by the total land area	0
5033838697	Census	A complete enumeration of a population	1
5033838698	Crude Birth Rate (CBR)	The number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society	2
5033838699	Crude Death Rate (CDR)	The number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people alive in a society	3
5033838700	Demographic Transition	the process of change in a society's population as a combination of medical advances and economic development, affecting a population's desire and ability to control its own birth and death rates	4
5033838701	5 stages of Demographic Transition	1. Total population is low but it is balanced due to high birth rates and high death rates. 2. Total population rises as death rates fall due to improvements in health care and sanitation. Birth rates remain high. 3. Total population is still rising rapidly. The gap between birth and death rates narrows due to the availability of contraception and fewer children being needed to work - due to the mechanisation of farming. The natural increase is high. 4. Total population is high, but it is balanced by a low birth rate and a low death rate. Birth control is widely available and there is a desire for smaller families. 5. Total population is high but going into decline due to an ageing population. There is a continued desire for smaller families, with people opting to have children later in life.	5
5033838702	Demography	the scientific study of population characteristics	6
5033838703	Infant Mortality Rate	The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old per 1000 live births in a society	7
5033838704	Natural Increase Rate (NIR)	The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate (NIR=CBR-CDR)	8
5033838705	Physiological Population Density	The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture	9
5033838706	Population Composition	Structure of population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education	10
5033838707	Population Density	A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land	11
5033838708	Population Distribution	Description of locations on Earth's surface where populations live	12
5033838709	Population Pyramid	A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex	13
5033838710	Total Fertility Rate (TFR)	The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.	14
5033838711	Zero population growth (ZPG)	A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.	15
5033838712	Industrial Revolution	a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and drastically altered society	16
5033838713	Thomas Malthus	(1766-1834) An English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in food production, which would lead to widespread famine and disease.	17
5033838714	Dr. John Snow	(1813-1858) English physician who used hand-drawn data layering on maps of London to identify and treat a cholera epidemic	18
5033838715	Sustainability	the level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources	19
5033838716	Cartography	The science or practice of drawing maps.	20
5033838717	Hearth	The area where an idea or cultural trait originates	21
5033838718	Spatial Distribution	The physical location of geographic phenomena across space	22
5033838719	Fieldwork	The study of phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places	23
5033838720	Sequent Occupation	The idea that successive societies leave their cultural imprint on a place and each contributing to the cummulative cultural landscape	24
5033838721	Scale	A representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certail level of reduction or generalization. i.e on maps the ratio of ground distance to map distance	25
5033838722	Political Map	focuses solely on the state and national boundaries of a place. They also include the locations of cities - both large and small, depending on the detail of the map.	26
5033838723	Physical Map	shows the physical landscape features of a place. They generally show things like mountains, rivers and lakes and water is always shown with blue. Usually shown with different colors and shades to show topography.	27
5033838724	Topographic Map	Shows different physical landscape features. They use contour lines instead of colors to show changes in the landscape	28
5033838725	Climate Map	Shows information about the climate of an area; like the specific climatic zones based on the temperature, the amount of snow an area receives or average number of cloudy days. These maps normally use colors to show different climatic areas.	29
5033838726	Economic or Resource Map	shows the specific type of economic activity or natural resources present in an area through the use of different symbols or colors	30
5033838727	Road Map	A map that depicts roads, routes, highways, major and minor cities, as well as airports and points of interest	31
5033838728	Thematic Map	focuses on a particular theme or special topic and they are different from the six aforementioned general reference maps because they do not just show natural features like rivers, cities, political subdivisions, elevation and highways. If these items are on a thematic map, they are background information and are used as reference points to enhance the map's theme. i.e. WWII Maps, a Map of the Industrial Revolution, etc	32
5033838729	Stable Population Level	a population which has constant mortality and fertility rates, and no migration, therefore a fixed age distribution and constant growth rate.	33
5033838730	Carrying Capacity	The number of living beings (people) that a specific area can support. i.e. SDS can only hold/accomodate so many people, it has a carrying capacity. Once reached changes must be made to space, resources, and accessibility	34
5033838731	MDC	More Developed Countries. Average 10 years of schooling; a 98% Literacy Rate; sicker populations; and a Life Expectancy in the 70s. Regions: • North-America • Western Europe • Eastern Europe • Japan • South Pacific	35
5033838732	LDC	Less Developed Countries. Average a couple years of schooling; a 60% Literacy Rate; healthier populations; and a Life Expectancy in the 60s Regions: • Latin America • East Asia • Middle East • Southeast Asia • South Asia • Sub-Saharan Africa	36
5033838733	Hierarchical diffusion	Occurs when the diffusion innovation or concept spreads from a place or person of power or high susceptibility to another in a leveled pattern. Fashion, fads, trends, etc. Many people cutting their hair the way Taylor Swift did.	37
5033838734	Stimulus Diffusion	Occurs when the innovative idea diffuses from its hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters. Christianity and its many sects (Protestant, Baptist, Catholic etc) Different Menu items from McDonalds around the world.	38
5033838735	Contagious Diffusion	Occurs when numerous places or people near the point of origin become adopters (or infected, in the case of a disease) Hinduism spreading throughout the Indian subcontinent	39
5033838736	Relocation Diffusion	Involves the actual movement of the original adopters from their point of origin, or hearth, to a new place i.e. Spread of Christianity, when people moved and brought it with them	40
5033838737	Formal Regions	Have one or more common characteristics that distinguish them from the surrounding area. i.e. states, countries, cities, areas of specific towns/cities/countries (wealthy vs. poor, industrial vs. residential) MEASURABLE DATA	41
5033838738	Perceptual Regions	Defined by how the areas are perceived. Reflect people's feelings and emotions towards an area	42
5033838739	Functional Regions	Defined by a system of interactions. Organized around a specific function (transportation, import/export)	43

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Euro Scientific Revolution Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5539376305	Rene Descartes	French philosopher and mathematician 17th century French philosopher; wrote "Discourse on Method" and "Mind over Matter" Impericism/Slepticism Known as father of modern rationalism. Deductive reasoning: based on a series of occurances and/or patterns	0
5539376306	William Harvey	English physician who used lab experiments to study the circulation of blood and its flow through arteries and veins as well as the heart., determined that the heart not the liver pumps blood, which circulates through body; wrote "On the motion of Heart and Blood"	1
5539376307	Nicolaus Copernicus	The Polish scientist who worked in the 1500s. He abandoned the largely accepted geocentric theory that the planets moved around Earth and advocated the heliocentric theory, which stated that the center of the universe was near the Sun. This made it easier to predict orbits. "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres"	2
5539376308	Francis Bacon	English philosopher, and scientist. Advocated for a system of scientific experimentation This led to the development of the scientific method., Used inductive reasoning: reasoning by experiments, mathematics, and observation	3
5539376309	Andreas Vesalius	Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy and provided detailed overviews of the human body and its systems. Wrote "On the Fabric of the Human Body" which explained human anatomy	4
5539376310	Isaac Newton	English scientist and author of works explaining the law of universal gravitation and means of measuring motion. His work inspired the notion of natural and universal laws ordering and arranging life. Suggested that the planets follow the same gravitational laws as earthly objects. Wrote "Principia"	5
5539376311	Galileo Galilei	Italian scientist , used telescopes proved the sun is the center of the solar system and that the planets/moon move. He was persecuted as a heretic for writing contrary to the Ptolemaic model. Wrote "The Starry Messenger"	6
5539376312	Tycho Brahe	A Danish astronomer (1546-1601) made accurate oberservations about the planets., produced large amounts of astromatical data but believed that other planets rotated around the sun while the sun and moon rotated around the earth	7
5539376313	Johannes Kepler	A German astronomer (1571-1630) set forth the first astronomical model showing the orbits as elliptical. Wrote: 3 Laws of Planetary Motion which reinforced the heliocentric theory	8
5539376314	Ptolemaic Universe	A still earth is at the center of universe with 9 revolving spheres around it	9
5539376315	Heliocentric Universe	sun center of universe; developed by copernicus	10
5539376316	"Principia"	Newton created calculus and his book explained it.	11
5539376319	Scientific Method	a method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant data are gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from these data, and the hypothesis is empirically tested	12
5539376320	Scientific Revolution	The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.	13
5539376321	Robert Boyle	proved that the volume of gas changes with pressure	14
5539376323	Margaret Cavendish	One of the most prominent female scientists of the 17th century. She wrote a number of books on scientific matters, including Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy.	15
5539376325	rationalism	the theological doctrine that human reason rather than divine revelation establishes truth	16

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology: Cell Communication Flashcards

Cell Communication
Vocabulary: signal transduction pathway, quorum sensing, hormones, protein kinase, protein phosphatase, G proteins, cyclic AMP, first messengers, second messengers, signal amplification, apoptosis, paracrine signaling, synaptic signaling, hormonal signaling
1. Know the three stages of Cell Signaling:
a. Reception - receptors in the plasma membrane, intracellular receptors
b. Transduction - signal transduction pathways, phosphorylation and dephosporylation, second messengers
c. Response - nuclear and cytoplasmic responses; protein synthesis, ion channels, cell shape
2. Describe the relationship between signal molecules and cell surface receptors, and give examples of each.
3. Describe G-protein-linked receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases, and explain the role of each in receiving chemical signals and initiating signal transduction pathways.
4. Describe a signal transduction pathway and explain how this multi-step process can amplify the signal and lead to a cellular response.
5. Understand that different kinds of cells have different collections of proteins (p.221) and how this affects the response of a particular cell to a specific signaling molecule.
6. Define apoptosis and describe its importance and function(s) in an organism.

Terms : Hide Images

8307861519	amplification	The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction.	0
8307861520	apoptosis	A program of controlled cell suicide, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die.	1
8307861521	cytoplasm	The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane.	2
8307861522	epinephrine	water soluble ligand molecule; A catecholamine that, when secreted by the adrenal medulla, mediates "fight-or-flight" responses to short-term stresses; also released by some neurons as a neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline.	3
8307861523	G protein	A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell.	4
8307861524	gap junction	A type of intercellular junction in animals that allows the passage of materials between cells.	5
8307861525	glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	6
8307861526	ligand	A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule; often first step in cell communication. Water soluble ligands typically do not enter cell. Lipid soluble ligands (such as steroids) do enter the cell.	7
8307861527	ligand-gated ion channel	A protein pore in cellular membranes that opens or closes in response to A signaling chemical (its ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions.	8
8307861528	local regulator	A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted. Used in paracrine and synaptic signaling.	9
8307861529	protein kinase	An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein.	10
8307861530	protein phosphatase	An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase.	11
8307861531	receptor tyrosine kinase	A receptor protein in the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic (intracellular) part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein. Receptor tyrosine kinases often respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimer. The phosphorylated tyrosines on the receptors then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell.	12
8307861532	scaffolding protein	A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction.	13
8307861533	second messenger	A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion (Ca2+) or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein.	14
8307861534	signal transduction	The linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response.	15
8307861535	signal transduction pathway	A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response. There are four types that we studied: g-protein linked reception; hormonal reception; receptor tyrosine kinase reception; pathways using second messengers (cAMP; calcium ions).	16
8307861536	testosterone	A steroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals. Pathway illustrates the mechanism for all steroid hormones.	17
8307861537	transcription factor	A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes. The hormone-receptor complex becomes a transcription factor in the steroid transduction pathway.	18
8307861538	three stages of cell communication	reception - receptor responds to binding of ligand molecule; transduction - translation and amplification of message; response - activation of cellular response	19
8307861539	g-linked protein receptor	receives message for g-linked protein signaling pathway. Consists of seven alpha helices that span the plasma membrane. Changes shape when ligand molecule binds.	20
8307861540	signal transduction pathway	The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response.	21
8307861541	local regulators	These regulators influence cells in the vicinity of them.	22
8307861542	hormones	Circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells.	23
8307861543	ligand	A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often a larger one.	24
8307861544	protein kinase	The enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein.	25
8307861545	protein phosphatases	Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins.	26
8307861546	second messengers	Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send messages throughout the cells by diffusion.	27
8307861547	reception	The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell.	28
8307861548	transduction	The binding of the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way.	29
8307861549	response	The transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response.	30
8307861550	G-protein-linked receptor	A plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a G-protein.	31
8307861551	receptor tyrosine kinase	A receptor with enzymatic activity that can trigger more than one signal transduction pathway at once, helping the cell regulate and coordinate many aspects of cell growth and reproduction.	32
8307861552	ligand-gated ion channel	Type of membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" when the receptor changes shape.	33

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology - Development Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology

Terms : Hide Images

6088472633	Zygote	the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.	0
6088472634	Embryo	the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.	1
6088472635	Fetus	the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.	2
6088472636	Teratogens	agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.	3
6088472637	Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)	physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.	4
6088472639	Assimilation	interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas.	5
6088472640	Accommodation	Development - adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.	6
6088472641	Sensorimotor Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.	7
6088472642	Object Permanence	the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.	8
6088472643	Preoperational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.	9
6088472644	Conservation	the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.	10
6088472645	Egocentrism	in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.	11
6088472646	Theory of Mind	people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.	12
6088472647	Concrete Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.	13
6088472648	Formal Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.	14
6088472651	Imprinting	the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.	15
6088472652	Temperament	a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.	16
6088506221	trust v mistrust	Erikson's first stage in which infants up to one year learn if they can count on their caregivers or not	17
6088508878	autonomy v shame	age 1 to age 2, toddlerhood - learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities	18
6088515528	initiative v guilt	age 3 to 5, preschooler - learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent	19
6088518169	industry v inferiority	age 6 to puberty, elementary school- learn the pleasures of applying themselves to tasks, and comparing themselves to others	20
6088546476	preconventional morality	first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior	21
6088549201	conventional morality	second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior	22
6088552840	postconventional morality	third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and which may be in disagreement with accepted social norms	23