Chapter 2 AP GOPO Flashcards
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| 5841827198 | Advice and Consent | The Senate's authority to approve or reject the president's appointments and negotiated treaties. | 0 | |
| 5841863481 | Anti-Federalists | Individuals who opposed ratification of the Constitution because they were deeply suspicious of the powers it gave to the national government and of the impact those powers would have on states' authority and individual freedoms. | 1 | |
| 5841865245 | Bicameral Legislature | legislature comprising two parts, called chambers | 2 | |
| 5841867324 | Bill of Rights | the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, which were ratified in 1791, constituting an enumeration of the individual liberties with which the government is forbidden to interfere | 3 | |
| 5841871836 | Checks and Balances | a system win which each branch of government can monitor and limit the functions of other other branches | 4 | |
| 5841874424 | Confederation | a union of independent states in which each state retains its sovereignty—that is, its ultimate power to govern—and agrees to work collaboratively on matters the states expressly agree to delegate to a central governing body. | 5 | |
| 5841881882 | Connecticut Compromise | The compromise between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan that created a bicameral legislature with one chamber's representation based on population and the other chamber having two members for each state (also known as the Great Compromise) | 6 | |
| 5841888520 | Constitution | The fundamental principles of a government and the basic structures and procedures by the government operates to fulfill those principles, may be written or unwritten. | 7 | |
| 5841891014 | Dual Sovereignty | a system of government in which ultimate governing authority is divided between two levels of government, a central government and regional governments, with each level having ultimate authority over different policy matters | 8 | |
| 5841896285 | Electoral College | The name given to the body of representatives elected by voters in each state to elect the president and the vice president | 9 | |
| 5841898464 | The Federalist Papers | A series of essays, written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, that argued for the ratification of the Constitution. | 10 | |
| 5841902815 | Federalists | individuals who supported the new constitution as presented by the Constitutional Convention in 1787 | 11 | |
| 5841904726 | Judicial Review | Court authority to determine that an action taken by any government official or governing body violates the Constitution; established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison (1803) | 12 | |
| 5841913163 | Natural Rights | the rights possessed by all humans as a gift from nature, or God, including the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness (also canned unalienable rights) | 13 | |
| 5841917908 | New Jersey Plan | The proposal presented in response to the Virginia Plan by the less populous states at the Constitutional Convention, which called for a unicameral national legislature in which all states would have an equal voice (equal representation), an executive office composed of several people elected by Congress, and a Supreme Court whose members would be appointed by the executive office | 14 | |
| 5841922325 | Republic | A government which derives its authority from the people and in which citizens electgovernment officials to represent them in the processes by which laws are made; a representative democracy. | 15 | |
| 5841926643 | Separation of Powers | The Constitution's delegation of authority for the primary governing functions among three branches of government so that no one group of government officials controls all the governing functions. | 16 | |
| 5841929792 | Supremacy Clause | A clause in Article VI of the Constitution that states that the Constitution and the treaties and laws created by the national government in compliance with the Constitution are the supreme law of the land. | 17 | |
| 5841934929 | Three-Fifths Compromise | The negotiated agreement by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention to count each slave as three-fifths of a free man for the purpose of representation and taxes. | 18 | |
| 5841936298 | Unicameral Legislature | a legislative body with a single chamber | 19 | |
| 5841936300 | Veto | The president's rejection of a bill, which is sent back to Congress with the president's objections noted. | 20 | |
| 5841940106 | Virginia Plan | The new governmental structure proposed by the Virginia delegation to the Constitutional Convention, which consisted of a bicameral legislature (Congress), an executive elected by the legislature, and a separate national judiciary; state representation in Congress would be proportional, based on state population; the people would elect members to the lower house, and members of the lower house would elect the members of the upper house. | 21 |
AP Chapter 12 Flashcards
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| 6119939285 | Wendi | Proclaimed himself emperor; supported by nomadic peoples of northern China; established Sui dynasty |  | 0 |
| 6119945866 | Yangdi | Murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system | 1 | |
| 6119949205 | Li Yuan | Took over empire following assassination of Yangdi; first emperor of Tang dynasty; took imperial title of Gaozu |  | 2 |
| 6119954980 | Jinshi | Title granted to students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office |  | 3 |
| 6119958589 | Zen Buddhism | Buddhist sect that emphasizes enlightenment through meditation and stresses simplicity and discipline |  | 4 |
| 6119987187 | Mahayana Buddhism | Emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses |  | 5 |
| 6120010689 | Wuzong | Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840s; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology |  | 6 |
| 6120029233 | Zhao Kuangyin | General who founded Song dynasty; took royal name of Taizu |  | 7 |
| 6120037866 | Zhu Xi | Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action |  | 8 |
| 6120124753 | Grand Canal | One of the engineering wonders of the world and a crucial conduit for carrying goods between northern and southern China. |  | 9 |
AP Macroeconomics Unit 3 Flashcards
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| 9324107134 | Aggregate | "Added all together" We combine all prices and all quantities | 0 | |
| 9324107135 | Aggregate Demand | All the goods and services (real GDP) that buyers are willing and able to purchase at different price levels | 1 | |
| 9324107136 | The Wealth Effect | Higher price levels reduce the purchasing power of money and decreases the quantity of expenditures and vice versa | 2 | |
| 9324107137 | The Interest Rate Effect | When the price level increases, lenders need to charge higher interest rates to get a REAL return on their loans Higher interest rates decrease C and I spending | 3 | |
| 9324107138 | Foreign Trade Effect | When the United States's prices increase, foreign buys purchase fewer U.S. goods and Americans buy more foreign goods Exports down, imports up, real GDP down | 4 | |
| 9324107142 | AD Shifter: Change in Investment Spending | -Real interest rates (prices of borrowing money) -Future business expectations -Technology | 5 | |
| 9324107143 | AD Shifter: Change in Government Spending | Government expenditures | 6 | |
| 9324107144 | AD Shifter: Net Exports | -Exchange rates -National income compared to abroad | 7 | |
| 9324107145 | Aggregate Supply | The amount of goods and services (real GDP) that firms will produce in an economy at different price levels | 8 | |
| 9324107146 | Short Run Aggregate Supply | Wages and resource prices will not increase as price levels increase Curved/upwards sloping | 9 | |
| 9324107147 | Long Run Aggregate Supply | Wages and resource prices will increase as price levels increase Straight line Producing at full employment | 10 | |
| 9324107149 | AS Shifter: Change in Resource Prices | -Prices of domestic and imported resources -Supply shock -Inflationary expectations | 11 | |
| 9324107150 | AS Shifter: Change in Actions of the Government | -Taxes on producers -Subsides for domestic products -Government regulations | 12 | |
| 9324107151 | AS Shifter: Change in Productivity | -Technology -Labor (more skilled workforce, etc.) | 13 | |
| 9324107152 | Inflationary Gap | In the long run, wages increase and SRAS decreases Output is high and unemployment is less than the NRU |  | 14 |
| 9324107153 | Recessionary Gap | In the long run, wages decrease and SRAS increases Output is low and unemployment is more than NRU |  | 15 |
| 9324107154 | Stagflation | Stagnate economy and inflation | 16 | |
| 9324107155 | Capital Stock | Machinery and tools purchased by businesses that increase their output Only investment causes growth since firms increase their capital stock | 17 | |
| 9324107156 | Classical Theory | 1. A change in AD will not change output even in the short run because prices of resources (wages) are very flexible 2. AS is vertical so AD can't increase without causing inflation No government involvement needed (will make prices go up) Recessions caused by a fall in AD are temporary Graph is vertical at physical capacity | 18 | |
| 9324107157 | Keynesian Theory | 1. A decrease in AD will lead to a persistent recession because prices of resources (wages) are NOT flexible 2. Increase in AD during recession doesn't cause inflation "Sticky wages" prevent wages from falling Government can increase spending to close the gap Graph is horizontal at low output | 19 | |
| 9324107158 | The Phillips Curve shows the trade off between... | Inflation and unemployment | 20 | |
| 9324107159 | What is the relationship between unemployment and inflation? | Inverse | 21 | |
| 9324107160 | What happens when AS falls causing stagflation? | Increase in unemployment and inflation | 22 | |
| 9324107162 | If GDP increases what happens to unemployment? | Decreases | 23 | |
| 9324107163 | If GDP decreases what happens to unemployment? | Increases | 24 | |
| 9324107167 | How does the government stabilize the economy? | 1. Fiscal Policy: Actions taken by congress to stabilize the economy 2. Monetary Policy: Actions by the Federal Reserve Bank to stabilize the economy | 25 | |
| 9324107168 | Contractionary Fiscal Policy | (BRAKE) Laws that reduce inflation, decrease GDP (close inflationary gap) Decrease government spending Increase Taxes | 26 | |
| 9324107169 | Expansionary Fiscal Policy | (GAS) Laws that reduce unemployment, increase GDP (close recessionary gap) Increase government spending Decrease taxes | 27 | |
| 9324107170 | Discretionary Fiscal Policy | Congress creates a new bill that is designed to change AD through government spending or taxation Problem = time lags/takes time Ex. Congress increasing spending | 28 | |
| 9324107171 | Non-Discretionary Fiscal Policy | Legislation that acts counter cyclically without explicit action by policy makers Automatic stabilizers Permanent spending or taxation laws enacted to work counter cyclically to stabilize the economy Ex. welfare, unemployment, minimum wage Ex. When high unemployment, the unemployment benefits is paid to citizens to increase consumer spending | 29 | |
| 9324107173 | Multiplier Effect | Shows how spending is magnified in the economy If they save a lot, spending and AD will increase a little If they save a little, spending and AD will increase a lot | 30 | |
| 9324107182 | 5 Problems with Fiscal Policy | 1. Deficit spending 2. Problems of timing 3. Politically motivated policies 4. Crowding-out effect 5. Net export effect | 31 | |
| 9324107183 | Budget Deficit | When the government's expenditures exceeds its revenue | 32 | |
| 9324107184 | National Debt | The accumulation of all the budget deficits over time If the government increases spending without increasing taxes they will increase the annual deficit and national debt | 33 | |
| 9324107185 | Problems of Timing | 1. Recognition Lag: Congress must react to economic indicators before its too late 2. Administrative Lag: Congress takes time to pass legislation 3. Operational Lag: Spending/planning takes time to organize and execute (changing taxing is quicker) | 34 | |
| 9324107186 | Politically Motivated Policies | Politicians may use economically inappropriate policies to get reelected | 35 | |
| 9324107187 | Crowding-Out Effect | Government spending may cause unintended effects that weaken the impact of the policy | 36 | |
| 9324107188 | Net Export Effect | International trade reduces the effectiveness of fiscal policies | 37 | |
| 9324107189 | Supply Side Policies | Primarily based on idea that tax rates were too high, which affects incentives to work, save and invest Policy was to reduce marginal tax rates and encourage savings and investment to shift aggregate supply | 38 | |
| 9324107190 | Reaganomics | Reagan proposed a phased 30% tax cut for the first three years of his presidency. The bulk of those tax cuts would be concentrated at the upper income levels His belief was that tax relief for the rich would enable them to spend and invest more, and that this new spending would stimulate the economy and create new jobs | 39 |
AP Government Flashcards
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| 9297498603 | John Locke | 1632-1704. English philosopher whose Treatises of Government espousing natural rights, consent of the governed, and social compacts greatly influenced the Founding Fathers | 0 | |
| 9297498604 | Social Contract | A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules. | 1 | |
| 9297498605 | Natural Rights | ... Life, Liberty, and Property | 2 | |
| 9297498606 | consent of the governed | the idea that government derives its authority by the sanction of the people | 3 | |
| 9297498607 | direct democracy | A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives | 4 | |
| 9297498608 | Representative democracy | A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people. | 5 | |
| 9297498609 | articles of confederation | 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) | 6 | |
| 9297498610 | Shay's Rebellion | A Series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings. Led to the Constitutional convention | 7 | |
| 9297498611 | elite Theory | A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization. | 8 | |
| 9297498612 | Pluralist theory | A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies | 9 | |
| 9297498613 | great compromise | 1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems. | 10 | |
| 9297498614 | 3/5 compromise | settled debate over how slaves would be counted in regards to representation | 11 | |
| 9297498615 | confederal system | A system consisting of a league of independent states, each having essentially sovereign powers. The central government created by such a league has only limited powers over the states. | 12 | |
| 9297498616 | federal system | A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments | 13 | |
| 9297498617 | unitary system | A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government | 14 | |
| 9297498618 | Gibson V. Ogden (1824) | a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution | 15 | |
| 9297498619 | Marbury V. Madison (1803) | Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the Supreme Court of the United States held that ONLY the Supreme Court of the United States has the power to declare laws unconstitutional. Established judicial review. | 16 | |
| 9297498620 | McCullough V. Maryland (1819) | In establishing a national bank, Congress was legally exercising its enumerated powers not sepcifically mentioned in the Constitution. Established Implied Powers under the "Necessary and Proper Clause" | 17 | |
| 9297498621 | Supremacy Clause | Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. Verified by McCullough V. Maryland (1819) | 18 | |
| 9297498622 | Grants in Aid | money given by the national government to the states | 19 | |
| 9297498623 | Categorical Grants | Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes or "categories," of state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions. Compare to block grants. | 20 | |
| 9297498624 | Block Grants | Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services | 21 | |
| 9297498625 | Federalist # 10 | Madisons Warning on Factions. Solution = larger republic | 22 | |
| 9297498627 | Cooperative Federalism (Marble Cake) | state and federal government work together to improve the lives of citizens | 23 | |
| 9297498628 | Coercive Federalism 1970's present 1937-present | A form of federalism in which the federal government pressures the states to change their policies by using regulations, mandates, and conditions (often involving threats to withdraw federal funding). | 24 | |
| 9297498629 | Dual Federalism (Layer Cake) 1789-1937 | A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. | 25 | |
| 9297498630 | Unfunded Mandate | actions imposed by the federal or state government on lower levels of government which are not accompanied by the money needed to fund the action required. | 26 | |
| 9297498631 | Checks and Balances | A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power |  | 27 |
| 9297498632 | Nullification | The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution. | 28 | |
| 9297498633 | Implied Powers | Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions. Justified via Necessary and Proper clause | 29 | |
| 9297498634 | Reserved Powers | Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states belong to the states and the people | 30 | |
| 9297498635 | Delegated Powers | Powers specifically given to the federal government by the US Constitution, for example, the authority to print money, declare War or regulate commerce | 31 | |
| 9297498636 | Prohibited Powers | the powers that are denied to the federal government, the state government, or both; also called restricted powers | 32 | |
| 9297498637 | New Federalism | A policy in 1969, that turned over powers and responsibilities of some U.S. federal programs to state and local governments and reduced the role of national government in domestic affairs (states are closer to the people and problems) | 33 | |
| 9297498638 | Concurrent Powers | Powers held jointly by the national and state governments. | 34 | |
| 9297498639 | New Jersey Plan | A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress | 35 | |
| 9297498640 | Virginia Plan | "Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation. | 36 | |
| 9297498641 | Federalists | Favored ratification of the constitution (Madison) | 37 | |
| 9297498642 | Anti-Federalists | Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states | 38 | |
| 9297498643 | Amending the Constitution | Needs approval of two-thirds of Congress and three-fourths of the states | 39 | |
| 9297498644 | Political Socialization | Complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values. Four sources: Family and community, Events, Group Identity, Politicians and other actors | 40 | |
| 9297498645 | sample | A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole population | 41 | |
| 9297498646 | population | the group of people a researcher wants to study such as Americans, Students, Senior citizens | 42 | |
| 9297498647 | sampling error | A calculation that describes what percentage of the people surveyed may not accurately represent the population being studied. Increasing the number of respondents lowers the sampling error. | 43 | |
| 9297498648 | ideological polarization | The effect on public opinion when many citizens move away from moderate positions and toward either end of the political spectrum, identifying themselves as either liberals or conservatives. | 44 | |
| 9297498649 | mass media | Forms of communication designed to reach large numbers of people. | 45 | |
| 9297498650 | Federal Communications Commission | A government agency created in 1934 to regulate American radio stations, and later expanded to regulate television, wireless communications technologies, and other broadcast media. | 46 | |
| 9297498651 | Deregulation of media lead to.... | Concentration, cross ownership and media conglomerates | 47 | |
| 9297498652 | filtering | The influence on public opinion that results from journalists' and editors' decisions about which news to report | 48 | |
| 9297498653 | party in organization | the formal structure and leadership of a political party; including election committees; local, state, and national executives; and paid professional staff | 49 | |
| 9297498654 | party in government | Elected officials who call themselves members of the party. | 50 | |
| 9297498655 | party in electorate | Ordinary citizens who identify with the party. The people who elect the party into office. The citizens support the party's basic ideology and policy principles. | 51 | |
| 9297498656 | party system | A period in which the names of the major political parties, their supporters, and the issues dividing them remain relatively stable. | 52 | |
| 9297498657 | realignment | A change in the size or composition of the party coalitions or in the nature of the issues that divide the parties. Realignments typically occur within an election cycle or two, but they can also occur gradually over the course of a decade or longer. | 53 | |
| 9297498658 | national committee | An American political party's principal organization, comprised of party representatives from each state. | 54 | |
| 9297498659 | political action committee (PAC) | A committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations | 55 | |
| 9297498660 | primary election | A ballot vote in which citizens select a party's nominee for the general election. | 56 | |
| 9297498661 | caucus | A meeting of local party members to choose a parties nominee for the general election | 57 | |
| 9297498662 | closed primary | A primary election in which a voter is allowed to obtain only a ballot of the party in which they are registered. | 58 | |
| 9297498663 | nonpartisan primary | a primary election in which candidates from all political parties are on the same ballot and in which all voters can participate, regardless of their political affiliation | 59 | |
| 9297498664 | open primary | A primary election in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place. | 60 | |
| 9297498665 | plurality voting | A voting system in which the candidate who receives the most votes within a geographic area wins the election, regardless of whether that candidates wins a majority (more than half) of the votes. | 61 | |
| 9297498666 | majority voting | A voting system in which a candidate must win more than 50 percent of votes in order to win the election. If no candidate wins enough votes to take office, a runoff election is held between the top two vote-getters. | 62 | |
| 9297498667 | electoral college | A group selected by the states to elect the president and the vice-president, in which each state's number of electors is equal to the number of its senators and representatives in Congress. | 63 | |
| 9297498668 | coattails | the idea that a weaker or less-known candidates to profit in an election by the presence on the ticket of a more popular candidate | 64 | |
| 9297498669 | realigning election | Showing a lasting shift in fundamental party loyalities among a large portion of voters | 65 | |
| 9297498670 | split ticket | Voting for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election | 66 | |
| 9297498671 | bicameralism | a two-house legislature | 67 | |
| 9297498672 | descriptive representation | A representative that represents the race/ethnicity in that district; the idea that an elected body should mirror demographically the population it represents. | 68 |
AP Government Chapter 5 Flashcards
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| 6682301857 | Civil Rights | Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals. | 0 | |
| 6682301858 | Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 Supreme Court decision that school segregation in Topeka Kansas was inherently unconstitutional b/c it violated the 14th Amend. guarantee of equal protection. Marks end of legal segregation in US | 1 | |
| 6682301859 | Affirmative Action | Policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment of members of some previously disadvantaged group. | 2 | |
| 6682301860 | Comparable Worth | Issue raised when women who hold traditionally female jobs are paid less than men for working at jobs requiring comparable skill | 3 | |
| 6682301861 | Craig v. Boren | 1976 Supreme Court decision determined that gender classification cases would have a "heightened" or "middle level" of scrutiny. In other words, courts were to show less deference to gender classifications than to more routine classifications, but more deference than to racial classifications. | 4 | |
| 6682301862 | Korematsu v. US | 1944 Supreme Court decision that upheld as constitutional the internment of more than 100,000 Americans of Japanese descent in encampments during World War II. | 5 | |
| 6682301863 | Reed v. Reed | Landmark Case in 1971 in which the Supreme Court for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination. | 6 | |
| 6682301864 | Civil Rights Movement | Began in the 1950's. Organized both African Amer and whites to end the policies of segregation. Sought to establish equal opportunities in the political and economic sectors and to end policies that erected barriers between people because of race. | 7 | |
| 6682301865 | 19th Amendment | Constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. See suffrage. | 8 | |
| 6682301866 | Adarand Constructors v. Pena | 1995 S.C.: federal programs that classify people by race, even for an ostensibly benign purpose such as expanding opportunities for minorities, should be presumed to be unconstitutional. Such programs must be subject to the most searching judicial inquiry and can survive only if they are "narrowly tailored" to accomplish a "compelling governmental interest." | 9 | |
| 6682301867 | White Primary | One of the means used to discourage African Amer. voting that permitted political parties in the heavily Democratic South to exclude African Americans from primary elections, thus depriving them of a voice in the real contests. The Supreme Court declared unconstitutional in 1941. See grandfather clause and poll taxes. | 10 | |
| 6682301868 | Suffrage | The legal right to vote, extended to African Americans by the 15th Amendment, to women by the 19th Amendment, and to people over the age of 18 by the 26th Amendment. | 11 | |
| 6682301869 | 15th Amendment | The constitutional amendment adopted in 1870 to extend suffrage to African Americans | 12 | |
| 6682301870 | 13th Amendment | The constitutional amendment passed after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude | 13 | |
| 6682301871 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | The law that made racial discrimination against any group in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbade many forms of job discrimination. See also civil rights movement and civil rights policies. | 14 | |
| 6682301872 | Equal Results | A policy statement about equality holding that government has a duty to help break down barriers to equal opportunity. Affirmative action is an example of a policy justified as promoting equal results rather than merely equal opportunities. | 15 | |
| 6682301873 | Equal Protection of the Law | Part of the 14th Amendment emphasizing that the laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all people. As one member of Congress said during debate on the Amendment, it should provide "equal protection of life, liberty, and property" to all a state's citizens. | 16 | |
| 6682301874 | Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 | A law that requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment. | 17 | |
| 6682301875 | Equal Opportunity | A policy statement about equally holding that the rules of the game should be the same for everyone. Most of our civil rights policies over the past three decades have presumed that equality of opportunity is a public policy goal. Compare equal results. | 18 | |
| 6682301876 | Dred Scott v. Sanford | The 1857 Supreme Court decision ruling that a slave who had escaped to a free state enjoyed no rights as a citizen and that Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories. | 19 | |
| 6682301877 | 24th Amendment | 1964 poll taxes are void. | 20 | |
| 6682301878 | Grandfather Clause | S. sts deny Black Americans the right to vote. In order to exempt illiterate whites from taking a literacy test before voting, the clause exempted people whose Grandfathers were eligible to vote in 1860, due to slavery, Black Americans were not considered citizens in 1860, thereby not registered to vote thereby disenfranchising the grandchildren of slaves. S.C. unconstitutional in 1913. | 21 | |
| 6682301879 | Poll Taxes | Small taxes levied on the right to vote, that often fell due at a time of year when poor Afric Amer sharecroppers had the least cash on hand. Method used in Southern states to exclude Afric. Amer from voting registers. Declared void by the 24th Amend in 1964. | 22 | |
| 6682301880 | Plessy v. Ferguson | An 1896 Supreme Court decision that provided a constitutional justification for segregation by ruling that a Louisiana law requiring "equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races" was not unconstitutional. | 23 | |
| 6682301881 | Regents of the University of California v. Bakke | 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race. The Court did not, however, rule that such affirmative action policies and the use of race as a criterion for admission were unconstitutional, only that they had to be formulated differently. | 24 | |
| 6682301882 | Voting Rights Act of 1965 | law: to help end formal and informal barriers to black suffrage. federal registrars were sent to Southern states and counties that had long histories of discrimination, it caused a lot of black Americans to be registered and elected | 25 |
Chapter 3 - AP Biology Flashcards
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| 6119901668 | Polar molecule | A molecule (such as water) with opposite charges on opposite sides. | 0 | |
| 6119901669 | Cohesion | hydrogen bonds that hold a substance together | 1 | |
| 6119901670 | Adhesion | the clinging of one substance to another | 2 | |
| 6119901671 | Surface tension | a measure of how difficult it is to to stretch or break the surface of a liquid | 3 | |
| 6119901672 | Kinetic energy | the energy of motion | 4 | |
| 6119901673 | Heat | a measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter | 5 | |
| 6119901674 | Temperature | measures the intensity of heat due to average kinetic energy of the molecules | 6 | |
| 6119901675 | Celsius scale | A temperature scale that measures the freezing point of water at 0°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C | 7 | |
| 6119901676 | Calorie (cal) | the amount heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree C (or the amount of heat that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1 degree C) | 8 | |
| 6119901677 | Kilocalorie (kcal) | (1,000 calories) is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree C | 9 | |
| 6119901678 | Joule | a unit of energy | 10 | |
| 6119901679 | Specific heat | the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree C | 11 | |
| 6119901680 | Heat of vaporization | the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state | 12 | |
| 6119901681 | Evaporative cooling | when a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down - this occurs because the "hottest" molecules, those with the greatest kinetic energy, are most likely to leave as gas | 13 | |
| 6119901682 | Solution | a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances | 14 | |
| 6119901683 | Solvent | the dissolving agent of a solution | 15 | |
| 6119901684 | Solute | the substance that is dissolved by the solvent | 16 | |
| 6119901685 | Aqueous solution | a solution in which water is the solvent | 17 | |
| 6119901686 | Hydration shell | the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion | 18 | |
| 6119901687 | Hydrophilic | any substance that has an affinity (love) for water | 19 | |
| 6119901688 | Colloid | a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid | 20 | |
| 6119901689 | Hydrophobic | substances that are nonionic and nonpolar that actually seem to repel water | 21 | |
| 6119901690 | Molecular mass | the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule | 22 | |
| 6119901691 | Mole (mol) | The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules. | 23 | |
| 6119901692 | Molarity | the number of moles of solute per liter of solution, is the concentration most often used by biologists for aqueous solutions | 24 | |
| 6119901693 | Hydrogen ion | a single proton with a charge of 1+ left | 25 | |
| 6119901694 | Hydroxide ion (OH-) | a water molecule that has lost a H+ | 26 | |
| 6119901695 | Hydronium ion (H30+) | when a proton binds to another water molecule | 27 | |
| 6119901696 | Acid | a substance that increase the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution | 28 | |
| 6119901697 | Base | a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution | 29 | |
| 6119901698 | Buffers | substances that minimize changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution | 30 | |
| 6119901699 | Acid precipitation | rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower or more acidic than pH 5.6 | 31 |
AP Environmental Science: Biomes Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7663600937 | Temperate Deciduous Forest | -Cool Winters, Warm Summers (Seasonal Variation) -Precipitation is relatively evenly spread throughout the year -Deciduous Trees (Oak, Beech) -Europe, China, Eastern North America -Northern Hemisphere -Good Soils |  | 0 |
| 7663600938 | Temperate Grassland | -Cool Winters, Warm Summers (seasonal variation is more extreme than temperate deciduous forests) -Limited amount of precipitation -Frequent fires (no trees) -Also called prairie or steppe -Northern Hemisphere -North America, Middle East, Europe, Asia -Very fertile soils (used for agriculture) |  | 1 |
| 7663600939 | Temperate Rainforest | -Cool Winters, Warm Summers (Seasonal Variation) -Large amount of precipitation (Less rain in winters) -Coniferous Trees -Provide lumber and paper -Northern Hemisphere -East coast of North America and Canada -Fertile soils that are susceptible to land slides and erosion if forests are cleared |  | 2 |
| 7663600940 | Tropical Rainforest | -Warm all year round -Very high amount of precipitation (300-500 mm per month) -Southern Hemisphere -Central America, Africa, South America, Southeast Asia -Great Biodiversity -Poor, thin soils |  | 3 |
| 7663600941 | Tropical Dry Forest/Tropical Deciduous Forest | -Warm all year round -Extreme wet and dry seasons -Wet summer (October to April) and dry winter (May, June, July, August, September) -Southern Hemisphere -India, Africa, South America, northern Australia -Erosion-prone soils |  | 4 |
| 7663600942 | Savanna (Tropical Grasslands) | -Slight seasonal variation (warmer in summer) -Extreme wet and dry seasons -Wet Summer (not as wet as tropical dry forest) -Southern Hemisphere -Isolated Trees -Africa, South America, India, Australia -Zebras, Giraffes, Gazelles |  | 5 |
| 7663600943 | Desert | -Driest Biome -Barely an rainfall -Slight seasonal variation -Saline soils -Little Vegetation -Temperatures drop at night -Northern Hemisphere -Africa, Mexico, Middle East, Asia |  | 6 |
| 7663600944 | Tundra | -Coldest Biome -Warmer in summers, but still cold (5 degrees celsius) -Freezing in winters (-20 degrees celsius) -Northern Hemisphere -Dry -Slightly wet summers -Soil is permanently frozen (permafrost) -Also occurs as alpine tundra at the tops of mountains -Northern Europe, Northern Canada, Northern Asia, Greenland |  | 7 |
| 7663600945 | Boreal Forest/Taiga/Coniferous Forest | -Largest Biome -Northern Hemisphere -Coniferous Trees (Pinecones) -Cold. Cooler in summers (never above 20 degrees Celsius) -Moderate Precipitation -More wet in summer than winter -Poor soils -Moose, Wolves, Lynx, Bears -Northern Europe, Canada, Northern Asia |  | 8 |
| 7663600946 | Chaparral | -Densely thicketed -Highly seasonal -Cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers -Induced by oceanic influences -Northern Hemisphere -California, Chile, Australia -Frequent fires |  | 9 |
AP Kanji week 27 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9933251102 | 鼻 | はな nose |  | 0 |
| 9933261050 | 必要 | ひつよう necessary |  | 1 |
| 9933264762 | 品物 | しなもの goods |  | 2 |
| 9933264763 | 服 | ふく cloth |  | 3 |
| 9933264764 | 払う | はらう to pay |  | 4 |
| 9933270550 | 変 | へん weird |  | 5 |
| 9933270551 | 歩く | あるく to walk |  | 6 |
| 9933270552 | 方法 | ほうほう way of doing |  | 7 |
| 9933272638 | 忘れる | わすれる to forget |  | 8 |
| 9933272639 | 忙しい | いそがしい busy |  | 9 |
| 9933275077 | 妹 | いもうと younger sister |  | 10 |
AP Kanji week 25 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9932710577 | 注意 | ちゅうい to be careful |  | 0 |
| 9932710578 | 調子 | ちょうし in good condition |  | 1 |
| 9932712564 | 鳥 | とり bird |  | 2 |
| 9932712565 | 痛い | いたい painful |  | 3 |
| 9932712566 | 交通 | こうつう transportation |  | 4 |
| 9932714592 | 庭 | にわ garden |  | 5 |
| 9932715903 | 的 | まと target |  | 6 |
| 9932715904 | 電話 | でんわ telephone |  | 7 |
| 9932718196 | 登る | のぼる to climb |  | 8 |
| 9932718197 | 島 | しま island |  | 9 |
| 9932719958 | 働く | はたらく to work |  | 10 |
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