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AP Voc modismos Flashcards

6646299197	sin embargo	nevertheless	0
6646299198	ahora mismo	right now	1
6646299199	de nuevo	again	2
6646299200	hacer el papel	to the play the role of	3
6646299201	dar un paseo	to take a walk	4
6646299202	raras veces	seldom	5
6646299203	soñar con	to dream about	6
6646299204	al día siguiente	the following day	7
6646299205	sobre todo	above all, especially	8
6646299206	llevar a cabo	to carry out	9
6646299207	darse cuenta de	to realize	10
6646299208	echar de menos	to miss someone	11
6646299209	por si acaso	just in case	12
6646299210	tratar de	to deal with, to be about	13
6646299211	querer decir	to mean	14
6646299212	a menudo	often	15
6646299213	a la vez	at the same time	16
6646299214	por lo menos	at least	17
6646299215	de vez en cuando	from time to time	18
6646299216	en vez de	instead of	19
6646299217	tan pronto como sea posible	as soon as possible	20
6646299218	en seguida	at once, right away	21
6646299219	a pesar de	in spite of	22
6646299220	dar con	to meet up with, bump into	23
6646299221	de buena gana	willingly	24
6646299222	de mala gana	unwillingly	25
6646299223	hacer caso de / a	to pay attention to	26
6646299224	por lo visto	evidently	27
6646299225	por supuesto	of course	28
6646299226	pensar en	to think of, about	29
6646299227	pensar de	to have an opinion	30
6646299228	de golpe/ de repente	suddenly	31
6646299229	carecer de	to lack	32
6646299230	hace mucho tiempo	long ago	33
6646299231	lograr	to attain, to successfully do...	34
6646299232	tener ganas de	to feel like...	35
6646299233	tardar en	to delay	36
6646299234	al + infin	upon	37
6646299235	dejar de + inf.	to stop doing....	38
6646299236	volver a + inf.	to return to doing...	39
6646299237	por eso	therefore	40
6646299238	a pie	on foot	41
6646299239	de pie, parado	standing	42
6646299240	a causa de	because of	43
6646299241	a propósito	on purpose, by the way	44
6646299242	a tiempo	on time	45
6646299243	de veras	really, truly	46
6646299244	de hecho	in fact	47
6646299245	de memoria	by heart	48
6646299246	de acuerdo / vale	agreed, OK	49

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AP Government Chapter 2 Flashcards

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5768487183	Unalienable	A human right based on nature or God	0
5768487184	Articles of Confederation	The first constitution of the United States, adopted by Congress in 177 and enacted in 1781. The Articles established a national legislature, the Continental Congress, but most authority rested with state legislatures.	1
5768487185	Constitutional Convention	A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution	2
5768487186	Shays' Rebellion	a series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shay to block foreclosure proceedings	3
5768487187	Virginia Plan	Proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for representation of each sate in congress in proportion to that state's population.	4
5768487188	New Jersey Plan	Proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population.	5
5768487189	Great Compromise	Plan to have a popularly elected House based on state population and a state-selected Senate, with two members for each state	6
5768487190	Judicial Review	The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional	7
5768487191	Federalism	Government authority shared by national and local governments	8
5768487192	Enumerated Powers	Powers given to the national government alone	9
5768487193	Reserved Powers	Powers given to the state governments	10
5768487194	Concurrent Powers	Powers shared by the national and state governments	11
5768487195	Checks and Balances	Features of the Constitution that limit government's power by requiring that power be balanced among the different governmental institutions. These institutions continually constrain one another's activities.	12
5768487196	Separation of Powers	a feature of the constitution that requires each of the three branches of government-executive, legislative, judicial-to be relatively independent of others so that one cannot control the others. Power is shared among these three institutions	13
5768487197	Faction	Interest groups arising from the unequal distribution of property or wealth	14
5768487198	Federalists	Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time states were contemplating its adoption. Those who favor a stronger national government and want to ratify the constitution.	15
5768487199	Antifederalists	Opponents of the U.S. Constitution. Those who favor a weaker national government and believe the constitution needs individual rights.	16
5768487200	Block Grant	A grant in-in-aid for a broadly define policy area.	17
5768487201	Federal Mandates	Mandatory conditions that are attached to laws in which the borrower must comply to.	18
5768487202	Category Grant	A grant-in-aid for a specific policy.	19
5768487203	Bicameral	legislature comprising of a two house system.	20
5768487204	Selective Incorporation	States cant make laws that take away constitutional rights.	21
5768487205	Welfare Reform Act of 1996	This reduced the number of individual who rely on government assistance and help them become self-sufficient.	22
5768487206	Constitution	a nation's basic law. it creates political institutions, assigns or divides power in government, and often provides certain guarantees to citizens.	23
5768487207	Declaration of Independence	the document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence.	24
5768487208	Natural Rights	rights inherent in human beings, not dependent on governments which include life, liberty, and property.	25
5768487209	Consent of governed	the idea that government consent derives its authority to sanction of the people	26
5768487210	U.S Consitituion	the document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets form the institutional structure of the U.S government and the tasks these institutions performed. Replaced the AOC	27
5768487211	Connecticut Compromise	the compromise reached at the constitutional convention that established 2 houses in congress.	28
5768487212	Writ of habeas corpus	a court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody.	29
5768487213	Republic	a form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws	30
5768487214	Federalists Papers	a collection of 85 articles written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton under the name of "Publics" to defend the constitution in detail	31
5768487215	Bill of Rights	the first 10 amendments to the U.S constitution, drafted in response to some of the Anti-Federalists concerns. The amendments define basic liberties as freedom of religion, speech, press, and guarantee defendant's rights.	32
5768487216	Equal Rights Amendment	a constitutional amendment passed by Congress in 1972 stating that the "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state an account of sex." The amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from 3/4s of the state legislatures.	33
5768487217	Marbury v. Madison	The 1803 case in which chief justice John Marshall and his associates 1st asserted the right of the supreme court to determine the meaning of the U.S constitution. The decisions established the court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress in this case the Judiciary Act 1789.	34
5768487218	Judicial Review	the power of the courts to determine whether acts of Congress and, by implication, the executive are in accord with the U.S Constitution. Established by John marshall and his associates in Marybury vs. Madison	35
5768487219	Dual Federalism	strictly divided powers under dual states have more power. little. very little federal regulation. (Layer cake)	36
5768487220	Cooperate Federalism	state and federal government come together (marble cake)	37
5768487221	Commerce Clause	"to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes"	38
5768487222	Limited Government	the idea that certain restrictions should be placed on government to protect the natural rights of citizens	39
5768487223	Legislator	an individual who proposes, draws up and enacts laws. He is a member of a legislative body, either elected or appointed. American congressmen and members of the British and Indian parliaments are examples	40
5768487224	Legislature	a deliberative group, usually a government group, either elected or appointed, made up of individuals who have the responsibility of writing, passing and appealing laws. City councils, county boards, parliaments and senates are all examples	41
5768487225	Proposing an amendment	2/3 vote in each house of congress or by a national convention called by Congress at the request of 2/3 of the state legislatures.	42
5768487226	Ratifying an amendment	Legislatures of 3/4 of the states or special state conventions called in 3/4 of the states.	43

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AP Government Chapter 12 Flashcards

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5105145136	incumbents	Those already holding office. In congressional elections, they usually win.	0
5105148030	casework	Activities of members of Congress that help constituents as individuals, cutting through bureaucratic red tape to get people what they think they have a right to get.	1
5105155353	pork barrel	The mighty list of federal projects, grants, and contracts available to cities businesses, colleges, and institutions available in a congressional district.	2
5105179980	bicameral legislature	A legislature divided into two houses. Format of US Congress and every American state legislature except Nebraska's.	3
5105201975	House Rules Committee	An institution unique to the House of Representatives that reviews all bills (except revenue, budget, and appropriations bills) coming from a House committee before they go to the full House.	4
5105211813	filibuster	A strategy unique to the Senate whereby opponents of a piece of legislation try to talk it to death, based on the tradition of unlimited debate. Today, 60 members present and voting an halt one.	5
5105220752	Speaker of the House	An office mandated by the Constitution. Chosen in practice by the majority power, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed the presidency should that office become vacant.	6
5105231190	majority leader	The principal partisan ally of the Speaker of the House or the party's wheel horse in the Senate. Responsible for scheduling bills, influencing committee assignments, and rounding up votes in behalf of the party's legislative positions.	7
5105257527	whips	Party leaders who work with the majority leader or minority leader to count votes beforehand and lean on waverers whose votes are crucial to a bill favored by the party.	8
5105264782	minority leader	Principal leader of the minority party in the House of Representatives or in the Senate.	9
5105280602	standing committees	Separate subject-matter committees in each house of Congress that handle bills in different policy areas.	10
5105283333	joint committees	Congressional committees on a few subject-matter areas with membership drawn from both houses.	11
5105285947	conference committees	Congressional committees formed when the Senate and the House pass a particular bill in different forms. Party leadership appoints members from each house to iron out the differences and bring back a single bill.	12
5105292778	select committees	Congressional committees appointed for a specific purpose, such as the Watergate investigation.	13
5105299006	legislative oversight	Congress's monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings.	14
5105301252	committee chairs	The most important influencers of the congressional agenda. They play dominant roles in scheduling hearings, hiring staff, appointing subcommittees, and managing committee bills when they are brought before the full house.	15
5105308787	seniority system	A simple rule for picking committee chairs, in effect until the 1970s. The member who had served on the committee the longest and whose party controlled Congress became chair, regardless of party loyalty, mental state, or competence.	16
5105315100	caucus (congressional)	A group of members of Congress sharing some interest or characteristic. Most are composed of members from both parties and from both houses.	17
5105319248	bill	A proposed law, drafted in precise, legal language. Anyone can draft a bill, but only a member of the House of Representatives or the Senate can formally submit a bill for consideration.	18
5232843222	7 perks of being a member of Congress	high salary, generous retirement benefits, office space in Washington, substantial congressional staff, travel allowances, franking privileges, free flowers from National Botanical Gardens, research services from Library of Congress, access to exercise rooms and pools	19
5232879491	4 advantages of incumbents	advertising - franking privilege, credit claiming - casework & pork barrel, position taking, weak opponents	20
5232967568	constitutional powers of HoR and Senate	HoR - initiate all revenue bills, pass all articles of impeachment; Senate - "advice and consent," approve treaties, try impeached officials	21
5232981195	4 powers of Speaker of the House	preside over House when in session; major role in committee assignments; key role in appointing party's legislative leaders and party leadership staff; exercise substantial control over which bills get assigned to which committees	22
5233027930	3 congressional staffs	personal staff - provide services to constituents; committee staff - organize hearings, research legislative options, draft committee reports on bills, write legislation, keep tabs on executive branch; staff agencies - Congressional Research Service: provides members with nonpartisan studies, General Accounting Office: reviews actions of executive branch, sets standards for accounting, Congressional Budget Office: analyze president's budget	23

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AP Vocab Flashcards

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5106924471	cajole	persuade someone to do something by sustained coaxing or flattery	0
5106926729	furor	an uproar; a state of great anger or excitement	1
5106926730	assuage	to make easier or milder, relieve; to quiet, calm; to put an end to, appease, satisfy, quench	2
5106926731	berate	To scold harshly	3
5106926732	rectify	to correct	4
5106929951	exacting	extremely demanding	5
5106929952	vindicate	To free from blame	6
5106929953	peremptory	having the nature of a command that leaves no opportunity for debate, denial, or refusal; offensively self-assured, dictatorial; determined, resolute	7
5106931939	aspire	to have ambitious hopes or plans, strive toward a higher goal, desire earnestly; to ascend	8
5106931940	ratify	approve formally; confirm; verify	9
5106931941	obdurate	stubborn, unyielding	10
5106934057	proliferate	to increase in number quickly	11
5106934058	bombastic	pompous or overblown in language; full of high-sounding words intended to conceal a lack of ideas	12
5106935771	tenuous	thin, slender, not dense; lacking clarity or sharpness; of slight importance or significance; lacking a sound basis, poorly supported	13
5106937563	pronouncement	a usually formal declaration of opinion	14
5106937564	idiosyncrasy	Characteristic or habit peculiar to an individual; peculiar quality, quirk	15
5106937565	simile	A comparison of two things using like or as	16
5106939849	polemical	causing debate or argument	17
5106939850	rhetoric	The art of using language effectively and persuasively	18
5106941659	assiduous	Persistent, attentive, diligent	19

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AP Econ Unit Seven Flashcards

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6748975689	Closed Economy	An economy that has no international trade. THIS DOES NOT REALLY EXIST IN THE REAL WORLD.	0
6748982852	Open Economy	an economy that interacts freely with other economies around the world	1
6748990604	Exports	Goods and Services sold to other countries	2
6748993243	Imports	goods and services brought into a nation from another nation	3
6748998228	Balance of Trade	the difference between a country's total exports and total imports	4
6749000696	Net Exports	exports minus imports	5
6749003405	Balance of Payments	a system of recording all of a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world over a period of one year	6
6749008688	Current Account	a portion of the balance of payments comprised of the trade balance, net investment income, and net transfers	7
6749019283	Capital and Financial Account	a portion of the balance of payments comprised of the purchase or sale of assets in other countries; includes financial assets like stocks or bonds	8
6749041164	Investment Income	The result of earnings from dividends, interest, profit and rent	9
6749054781	Net Transfers	foreign aid sent to other countries and funds that immigrants send to family abroad	10
6749199376	Deficit	A negative balance	11
6749205499	Surplus	A positive balance	12
6749211638	Foreign Exchange	a market in which currencies of different countries are bought and sold	13
6749217103	Exchange Rate	The measure of how much one currency is worth in relation to another.	14
6749220328	FOREX	Also called FX, refers to Foreign Exchange, in which foreign currencies are bought and sold	15
6749222317	Appreciation	an increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy	16
6749237766	Depreciation	A decrease in the value of currency	17
6749258658	Capital Flow	the movement of money into and out of a country due to differences in interest rates	18
6749272849	Barriers to Trade	Government policies that restrict international trade, such as the establishment of import or export quotas or tariffs.	19
6749278689	Import Quota	a limit on the amount of a good that can be imported	20
6749284334	Import Tariff	A tax imposed on imports.	21
6749290041	Export Subsidy	A government payment to a domestic producer to enable the firm to reduce the price of a good or service to foreign buyers.	22
6749296793	NAFTA	A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.	23
6749307681	European Union	An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.	24
6749311116	World Trade Organization	An international agency which encourages trade between member nations, administers global trade agreements and resolves disputes when they arise.	25

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AP Vocab Lesson Eleven Flashcards

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4745162331	canard	a deliberately misleading story	0
4745163390	wont	likely	1
4745163391	etymology	the history of a word; the study of word origins	2
4745163918	cortege	a group of attendants; a retinue	3
4745164816	solecism	a deviation or error in speech, manners, ,or deeds	4
4745165535	demotic	relating to ordinary people	5
4745165916	simian	related to or resembling an ape or monkey	6
4745166267	impresario	an entertainment producer or manager	7
4745166712	requisite	required; necessary	8
4745166713	bulwark	a defensive wall or embankment	9
4745167301	malaise	vague bodily or emotional discomfort or uneasiness	10
4745167780	disingenuous	insincere; calculating	11
4745168174	crescendo	a gradual increase in intensity, force, or volume	12
4745168891	intransigent	uncompromising; refusing to moderate	13
4745169327	dogged	unrelenting; persistent	14

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APES Ecology Flashcards

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6565415663	abundance	A lot of something.	0
6565415664	commensalism	A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected	1
6565415665	trophic level	Each step in a food chain or food web	2
6565415666	tertiary consumer	A carnivore that eats other carnivores.	3
6565415667	secondary consumer	A carnivore that eats a herbivore	4
6565415668	primary consumer	An organism that eats producers	5
6565415669	complexity	difficulty	6
6565415670	competition	Interaction among organisms that want the same resource in an ecosystem	7
6565415671	thermocline	A layer of water in which temperature changes rapidly with the depth	8
6565415672	tropical rainforest	Hot climate, wet season year-round.	9
6565415673	tropical seasonal forest	Hot climate, wet and dry seasons, trees shed leaves during dry season	10
6565415674	wetland	An area of land that is covered with a shallow layer of water during some or all of the year.	11
6565415675	tundra	Cold climate, dry season year-round biome. Has permafrost, lots of shrubs	12
6565415676	permafrost	Permanently frozen ground	13
6565415677	temperate forest	Moderate climate, wet and dry season, trees shed leaves	14
6565415678	taiga	Cold winters, moderate summers, forest of coniferous trees.	15
6565415679	swamp	A wetland ecosystem in which trees grow	16
6565415680	savanna	Dominated by grasses and scattered trees, close to the equator.	17
6565415681	phytoplankton	Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae	18
6565415682	pelagic	Ocean area anywhere but the bottom. Made up of photic and aphotic	19
6565415683	marsh	A wetland ecosystem in which shrubs grow	20
6565415684	mangrove	Coastal wetlands, plants grow in waterlogged saltwater	21
6565415685	hypolimnion	The densest, coldest water layer in a lake. Isolated from wind. Too dark for photosynthesis, low oxygen.	22
6565415686	grassland	hot climate, dry season year-round. rich soils. found in the interior of continents	23
6565415687	estuary	A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean.	24
6565415688	epilmnion	water temperature changing due to wind and sunlight, high photosynthesis, high oxygen	25
6565415689	desert	An extremely dry area with little water and few plants, can be hot or cold.	26
6565415690	deciduous forest	a biome based on trees that lose their leaves each fall	27
6565415691	coral reef	An ocean ridge made up of skeletal remains of tiny sea animals	28
6565415692	coniferous forest	Evergreen trees with needles and cones, do not lose leaves.	29
6565415693	chapparal	biome bordering the mediterranean sea; characterized by wet winters and warm dry summers, shrubby --> prone to forest fires	30
6565415694	bog	wet muddy ground full of decaying peat moss --> decay process is slow due to low oxygen--> slowly forms peat (used as an energy source) and is the precursor to coal	31
6565415695	biome	A group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms	32
6565415696	benthos	Bottom-dwelling organisms.	33
6565415697	tolerance limits	The limit of a variable at which a particular species cannot survive or is unable to reproduce	34
6565415698	territoriality	Animal defends its territory	35
6565415699	symbiosis	A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.	36
6565415700	stability	A situation in which things continue without any major changes or problems	37
6565415701	specialist	A consumer that primarily eats one specific organism or feeds on a very small number of organisms; disruptions to environment are catastrophic to survival	38
6565415702	secondary succession	A type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact.	39
6565415703	resource partitioning	The differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community	40
6565415704	resiliance	the ability of an organism to recover from stress or pressure	41
6565415705	law of tolerance	For each abiotic factor, an organism has a set range of tolerances within which it can survive	42
6565415706	realized niche	Part of a species fundamental niche that it actually uses, limited by competition.	43
6565415707	primary succession	Process by which a community arises in a virtually lifeless area with no soil	44
6565415708	primary productivity	Rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem	45
6565415709	consumer	An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms	46
6565415710	producer	An organism that makes its own food (usually through photosynthesis	47
6565415711	photosynthesis	Converting light (heat energy) into food (chemical energy) CO2 + H2O --(light energy)--> C6H12O6 + O2	48
6565415712	predation	An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.	49
6565415713	pioneer species	First species to populate an area during primary succession	50
6565415714	pathogen	An organism that causes disease	51
6565415715	natural selection	A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.	52
6565415716	species	A group of living organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.	53
6565415717	parasitism	A symbiotic association in which one organism benefits while the other is harmed.	54
6565415718	mutualism	A relationship between two species in which both species benefit	55
6565415719	keystone species	A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem	56
6565415720	intraspecific competition	Competition among members of the same species	57
6565415721	interspecific competition	Competition between members of different species	58
6565415722	generalist	a species with a broad niche that can tolerate a wide range of conditions and can use a variety of resources; highly adaptable to environmental disturbances	59
6565415723	exotic species	Non-native species in an area; may take over niches of native species in an area and eventually replace them.	60
6565415724	native species	Species that have naturally evolved in an area	61
6565415725	fundamental niche	The full potential range of conditions and resources a species could theoretically use if there was no competition from other species	62
6565415726	fire-climaxed communities	biome characterized by periodic fires every few years, followed by secondary succession (Chapparal)	63
6565415727	evolution	Change over time	64
6565415728	environmental indicators	A measured variable that can inform a scientist about the state of an environmental system	65
6565415729	edge effect	different conditions along the boundaries of an ecosystem	66
6565415730	ecotone	A transitional zone where ecosystems meet. edge effect	67
6565415731	succession	Gradual change in organisms that occurs when the environment changes	68
6565415732	niche	Full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions	69
6565415733	diversity	A measurement of the number of species inhabiting an ecosystem.	70
6565415734	biotic potential	maximum rate at which a population could increase without competition	71
6565415735	density dependent factors	A limiting factor of a population wherein large, dense populations are more strongly affected than small, less crowded ones. (food shortages, land, disease)	72
6565415736	emigration	movement of individuals out of an area	73
6565415737	immigration	movement of individuals into an area	74
6565415738	mortality	Death rate	75
6565415739	natality	Birth rate	76
6565415740	survivorship	Shows the number of survivors of each age group for a particular species.	77
6565415741	S curve	Logistic growth curve. Leveling off of an exponential, J-shaped curve when a rapidly growing population exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment and ceases to grow.	78
6565415742	r-selected species	Species that reproduce early in their life span and produce large numbers of usually small and short-lived offspring in a short period; no mothering of their young	79
6565415743	population crash	a sudden population decline caused by predation, waste accumulation, or resource depletion	80
6565415744	population density	Describes how many individuals are in a certain area.	81
6565415745	overshoots	to exceed the carrying capacity of an area	82
6565415746	minimum viable population	The smallest population size at which a species is able to sustain its numbers and survive. Any lower than this, and genetic diversity is too low.	83
6565415747	logistic growth	Population growth that is controlled by limited resources.	84
6565415748	life expectancy	How long an individual is expected to live	85
6565415749	k-selected species	are characterized by producing low numbers of large offspring. They have slow maturation, long gestation periods, parental care and long life in a stable environment. Bigger animals. humans	86
6565415750	J curve	a curve representing exponential (unrestricted) population growth	87
6565415751	genetic drift	A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance	88
6565415752	founder effect	Genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area	89
6565415753	fertility	the ability of a population to reproduce, or soil to support plants	90
6565415754	fecundity	fertility	91
6565415755	environmental resistance	All of the limiting factors that act together to limit the growth of a population.	92
6565415756	density independent factors	Environmental resistance that affects a population regardless of density. (weather disasters)	93

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AP Macro Module 1 Flashcards

Basic economic terms and concepts including economy types, supply and demand curves, price ceilings, and price floors.

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5800134822	macroeconomics	the study of aggregate economic variables such as national income, employment, interest rates, exchange rates, and prices	0
5800135807	market economy	type of economy where forces of supply and demand determine how production will be managed (ex. United States)	1
5800137634	command economy	type of economy where the government makes all the decisions and owns all the factors of production (ex. Cuba)	2
5800138120	traditional economy	economic decisions are made based on the way ancestors did things (ex. third world countries)	3
5800140120	Four Factors of Production	land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship	4
5800141266	opportunity cost	the most valuable sacrifice for choosing one thing over another.	5
5800141890	production possibilities curve (PPC)	a graph displaying the maximum amount that can potentially be produced by one nation or producer at a given time, with current resources and technology.	6
5800147223	Formula for Opportunity Cost	Opportunity Cost of A=B/A or sacrifice/gain	7
5800149311	The Law of Increasing Opportunity	as you increase the unit production of one factor, the unit production of another factor must decrease	8
5800151217	absolute advantage	when an individual, group, or country has the ability to produce a product more efficiently than another.	9
5800151741	comparative advantage	when an individual, group, or country has the ability to produce a product at a lower opportunity cost than another.	10
5800155391	demand	when an entity is both willing and able to purchase an item.	11
5800156618	If price is high, then	quantity demanded is low	12
5800156619	If price is low, then	quantity demanded is high	13
5800158116	Demand curves have a	negative slope	14
5800159544	Demand shift curves can be due to:	tastes, related goods, income, buyers, or expectations (TRIBE)	15
5800161075	compliments	goods whose demand is dependent upon the change in price of a another good (ex. shoelace demand increases when tennis shoe prices decrease)	16
5800162672	substitutes	goods whose demand increases as the price of another good increases (ex. sandals are substitutes for tennis shoes)	17
5800163910	income effect	a change in income will lead to a change in consumption	18
5800164795	substitution effect	a change in income will lead to a substitution of less expensive goods for expensive ones	19
5800165650	supply	when producers are willing and able to produce goods and services at different prices in the marketplace	20
5800167268	A change in price will only change. . .	quantity supplied	21
5800169706	Supply curves can shift due to:	resources, opportunities, taxes, technology, expectations, or number (ROTTEN)	22
5800173767	equilibrium	the point where the supply and demand curves meet	23
5800176627	Teens start to prefer prefer breath mints over gum.		24
5800178385	Teen income increases, increasing demand for gum.		25
5800179752	Government increases taxes on gum suppliers.		26
5800181278	New machine makes gum faster and cheaper.		27
5800185297	Price is indeterminate in a double shift if. . .	you don't know if supply or demand would increase more.	28
5800189226	price floor	when the government sets the lowest price a business is allowed to charge for a good or service	29
5800189868	Price floors result in. . .	a surplus since producers are making more goods than people are willing to buy at the price set by the government.	30
5800189869	price ceiling	when a legal price maximum is placed on a good	31
5800190653	Price ceilings result in. . .	a shortage of goods since demand is higher than supply.	32

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AP Biology: Animal Behavior Flashcards

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9410647267	Ethology	study of animal behavior	0
9410647269	Innate	behaviors that are inherited	1
9410647270	Kinesis	random movement of animal in relation to stimulus; the stimulus causes an alteration in rate or direction of activity or movement.	2
9410647271	Fixed-action Patterns	sequence of unlearned acts that are unchangeable and usually continue until they are completed	3
9410647273	Learned Behaviors	Behaviors that are modified based on specific experiences example: nest building	4
9410647274	Habituation	loss of responsiveness to stimuli with little or no meaning; animal can ignore meaningless stimuli	5
9410647276	Classical Conditioning	arbitrary stimulus associated with particular outcome example: training a dog	6
9410647277	Operant Conditioning (trial and error)	when faced with two choices, an organism can learn to choose the option with the best reward. example: students who study to improve their grades	7
9410647280	Altruism	engaging in behavior that doesn't help you, but helps rest of population (selfless)	8
9410647282	Kin Selection	altruistic behavior that enhances reproductive success of relatives	9
9410647283	Agonistic Behavior	threats, rituals, and combat; settles disputes over resources, asserting dominance	10
9410647285	Sexual Selection	seeking and attracting mates/choosing and competing for males	11
9410647286	Pheromones	Chemical signals	12
9410647288	Imprinting	Some baby bird species will follow the first moving object they see usually the mother. example: ducks	13
9410647289	Migration	organisms move from one place to another periodically, generally in response to temperature or food availability. example: geese, monarch butterflies	14
9410647292	Positive Chemotaxis	An organism responds to a chemical by moving towards it. example: male cockroach pheromones attract females	15
9410647293	Negative Chemotaxis	An organism responds to a chemical by moving away from it. example: the smell of a skunk repels other animals	16
9410647294	Positive Phototaxis	An organism responds to light by moving towards it. example: moths to a light	17
9410647295	Negative Phototaxis	An organism responds to light by moving away from it. example: moles live underground	18
9410679506	Proximate Cause	Immediate causes such as genetic, developmental, physiological processes that permit the animal to carry out a specific behavior, answers how and what questions	19
9410679507	Ultimate Cause	The evolutionary explanations for why a certain behavior occurs	20