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AP 3 Flashcards

5278719798	hiems, hiemis	winter	0
7579395715	imperator, -is (m)	general, commander	1
5278719795	ordo, ordinis (m)	order, formation	2
5278719803	officium, i (n)	duty, office	3
7579382383	remus, -i (m)	oar	4
5278719796	consuesco, -ere, consuevi, consuetus	to be accustomed	5
5278719794	cunctor, -ari, -atus sum	to delay, hesitate	6
7579367186	desilio, desilire, desilui, desultus	to leap down	7
5278719797	dispergo, -ere, dispersi, dispersus	to scatter	8
14980694747	utior, uti, usus sum	to use (+abl)	9
7579379298	inusitatus, -a, -um	unfamiliar	10
5278719801	lenis, -e	gentle	11
5278719800	incertus, -a, -um	uncertain	12
5278719802	perpetuus, -a, -um	everlasting	13
5278719799	idem	the same	14
5278719804	rursus	again	15

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9841528491	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9841528492	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9841528493	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9841528494	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9841528495	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9841528496	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9841528497	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9841528498	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9841528499	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9841528500	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9841528501	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9841528502	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9841528503	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9841528504	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9841528505	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9841528506	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9841528507	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9841528508	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9841528509	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9841528510	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9841528511	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9841528512	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9841528513	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9841528514	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9841528515	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9841528516	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9841528517	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9841528518	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9841528519	theory	general idea being tested	28
9841528520	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9841528521	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9841528522	mode	appears the most	31
9841528523	mean	average	32
9841528524	median	middle	33
9841528525	range	highest - lowest	34
9841528526	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9841528527	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9841528528	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9841528529	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9841528530	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9841528531	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9841528532	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9841528533	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9841528725	neuron		43
9841528534	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9841528535	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9841528536	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9841528537	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9841528538	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9841528539	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9841528540	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9841528541	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9841528542	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9841528543	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9841528544	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9841528545	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9841528546	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9841528547	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9841528548	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9841528549	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9841528550	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9841528551	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9841528552	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9841528553	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9841528554	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9841528555	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9841528556	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9841528557	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9841528558	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9841528559	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9841528560	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9841528561	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9841528562	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9841528563	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9841528564	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9841528565	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9841528566	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9841528567	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9841528568	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9841528569	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9841528570	occipital lobe	vision	80
9841528571	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9841528572	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9841528573	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9841528574	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9841528575	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9841528576	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9841528577	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9841528578	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9841528579	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9841528580	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9841528581	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9841528582	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9841528583	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9841528584	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9841528585	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9841528586	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9841528587	rods	night time	97
9841528588	cones	color	98
9841528589	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9841528590	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9841528591	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9841528592	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9841528593	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9841528594	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9841528595	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9841528596	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9841528597	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9841528598	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9841528599	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9841528600	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9841528601	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9841528602	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9841528603	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9841528604	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9841528605	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9841528606	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9841528607	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9841528608	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9841528609	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9841528610	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9841528611	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9841528612	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9841528613	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9841528614	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9841528615	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9841528616	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9841528617	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9841528618	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9841528619	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9841528620	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9841528621	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9841528622	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9841528623	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9841528624	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9841528625	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9841528626	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9841528627	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9841528628	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9841528629	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9841528630	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9841528631	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9841528632	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9841528633	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9841528634	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9841528635	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9841528636	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9841528637	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9841528638	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9841528639	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9841528640	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9841528641	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9841528642	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9841528643	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9841528644	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9841528645	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9841528646	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9841528647	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9841528648	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9841528649	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9841528650	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9841528651	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9841528652	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9841528653	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9841528654	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9841528655	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9841528656	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9841528657	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9841528658	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9841528659	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9841528660	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9841528661	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9841528662	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9841528663	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9841528664	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9841528665	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9841528666	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9841528667	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9841528668	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9841528669	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9841528670	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9841528671	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9841528672	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9841528673	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9841528674	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9841528675	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9841528676	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9841528677	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9841528678	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9841528679	encoding	information going in	189
9841528680	storage	keeping information in	190
9841528681	retrieval	taking information out	191
9841528682	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9841528683	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9841528684	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9841528685	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9841528686	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9841528687	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9841528688	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9841528689	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9841528690	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9841528691	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9841528692	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9841528693	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9841528694	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9841528695	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9841528696	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9841528697	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9841528698	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9841528699	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9841528700	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9841528701	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9841528702	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9841528703	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9841528704	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9841528705	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9841528706	context	environment helps with memory	216
9841528707	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9841528708	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9841528709	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9841528710	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9841528711	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9841528712	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9841528713	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9841528714	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9841528715	prototypes	generalize	225
9841528716	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9841528717	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9841528718	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9841528719	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9841528720	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9841528721	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9841528722	grammar is _________	universal	232
9841528723	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9841528724	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP World Chapter 12 Flashcards

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5819025776	Seizure of Constantinople	________________________, the capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.	0
5819037729	Fulbe	West Africa's largest pastoral society, whose members gradually adopted Islam and took on a religious leadership role that led to the creation of a number of new states.	1
5819045863	Inca Empire	The Western Hemisphere's largest imperial state in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries; built by a relatively small community of Quechua-speaking people; the empire stretched some 2,500 miles along the Andes Mountains.	2
5819052618	Timer	Turkic warrior (1336-1405) whose efforts to restore the Mongol Empire devastated much of Persia, Russia, and India.	3
5819058156	Iroquois	Confederation of five peoples in what is now New York State; the loose alliance was based on the Great Law of Peace, an agreement to settle disputes peacefully through a council of clan leaders.	4
5819074923	Mughal Empire	One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by an Islamized Turkic group that invaded India in 1526; it was noted for their efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims.	5
5819113735	Songhay Empire	Major Islamic state of West Africa that formed in the second half of the fifteenth century.	6
5819118543	Malacca	Muslim port city that came to prominence on the waterway between Sumatra and Malaya in the fifteenth century C.E.; it was the springboard for the spread of a syncretic form of Islam throughout the region.	7
5819122968	Aztec Empire	Major state that developed in what is now Mexico in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; dominated by the semi-nomadic Mexica, who had migrated into the region from northern Mexico.	8
5819127096	Ottoman Empire	Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa.	9
5819131350	European Renaissance	A "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy in the period 1350-1500 and that included not just a rediscovery of Greek learning but also major developments in art, as well as growing secularism in society.	10
5819137229	Timbuktu	Great city of West Africa, noted in the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries as a center of Islamic scholarship.	11
5819141546	Ming Dynasty	Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) that succeeded the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols; noted for its return to traditional Chinese ways and restoration of the land after the destructiveness of the Mongols.	12
5819145903	Safavid Empire	Major Turkic empire of Persia founded in the early sixteenth century, notable for its efforts to convert its populace to Shia Islam.	13
5819150749	Zheng He	Great Chinese admiral (1371-1433) who commanded a fleet of more than 300 ships in a series of voyages of contact and exploration that began in 1405.	14
5819154176	Igbo	People whose lands were east of the Niger River in what is now southern Nigeria in West Africa; they built a complex society that rejected kingship, centralized statehood, and relied on other institutions to provide social coherence.	15
5819157494	Paleolithic Persistence	The continuance of gathering and hunting societies in substantial areas of the world despite millennia of agricultural advance.	16

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AP Lit Tone Words Flashcards

Well, shoot. For everyone who wasn't in AP Language so therefore do not know any tone words needed on the Lit test.

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6634605724	Acerbic	Acidic or biting in manner.	0
6634605725	Admonishing	To warn gently but earnestly.	1
6634605726	Ambivalent	Coexistence of opposing feelings towards something.	2
6634605727	Anguished	Mental/emotional pain or torment.	3
6634605728	Ardent	Passionate	4
6634605729	Blithe	Carefree and lighthearted.	5
6634605730	Candid	Free from prejudice, impartial	6
6634605731	Celebratory	Happy	7
6634605732	Conciliatory	To overcome the distrust of, appease, compromise	8
6634605733	Contemplative	Pondering, questioning in mind.	9
6634605734	Contrite	Repentant, penitent	10
6634605735	Cynical	Believing the worst in people.	11
6634605736	Defiant	Marked by bold resistance to authority or opposing force.	12
6634605737	Desolate	Sparse, lonely, alone	13
6634605738	Detached Diabolical	Fiendish, wicked, with absence of empathy and human emotion	14
6634605739	Elegiac	A lament for the dead.	15
6634605740	Embattled	Preparing for battle	16
6634605741	Euphoric	Happy, extremely happy and relaxed, joyful	17
6634605742	Expectant	Eagerly anticipating	18
6634605743	Fatalistic	Submissive attitude	19
6634605744	Impotent Rage	Intense rage and powerless	20
6634605745	Indignant	Righteously angered at injustice.	21
6634605746	Introspective	Deeply thoughtful about your own situation and feelings.	22
6634605747	Ironic	using words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning/humorously sarcastic/mocking	23
6634605748	Irreverent	Lack of due respect, especially around sacred things.	24
6634605749	Lyrical	Like a song	25
6634605750	Meditative	Relaxed, calm, in serenity, reflective	26
6634605751	Melancholy	Thoughtful sadness.	27
6634605752	Nostalgic	Reminiscing on what has happened, longing for the past.	28
6634605753	Patronizing	Treat as an inferior.	29
6634605754	Pedantic	Ostentatious display of learning; preachy	30
6634605755	Pithy	Concise and full of meaning.	31
6634605756	Poignant	Eloquent, emotionally moving.	32
6634605757	Resigned	Acceptance of despair (different from content)	33
6634605758	Reverent	Feelign/showing a profound respect or veneration.	34
6634605759	Ribald	Bawdy, humorously vulgar. Campy, trashy.	35
6634605760	Sagacious	Having/showing keen discernment.	36
6634605761	Sepulchral	Funereal	37
6634605762	Unrepentent	Not feeling guilty	38
6634605763	Wry	Dry, sarcastic, mocking.	39
6634638343	Bemused	Deeply thoughtful; perplexed or bewildered	40
6634640559	Brusque	Rudely abrupt and blunt	41
6634640560	Choleric	Quickly aroused to anger	42
6634647522	Condescending	Assuming a tone of superiority and arrogance when addressing those considered inferior; patronizing	43
6634652035	Derisive	Expressing contempt or ridicule; mocking	44
6634652036	Didactic	Excessively instructive in tone; re: poetry- intended to teach, especially morality	45
6634658850	Ebullient	Joyously unrestrained	46
6634658851	Facetious	Bantering or cleverly amusing in tone; treating serious issues with deliberately inappropriate humor	47
6634670130	Imperious	Disdainful, showing arrogant superiority; from imperial: befitting a supreme ruler	48
6634670131	Impetuous	Rashly impulsive	49
6634680435	Laudatory	Full of or giving praise	50
6634686563	Ominous	Threatening or foreshadowing evil or tragic developments	51
6634693428	Sanguine	Confidently optimistic or cheerful; from Latin "sanguis" for blood	52
6634693429	Laconic	(John Grady) concise, terse, succinct, pithy, very brief in statement or expression. From Lakonia, a district around Sparta who were known for being people of action and few words.	53
6634698554	Stoic	(John Grady) Seeming unaffected by pleasure or pain; tough; impassive; "stoic courage"; "a stoical sufferer"	54
6634713030	Solicitous	Showing hovering attentiveness, anxiety, or concern. Think: a "helicopter parent"	55
6634713031	Stolid	Emotionlessness: apathy demonstrated by an absence of emotional reactions	56
6634718858	Vitriolic	Bitterly scathing	57
6634844452	Pompous	Arrogance	58
6634863037	Uncompromising	(Okonkwo) Unbending, impervious to change	59
6634879289	Naive	(every European woman in the late 1800's according to Marlow #yesallwomen) showing a lack of experience, wisdom, or judgment.	60
6645894851	Satiric	using a tone of satire: the use of irony, sarcasm, ridicule, or the like, in exposing, denouncing, or deriding human vice or folly. Think A Modest Proposal, The Onion, etc...	61

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AP Human Hormones Flashcards

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9619326940	adrenaline	raises the blood sugar level and increases the heartbeat and breathing rates	0
9619326941	insulin	causes glucose to be removed from the blood and stored	1
9619326942	estrogen	influences the development of female secondary sex characteristics	2
9619326943	glucagon	promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose	3
9619326944	parathyroid	controls the metabolism of calcium	4
9619326945	aldosterone	promotes the reabsorbtion of sodium and potassium ions by the kidney	5
9619326946	testosterone	influences the development of male secondary sex characteristics	6
9619326947	growth hormone	stimulates the elongation of the long bones of the body	7
9619326948	ACTH	stimulates the secretion of hormones by the cortex of the adrenal glands	8
9619326949	thyroxin	regulates the rate of metabolism in the body	9
9619326950	FSH	stimulates the development of eggs in the female's ovary	10
9619326951	cortisol	involved in the regulation of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism	11
9619326952	TSH	stimulates the production of thyroxin	12

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AP Vocab List 2 Flashcards

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5837537375	menace	(verb) to threaten harm to (someone or something); (noun) a dangerous or possibly harmful person or thing	0
5837541553	bludgeon	(verb) to hit (someone or something) very hard; (noun) a heavy stick that usually has one thick end and is used as a weapon	1
5837550050	loom	(verb) to appear in a large, strange, or frightening form often in a sudden way	2
5837552684	wince	(verb) to have an expression on your face for a very short time which shows that you are embarrassed or in pain	3
5837558647	intangible	not made of physical substance: not able to be touched	4
5837561614	wrath	extreme anger	5
5837564469	Pyrrhic victory	a victory that is not worth winning because so much is lost to achieve it	6
5837566658	affable	friendly and easy to talk to	7
5837568235	allegory	a story in which the characters and events are symbols that stand for ideas about human life or for a political or historical situation (Poe's "The Masque of the Red Death"	8
5837573275	ancillary	providing something additional to a main part or function	9
5889039524	androgynous	having both male and female characteristics or qualities	10
5889040745	angst	a strong feeling of being worried or nervous	11
5889042271	anile	of or resembling a doddering old woman	12
5889042910	implacable	opposed to someone or something in a very angry or determined way that cannot be changed	13
5889044636	antecedent	something that came before something else and may have influenced or caused it	14
5889045719	antithesis	the state of two things that are directly opposite to each other	15
5889046380	apocalyptic	of, relating to, or involving terrible violence and destruction (or the end of the world)	16
5889048227	aristocrat	a member of a noble status	17
5889049705	askance	in a way that shows a lack of trust or approval	18
5889050572	assonance	the use of words that have the same or very similar vowel sounds near one another (as in "summer fun" and "rise high in the bright sky")	19
5946157886	assuage	to make (something, such as an unpleasant feeling) less painful, severe, etc.	20
5946162361	authoritarian	expecting or requiring people to obey rules or laws : not allowing personal freedom	21
5946165438	autocratic	relating to a ruler who has absolute power	22
5946168348	autonomous	having the right or power of self-government	23
5946171695	averse	having an active feeling of repugnance or distaste	24
5946173718	bibulous	highly absorbent	25
5946176603	bifurcated	divided into two branches or parts	26
5946181242	bilge	the part of the underwater body of a ship between the flat of the bottom and the vertical topsides	27
5946183745	brusque	markedly short and abrupt	28
5946186387	callow	lacking adult sophistication; immature	29
6014753227	carbuncle	a large, painful swelling under the skin	30
6014758354	catharsis	the act or process of releasing a strong emotion (such as pity or fear) especially by expressing it in an art form	31
6014762046	caucus	a group of people united to promote an agreed-upon cause (usually a political party)	32
6014765774	caveat	a warning enjoining one from certain acts or practices	33
6014770863	celerity	rapidity of motion or action	34
6014773534	chagrined	distressed or humiliated	35
6014776877	compliant	conforming to requirements	36
6014779841	concede	to accept as true, valid, or accurate	37
6014783795	contrite	feeling or showing sorrow and remorse for a sin or shortcoming	38
6014785932	cuckold	Noun: a man whose wife is unfaithful	39
6062658171	curt	rudely brief	40
6062679946	dearth	an inadequate supply	41
6062681604	decrepit	impaired by use or wear	42
6062683637	defenestrate	remove or dismiss (someone) from a position of power or authority	43
6062685184	desecrate	treat (a sacred place or thing) with violent disrespect	44
6062686559	diffident	modest or shy because of a lack of self-confidence	45
6062688518	dilemma	a difficult situation or problem	46
6062688519	doggerel	verse or words that are badly written or expressed	47
6062691349	dour	relentlessly severe, stern, or gloomy in manner or appearance	48
6062691350	eclectic	composed of elements drawn from various sources	49
6124351277	efface	to eliminate or make indistinct by or as if by wearing away a surface	50
6124351278	elan	vigorous spirit or enthusiasm	51
6124352784	elegy	a pensive or reflective poem (or song) that is usually nostalgic or melancholy	52
6124357039	ellipsis	the omission of one or more words that are obviously understood but that must be supplied to make a construction grammatically complete (...)	53
6124359705	embargo	an official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country	54
6124362532	emulate	to strive to equal or excel	55
6124364299	Epicurean	a disciple or student of the Greek philosopher Epicurus	56
6124367353	epitome	a summary of a written work; a brief presentation or statement of something	57
6124369624	equivocal	uncertain or questionable in nature	58
6124372108	eructation	a belch	59
6202070465	eschew	deliberately avoid using	60
6202072242	eulogy	a speech or piece of writing that praises someone or something highly, typically someone who has just died	61
6202075011	euphemism	a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing	62
6202076994	fell (adj)	vicious and cruel	63
6202076995	existentialism	a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will	64
6202078944	expiate	atone for (guilt or sin)	65
6202078945	transcend	be or go beyond the range or limits of (something abstract)	66
6202080563	expunge	erase or remove completely (something unwanted or unpleasant)	67
6202080564	expurgate	remove matter thought to be objectionable or unsuitable from (a book or account)	68
6202084603	extrapolate	extend the application of	69
6240165022	facilitate	make (an action or process) easy or easier	70
6240167501	fetish	an inanimate object worshiped for its supposed magical powers or because it is considered to be inhabited by a spirit	71
6240170460	fleer	laugh impudently or jeeringly	72
6240173647	fortuitous	happening by accident or chance rather than design	73
6240178429	gullible	easily persuaded to believe something	74
6240182824	harbinger	a person or thing that announces or signals the approach of another	75
6240187386	hermaphroditic	having qualities of both the male and female sex	76
6240190895	hoi polloi	the masses; the common people	77
6240194921	hypothetical	involving or being based on a suggested idea or theory	78
6240198917	iconoclast	a person who attacks cherished beliefs or institutions	79

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AP BIO EXAM VOCAB Flashcards

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6737966179	non-competitive inhibitor	1. Binds to an enzyme allosterically (i.e. not in the active site) and causes a conformational change that prevents substrate binding. 2. Will reduce reaction rate because substrate binding will be reduced. 3. The effect will usually be independent of substrate concentration so that maximum rate achievable will be reduced.	0
6737966180	competitive inhibitor	1. Binds to active site of enzyme. 2. Competes with substrate for binding to enzyme reducing initial rate of reaction. 3. Can be out-competed at high substrate concentrations so that maximum rate can be achieved at high concentrations of substrate	1
6738046028	Protein	One of four macromolecules comprised of amino acids connected by peptide bonds	2
6738050363	Primary protein structure	Simple amino acid sequence-properties of the amino acids will dictate secondary structure	3
6738054100	Secondary protein structure	Folding of a protein dictated by Intramolecular interactions of amino acids-often forming alpha helices (hydrophobic amino acids tend to do this) or beta-sheets (large amino acid like tyrosines and tryptophan) often contribute to these.	4
6738118584	Tertiary Protein structure	3-dimensional folding of a protein due to intramolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonds, salt bridges (ionic bonds), hydrophobic interactions and dipole-dipole, disulphide bonds, etc.	5
6738143564	Quaternary Protein structure	Multimers of proteins, proteins with subunits organize a final functional protein	6
6738159110	allele	single copy of a gene (from one or the other parent)	7
6738162447	genotype	Genetic make up of an individual with respect to a single gene, can be homozygous dominant, heterozygous or homozygous recessive	8
6738169034	phenotype	The outward appearance resulting from a genotype (e.g. blue eyes, brown hair). With respect to a disease, sometimes there is no outward manifestation until a certain environmental condition is met, such as people who are homozygous for a certain type of cancer.	9
6738186823	Recessive allele	The allele encoding a gene product that does not overwhelm the gene product made from the other allele. It does not mean that the gene isn't expressed or that it is mutant.	10
6738289479	Enzyme	Molecule (usually protein) that catalyses a reaction (i.e. speeds up a reaction). Contains an active site for binding substrate.	11
6738544733	Denature	Disrupt structure of a protein or other macromolecule such that its function is destroyed--usually by heat or acidity	12
6738730637	antigen	a foreign substance that induces an immune response (like a peptide from a foreign protein induces antibody production)	13
6738759767	primary (immune) response	the initial response to an antigen, usually after a lag phase of several days--can lead to activation of B-cells and production of antibodies	14
6738782353	Secondary (immune) response	The response when an animal encounters the antigen again	15
6739278147	action potential	a change in the membrane potential that produces a nerve impulse. Typically an action potential changes the charge on the inner surface of a neuron membrane from negative to positive	16
6739469864	membrane potential	The difference in voltage (electrical potential) between the inside and outside of a cell membrane	17
6739484706	resting potential	The membrane potential in a resting neuron (usually around -65-70mV). This is maintained by the Na-K pump that pumps two K+ in for every 3Na+ out, resulting in a net negative charge inside.	18
6739501253	depolarization	First phase of an action potential in which an increase in charge upon receiving a signal causes voltage gated Na gates to open and Na flows in along its gradient.	19
6739532698	repolarization	After the threshold potential has been achieved, Na gates close and K gates open. K+ flows out along its gradient and membrane potential decreases again.	20
6739545426	refractory period	period of time after an action potential when voltage gated Na channels cannot open so the membrane is refractory to a second signal-only a few second long; Na/K exchange helps restore resting potential	21
6739551722	hyperpolarization	membrane potential below resting potential after a stimulus, making it hard to achieve a threshold potential	22
6739984828	signal transduction	process by which a factor, such as a hormone, neurotransmitter, growth factor, etc binds a receptor and transmits a signal within a cell.	23
6739992342	facilitated diffusion	Passive transport process (doesn't require ATP) in which molecules move across a membrane through a channel along their gradient. This usually occurs with molecules that are too big to diffuse across a lipid bilayer without having a protein channel assist them.	24
6740026309	active transport	ATP/energy-requiring process by which molecules are transported against their concentration gradient. This is often important in maintaining a gradient for passive transport processes.	25
6740041256	Diffusion	movement of a molecule along its concentration gradient	26
6740043009	photosynthesis	process by which glucose is created from CO2 and Water by harvesting energy from the sun. Oxygen is given off as waste. 6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2	27
6754339229	cellular respiration	Overall aerobic process [C6H12O6+6O2--> 6H2O+6CO2+ATP] by which glucose is broken down into CO2 and H2O to generate energy in the form of ATP. The process involves an anaerobic phase (glycolysis) followed by the oxidation of Acetyl coA which results in transfer of electrons along the electron transport chain to phosphorylate ADP in the final step.	28
6754407627	Fermentation	Anaerobic metabolism carried out by both aerobic organisms (in the absence of oxygen) and anaerobes (such as bacteria and yeast) to create alcohol and acids from sugar. In animal muscles deprived of oxygen, lactic acid is the product of this pathway.	29
6754433320	Lactic acid fermentation	Process that occurs in muscles when intense exercise or exercise in the absence of sufficient oxygen results in generation of more pyruvate via glycolysis than the Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle can handle. It is converted into Lactic Acid which when it accumulates is ionized in the blood to lactate. It can eventually lead to acidosis, lowering the pH of the blood which is limiting to activity, and eventually life, in most organisms.	30
6754537215	What happens in an enzymatic cascade when an enzyme in the middle is inhibited (e.g. A--> B--> C--> D catalyzed by E1, E2, E3)?	The product that serves as a substrate for the missing enzyme will accumulate. All products after the inhibited enzyme will not form or their formation will be reduced.	31
6754776678	REDOX reaction	Chemical reaction in which electrons are donated by a reducing agent and accepted by an oxidizing agent. As a result the oxidizing agent is reduced because it gains elections so its charge is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized because it loses electrons.	32
6754835043	Oxidizing agent	A molecule that has unstable electrons (unpaired electrons in the outer shell that it wants to lose). It is an electron donor.	33
6754842018	Reducing agent	A molecule that has unpaired electors in its outer shell that it wants to fill. It is an electron acceptor.	34
6755762972	Hardy Weinberg equilibrium	An artificially created scenario that serves as a null hypothesis or negative control for studies in evolution, that states that, for any gene, the sum of dominant and negative alleles in a gene pool is always 1. For this to remain true over generations, there would have to be no change occurring.	35
6755833532	What are the conditions for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium to be an actual predictor for the next generation?	A non-evolving population meaning: No mutations, No natural selection, No immigration, No emigration, No selective mating.	36
6755847396	Reproductive isolation	Barriers that impede members of two different species from producing fertile offspring.	37
6755851669	Types of pre zygotic reproductive isolation	Mechanisms that prevent actual mating of species: geographic (living in different communities separated by a physical barrier), behavioral (different mating rituals), temporal (mating at different times); sexual organs don't fit; egg prevents entry of sperm from other species	38
6755872699	Types of post-zygotic reproductive isolation	infertile offspring, nonviable offspring, decreased fitness of offspring	39
6755894156	Gene	a region of DNA encoding a specific protein	40
6755895669	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Consists of Phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases and deoxyribose (sugar). Serves as the genetic information that makes up the chromosome	41
6755916519	Chromosome	Each chromosome consists of one very long double stranded DNA molecule, comprised of thousands of genes, and associated histone proteins. Each organism has one chromosome from each parent and, thus, two copies of each gene.	42
6755929149	Mitochondria	ATP production center of the cell: An organelle wth and outer and inner membrane, that houses the enzymes involved in the KREBS cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation--necessary for aerobic metabolism. It also contains enzymes needed for certain cholesterol and steroid synthetic reactions as well as DNA and ribosomes encoding extrachromosomal genes.	43
6755949111	Mitochondrial DNA	DNA that is not part of the nuclear chromatin. Inheritance is all from the mother since sperm inject their nuclear DNA in to the egg upon fertilization but not their mitochondria.	44
6756313037	Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER)	Portion of ER that is covered with ribosomes synthesizing membrane proteins, secreted proteins and proteins that reside in the ER, Golgi, lysosomes or vesicles. Cargo is packaged into vesicles and sent to Golgi.	45
6756327403	Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER)	Portion of ER that has no ribosomes and contains enzymes important for cholesterol and steroid hormone synthesis, transports lipids to Golgi.	46
6756337529	Endoplasmic Reticulum	Highly folded membrane bound organelle involved in packaging and transport of proteins and lipids.Some important modifications like disulphide bonds and glycosylation occur here.	47
6756341148	Lysosomes	Membrane bound organelle that contains enzymes necessary to digest proteins and other cellular components after they have served their purpose (garbage collector of the cell)	48
6756349426	Golgi	Membrane bound organelle organized in stacks that receives cargo from ER (at the cis-face), sorts and modifies proteins, separates lysosomal from secreted and membrane proteins	49
6756361947	Endocytosis	Process by which pieces of the plasma membrane containing receptors and other membrane proteins are pinched off into vesicles and transported into the cell. This process helps to desensitize signaling pathways by removing receptors and also plays a role in retrograde transport membrane back to organelles.	50
6756372928	nucleus	center of eukaryotic cell, contains DNA, ribosomal subunits, nucleosomes. visible only in interphase as nuclear membrane breaks down during mitosis	51
6756377939	Cell cycle	series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells. Consists of G1, S, G2, Mitosis+Cytokinesis	52
6756382613	Phases of mitosis	prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase	53
6756387553	Events during prophase	The nuclear envelope disappears. Chromosomes condense. Spindle fibers grow from the centrioles. Centrioles are pouches apart.	54
6756388930	Events during metaphase	Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate due to elongation of microtubules	55
6756393284	Events during anaphase	Begins when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes have arrived at each of the two poles of the cell	56
6756405999	telophase	Final phase of mitosis during which chromosomes uncoil, a nuclear envelope returns around the chromatin, and a nucleus becomes visible in each daughter cell	57
6756409069	cytokinesis	Division of the cytoplasm during cell division	58
6756411819	Mitosis	Often referred to as cell division but technically it is the process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells	59
6756415569	Meiosis	A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells	60
6756417859	Homologous recombination	Exchange of genetic information between homologous DNA molecules during meiosis, contributes to genetic variability	61
6756426010	What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration	It is the final electron acceptor in the ETC leading to the opening of the channel in the ATP Synthase and the generation of ATP, thus the term OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.	62
6756432694	What happens if oxygen is limited during cellular respiration	Glycolysis products build up and pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, which eventually enters the capillaries lowering blood pH	63
6756439166	chloroplast	membrane bound organelle found in plants where photosynthesis takes place	64
6756442363	Angiosperm	A subset of vascular plants-Flowering plants	65
6756444539	gymnosperm	A subset of vascular plants that bear their seeds directly on the scales of cones	66
6756449285	Bryophytes	A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.	67
6756453949	Transpiration	Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant--provides the driving force to bring water up from the roots because it creates a pressure gradient	68
6756457306	stomata	A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas (CO2) and water exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant. Mostly found on the underside of leaves.	69
6756462371	Hypothesis	A proposed, scientifically testable explanation for an observed phenomenon. It is NOT just an observation.	70
6756467058	Dependent variable	The thing you are measuring in an experiment. It depends on what ever you , the experimenter, is manipulating	71
6756469415	Independent variable	The thing you, the experimenter, are varying to test a hypothesis.	72
6756471923	Control	An experimental set in which you have not added the independent variable. usually it is as similar to your experimental set up as possible; if your independent variable is a chemical dissolved in a solvent, then your control should be solvent alone.	73
6756480609	solvent	A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances	74
6756482739	symbiosis	A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.	75
6756484415	mutualism	A relationship in which both species benefit	76
6756485532	parasitism	A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed	77
6756486828	commensalism	A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected	78
6756486852	interspecific interaction	A relationship between individuals of two or more species in a community.	79
6756488147	Keystone species	A species that is not necessarily abundant, but exerts a strong control on community structure due to a pivotal ecological role.	80
6756494100	food web	A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains	81
6756494101	food chain	A series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy, usually indicated with the arrow pointed at the species that is doing the eating	82
6756498560	niche	An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living--often used to refer to the small place within its ecosystem where it can survive without competition for resources. Think of it as the place it's most comfortable and the roles it fills in that comfort zone.	83
6756503569	realized niche	The part of its fundamental niche that a species occupies, where it can eat, carry out its functions and reproduce without being out-competed, killed or otherwise threatened	84
6756509823	fundamental niche	Theoretical role and place that an organism can occupy if no limiting factors (like competitors) exist	85
6760924052	codon	A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.	86
6760926928	promoter	A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA on a specific gene.	87
6760930120	enhancer element	gene regulatory elements localized away from the core promoter	88
6760936357	mechanisms of gene regulation	Prokaryotes and eukaryotes can control gene expression at the levels of transcription, translation, and post-translation. Most common is at the level of transcription by activating transcription factors	89
6760944564	transcription	DNA to RNA, catalyzed by RNA Polymerase	90
6760947114	translation	Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced	91
6760951025	tRNA	Transfer RNA-An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA	92
6760956249	anticodon	group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon	93
6774034388	ribosome	A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits.	94
6774083948	prokaryote	a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria.	95
6774090664	Eukaryote	an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus. Eukaryotes include all living organisms other than the eubacteria and archaebacteria.	96
6774138141	cyanobacteria	Photosynthetic, oxygen-producing bacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae).	97
6774144227	eubacteria	A kingdom that contains all prokaryotes except archaebacteria; cell walls are made of peptidoglycan	98
6774153682	6 Kingdoms (there were once only 5)	Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia	99
6778585752	genetic drift	A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection. Happens more commonly in small populations.	100
6778592054	Founders effect	genetic drift that ccurs when a few numbers of a population colonize an isolated location; the smaller the number of individuals, the more limited the variability.	101
6778595185	Bottleneck effect	Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population--but NOT because they were genetically predisposing the disaster--just a random elimination of people ended up altering the gene pool.	102
6778598454	natural selection	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. Since inherited traits are the result of proteins expressed by specific genes, then mutations can confer fitness and thus be selected for.	103
6778621783	mutation	A random error in the DNA sequence, acquired during replication or as a result of DNA damage	104
6778600874	population	A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area	105
6778632429	autosomal trait	A trait encoded by a gene found in the non-sex chromosomes. There is an equal chance of males or females inheriting an autosomal mutation from either parent.	106
6778637159	sex-linked trait	A trait encoded by a gene found on the x chromosome (female sex chromosome). Since women are XX and men are XY, a trait found on the X chromosome a male can only inherit this trait from his mother. If it is a recessive trait, and it is disproportionately found in male offspring, it is most likely sex-linked. Imagine XaXA crossed with XAY--Any boy will be either XaY or XAY-a 50% chance of having the recessive trait but there is 0% chance of the female having the recessive trait-she will be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous.	107
6778661840	Somatic mutation	Takes place in a body cell, can affect the organism, not passed on to the offspring	108
6778663231	gametic mutation	A mutation in the sex cells. This is inherited.	109
6778664757	Ligand gated channel	cell membrane ion channel operated by the binding of specific molecules to channel proteins; the ligand is often a chemical messenger	110
6778666106	Voltage gated ion channel	specialized ion channel that opens or closes in response to changes in membrane potential	111
6778667818	Symporter	A carrier protein that transports two molecules across the plasma membrane in the same direction. For example, the Na+-glucose cotransporter in intestinal cells is a symporter.	112
6778668602	Transporter	protein molecule that pumps substances across a membrane against their gradient, requires energy (usually ATP)	113
6778669473	Sodium Potassium Transporter	maintains proper concentrations of Na+ and K+ inside and outside the cell so that an action potential can take place	114

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AP Poetry Terms Flashcards

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6705004998	apostrophe	a figure of speech in which someone absent, dead, or nonhuman is addressed	0
6705004999	connotation	the implied meaning of a word	1
6705006901	denotation	the dictionary definition of a word	2
6705006902	figurative language	language that is not designed to be taken literally	3
6705011262	juxtaposition	two things are placed next to each other in order to create meaning through contrast	4
6705018260	metaphor	a comparison where one thing becomes the other (You ARE the sunshine of my life)	5
6705018261	onomatopoeia	sound effect words	6
6705020398	personification	human traits are given to animals or objects	7
6705020399	rhythm	a wave-like reoccurrence of motion or sound	8
6705022155	simile	a comparison using like or as	9
6705024804	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole	10
6705024805	syntax	word order	11
6705070336	alliteration	repetition of consonant sound at the beginning of words in a line of poetry	12
6705073009	approximate rhyme	words placed in a metrical pattern where a rhyme should exist, but they don't rhyme exactly	13
6705073010	assonance	repetition of vowels sounds in a line of poetry	14
6705075426	blank verse	unrhymed poetry (has meter/doesn't have rhyme)	15
6705075427	consonance	repetition of consonant sound at the end of the word	16
6705075428	couplet	two successive lines of poetry that end in rhyme	17
6705078219	end rhyme	the last syllables in two (or more) lines of poetry rhyme	18
6705078220	end-stopped line	a line of poetry ends with a natural stop or end punctuation	19
6705080877	enjambment	two lines of poetry run together with no natural stop or punctuation	20
6705082583	English sonnet form	3 quatrains and a couplet	21
6705082584	feminine rhyme	rhyme in which both the last and the second to last (accented) syllable rhyme	22
6705086444	free verse	non-metrical verse	23
6705086445	heroic couplet	poems constructed by a sequence of two lines of verse in iambic pentameter	24
6705088692	iamb	one accented syllable followed by an unaccented syllable	25
6705276637	iambic meter	a line of poetry composed of iambs	26
6705278752	internal rhyme	when the rhyme occurs within a line of poetry	27
6705278765	masculine rhyme	when the last syllables of two lines of poetry rhyme	28
6705284776	meter	a regularized pattern of accented and unaccented syllables	29
6705284777	perfect rhyme	rhyme in which the sound is identical	30
6705287051	pentameter	five poetic feet in a line of poetry	31
6705293795	quatrain	a four-line stanza	32
6705293796	refrain	a repeated word, phrase, line, or group of lines written in stanzaic form	33
6705295480	rhyme	words that have the same sound	34
6705296918	rhyme scheme	regularized pattern of rhymes within a work of literature	35
6705296919	stanza	a group of lines whose metrical pattern is repeated throughout the poem	36
6705298826	syntax	word order	37
6705298827	ballad	a narrative folk song	38
6705300657	elegy	a song of poem that expresses sorrow or lamentation, usually for someone who has died	39
6705300658	epic	a long poem, in a lofty style, about the exploits of a hero	40
6705302190	lyric	a song-like poem written mainly to express feelings or thoughts	41
6705302191	narrative poem	a poem that tells a story	42
6705304392	ode	a lyric poem of elaborate style and moderate length that praises a person or thing	43
6705305932	sonnet	a 14-line poem, normally in iambic pentameter	44
6758052023	ekphrasis	a poetic representation of a painting or a sculpture in words	45
6758054071	epigram	a short, witty poem expressing a single thought or observation	46
6758057379	figure of speech	a way of saying one thing and meaning another	47
6758061008	sentimentality	unmerited or contrived tender feelings - seeks to solicit emotion by over-simplifying or falsifying reality	48
6758068764	foot	a basic unit used in the measurement of verse	49
6758080682	half rhyme (slant, near, oblique, imperfect, off)	seems like rhyme but is really consonance of the final consonants of the words involved	50
6758085956	Italian sonnet (Petrarchan)	an octave and a sestet	51
6758117771	octave	eight-line stanza	52
6758132175	scansion	the process of measuring verse	53
6758135734	sestet	six-line stanza	54

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AP Psychology Unit 7 Flashcards

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5876513300	Memory	The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage and retrieval of information.	0
5876517800	Encoding	the processing of information into the memory systems	1
5876519235	Storage	the process of retaining encoded information over time	2
5876520470	Retrieval	the process of getting information out of memory storage	3
5876522262	Parallel Processing	the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously	4
5876523190	Sensory Memory	the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system	5
5876524530	Short-Term Memory	activated memory that holds a few items briefly	6
5876525844	Long-Term Memory	the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system	7
5876532087	Working Memory	a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory	8
5876533682	Explicit Memory	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare."	9
5876534899	Effortful Processing	encoding that requires attention and conscious effort	10
5876537661	Automatic Processing	unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings	11
5876537662	Implicit Memory	retention independent of conscious recollection	12
5876540732	Iconic Memory	a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli	13
5876541891	Echoic Memory	a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli	14
5876543528	Chunking	organizing items into familiar, manageable units	15
5876544466	Mnemonics	memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices	16
5876546816	Spacing effect	the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice	17
5876548169	Testing Effect	enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information	18
5876551496	Shallow Processing	encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words	19
5876552583	Deep Processing	encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention	20
5876554004	Flashbulb Memory	a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event	21
5876556706	Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)	an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation	22
5876558549	Recall	a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learning earlier	23
5876560062	Recognition	a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned	24
5876561302	Relearning	a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again	25
5876562413	Priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory	26
5876564855	Mood Congruent Memory	the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood	27
5876566814	Serial Position Effect	our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list	28
5876577064	Recency Effect	briefly recalling the last items in a list especially quickly and well	29
5876578496	Primacy Effect	Recalling the first items in the list quickly and well	30
5876582117	Anterograde Amnesia	an inability to form new memories	31
5876583622	Retrograde Amnesia	an inability to retrieve information from one's past	32
5876585079	Proactive Interference	the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information	33
5876586167	Retroactive Interference	the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information	34
5876587331	Repression	in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories	35
5876588848	Misinformation Effect	incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event	36
5876590570	Source Amnesia	attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined	37
5876592528	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	38
5876592529	Prototype	a mental image or best example of a category	39
5876593285	Creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas	40
5876596332	Convergent Thinking	narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution	41
5876597574	Divergent Thinking	expands the number of possible problem solutions	42
5876597575	Algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem	43
5876598440	Heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently	44
5876599670	Insight	a sudden realization of a problem's solution	45
5876601002	Confirmation Bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	46
5876601003	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	47
5876601940	Intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning	48
5876605081	Representative Heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to match particular prototypes	49
5876607414	Availability Heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory	50
5876610311	Belief Perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they are formed has been discredited	51
5876611344	Framing	the way an issue is posed	52
5876612864	Language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	53
5876612865	Phoneme	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit	54
5876614548	Morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning	55
5876616766	Grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others	56
5876616767	Semantics	the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds	57
5876618348	Syntax	the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences	58
5876619896	Babbling Stage	the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language	59
5876622202	One-Word Stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2	60
5876623755	Two-Word Stage	the stage in speech development from about age 2	61
5876629332	Telegraphic Speech	early speech state in which a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs	62
5876630571	Aphasia	impairment of language	63
5876632522	Broca's Area	controls language expression	64
5876632523	Wernicke's Area	controls language reception	65
5876636917	Linguistic Determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	66

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