| CourseNotes

apes Flashcards

6617447418	negative feedback loop	output that results from a system acts as input that moves the system in the other direction	0
6617453654	homeostasis	the tendency of a system to maintain constant or stable internal conditions	1
6617456055	watershed	the entire area of land that a river drains	2
6617457984	emergent properties	characteristics not evident in the components alone	3
6617462203	positive feedback loop	drive a system further toward an extreme	4
6617468949	agriculture	the practice of raising crops and livestock for human use and consumption	5
6617470708	cropland	land used to raise plants for human use	6
6617473621	rangeland	land used for grazing livestock; pasture	7
6617479357	endemic	species that are only found in a specific region	8
6617482541	zoning	the practice of classifying areas for different types of development and land use	9

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AP Chemistry Chapter 4 Flashcards

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7267444967	aqueous solution	a solution in which the water is the dissolving medium	0
7267444968	solution	homogeneous mixture of two or more substances	1
7267444969	solvent	substance present in the greatest quantity and the one the dissolves the other substances	2
7267444970	solute	the substances in a solution that are being dissolved (of the least quantity)	3
7267444971	dissociation	the separation into component ions that occurs when an ionic compound dissolves	4
7267444972	electrolyte	a substance whose aqueous solutions contain ions, commonly with ionic compounds	5
7267444973	nonelectrolyte	a substance that does not form ions in solution, commonly molecular compounds	6
7267444974	solvation	process that helps stabilize the ions in solution and prevents the cations and anions from recombining; this process is symbolized by aq in reactions and causes ions to become dispersely uniform throughout a solution	7
7267444975	strong electrolytes	solutes that exist in solution completely or nearly completely as separate ions; fully or almost fully dissociate; in chemical equations, represented by a full arrow	8
7267444976	weak electrolytes	solutes that exist in solution mostly in the form of molecules with only a small fraction in the form of ions; do not completely dissociate; in a chemical equation, represented by two half arrows	9
7267444977	chemical equilibrium	balance that produces a state in which the relative numbers of each type of ion or molecule in the reaction are constant over time	10
7267444978	precipitation reaction	reaction that results in the formation of an insoluble product	11
7267444979	precipitate	an insoluble solid formed by a reaction in solution	12
7267444980	solubility	amount of substance that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at the given temperature (at a given temperature)	13
7267444981	insoluble	A substance is described as ______ if they have a solubility less than 0.01 mol/L	14
7267444982	metathesis reaction	Ax + By -> Ay + Bx; these reactions include both single and double replacement reactions	15
7267444983	molecular equation	an equation that shows the complete chemical formulas of the reactants and products without indicating ionic behavior	16
7267444984	complete ionic equation	an equation written with all strong soluble electrolytes shown as ions	17
7267444985	spectator ions	ions that appear in identical forms among both the reactants and products of a complete ionic equation	18
7267444986	net ionic equation	an equation for a reaction in solution showing only those particles that are directly involved in the chemical change	19
7267444987	acid	substance that ionizes in aqueous solutions to form hydrogen ions, thereby increasing the concentration of H+(aq) ions; often called proton donors	20
7267444988	monoprotic acids	acids that yield one H+ per molecule of acid ex) HCl, HNO3	21
7267444989	diprotic acids	acids that yield two H+ per molecule of acid ex) H2SO4	22
7267444990	base	substance that accepts (reacts with) H+ ions and produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when they dissolve in water; there are common ____s that do not contain hydroxide, however, like NH4	23
7267444991	strong acids	acids that are strong electrolytes (completes ionized in solution)	24
7267444992	strong bases	bases that are strong electrolytes (completely ionized in solution)	25
7267444993	strong acids	HCl, HBr, HI, HClO3, HClO4, HNO3, H2SO4	26
7267444994	strong bases	All Group 1A metal hydroxides (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH) and heavy Group 2A metal hydroxides (Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2)	27
7267444995	weak acids	acids that are weak electrolytes (partly ionize in solution)	28
7267444996	weak bases	bases that are weak electrolytes (partly ionize in solution)	29
7267444997	neutralization reaction	the reaction that occurs when a solution of an acid and a solution of a base are mixed	30
7267444998	salt	any ionic compound whose cation comes from a base and whose anion comes from an acid; ____ and water are the products of neutralization reactions	31
7267444999	oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction	reaction in which electrons are transferred between reactants	32
7267445000	oxidation	loss of electrons by a substance	33
7267445001	reduction	gain of electrons by a substance, and therefore increase in negative charge	34
7267445002	oxidation number	either the actual charge of a monatomic ion or the hypothetical charge assigned to an atom in a neutral molecule or charged species	35
7267445003	0	oxidation number of elemental ions	36
7267445004	charge of the ion	oxidation number for monatomic ions	37
7267445005	displacement reaction	reactions in which the ion in solution is displaced/replaced through oxidation of an element	38
7267445006	activity series	list of metals arranged in order of decreasing ease of oxidation; active metals are top and noble metals bottom; any metal on the list can be oxidized by the ions of elements below it	39
7267445007	concentration	term used by scientists to designate the amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solvent or solution	40
7267445008	molarity	the concentration of a solution expressed as the number of moles in a liter of solution (mol/L)	41
7267445009	dilution	process in which solutions of lower concentrations can be obtained by adding water	42

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AP Chemistry VSEPR and Hybridization Flashcards

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5444783153	Electron Domain: 4 pairs of electrons surrounding the central atom	Tetrahedral	0
5444783154	Electron Domain: Tetrahedral 4 bonds, 0 lone pair	Tetrahedral (109.5)	1
5444783155	Electron Domain: Tetrahedral 3 bonds, 1 lone pair	Triganol Pyramidal (107)	2
5444783156	Electron Domain: Tetrahedral 2 bonds, 2 lone pair	Bent (104.5)	3
5444783157	Electron Domain: Tetrahedral 1 bond, 3 lone pair	Linear (180)	4
5444783158	Electron Domain: 3 pairs of electrons surrounding the central atom	Triganol Planar	5
5444783159	Electron Domain: Triganol Planar 3 bonds, 0 lone pair	Triganol Planar (120)	6
5444783160	Electron Domain: Triganol Planar 2 bonds, 1 lone pair	Bent (<120)	7
5444783161	Electron Domain: Triganol Planar 1 bond, 2 lone pair	Linear (<120)	8
5444783162	Electron Domain: 5 pairs of electrons surrounding the central atom	Triganol Bipyramidal	9
5444783163	Electron Domain: Triganol Bipyramidal 5 bonds, 0 lone pairs	Triganol Bipyramidal (90)	10
5444783164	Electron Domain: Triganol Bipyramidal 4 bonds, 1 lone pair	See-saw (120)	11
5444783165	Electron Domain: Triganol Bipyramidal 3 bonds, 2 lone pairs	T-shape, 120	12
5444783166	Electron Domain: Triganol Bipyramidal 2 bonds, 3 lone pairs	Linear (120)	13
5444783167	Electron Domain: 6 pairs of electrons surrounding the central atom	Octahedral	14
5444783168	Electron Domain: Octahedral 6 bonds, 0 lone pairs	Octahedreal (90)	15
5444783169	Electron Domain: Octahedral 5 bonds, 1 lone pair	Square pyramidal (180)	16
5444783170	Electron Domain: Octahedral 4 bonds, 2 lone pair	Square Planar (180)	17
5444783171	Electron Domain: Octahedral 3 bonds, 3 lone pair	T-shape (180)	18
5444783172	Electron Domain: Octahedral 2 bonds, 4 lone pair	Linear (180)	19
5444783173	Electron Domain: 2 pairs of electrons surrounding the central atom 2 bonds, 0 lone pair	Linear	20
5444783174	Hybridization: Linear	SP	21
5444783175	Hybridization: Triganol Planar	SP^2	22
5444783176	Hybridization: Tetrahedral	SP^3	23
5444783177	Hybridization: Triganol Bipyramidal	dsp^3	24
5444783178	Hybridization: Octahedral	d^2sp^3	25

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AP Flashcards

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7726773066	plasma membrane	flexible outer boundary	0
7726773067	Cytosol	Gel-like solution made up of water and solube molecules	1
7726773068	Inclusions	Insoluble molecules	2
7726773069	Organelles	Structures that carry out metabolic activity of cells	3
7726773070	Nucleus	DNA containing control center	4
7726773071	Nuclear envelope and pores	Double membrane barrier that encloses nucleoplasm	5
7726773072	Nucleoli	Involved in rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly	6
7726773073	Chromatin	Consists of threadlike strands of DNA, RNA, & histone proteins	7
7726773074	Extra cellular material	Substances found outside the cells Ex: blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid	8
7726773075	lipid bilayer	Formed from membrane lipids	9
7726773076	Hydrophilic	Water loving, phosphate heads that are polar(charged)	10
7726773077	Hydrophobic	Water hating, fatty acid tails that are nonpolar(no charge)	11
7726773078	Membrane proteins	Allow cell communication with environment	12
7726773079	integral proteins	Location: firmly inserted into membrane Function: transport proteins	13
7726773080	Peripheral proteins	Location: loosely attached to integral proteins Function: motor proteins for shape change during cell division and muscle contraction	14

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AP Flashcards

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7728295289	Nucleic acid synthesis ribsomal subunit	nucleaus	0
7728296145	protein and lipid synthesis	ER	1
7728296619	packiging of proteins	Golgi Apparatus	2
7728297616	Acid compartment	vacuole	3
7728298801	degradation of toxins	peroxisomes	4
7728301609	intracellular degradation	lysosomes	5
7728303537	ribosome synthesis	nucleolus	6
7728307993	secretory and membrane proteins produces	RER	7
7728308525	glycosylation begins	RER	8
7728309592	sythesis of lipids and steriods	SER	9
7728311421	PROTEINS PRODUCED	ribosomes	10
7728315161	functions at the site of respiration	mitochondria	11
7728317190	network of protein filaments	cytoskeleton	12
7728318809	contains circular DNA	mitochondria	13
7728322748	way of DNA	5-3	14
7728323948	bead on a string histone proteins	nucleosome	15
7728326379	DNA--->RNA	transcription	16
7728326923	RNA____> Protein	TRanslation	17
7728327989	location of transcription	nucleus	18
7728328532	location of translation	Cytoplasm	19
7728334025	3 steps of TC	initiation elogation termination	20
7728337129	removed by splicesomes	introns	21
7728338589	attatched to a contiguos code	extrons	22
7728342456	Start codon for MrNA	AUG methione	23
7728348609	DNA synthesis happens in which phase	S phase	24
7728349070	cell explansion happens in which phased	G1	25
7728350395	protein synthesis happens in which phase	G2	26
7728356026	unzips the DNA	helicase	27
7728356027	makes new DNA	DNA polyermase	28
7728357402	removes RNA primer and fills in the space left with DNA	DNA polymerase 1	29
7728357964	adds RNA primer to the template DNA	primase	30
7728359466	attaches the seperate strands of new DNA together	LIgase	31

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Flashcards

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AP Flashcards

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8587800282	Raphael Santi	Kilala dahil sa kanyang mga pintang "Madonnas"	0
8587800283	Galileo Galilei	nakatuklas ng teleskopyo	1
8587800284	Francesco Petrarch	Ama ng Humanismo	2
8587800285	Giovanni Boccaccio	Kilala dahil sa akda niyang "Decameron	3
8587800286	Desiderious Erasmus	Prinsipe ng Humanista	4
8587800287	Donatello	Estatwa ni Saint George	5
8587800288	Paracelsus	Nadiskubre ang kahalagahan ng mineral bilang gamot	6
8587800289	Rudolf Agricola	Nagpalaganap ng Humanismo sa lanas ng Italya	7
8587800290	Dante Alighieri	The Divine Comedy	8
8587800291	William Harvey	Nadiskubre ang sirkulasyon ng dugo	9
8587800292	Niccolo Pisano	Cathedral of Pisa sa Sienna	10
8587800293	Donato Bramante	Orihinal na iskultor ng St. Peter Basilica	11
8587800294	Andreas Vesalius	"Seven Structures of the Human Body"	12
8587800295	Thomas More	Euthopia	13
8587800296	Gerardus Mercator	gumawa ng isang larawan ng mundo sa isang patag na lugar	14
8587800297	Johannes Kepler	Nakatuklas ng alituntuning pangmatematika tungkol sa mga planeta	15
8587800298	Flippo Brunelleschi	Dome ng Cathedral of Florence	16
8587800299	Leon Battista Alberti	Santa Maria Novella	17
8587800300	Johannes Gutenberg	Inventor ng Printing Press	18
8587800301	Baldassare Castiglione	The Book of the Courtier	19
8587800302	Lorenzo Ghiberti	gumawa ng Gintong pinto na tinawag ni Michelangelo na "Gates of Paradise"	20

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AP French Essay Terms Flashcards

useful terms for the ap french essay (sorry no accents).

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5930460124	à cause de	because of	0
5930460125	à l'avenir	in the future	1
5930460126	à l'époque	in those days	2
5930460127	à la suite de	following	3
5930460128	aussi faut-il	it is therefore important to	4
5930460129	aussi faut-il que	it is therefore important that	5
5930460130	au sujet de	about	6
5930460131	autrefois	formerly, in the past, in the olden days	7
5930460132	autrement dit	in other words	8
5930460133	c'est justement parce que	it is exactly because	9
5930460134	ce qui est frappant, c'est	what is striking is	10
5930460135	ce qui est inquiétant	what is unsettling	11
5930460136	ce qui est intéressant	what is interesting	12
5930460137	ce qui est surprenant	what is surprising	13
5930460138	ce qui est plutôt	what is rather	14
5930460139	cependant	however	15
5930460140	d'abord	first	16
5930460141	d'ailleurs	besides	17
5930460142	d'après	according to	18
5930460143	dans un avenir proche	in the near future	19
5930460144	de nos jours	nowadays	20
5930460145	de plus	furthermore	21
5930460146	de plus en plus	more and more	22
5930460147	de toute façon	en tout cas, in any case	23
5930460148	le dénouement	the outcome	24
5930460149	désormais	dorénavant, from now on	25
5930460150	dés lors	from then on	26
5930460151	dorénavant	désormais, from now on	27
5930460152	en dépit de	malgré, in spite of	28
5930460153	en outre	moreover	29
5930460154	en revanche	on the other hand	30
5930460155	en tout cas	de toute façon, in any case	31
5930460156	enfin	finally, at last	32
5930460157	ensuite	then	33
5930460158	entendre dire que	to hear that	34
5930460159	envers	towards (abstrait)	35
5930460160	évidemment	obviously	36
5930460161	il me semble que	it seems to me that (i)	37
5930460162	il ne faut pas oublier que	one must not forget that	38
5930460163	il paraît que	it is rumored that (i)	39
5930460164	il s'agit de	it is about	40
5930460165	il semble que	it seems that (s)	41
5930460166	il va sans dire que	it goes without saying that	42
5930460167	malgré	en dépit de, in spite of	43
5930460168	n'oublions pas que	let us not forget that	44
5930460169	néanmoins	nevertheless	45
5930460170	outre	apart from	46
5930460171	par contre	on the other hand	47
5930460172	par rapport à	in relation to	48
5930460173	un personnage	character	49
5930460174	peut-être	maybe	50
5930460175	plus...plus	the more...the more (NO "le")	51
5930460176	pourtant	toutefois, however	52
5930460177	le rapport	the relationship	53
5930460178	selon	according to	54
5930460179	tout cela peut	all this can	55
5930460180	toutefois	pourtant, however	56
5930481347	grâce à	thanks to	57
5930483457	bien que	although (s)	58
5930494393	actuellement	at the present time/presently	59
5930496446	en fait	actually	60
5930498270	de moins en moins	less and less	61
5930502104	dans les années 80	in the 80's	62
5930503980	en plus	furthermore/in addition	63
5930507349	sauf	except	64
5930507962	pour	afin de, (in order) to	65
5930510347	afin de	pour, (in order) to	66

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AP Government Ch. 10 Flashcards

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4901030784	Interest Group	An organization of people with shared policy goals entering the policy process at several points to try to achieve those goals.	0
4901030785	Pluralism	A theory of government and politics emphasizing that many groups, each pressing for its preferred policies, compete and counterbalance one another in the political marketplace.	1
4901030786	Elitism	A theory of government and politics contending that an upper-class elite will hold most of the power and thus in effect run the government.	2
4901030787	Hyperpluralism	A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government, seeking to please them all, is thereby weakened.	3
4901030788	Iron Triangles	Sub governments are composed of interest group leaders interested in a particular policy, the government agency in charge of administering that policy, and the members of congressional committees and subcommittees handling that policy; they exercise a great deal of control over specific policy areas.	4
4901030789	Potential Group	All the people who might be interested group members because they share common interests.	5
4901030790	Actual group	The people in the potential group who actually join.	6
4901030791	Collective Good	Something of value that cannot be withheld from a potential group member.	7
4901030792	Free-Rider Problem	For a group, the problem of people not joining because they can benefit from the group's activities without joining.	8
4901030793	Selective Benefits	Goods that a group can restrict to those who actually join.	9
4901030794	Single-Issue Groups	Groups that have a narrow interest, tend to dislike compromise, and often draw membership from people new to politics.	10
4901030795	Lobbying	A "communication, by someone other than a citizen acting on his or her behalf, directed to a governmental decision maker with the hope of influencing his or her decision."	11
4901030796	Electioneering	Direct group involvements in the electoral process, for example, by helping fund campaigns, getting members to work for candidates, and forming political action committees.	12
4901030797	Political Action Comittees	Groups that raise money from individuals and then distribute it in the form of contributions to candidates that the group supports.	13
4901030798	Union Shop	A provision found in some collective bargaining agreements requiring all employees of a business to join the union within a short period, usually 30 days, and to remain members as a condition of employment.	14
4901030799	Right-To-Work Laws	A state law forbidding requirements that worker must join a union to hold their jobs. Specifically permitted by the Taft-Haley Act of 1947.	15
4901030800	Public Interest Lobbies	Organizations that seek "a collective good, the achievement of which will not selectively and materially benefit the membership or activists of the organization."	16

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AP Biology Chapter 3 Flashcards

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7767977533	isomers	compounds- same molecular formula, different structural formulas	0
7767977534	structural isomers	differ in arrangement of atoms and often in location of double bonds	1
7767977535	geometric isomers	same covalent bonds, differ in arrangement around double bond	2
7767977536	enantiomers	left and right handed (mirror images) of each other	3
7767977537	macromolecule	large molecule made by joining smaller molecules together	4
7767977538	polymer	chainlike molecule formed by linking together man similar small molecule (monomers)	5
7767977539	dehydration synthesis	reaction joining monomers to form polymers or other macromolecules	6
7767977540	hydrolysis	breaking of bonds between monomers through the addition of water	7
7767977541	Carbohydrates	-sugars and their polymers -sugars serve as fuel and carbon sources -have general formula of (CH2O)n monosaccharides	8
7767977542	glucose	CARBOHYDRATES -C6H12O6 -broken down to yield energy in cellular respiration	9
7767977543	disaccharide	CARBOHYDRATES -two monosaccharides bonded together by a glycosidic linkage (a covalent bond formed a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides	10
7767977544	glucose+fructose=	CARBOHYDRATES sucrose (table sugar)	11
7767977545	glucose+glucose=	CARBOHYDRATES maltose	12
7767977546	polysaccharides	CARBOHYDRATES -polymers of sugars -have storage and structural roles	13
7767977547	starch	CARBOHYDRATES -energy storage molecule -polymer made of glucose molecules joined b 1-4 linkages (helical shape) -polymer of a-glucose	14
7767977548	glycogen	-storage molecule in animals -highly branched polymer of glucose -polymer of a-glucose	15
7767977549	cellulose	CARBOHYDRATES -major structural component of plant cells (most abundant organic compound on earth) β linkages of cellulose cannot be broken down by the enzymes that digest starch-> very few organisms (some bacteria, microorganisms and fungi) are able to digest cellulose	16
7767977550	chitin	CARBOHYDRATES -polysaccharides that from glucose monomers with nitrogen-containing group -found in exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of many fungi -polymer of b-glucose	17
7767977551	lipids	-fats, phospholipids, steroids -do not form polymers	18
7767977552	fats (Triglycerides)	LIPIDS composed of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol	19
7767977553	fatty acid	LIPIDS long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at end	20
7767977554	glycerol	LIPIDS 3-carbon alcohol	21
7767977555	ester linkages	LIPIDS bond between hydroxyl and carboxyl group (links fatty acid to glycerol	22
7767977556	unsaturated fatty acids	LIPIDS -has c=c bond -kinked/liquid -fats of plants and fishes -more unsaturated, the better -2+ covalent bonds	23
7767977557	saturated fatty acids	LIPIDS - no c=c bonds -solid -animal fats -cardio diseases -single covalent bond	24
7767977558	phospholipids	LIPIDS -glycerol linked to two acids and a negatively charged phosphate group -phosphate is hydrophilic, water soluble -fatty acid is hydrophobic - in cell membrane, head face out, tail face in	25
7767977559	Proteins	-consists of one or more polypeptide chains folded into 3-D, shapes determines functions	26
7767977560	polypeptide	PROTEINS polymer of amino acids	27
7767977561	R group	PROTEINS -variable side chain that gives each amino acid its unique physical and chemical properties -hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds	28
7767977562	peptide bond	PROTEINS links amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another formed b dehydration synthesis rxn	29
7767977563	Four Levels of Protein Structure	PROTEINS -biologists use x-ray crystallography and computer modeling to establish the 3D shapes of protein Primary Structure: sequence of amino acids Secondary structure: coiling or folding of amino acid chain (polypeptide), stabilized by hydrogen bonds between oxygen of one amino acid and hydrogen of another, can be coiled (a helix) or pleated (B pleated helix) Tertiary structure: interactions between R groups produce unique shape for each protein, maintained b disulfide bonds Quaternary structure: proteins are composed of two or more polypeptide chains in precise arrangement.	30
7767977564	denaturation	PROTEINS -interactions that give proteins their shape can be disrupted by changes in pH, slat concentration, or temperature -causes proteins to lose their shape and function	31
7767977565	disulfide bridges	PROTEINS covalent bonds between sulfhydryl side groups of cysteine monomers	32
7767977566	nucleic acids	macromolecules that carry and transmit the genetic code	33
7767977567	DNA	NUCLEIC ACIDS -deoxyribonucleic acid: the genetic material that is inherited from one generation to the next, deoxyribose sugar	34
7767977568	RNA	NUCLEIC ACIDS -ribonucleic acid, transcribes genetic information from the DA and directs the synthesis of proteins, ribose sugar	35
7767977569	nucleotide	NUCLEIC ACIDS -building blocks of nucleic acids- consists of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogen base -pyrimidine: nitrogenous bases consisting of single ring, cytosine (C) both DNA RNA, thymine (T) DNA and uracil (U) RNA -purine: nitrogenous base consisting of two rings, adenine (A) and guanine (G)	36
7767977570	monomers or components	sugars: monosaccharides lipids: fatty acids proteins: amino acids nucleic acids: nucleotides	37
7767977571	polymer or large molecule	sugars: polysaccharides lipids: triacylglycerols proteins: polypeptides nucleic acids: polynucleotides	38
7767977572	type of linkage	sugar: glycosidic linkages lipids: ester linkages proteins: peptide bonds nucleic acids: phosphodiester linkages	39
7767977573	Which type of molecule includes an example with a long-chain carbon backbone?	lipid	40
7767977574	What is the dominant element attached to the carbon backbone?	hydrogen	41
7767977575	Which molecule have a central carbon atom with 4 different components around it?	amino acids	42
7767977576	Which molecule have a sugar, nitrogenous base and phosphate group?	nucleic acid	43
7767977577	What three structural groups shown do all amino acids have in common?	amine, carboxyl and R group with hydrogen	44
7767977578	Functions of 4 biological macromolecules	carbohydrates: energy storage, receptors, structure of plant cell wall, cellulose, glucose, deoxyribose, methionine proteins: enzymes, structure, receptors, transport lipids: membrane structure, energy storage, insulation, enzymes, chemical signaling(hormones) nucleic acids: information storage and transfer	45
7767977579	Chemical properties of hydrocarbons	-composed of only carbon and hydrogen, -contains a large amount of stored energy, -may have linear, branched or ring structures, insoluble in water	46
7767977580	the number of covalent bonds formed by an atom of carbon is determined by	the number of electrons in its outermost electron shell	47
7767977581	Proteins are able to perform man diverse biological functions because	the are polymers formed from chemically diverse subunits which can fold into many different shapes	48
7767977582	The sugar subunits in the DNA backbone are joined by what type of bonds?	phosphodiester bonds	49
7767977583	salt and vinegar preserve our food by	high heat, low pH, and high salt concentrations	50
7767977584	DNA is a good for storage of energy because...	Ladder structure holds same info, so if some get damaged, it can be recovered	51
7767977585	Advantage of fat	-dense, doesn't take up a lot of room -reserved for future use -doesn't weight as much	52
7767977586	Carboxylic acid group		53
7767977587	amine group		54
7767977588	phosphate group		55
7767977589	sugar group		56
7767977590	nitrogen base		57
7767977591	starch in a chloroplast		58
7767977592	starch		59
7767977593	monosaccharide		60
7767977594	nucleotide		61
7767977595	intermediate filament		62
7767977596	polypeptide		63
7767977597	amino acid		64
7767977598	adipose cell with fat droplets		65
7767977599	triglyceride		66
7767977600	fatty acid		67
7767977601	dehydration reaction		68
7767977602	hydrolysis reaction		69
7767977603	glucose		70
7767977604	sucrose		71
7767977605	maltose		72
7767977606	phosphodiester bonds		73
7767977607	dipeptide		74
7767977608	how do one make a polypeptide?	with two amino acid group	75
7767977609	glucose+fructose=	lactose (sugar in milk)	76
7767977610	fatty acid	-hydrocarbons with carbonyl group at the end of the chain	77
7767977611	monounsaturated fatty acid fat	-one double covalent bond	78
7767977612	phospholipids		79
7767977613	steroids	backbone of four linked carbon rings	80
7767977614	steroids		81
7767977615	nitrogen bases	adenine-thymine cytosine-guanine	82