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AP Biology Chapter 1 Flashcards

Vocabulary: evolution, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), emergent properties, biosphere, ecosystems, community, population, organism, organs and organ systems, tissues, organelles, cell, molecule, eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, gene, genome, negative feedback, positive feedback, adaptation, inductive reasoning, data, hypothesis, deductive reasoning, controlled experiment, dependent variable, independent variable, theory
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define biology.
2. List and explain the characteristics of life.
a. Define metabolism.
b. Define adaptation.
3. Distinguish between types of organisms by describing the differences between and
give examples of:
a. unicellular and multicellular organisms; and,
b. prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
4. List and explain the levels of biological organization.
5. Relating to major concepts in biology, explain what is meant by:
a. "the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things";
b. "the continuity of life depends on the inheritance of biological information";
c. "form fits function";
d. "the unity and diversity of life"; and,
e. "life forms change".
6. Explain why DNA is considered the molecule of inheritance in all organisms.
7. Define evolution.
a. Define population and give examples of characteristics of populations.
b. Explain evolution through natural selection.
c. Explain how adaptations come about through natural selection.
d. Explain why evolution is a central theme in biology.
8. Define science and explain why biology is a science.
9. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning and explain how these
processes of logic are used in science.
10. List in order and explain the logical relationship between the steps of the
scientific method.
11. Explain the difference between hypothesis, theory, and law.
12. Explain the "if . . .

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7579935501	Evolution	Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth	0
7579935502	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix	1
7579935503	Biology	The scientific study of life	2
7579935504	Emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	3
7579935505	Systems Biology	An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.	4
7579935506	Eukaryotic Cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.	5
7579935507	Prokaryotic Cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.	6
7579935508	Gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	7
7579935509	Gene expression	The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.	8
7579935510	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.	9
7579935511	Biosphere	The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.	10
7579935512	Ecosystems	All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them	11
7579935513	Community	All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.	12
7579935514	Population	A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.	13
7579935515	Organism	a creature such as a plant, animal or a single-celled life form, or something that has interdependent parts and that is being compared to a living creature	14
7579935516	Organs	A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.	15
7579935517	Organ Systems	A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.	16
7579935518	Tissues	An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.	17
7579935519	Organelles	Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.	18
7579935520	Cell	The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles.	19
7579935521	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	20
7579935522	Negative Feedback	A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.	21
7579935523	Positive Feedback	A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change.	22
7579935524	Adaptation	Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.	23
7579935525	Inductive Reasoning	Induction moves from a set of specific observations (humans require organic molecules, fish require organic molecules) to reach a general conclusion (all animals require organic molecules	24
7579935526	Data	Recorded observations.	25
7579935527	Hypothesis	A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory.	26
7579935528	Deductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.	27
7579935529	Controlled Experiment	An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.	28
7579935530	Dependent Variable	It is something that depends on other factors.	29
7579935531	Independent Variable	It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.	30
7579935532	Theory	An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.	31
7579935533	What are the 7 Characteristics of Life?	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	32
7579935534	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.	33
7579935535	Why is Biology a Science?	Biology is a science since it takes care to interpret the nature, according to the scientific method, which establishes the resolution of hypotheses raised by the researcher, by means of using different techniques for the creation of representative models of nature.	34
7579935536	Distinguish between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning	Inductive reasoning derives generalizations from specific cases and deductive reasoning predicts specific outcomes from general premises.	35
7579935537	What are the 7 steps of the Scientific Method?	1. Observe 2. Research 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Analyze results and draw conclusions 6. Report your findings 7. Conduct more research	36
7579935538	What is the difference between hypothesis, theory and law?	The Difference between a Hypothesis a Theory and a Law there are very distinct. A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested. A theory is a statement that has not been tested. A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	37
7579935539	What is the difference between observational and experimental investigations?	Observational investigations do not manipulate data	38
7579935540	What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?	Quantitative data includes recorded measurements which can be organized into tables or graphs and qualitative data would include observations	39
7579935541	What is the relationship between the conclusion and the hypothesis?	The conclusion is a statement about the experiment's results. As a report of your data, it can't be considered wrong even if the results don't support your hypothesis. You have learned that your hypothesis does not answer your original research question.	40
7579935542	What are the three domains by which all living organisms are classified?	Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya	41
7579935543	What are the 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?	Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista	42
7579935544	What are Bacteria?	All unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms with peptidoglycan in their cell walls	43
7579935545	What is the Theory of Natural Selection?	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	44
7579935546	How do we distinguish between results(data) and conclusions?	Results are measurable data and a conclusion is a report about what you learned based on w the results	45
7579935547	Concept 1.2: Why is evolution considered the core theme of biology?	Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life and it explains the most fundamental aspects of all life on earth. It accounts for the common features shared by all forms of life due to the descent from a common ancestor.	46
7579935548	Concept 1.3: How could natural selection have led to the evolution of adaptations such as the thick, water conserving leaves of the mother of pearl plant?	Ancestors of this plant may have exhibited variation in how well their leaves conserved water. Because not much soil is present in the crevices where these plants are found, the variant plans that could conserve water may hav survived better and been able to produce more offspring.	47
7579935549	Define Biology? What is the definition of Biology	Biology is the scientific study of life	48
7579935550	What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?	DNA	49
7579935551	What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?	A Population	50
7579935552	How would you define a Eukaryotic cell?	A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus	51
7579935553	How would you define a prokaryotic cell?	A prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles	52
7579935554	What is deductive reasoning?	Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions	53
7579935555	What are the 7 Properties/Characteristics of Life	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	54
7579935556	What is reductionism?	The approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.	55
7579935557	What are the 10 levels of Biological Organization?	1. Biosphere 2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Organisms 6. Organs and Organ Systems 7. Tissues 8. Cells 9. Organelles 10. Molecules	56
7579935558	Cell	The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life	57
7579935559	What is a theory?	A theory is a statement that has not been tested	58
7579935560	What is a law?	A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	59
7579935561	What is a hypothesis?	A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested	60
7579935562	What are data?	Data are recorded observations or items of information	61
7579935563	Of the three domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which one is prokayotic?	Archaea	62
7579935564	The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from....	The sun	63
7579935565	Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb the nutrients are generally found in which kingdom?	Fungi	64
7579935566	All the organisms on a campus make up...	a community	65

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AP 4 Flashcards

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6624457562	dappled	adj. spotted	0
6624461880	demure	adj. sober or serious in manner, modest	1
6624464657	sprightly	adj. lively; animated; energetic	2
6624470365	appellation	n. name; title	3
6624476523	reprove	v. to find fault with, scold, rebuke	4
6624483701	reverie	n. a daydream	5
6624489627	cleave	v. to cut or split open; to cling to	6
6624498348	wont	adj. accustomed, likely	7
6624513219	ephemeral	adj. lasting only a short time, fleeting	8
6624518009	mercurial	adj. characterized by rapid change of temperament; unpredictable	9
6624536837	beguiling	adj. charming or attractive, but perhaps not to be trusted	10
6624592630	acquiescence	n. the reluctant acceptance of something without protest	11
6624612477	discursiveness	n. long windedness; indirectness	12
6624641547	trammel	n. something that impedes activity, progress, or freedom	13
6624663021	fetter	n. a chain or shackle	14
6650299311	ascertain	v. to find out with certainty	15
6650301470	raillery	n. good-humored ridicule; teasing	16
6650306377	scathingly	adv. in a bitterly severe manner	17
6650309411	archaism	n. the use of deliberately old-fashioned language.	18
6650312406	bemused	adj. confused; bewildered	19
6650313355	facetious	adj. playfully humorous	20
6650314269	self-effacing	adj. not drawing attention to oneself; modest	21
6650317715	boon	n. a timely benefit; blessing	22
6650320346	sestina	n. a poem with six stanzas of six lines and a final triplet, all stanzas having the same six words at the line-ends in six different sequences that follow a fixed pattern, and with all six words appearing in the closing three-line envoi.	23
6650323073	remiss	adj. neglectful in performance of one's duty, careless	24
6650325492	bereft	adj. deprived of; made unhappy through a loss	25
6650327473	callousness	n. cruelty; insensitivity; apathy	26
6650330149	sardonic	adj. grimly or scornfully mocking, bitterly sarcastic	27

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AP Bootcamp Flashcards

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5902493077	Scarcity	Everything is scarce, all resources are limited.	0
5902493078	Choices	Selecting from available alternatives.	1
5902494895	Macroeconomics	Choices that individual and business.	2
5902494896	Goods and Services	The objects and actions that satisfy wants.	3
5902496469	Self Interest	what is best for each individual.	4
5902496470	Social Interest	What is best for society as a whole.	5
5902496471	Globalization	The expansion of international trade.	6
5902499514	Tradeoff	Giving up one thing to get another.	7
5902499515	Opportunity Cost	What is given up when a trade off decision is made.	8
5902499516	Benefit	The gain of a decision measured by willingness	9
5902503859	Rational Choice	The best use of resources for achieving goals.	10
5902503860	Margin	Comparing choices for next decisions with benefits.	11
5902503861	Marginal Cost	The opportunity cost of the next unit.	12
5902505538	Marginal Benefit	The benefit of the next unit.	13
5902505539	Incentive	The reward or penalty of an action or decision.	14
5902505540	Economic Model	Economic description of changes in economic facts.	15
5902507983	Normative Statements	Statements of opinions and value.	16
5902507984	Positive Statement	Statements of facts that can be tested.	17
5902510252	What is Economics?	The social science of choices made by societies facing unlimited and repeated wants with limited and scarce resources.	18
5902515039	What is the economic way of thinking?	Economists analyze choices, trade offs, benefits, and incentives, as well as government policies.	19
5902515040	Capital Goods	Materials used by businesses to create productive resources for future goods and services.	20
5902518213	Consumption Goods and Services	Items that individuals and governments use up in the immediate time frame.	21
5902530210	Advanced Economies	Wealthiest 29 countries.	22
5902530211	Emerging Markets	28 Central, Eastern European, and Asian countries.	23
5902532102	Developing Markets	119 Asian, African, and other region's countries.	24
5902539479	BRICS	Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa.	25
5902545715	PIGS	Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Spain	26
6009182332	Factors of Production	Land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship	27
6009184517	Land	Any resource from nature	28
6009186295	Labor	Human effort to produce goods and services	29
6009188389	Human Capital	Knowledge and skills possessed by people	30
6009189919	Capital	Tools, instruments, machines, buildings, etc.	31
6009192885	Financial Capital	money, stocks, bonds for financial resources	32
6009195642	Entrepreneurship	Human resource that organizes businesses	33
6009198195	Rent	Income paid for the use of land	34
6009198237	Wages	Income paid for the use of labor	35
6009200617	Interest	Income paid for the use of capital	36
6009202319	Profit (or loss)	Income earned by entrepreneurs	37
6009204122	Households	Individuals who own the factors of production	38
6009207334	Firms	Institutions that organize production	39
6009209122	Market	An arrangement where buyers meet sellers	40
6009213447	Goods market	Buying and selling goods and services	41
6009215490	Factor market	Buying and selling services of factors of production	42
6009236699	Leakage	Funds diverted from the economic circular flow. I.E. taxes, savings, imports, etc.	43
6009242621	Injection	Funds diverted into the economic circular flow. I.E. government spending, transfer payments, exports, etc.	44
6193380818	Demand	Relationship between the quantity demanded and the price	45
6193405118	Supply	Relationship between the quantity supplied and the price	46
6193413363	Price and Quantity	Where the demand and supply curves intersect	47
6193419698	Markets	Goods, services, resources, inputs, money, virtual, space	48
6193431220	Quantity demanded	The amount willing and able to buy at a specified price	49
6193439967	Law of Demand	Price rises, the quantity demanded decreases; price falls, the quantity demanded increases	50
6193455087	Demand	The relationship between quantity demanded and price	51
6193464416	Demand schedule	A list of quantities demanded at various prices	52
6193474516	Demand curve	A graph showing quantity demanded at various prices	53
6193486060	Market demand	Sum of demands from all buyers in the market	54
6193491885	Changes in demand	The movement of the demand curve due to changes in any factor other than the price	55
6193509355	Substitute (in demand)	A good consumed instead of another good	56
6193517276	Complement (in demand)	A good consumed with another good	57
6193523081	Normal good	Demand for the good increases as income increases	58
6193538820	Inferior good	Demand for the good decreases as income increases	59
6193553306	Change in quantity demanded	Changes in purchases due to price changes	60
6193561450	Quantity supplied	The amount willing and able to supply at a specified price	61
6193571677	Law of Supply	Price rises, the quantity supplied increases; price falls, the quantity supplied decreases	62
6193585982	Supply	The relationship between quantity of supply and price	63
6193592236	Supply schedule	A list of quantities supplied at different prices	64
6193601844	Supply curve	A graph showing quantity supplied at various prices	65
6193611455	Market supply	The sum of supplies from all sellers in the market	66
6193618974	Changes in supply	The movement of the supply curve due to changes in any factor other than price	67
6193632739	Substitute (in supply)	A good produced in place of another	68
6193641018	Complement (in supply)	A good produced along with another good	69
6193648934	Change in quantity supplied	A change in quantity suppliers are willing to supply at different market prices	70
6193665697	Market equilibrium	Where quantity demand and quantity supplied meet	71
6193671777	Equilibrium Price	Quantity demanded equals quantity supplied (y-axis)	72
6193685524	Equilibrium Quantity	Quantity demanded equals quantity supplied (x-axis)	73
6193691228	Surplus	Quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded	74
6193699254	Shortage	Quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied	75
6193715086	Elasticity	A measure of how much one economic variable responds to changes in another economic variable.	76
6193720521	Perfectly Elastic	Demand curve is horizontal; The price stays the same no matter the quantity supplied	77
6193724207	Perfectly Inelastic	Demand curve is vertical and elasticity is zero, if price changes, there is no change in demand	78
6318446734	Working Age Population	Total people over 16; not in jail, hospitals or some other institution, not in the Armed Forces	79
6318452003	Labor Force	Number of people employed plus the unemployed	80
6318454286	Umemployed	People without employment who are seeking employment and are available for employment	81
6318459645	Unemployment Rate	Number of unemployed workers divided by the labor force (as a percentage)	82
6318474515	Labor Force Participation Rate	Percentage of the working age population who are in the labor force	83
6318480211	Part-time worker	Those who work less than 35 hours a week	84
6318482615	Frictional Unemployment	Unemployment from normal labor market turnover	85
6318489366	Structural Unemployment	Unemployment from mismatches between the needs of employers and the skills and talents of workers	86
6318501952	Cyclical Unemployment	Unemployment from changes in the business cycle	87
6318503778	Full employment	Employment when there is no cyclical unemployment	88
6318505886	Natural unemployment rate	The unemployment rate when no cyclical unemployment is present	89
6318509137	Potential GDP	GDP produced when the economy is at full employment	90
6318512865	Output Gap	Real GDP minus potential GDP; negative in recessions, positive in expansions	91
6318518964	Consumer Price Index (CPI)	Measures average prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market basket of consumption goods and services; the CPI equals the cost of the basket at current prices divided by cost of the basket in the base year (as a percentage)	92
6318524529	Base Period / Base Year	The period used as the point of comparison for later values of the CPI; the CPI in the base period equals 100. (In many federal references this is the time from 1982 to 1984)	93
6318526831	CPI Market Basket	Goods and services whose prices are used for the CPI	94
6318615056	Inflation Rate	CPI in current year minus CPI in previous year divided by CPI in previous year (as a percentage)	95
6318623012	Deflation	The price level is falling and inflation is negative	96
6318631339	Cost of Living Index	Money people need to spend for a standard of living	97
6318635858	GDP Price Index	An average of the current prices of all goods and services included in GDP expressed as a percentage of the base-year period	98
6318647364	Nominal Wage Rate	Average hourly wage in current dollars	99
6318663288	Real Wage Rate	Average hourly wage rate in dollars of a given base year; it equals the nominal wage rate divided by the CPI (as a percentage)	100
6318683840	Nominal Interest Rate	Interest rate in terms of dollars	101
6318686022	Real Interest Rate	Interest rate in terms of goods and services; it equals the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate	102
6318696704	Natural Unemployment Rate	Unemployment rate when unemployment is only frictional, structural, seasonal (no cyclical unemployment; the result of job search and job rationing)	103
6318704933	Job Search	Looking for an acceptable job	104
6318706488	Job Rationing	When real wage rate is above the full employment level so there is a surplus of labor	105
6318723395	Efficiency Wage	A real wage rate above the equilibrium wage rate to encourage greater effort by the workers	106
6318734871	Minimum Wage	The lowest wage for which labor can legally be hired	107
6318736725	Union Wage	A wage set by collective bargaining between a firm and a union	108

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Ap Flashcards

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6202017063	The Bolsheviks	Led by Vladimir Lenin in Russia// radical group who overthrew Tsar Nicolas 11	0
6202017064	Vladimir Lenin	Leader of Bolsheviks	1
6202017065	Russian Civil War	Between 1918 and 1921	2
6202017066	Benito Mussolini	Fascist leader from Italy that hoped to restore lost glory of state	3
6202017067	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish Civil War brought fascist regime into power in Spain	4
6202017068	Pablo Picasso	Expressed his view of the horrors of the Spanish Civil War	5
6202017069	Fascist Governments	Nationalist	6
6202017070	Five Year Plan	Plns for industrual production	7
6202017071	Kulaks	Russian peasants who became wealthy	8
6202017072	Cubism	A school of art people represented by geometric forms	9
6202017073	New Deal	Us President program to relieve the economic prob	10

7893122066	acetylcholine	involved in memory and learning causes alzheimers	0
7893128852	dopamine	involved in moment and attention too much is schizophrenia to little is parkinsons	1
7893137633	serotonin	involved in sleep and emotional states anxiety, insomnia ,autism	2
7893146091	norepinephrine	increasing heartbeat and arousal mental disorders and anxiety	3
7893154443	gaba	regulate daily sleep wake	4
7908824064	endorphins	pain perception in positive emotions	5
7908840344	lesion	destruction of brain tissue	6
7908853432	eeg	measure brain electrical waves	7
7908856755	ct scan	votation x-ray produces 3d images	8
7908862570	pet scan	measures radioactive glucose	9
7908868957	mri	magnetic field around head results in detailed picture	10
7908875338	fmri	shows how the brain is working	11
7908879396	medulla	heart beat and breathing	12
7908884701	pons	helps coordinate reflexes help maintain balance	13
7908889672	reticular formation	network of neurons from spinal cord to thalamus	14
7908903073	cerebellum	coordinated rapid voluntary movement	15
7908914431	thalamus	relay station recives sensces expext smell	16
7908921435	hypothalamus	hunger and thirst	17
7908931608	hippocampus	processes memory formation of new memories	18
7911205367			19

8078508680	Demographic Transition Model	A geographic model that explains and predicts changes un population growth, classic model has 4 stages modern version has 5. The DTM predicts changes in CBR, CDR, & RNI as a country transitions through economic stages of development, based on the assumption that economics drive population changes & that all countries will pass through 4 stages of demographic transition	0
8078508681	Low growth stage or pre-industrial stage "what happens"	The CBR and CDR extremely high and fluctuating between 35-40, high CBR and CDR result in a low RNI, population is stationary, I'd known as equilibrium stage-no growth, no decline in population	1
8078847369	DTM Stage 1 "why it happens"	CBR & CDR fluctuating because of disease famine and war, lack of modern health care sanitation and technology, most people ins gage 1 are subsistence farmers, because infant & child mortality rates are high many subsistence farmers have large families, children=labor, the more children you have the more land the more land you farm the more food you can produce, NO countries are in stage 1	2
8078847370	high growth stage or early industrial stage "what happens"	CBR remains relatively high (over 30) but CDR declines (to about 20), RNI increases and population expansion is high	3
8078847371	Stage 2 "why it happens"	CBR remains high-cultural traditions encouraging large families to change slowly, improvements in agricultural technology, higher yields from second agriculture revolution, improvements in public sanitation, improved water supply (safe drinking water) and general personal hygiene, most less developed countries in stage 2	4
8080413500	Stage 3 Moderate growth or later industrial "what happens"	Birth rates decline sharply (to about 15), death ayes decline a bit more (to about 10 or less), RNI eventually decreases near end of stage	5
8080413501	Stage 3 "why it happens"	Societies become more urban less rural, declining childhood death in rural areas (fewer kids are needed), increasing urbanization changes traditional values about having children, city living raises cost of having dependents. Women are more influential in childbearing decisions, increasing female (literacy changes value paced in motherhood as sole measure of women's status), women enter workforce: life extends beyond family, changes attitude about childbearing, improved contraceptive technology, availability of birth control Most Latin America and Asian countries in stage 3	6
8080413502	Stage 4 low growth or post- industrial stage "what happens"	Birth rates and death rates both low (about 10), CBR falls and meets CDR at equally low levels, reaches equilibrium, RNI stabilizes and there is close to zero population growth	7
8080413503	Stage 4 "why it happens"	Improvements in agriculture sanitation and medical care continues and becomes accessible to more people, migration to urban areas continues and the costs associated with children continue to rise, women are more educated and are in workforce. Most North American and European counties are in stage 4	8
8080413504	Stage 5 declining growth "what happens"	CBR drops below CDR causing a negative RNI, results in a varying population-large numbers of elderly	9
8080413505	Stage 5 "why it happens"	Trends in stage 4 continue. Many Western European conjures and Japan are entering stage 5	10
8080413506	Population theories	Thomas Malthus, Ester Boserup, Karl Marx, Cornucopian theory and Neo-Malthusian	11
8080413507	Thomas Malthus (1776-1834)	Predicted a population catastrophe, population would grow until it reached the limit of food supply, then there would be widespread poverty and famine	12
8080413508	Malthus noticed	Population if left unchecked will grow exponentially, whereas food supply increases arithmetically as the amount of land is finite	13
8080413509	Malthusian checks	Malthus stayed that one population reached this point checks would come into play to readdress the anomie between population and resources, positive checks: increased levels of misery (war, famine and disease). Preventative checks: chelbacy, later marriage and etc.	14
8080413510	Boserup Theory (1910-1999)	Opposite to Malthus,, people have resources of knowledge and technology to increase food supply as necessary	15
8080413511	Boserup's main points	Environments have limits that restrict population, but these limits can be changed using tech. population growth is the trigger for innovation to allow food supply to increase. E.g. irrigation, weeding, crop intensification better seed quality, tools, techniques etc. GREEN REVOLUTION	16
8080413512	Karl Marx	Human population growth is not a problem, lack of food is due to unequal distribution	17
8080413513	Cornucopian theory	Earth has an abundance of resources; can never be used up	18
8080413514	Neo-Malthusian Theory	Theory that builds upon Malthus' thoughts on overpopulation, population growth in LDC's is outstripping resources, some LDC's now experiencing Malthusian catastrophe.	19

5875247769	allegory	events in a story symbolize a deeper meaning	0
5875247770	allusion	reference to literature or history	1
5875247771	caesura	pause in a line of poetry	2
5875247772	connote	to suggest meanings in addition to the main meaning	3
5875247773	couplet	a pair of rhyming lines of verse	4
5875247774	dramatic irony	when a situation is understood by the reader and not the character	5
5875247775	discursive	passing aimlessly from one subject to another	6
5875247776	elegy	a mournful poem	7
5875247777	end-stopped-line	line of poetry ends with punctuation	8
5875247778	enjambment	sentence continuing to a poem's next line	9
5875247779	form	style or shape of a poem	10
5875247780	hypothetical	supposed; not well supported withe vidence	11
5875247781	interjection	something interjected as a remark	12
5875247782	juxtapose	to place side by side for the purpose of comparisson	13
5875247783	metaphor	comparisson with something unlike	14
5875247784	mock heroic style	immitating that which is heroic	15
5875247785	mood	the feeling you get from a work	16
5875247786	paradox	contradictory statement that may express truth	17
5875247787	parallel syntax	repetition of words or phrases to emphasize a point	18
5875247788	pastoral	poem about the life of shepherds	19
5875247789	personification	giving human qualities to an abstract object	20
5875247790	redundant	unnecessary repetition	21
5875247791	rhetorical	language used for style or effect	22
5875247792	scansion	the process of measuring verse	23
5875247793	simile	comparisson using like or as	24
5875247794	situational irony	difference between what's expected and what happens	25
5875247795	surrealism	stresses the subconscious significance of imagery	26
5875247796	synecdoche	using part for the whole or a whole for the part	27
5875247797	syntax	pattern or formation of sentences and phrases	28
5875247798	theme	meaning of the work as a whole	29
5875247799	tone	the author's attitude toward their subject	30
5875247800	verbal irony	what is said is the opposite of what is meant	31

6182647081	Appendage	Something added on	0
6182647082	Ungenial	Unfriendly	1
6182648744	Acceded	Yielded to	2
6182650169	Platitude	Statement lacking originality	3
6182653611	Phantasm	Supernatural form or state	4
6182655940	Incitement	Cause to perform, encourage	5
6182657781	Progeny	Offspring, child	6
6182659285	Alchemist	Medieval chemical science	7
6182661218	Benevolent	Charitable acts	8
6182662860	Elixir	Medicine	9
6182662888	Evolve	From primitive to highly organized	10
6182665976	Formidable	Difficult to defeat	11
6182668315	Obsession	Preoccupation with a fixed data	12
6182727897	Anatomy		13

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7263169552	l'accord	agreement	0
7263169553	contester	to challenge	1
7263169554	corrumpu	corrupt	2
7263169555	déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen	declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen	3
7263169556	la défaite	defeat	4
7263169557	l'esclavage	slavery	5
7263169558	faire grève	to strike	6
7263169559	faire la traite des esclaves	to traffic in slaves	7
7263169560	faire respecter les droits de l'homme	to enforce human rights	8
7263169561	l'ONG (organization non-gouvernementale)	NGO	9
7263169562	l'organisation humanitaire	humanitarian organization	10
7263169563	massacrer	to slaughter / to slay	11
7263169564	menacé	endangered	12
7263169565	menacer	to threaten	13
7263169566	nuire à quelqu'un	to harm	14
7263169567	paisible	peaceful	15
7263169568	tuer	to kill	16
7263169569	la peine de mort	death penalty	17
7263169570	prendre en otage	to take hostage	18
7263169571	anéantir	to wipe-out	19
7263169572	blessé	hurt	20
7263169573	bombarder	to bomb	21
7263169574	combattre	to fight	22
7263169575	commettre des atrocités	to commit atrocities	23
7263169576	défendre	to defend	24
7263169577	la direction	the leadership	25
7263169578	envahir	to invade	26
7263169579	être au pouvoir	to be in power	27
7263169580	exterminer	to exterminate	28
7263169581	la majorité	ruling party	29
7263169582	la république	republic	30
7263169583	le communisme	communism	31
7263169584	la victoire	victory	32
7263169585	les armes	arms	33
7263169586	le premier ministre	prime minister	34
7263169587	le président	president	35
7263169588	le pacifisme	pacifism	36
7263169589	le peueple	people	37
7263169590	un soldat	soldier	38
7263169591	les lois	laws	39
7263169592	un crime contre l'humanité	a crime against humanity	40
7263169593	un roi	a king	41
7263169594	un état	a state	42
7263169595	une bataille	a battle	43
7263169596	une campagne éléctorale	campaign	44
7263169597	une démocratie	democracy	45
7263169598	une dictature	dictatorship	46
7263169599	assassiner	to murder	47
7263169600	craindre	to fear	48
7263169601	la liberté	freedom	49
7263169602	la liberté d'association	freedom of association	50
7263169603	la liberté d'expression	freedom of expression	51
7263169604	la liberté de conscience	freedom of conscience	52
7263169605	la liberté de culte	freedom of worship	53
7263169606	la liberté de jugement	freedom of opinion	54
7263169607	la liberté de la presse	freedom of press	55
7263169608	la liberté de parole	freedom of speech	56
7263169609	la liberté de pensée	freedom of thought	57
7263169610	la liberté de réunion	freedom of assembly	58
7263169611	la liberté individuelle	freedom of the person / personal freedom	59
7263169612	nier	to deny	60
7263169613	la souffrance	suffering	61
7263169614	la voix	vote, voice	62
7263169615	les violations des droits de l'homme	human rights abuse	63
7263169616	un bouc émissaire	a scapegoat	64
7263169617	les émeutes	riots	65
7263169618	maghrébin(e)	from the Maghreb (North Africa: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia)	66
7263169619	une manifestation / manifester	demonstration, protest	67
7263169620	le regroupement familial	family reunion	68
7263169621	le regroupement conjugal	idk	69
7263169622	les frontières	the borders	70
7263169623	une demande d'asile (un demandeur)	asylum application	71
7263169624	la terre d'asile	land of asylum	72
7263169625	les pieds-noirs	french who lived in Algeria before the independence of 1962	73
7263169626	carte de séjour	french green card	74
7263169627	les sans-papiers	illegal immigrants	75
7263169628	les Réfugiés	refugee, asylum seeker	76
7263169629	subvenir aux besoins de sa famille	to support financially...	77
7263169630	le SMIC	minimum wage	78
7263169631	allocations familiales	social welfare	79
7263169632	résider en France	to live in france	80
7263169633	Laïcité	secularism	81
7263169634	tensions raciales	racial tensions	82
7263169635	la main d'oeuvre	labor	83
7263169636	Le Front National	political party	84
7263169637	repeupler	repopulate	85
7263169638	un passeur	a smuggler	86
7263169639	une personne en situation irrégulière	an illegal alien	87
7263169640	un(e) clandestin(e)	an illegal immigrant	88
7263169641	les flics	the cops	89
7263169642	faire du bénévolat	to volunteer	90
7263169643	un(e) bénévole	a volunteer	91
7263169644	venir en aide à quelqu'un	to come to someone's assistance	92
7263169645	expulser	to deport	93
7263169646	dénoncer quelqu'un	to denounce	94
7263169647	traverser	to cross	95
7263169648	prendre des risques	to take risks	96
7263169649	être reconduit à la frontière	to be escorted back to the border	97
7263169650	soupçonner	to suspect	98
7263169651	se faire arrêter	to be arrested	99
7263169652	un(e) étranger(-ère)	a foreigner	100
7263169653	une garde à vue	police custody	101
7263169654	une titre de séjour	a resident permit	102
7263169655	faire du prosélytisme	try to convert someone	103
7263169656	ostensible	you don't hide; you want to be seen	104
7263169657	un signe ostensible de religion		105
7263169658	un foulard	a scarf	106
7263169659	accoucher	to give birth	107
7263169660	l'assurance maladie	health insurance	108
7263169661	l'asthme	asthma	109
7263169662	être enceinte	to be pregnant	110
7263169663	faire une crise de nerfs	to have a nervous breakdown	111
7263169664	fumer	to smoke	112
7263169665	gaspiller	to waste	113
7263169666	gauche	left	114
7263169667	droite	right	115
7263169668	guérir	to heal	116
7263169669	hospitalisé	hospitalized	117
7263169670	incinérer	to incinerate	118
7263169671	indemne	unhurt	119
7263169672	l'intoxication alimentaire	food poisoning	120
7263169673	l'obésité	obesity	121
7263169674	la grippe	the flu	122
7263169675	la nausée	nausea	123
7263169676	le VIH	HIV	124
7263169677	le SIDA	AIDS	125
7263169678	les cicatrices	scars	126
7263169679	le scientifique	scientist	127
7263169680	le traitement	treatment	128
7263169681	le tabac	tobacco	129
7263169682	un bleu	bruise	130
7263169683	les symptômes	symptoms	131
7263169684	les urgences	emergency room	132
7263169685	les soins médicaux	health care	133
7263169686	les drogues	drugs (illegal)	134
7263169687	un rendez-vous	an appointment	135
7263169688	le médecin généraliste	family doctor (primary care)	136
7263169689	un chirurgien	surgeon	137
7263169690	malsain	unhealthy	138
7263169691	la malbouffe	unhealthy eating / junk food	139
7263169692	une alimentation équilibrée	a balanced diet	140
7263169693	le manque d'eau	lack of water	141
7263169694	une crise cardiaque	heart attack	142
7263169695	une douleur	a pain	143
7263169696	une douleur aiguë	a sharp pain	144
7263169697	une ordonnance	a prescription	145
7263169698	un médicament	medication	146
7263169699	un rhume	a cold	147
7263169700	non-potable	not safe for drinking	148
7263169701	potable	drinkable	149
7263169702	pourri	rotten	150
7263169703	la restauration rapide	fast food	151
7263169704	une bronchite	bronchitis	152
7263169705	une brûlure	a burn	153
7263169706	les maladies	diseases	154
7263169707	les maladies mentales	mental illness	155
7263169708	passer une nuit blanche	to have a sleepless night	156
7263169709	saigner	to bleed	157
7263169710	respirer	to breath	158
7263169711	se faire mal à	to hurt oneself	159
7263169712	tomber dans les pommes	to faint	160
7263169713	soigner	to care for	161
7263169714	souffrir de	to suffer from	162
7263169715	se faire opérer	to be operated on	163
7263169716	se faire piquer par	to be stung	164
7263169717	se sentir mal / bien	to feel bad / good	165
7263169718	la salle d'attente	waiting room	166
7263169719	être végétarien	to be vegetarian	167
7263169720	être végétalien	to be vegan	168
7263169721	les produits bio	organic products	169
7263169722	les matières grasses	fat content	170
7263169723	faire un régime	to be on a diet	171
7263169724	l'exercice physique	physical exercise	172
7263169725	grignoter entre les repas	to munch (snack) between meals	173
7263169726	la cantine	school cafeteria	174
7263169727	congelé	frozen	175
7263169728	la distribution des aliments	food distribution	176
7263169729	l'emballage	packaging	177
7263169730	l'étiquette	label	178
7263169731	fournir	to supply	179
7263169732	la gastronomie	gastronomy	180
7263169733	la livraison	delivery	181
7263169734	la soupe populaire	soup kitchens	182
7263169735	les banques alimentaires	food banks	183
7263169736	les besoins	needs	184
7263169737	mal nourri	malnourished	185
7263169738	mourir de faim	to die of starvation	186
7263169739	subir une pénurie	to experience a shortage	187
7263169740	un steak (boeuf)	steak (beef)	188
7263169741	Je le veux bleu	blue (very rare, cold in the center)	189
7263169742	Je le veux à point	medium	190
7263169743	Je le veux saignant	rare	191
7263169744	Je le veux bien cuit	well done	192
7263169745	les boulettes de viande	meatballs	193
7263169746	l'agneau	lamb	194
7263169747	une côtelette d'agneau	lamb chop	195
7263169748	un gigot d'agneau	leg of lamb	196
7263169749	un carré d'agneau	rack of lamb	197
7263169750	le veau	veal	198
7263169751	une côtelette de veau	veal cutlet	199
7263169752	une blanquette de veau	veal stewed in a cream sauce	200
7263169753	une escalope de veau	veal scallopini	201
7263169754	le porc	pork	202
7263169755	du boudin	blood sausage	203
7263169756	roti de porc	pork roast	204
7263169757	la charcuterie	assorted, preserved cold cuts	205
7263169758	une assiette de charcuterie	a plate of assorted, preserved cold cuts	206
7263169759	volaille et gibier	fowl and game	207
7263169760	un canard à l'orange	duck with orange sauce	208
7263169761	la magret de canard	duck breast	209
7263169762	du lapin à la moutarde	rabbit cooked with mustard, carrots	210
7263169763	un coq au vin	chicken cooked in red wine with mushrooms	211
7263169764	une oie	goose	212
7263169765	le faisan	pheasant	213
7263169766	le sanglier	wild boar	214
7263169767	le chevreuil	venison	215
7263169768	la caille	quail	216
7263169769	la dinde	turkey	217
7263169770	des cuisses de grenouille	frog's legs	218
7263169771	des crudités (une assiette de)	raw salad vegetables with vinaigrette sauce	219
7263169772	des moules marinières	mussels in white wine and garlic sauce	220
7263169773	du pâté de campagne	country-style pâté	221
7263169774	une quiche Lorraine	pie with ham/bacon, cheese, eggs, and cream	222
7263169775	une salade niçoise	mixed salad with tuna, olives, tomatoes	223
7263169776	une soupe à l'oignon	onion soup	224
7263169777	un veloute d'asperges	cream (of asparagus) soup	225
7263169778	un potage	soup	226
7263169779	une bouillabaisse	fish soup with different kind of fish (main dish)	227
7263169780	un boeuf bourguignon	beef cooked in red wine with mushrooms, onions	228
7263169781	un cassoulet	casserole of white beans with salted pork and preserved goose or duck	229
7263169782	un pot au feu	beef stewed with vegetables (potatoes, carrots, leeks) (boiled dinner)	230
7263169783	les quenelles	fish (or poultry) dumplings	231
7263169784	les coquilles Saint-Jacques	scallops	232
7263169785	le homard	lobster	233
7263169786	l'anguille	eel	234
7263169787	le bar	sea bass	235
7263169788	le cabillaud	codfish	236
7263169789	le crabe	crab	237
7263169790	les crevettes	shrimp	238
7263169791	une écrevisse	crayfish	239
7263169792	un escargot	snail	240
7263169793	l'espadon	swordfish	241
7263169794	le flétan	halibut	242
7263169795	les huître	oysters	243
7263169796	la lotte	monkfish	244
7263169797	le maquereau	mackerel	245
7263169798	les moules	mussels	246
7263169799	la raie	skatefish	247
7263169800	la sardine	sardine	248
7263169801	le saumon	salmon	249
7263169802	le thon	tuna	250
7263169803	la truite	trout	251
7263169804	à la basquaise	with peppers, tomatoes, garlic and raw cured ham like proscuitto	252
7263169805	béchamel	white sauce	253
7263169806	à la bourguignonne	cooked in red wine and herbs	254
7263169807	chasseur	cooked with red wine, mushrooms, shallots, herbs and tomatoes	255
7263169808	florentine	with spinach	256
7263169809	blanquette	stew sauce with cream	257
7263169810	gratiné(e)	sprinkled with sauce and browned	258
7263169811	maître d'hotel	with butter, parsley, and lemon juice	259
7263169812	en purée	mashed	260
7263169813	ragoût	stewed	261
7263169814	rôti	roast	262
7263169815	à la vapeur	steamed	263
7263169816	râpé	grated	264
7263169817	brochette	cooked on a skewer	265
7263169818	farci	stuffed	266
7263169819	au four	baked	267
7263169820	une crème caramel	caramel custard, flan	268
7263169821	des crêpes Suzette	thin pancakes flamed with orange liqueur	269
7263169822	un mille-feuille	Napoleon	270
7263169823	une mousse au chocolat	chocolate mousse	271
7263169824	une poire Belle-Hélène	pear with vanilla ice cream & chocolate sauce	272
7263169825	des babas au rhum	rum cakes	273
7263169826	une tarte aux framboises	raspberry pie (tart)	274
7263169827	un éclair au chocolat	chocolate éclair	275
7263169828	une religieuse	round cream puff	276
7263169829	un Paris-Brest	round choux pastry filled with praline cream	277
7263169830	un sorbet au cassis	black currant ice (sherbet)	278
7263169831	un vacherin glacé	ice cream cake	279
7263169832	une omelette Norvégienne	baked Alaska	280
7263169833	un chausson aux pommes	apple turnover	281
7263169834	l'agriculture	agriculture	282
7263169835	l'agriculture biologique	organic farming	283
7263169836	l'aide alimentaire	food aide	284
7263169837	l'alcool	alcohol	285
7263169838	l'alimentation	food industry	286
7263169839	allumer	to turn on	287
7263169840	l'atmosphère	atmosphere	288
7263169841	arracher	to pull	289
7263169842	augmenter	to increase	290
7263169843	baisser	to decrease	291
7263169844	biodégradable	biodegradable	292
7263169845	biologique	organic	293
7263169846	la catastrophe écologique	ecological disaster	294
7263169847	la consommation d'énergie	energy consumption	295
7263169848	la couche d'ozone	ozone layer	296
7263169849	la décharge	dump	297
7263169850	la déforestation	deforestation	298
7263169851	détruire	to destroy	299
7263169852	l'écologiste	environmentalist	300
7263169853	l'effet de serre	greenhouse effect	301
7263169854	l'énergie éolienne	wind energy	302
7263169855	l'énergie nucléaire	nuclear energy	303
7263169856	l'énergie propre	clean energy	304
7263169857	l'énergie solaire	solar energy	305
7263169858	éteindre	to turn off	306
7263169859	enlever	to take off / take out	307
7263169860	fabriqué à partir de matériaux recyclés	made from recycled materials	308
7263169861	l'inondation	flood	309
7263169862	l'OGM (organisme génétiquement modifié)	GMO	310
7263169863	l'ouragan	hurricane	311
7263169864	les problèmes lies à l'environment	environmental issues	312
7263169865	la fonte de la calotte glacière	melting of the icecap	313
7263169866	la forêt tropicale	rainforest	314
7263169867	le bulletin météorologique	weather forecast	315
7263169868	le carburant	fuel (gas, diesel)	316
7263169869	le combustible	fuel	317
7263169870	le chauffage solaire	solar heating	318
7263169871	le biocarburant	biofuel	319
7263169872	le bois	wood	320
7263169873	le dioxide de carbone	carbon dioxide	321
7263169874	le gaz à l'effet de serre	greenhouse gas	322
7263169875	la manque	shortage / lack	323
7263169876	le manque d'eau	lack of water	324
7263169877	la tempête de neige	blizzard	325
7263169878	la terre	Earth	326
7263169879	la vague de chaleur	heatwave	327
7263169880	les changements climatiques	climate change	328
7263169881	le raz-de-marée	tidal wave	329
7263169882	le réchauffement global	global warming	330
7263169883	le tremblement de terre	earthquake	331
7263169884	le panneau solaire	solar pannel	332
7263169885	le pesticide	pesticide	333
7263169886	le pétrole	oiul	334
7263169887	les espèces en voie de disparition	endangered species	335
7263169888	les ordures	garbage	336
7263169889	les prévisions météo	weather forecast	337
7263169890	les verts	Green party	338
7263169891	les déchets	waste	339
7263169892	les engrais chimiques	chemical fertilizers	340
7263169893	les gaz déchappement	exhaust fumes	341
7263169894	les ressources naturelles	natural resources	342
7263169895	mondialisé	global	343
7263169896	polluer	to pollute	344
7263169897	protéger	to protect	345
7263169898	protéger la faune et la flore	to protect wildlife	346
7263169899	radioactif	radioactive	347
7263169900	recyclable	recyclable	348
7263169901	recyclé	recycled	349
7263169902	recycler	to recycle	350
7263169903	réformer	to reform	351

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