| CourseNotes

Ap Flashcards

7885333911	Skeletal Cartilage	-Made of some variety of cartilage tissue molded to fit its body location and function -Surrounded By a layer of dense irregular connective tissue -contains no nerves or blood vessels - ability to spring back after compressed -mainly water	0
7885333912	perichondrium	-Dense irregular connective tissue membrane covering cartilage -Acts like a girdle to resist out word expansion when Cartilage is compressed - contains blood vessels from which nutrients diffuse through the matrix to reach cells internally	1
7885333913	types of cartilage	hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage	2
7885333914	components of Cartilage	-Cells are chondrocytes -Lacunae- cells are encased in small cavities -All are in a extra cellular matrix -Matrix contains jelly like substance and fibers -Has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis	3
7885333915	Growth of cartilage	Appositional growth and interstitial growth	4
7885333916	Bone functions	Support provide framework, protection, Anchorage, mineral and growth factor storage, blood cell formation, hormone production, triglyceride storage (fat)	5
7885333917	Bone classification	-Axial skeleton(skull vertebrae column and rib cage), -appendicular( upper and lower limbs and girdles) -Long bones has a shaft and two ends - short bones cube shaped - flat bone or thin,flattened, bit curved - irregular bone complicated shapes	6
7885333918	spongy bones	Internal layer, is porous highly vascular, in his inner portion made of trabeculae Makes bone lighter and provide space for bone marrow	7
7885333919	compact bones	External layer, covered by periosteum, serves for attachment of muscles, provides protection and gives durable strength	8
7885333920	Cells of bone tissue	Osteocytes, osteogenic, osteoblast, osteoclast	9
7885333921	Osteocytes are	Mature bone cells	10
7885333922	osteogenic cells	stem cells	11
7885333923	Osteoblasts	Bone building cells	12
7885333924	Osteoclasts	Bone resorbing cell	13
7885333925	Osteons	Structural unit of compact bone Elongated cylinder parallel to the long axis of bone	14
7885333926	Lamella	Matrix tube Concentric layers where organic matrix is deposited Collagen fibers in bone salts Surround a common center called the Haversian Canal	15
7885333927	Volkmann's canals	connect Haversian canals How blood gets inside bone	16
7885333928	Lacunae	Small cavities in the bone or cartilage that hold individual bones or cartilage cells.	17
7885333929	Canaliculi	Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal	18
7885333930	interstitial lamellae	Areas between the Haversian systems arranged irregularly	19
7885333931	organic components of bone	bone cells and osteoid	20
7885333932	Osteoid	Makes up 1/3 of the matrix unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen	21
7885333933	inorganic components	65% of mass,mineral salts Largely calcium phosphate	22
7885333934	Ossification	Process of bone formation Embryo eight weeks until born the process is for bony skeleton Later called bone growth until adulthood	23
7885333935	intermembranous ossification	-bone development within a membrane -how skull bones develop At eight weeks of development begins with in fibrous CT membranes formed by mesenchymal cells	24
7885333936	endochondral ossification	All bones below the skull 90% except for clavicles are formed process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage Begins at the primary ossification center	25
7885333937	Steps of endochondral ossification	Underlying mesenchymal cells specialize in to osteoblast 1. A bone color forms around the diaphysis 2. Cartlidge in the center of diaphysis calcifies and develops cavities 3. The periosteum bud invades The internal cavities and spongy bone forms 4. The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms 5. The epiphyses ossify	26
7885333938	Steps of intramembranous ossification	1. Ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane 2. Osteoid is secreted with in the fibrous membrane and calcifies 3. Woven bone and periosteum form 4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep into the periosteum, Red marrow appears	27
7885333939	Growth in length of long bone	Growth in length of long bone occurs at the epiphyseal plate Proliferation zone- Cartlidge cells undergo mitosis Hypertrophic zone- older Cartlidge cells enlarge Calcification zone- Matrix calcifies, cartilage cells die, matrix begins degenerating blood vessels invade cavity Ossification zone- New bone forms	28
7885333940	epiphyseal plate closure	occurs when epiphysis and diaphysis fuse	29
7885333941	Diaphysis	The shaft of a long bone	30
7885333942	medullary cavity	Cavity lined with a thin layer of connective tissue you called Endosleum and contains yellow bone marrow	31
7885333943	Epiphysis	End of a long bone	32
7885333944	red bone marrow	hemopoietic tissue, within the trabecular cavities	33
7885333945	nutrient foramina	"openings"; nerve fibers and blood vessels supply the periosteum through these openings	34
7885333946	epiphyseal plate	Is between the diaphysis and epiphanies where mitotic activity takes place	35
7885333947	epiphyseal line	Replaces the plate when bone growth is complete	36
7885333948	Periosteum	Dense white fibrous tissue covering bone, highly vascular layer, a place for tendon muscle attachment	37
7885333949	interstitial growth	During infancy and young long bones Lincoln of the epiphyseal plate Cartilage and it's replacement	38
7885333950	appositional growth	increase in bone thickness	39
7885333951	non displaced fracture	bone ends retain their normal position	40
7885333952	displaced fracture	A fracture in which bone fragments are separated from one another and not in anatomic alignment.	41
7885333953	complete fracture	bone is broken all the way through	42
7885333954	incomplete fracture	bone is not broken all the way through	43
7885333955	compound fracture	bone breaks through the skin	44
7885333956	simple fracture	bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin	45
7885333957	fracture treatment	1. A hematoma forms 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3. Bony callus forms 4. Bone remodeling occurs	46
7885333958	Hematoma	Clot forms at fracture, bone cells die, become swollen painful inflamed	47
7885333959	fibrocartilaginous callus	"Soft callus" capillaries grow into the hematoma and phagocytic cells begin cleanup, fibroblast and osteoblast begin rebuild	48
7885333960	bony callus	a callus made of spongy bone	49
7885333961	bone remodeling	Remodeling a spongy bone and compact bone	50
7885333962	joint structure	Material binding the bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present	51
7885333963	Types of structural joints	Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial	52
7914323128	Synovial joints have a joint cavity	True	53
7914323129	Function of joint	Based on the amount of movement allowed at the joint	54
7914323130	Three types of joint function	Synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, diarthrotic	55
7914323131	Synarthrotic	immovable joint	56
7914323132	Amphiarthrotic	Slightly movable	57
7914323133	Diarthrotic	Freely movable	58
7914323134	fibrous joints	Has NO joint cavity consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together	59
7914323135	Three types of fibrous joint	Sutures, Syndesmosis, Gomphoses,	60
7914323136	Sutures	"Sewing together" very stable because the opposing Bones have interlocking	61
7914323137	Syndesmosis	Bones connected by ligaments Varies between synarthrotic and amphiarthrotic distal attachment of tibia and fibula	62
7914323138	Gomphosis	A bolting together binds the teeth into the jaw synarthrotic	63
7914323139	cartilaginous joints	Have NO joint cavity allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage (ribs to sternum)	64
7914323140	Two types of cartilaginous joints	synchondroses and symphyses	65
7914323141	Synchondrosis	-bones are bound by hyaline cartilage Found at the epiphyseal plate -Ex. rib attachment to sternum by costal cartilage Synarthrotic	66
7914323142	symphysis	growing together (as in symphysis pubis) Separated by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage intervertebral dics Amphiarthrotic	67
7914323143	synovial joints	Contain a joint cavity Diarthrosis are freely movable joints the bones are separated by a fluid. The fluid is called synovial fluid. Most of the bodies joints all of the limbs.	68
7914323144	All synovial joints are diarthrosis and all diarthrosis are synovial joints	True	69
7914323145	Characteristics of synovial joint	Has a articular Cartlidge (absorption) Has a joint cavity Articular Cartlidge is the hyline Cartlidge of a joint	70
7914323146	Synovial Joint capsule	is composed of dense irregular connective tissue on the tough external fibrous layer. On the inner layer of capsule is synovial membrane that is composed of loose connective tissue	71
7914323147	Types of synovial joint	Temporomandibular, shoulder, hip, knee	72
7914323148	temporomandibular joint (TMJ)	Luxtion dislocated Subluxation partial dislocated	73
7914323149	Shoulder Joints	"Ball socket" stability is compromised, 1/3 the size of a humeral head. Glenoid labrum secures the head of the humerus against the glenoid cavity ligaments are coracohumeral, glenohumeral, four tendons (rotator cuff)	74
7914323150	hip joint	ball and socket Stability is not compromised. The head of the femur is smaller than the acetabular fossa after the labrum is added the head is fit snugly to where it is rare for the head to come out. The ligament/tendon's keep the head "screwed in".	75
7914323151	Knee Joints	Most complex, one joint cavity, has three joints in one. Common knee injuries are known as the three C's. Collateral ligament's, cruciate, and Cartlidges . Cartlidge is vascular so healing will not happen	76
7914323152	Arthritis	Is the most widespread crippling disease in the US. Over 100 types of inflammatory or degenerative disease that damages the joint	77
7914323153	Forms of arthritis	Acute and chronic	78
7914323154	acute arthritis	what kind of arthritis usually results from bacterial invasion?	79
7914323155	chronic arthritis	Long term	80
7914323156	Two main types of arthritis	Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid	81
7914323157	Osteoarthritis	Degenerative joint disease	82
7914323158	rhematoid arthritis	Inflammatory autoimmune disease where the synovial membrane becomes inflammated	83
7914323159	Osteophytes are:	bony spurs	84
7914323160	Crepitus	A crackling sound most often used to refer to bones rubbing against one another.	85
7914323161	Four categories of tissue	Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Nervous tissue Muscular tissue	86
7914323162	Characteristics of muscle	Excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity	87
7914323163	Muscle Excitability	Ability of a cell to receive and respond to a stimulus	88
7914323164	Contractility	Ability to shorten and thicken	89
7914323165	Extensibility	Ability to extend or stretch	90
7914323166	Elasticity	ability to recoil to resting length Ie return to original shape	91
7914323167	Functions of muscle	Motion, maintain posture, stabilize and strengthen joints, protection, heat production	92
7914323168	Three types of muscle tissue	Skeletal, cardiac, smooth	93
7914323169	skeletal muscles	striated and voluntary	94
7914323170	cardiac muscle	Only in the heart, striated, involuntary	95
7914323171	smooth muscle	visceral, nonstriated, involuntary	96
7914323172	fascia	a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle	97
7914323173	Types of Fascia (CT)	Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium	98
7914323174	Epimysium	"Outside the muscle" surrounds all the Fascicles muscle bundles	99
7914323175	Perimysium	"Around" covering on the fascicles( bundles) each one	100
7914323176	Endomysium	"Within" surrounds each muscle fiber cell their functions keep muscles from over stretching, carries blood vessels and nerves	101
7914323177	Tendons	Attach muscle to bone	102
7914323178	Aponeuroses	Sheet-like structure flattened	103
7914323179	Epimysium	surrounds entire muscle	104
7914323180	fascicles are	is a collection of muscle bundles to make up the muscle which are surrounded by Perimysium	105
7914323181	Five types of architecture of muscle fascicles	Parallel, fusiform, convergent, pennate, circular	106
7914323182	muscle cell	Is a collection of fibers to make up the fascicles they are surrounded by the endomysium	107
7914323183	Skeletal muscle cell	Cylindrical, multi-nucleated, long	108
7914323184	Sarcolemma	Plasma membrane of a muscle cell	109
7914323185	Sarcoplasm	Cytoplasm of a muscle cell	110
7914323186	Myofibrils	Make up the muscle fiber cell contains myofilaments protein plus actin	111
7914323187	Myofilaments are	Protein plus acting or myosin	112
7914323188	actin filaments	thin filaments F-actin, troponin, and tropomyosin	113
7914323189	Myosin	Thick filament Protein, rod like with heads	114
7914323190	sarcoplasmic reticulum	Is smooth endoplasmic reticulum interconnecting tubules surrounded each myofibril releases calcium for contraction	115
7914323191	Calcium is high outside the cell, low inside the cell, high in the Sarcoplasmic reticulum, and high in the T tubules	True	116
7914323192	terminal cisternae	Perpendicular cross channels	117
7914323193	T- tubules	Infolding of sarcolemma they wrap around and connect all myofibrils allow nerve impulses to travel deep into the cell	118
7914323194	triad relationship	Terminal cisternae, T-tubule, terminal cisternae the terminal cisternae sits on both sides of the T-tubules	119
7914323195	Myofilaments	Actin and myosin organized into highly ordered units called sarcomeres	120
7914323196	Sarcomeres	Smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber. Is the area between 2 Zdisc	121
7914323197	Z disc	Consist of actin myosin and elastin	122
7914323198	I band	Is the area of thin filament only a part of two sarcomere I band overlaps the A band	123
7914323199	A band	The entire thick filament. A band does not overlap I band	124
7914323200	H zone	Thick filament only	125
7914323201	myosin cross bridge	Calcium will bind to the complex to change the shape, myosin can now bind, the attachment of the myosin is called a cross bridge	126
7914323202	Myosin 2 forms	High energy Myosin head is cocked back Low energy when attached to binding site At rest the myosin head is at high energy you need ATP for both contraction and releasing.	127
7914323203	myosin heads	Stores ATP (few seconds)	128
7914323204	creatinine phosphate	Storage molecule of ATP 10 sec	129
7914323205	Max muscle power	Myosin and creatinine provide about 14- 16 seconds of Max muscle power	130
7914323206	Anaerobic	Glycolysis splitting of glucose Yields 2 ATP	131
7914323207	Aerobic	( rest and light to moderate exercise 95% of ATP) yields 36 ATP	132

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AP German - Simulated conversation Flashcards

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6192366333	ich glaube	I believe	0
6192366334	ich finde	I find	1
6192366335	ich meine	I mean	2
6192366336	Meiner Meinung nach	In my opinion	3
6192366337	ich bin der Meinung	I am of the opinion	4
6192366338	ich würde sagen	I would say	5
6192366339	ich kann mir vorstellen	I can imagine	6
6192366340	ich könnte mir vorstellen	I could imagine	7
6192366341	es scheint mir	it seems to me	8
6192366342	es ist eine Tatsache	it is a fact	9
6192366343	ich weiß nicht genau	I don't know exactly	10
6192366344	ich habe den Eindruck	I have the impression	11
6192366345	es stimmt einfach nicht	it's not right	12
6192366346	aber davon kann keine Rede sein	it's out of the question	13
6192366347	ich sehe das anders	I see it differently	14
6192366348	ich halte das für	I hold that as	15
6192366349	ich weiß nicht, ob	I don't know whether	16
6192366350	ich bin mir ganz nicht sicher	I'm not so sure	17
6192366351	ich bezweifle das	I doubt that	18
6192366352	das lehne ich ab	I reject that	19
6192366353	dem stimme ich nicht zu	I disagree with that	20
6192366354	auf gar keinen Fall	absolutely not	21
6192366355	sicher nicht	surely not	22
6192366356	das ist unmöglich	that is impossible	23
6192366357	ich bin anderer Meinung	I have another opinion	24
6192366358	es kommt darauf an	it depends	25
6192366359	das hört sich gut an, aber	that sounds good, but	26
6192366360	damit bin ich einverstanden	I agree with that	27
6192366361	das ist richtig	that is right	28
6192366362	das ist falsh	that is wrong	29
6192366363	Echt? Wirklich?	really?	30
6192366364	Ernsthaft?	Seriously?	31
6192366365	Stimmt das?	Do you agree?	32
6192366366	Das ist komisch!	That is strange!	33
6192366367	Das glaube ich nicht!	I don't believe that!	34
6192366368	Wie wäre es mit	How about	35
6192366369	das ist eine gute Frage	that is a good question	36
6192366370	darüber muss ich nachdenken	I have to think about it	37
6192366371	einen Moment, bitte	one moment, please	38
6192366372	was hälst du von	what do you think about	39
6192366373	ablehnen	to reject	40
6192366374	begrüßen	to greet	41
6192366375	beschreiben	to describe	42
6192366376	bestätigen	to affirm	43
6192366377	danken	to thank	44
6192366378	erwähnen	to mention	45
6192366379	halten von	to think of	46
6192366380	kommentieren	to comment on	47
6192366381	mitteilen	to share	48
6192366382	verabschieden	to say goodbye	49
6192366383	verneinen	to negate	50
6192366384	vorschlagen	to suggest	51
6192366385	wiederholen	to repeat	52
6192366386	zustimmen	to agree	53
6192366387	einen Vorschlag machen	to make a suggestion	54

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Ap Flashcards

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6054018646	Bombastic	High sounding but w/little meaning	0
6054018647	Connotative	Words of expression, not literal suggesting or signifying another meaning	1
6054018648	Esoteric	Intended to be known by a small amnt of people rarw group of people specialized many dont ubderstand	2
6054018649	Homespun	Simple and unsophisticated	3
6054018650	Idiomatic	use of idioms	4
6054018651	Insipid	Lack of flavor vigor or interest	5
6054018652	Learned	Showing requiring characterized by being scholarly / learning having a knowledge of	6
6054018653	Pedantic	Overly precise with details/ strictcly literal	7
6054018654	Pretentious	Overly trying to impress by attaining better talent culture etc	8
6054018655	Provincial	Concerning a country empire or boundary outside the limits of a city or region	9
6054018656	Picturesque	Visually attractive	10
6054018657	Sensuous	Affecting senses rather than intellect attractive physically	11
6054018658	Trite	Lacking originality or freshness	12
6054018659	Obtuse	Irritatingly insensitive or slow to understand	13
6054018660	Obscure	Concealed	14
6054018661	Precise	...	15
6054018662	Poetic	...	16
6054018663	Jargon	...	17
6054018664	Slang	...	18
6054018665	Detatched	...	19
6054018666	Moralistic	...	20
6054018667	Vulgar	...	21
6054018668	Connotative	...	22
6054018669	Scholarly	...	23
6054018670	Concrete	...	24
6054018671	Figurative	...	25

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AP Psychology: unit 3c Flashcards

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4929440321	Behavior genetics	1) the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. 2) Nature vs Nurture	0
4929443352	Environment	1) every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us. 2) Our surroundings	1
4929445350	Chromosomes	1) threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes. 2) bundle of DNA	2
4929447410	DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)	1) a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. 2) building blocks of life (complex molecule)	3
4929452519	Genes	1) the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein. 2) our parents gave it to us before birth	4
4929454106	Genome	1) the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes 2) instruction manual for human life	5
4929455614	Identical Twins	1) twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms 2) babies born by same egg	6
4929458399	Fraternal Twins	1) twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment. 2) babies born by different eggs	7
4929459678	Heritability	1) the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The _____________ of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied. 2) variation among people	8
4929462189	Interaction	1) the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity). 2) when one effects the other	9
4929464339	Molecular Genetics	1) the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes 2) study of genes	10
4929466347	Evolutionary Psychology	1) the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind,using principles of natural selection. 2) study of evolutionary effects of the mind	11
4929468412	Natural Selection	1) the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. 2) the strongest will pass down its traits while the others die out	12
4929470465	Mutation	1) the random error in gene replication that leads to a change. 2) change in DNA	13

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Flashcards

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ap Flashcards

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7121154871	armenia	Yerevan	0
7121154872	azerbaijan	Baku	1
7121154873	bahrain	Manama	2
7121154874	Cyprus	Nicosia	3
7121154875	georgia	Tbilisi	4
7121154876	iraq	Baghdad	5
7121154877	iran	Tehran	6
7121154878	israel	Jerusalem	7
7121154879	jordan	Amman	8
7121154880	kuwait	Kuwait City	9
7121154881	lebanon	Beirut	10
7121154882	oman	Muscat	11
7121154883	quatar	doha	12
7121154884	saudi arabia	Riyadh	13
7121154885	syria	damascus	14
7121154886	turkey	ankara	15
7121154887	uae	* Abu Dhabi	16
7121154888	yemen	Sana'a	17

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AP Flashcards

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7387928803	Levels of Organization in the Human Body	Atom Molecule organelle cells tissue organ organ system organism	0
7387936853	Transverse plane	divides body into upper and lower half	1
7387938715	midsagittal plane	divides the body into left and right	2
7387943459	anterior	to the fron	3
7387943460	posterior	to the back	4
7387945377	dorsal	to the back	5
7387947179	ventral	to the belly	6
7387947181	superior	close to the head	7
7387949125	inferior	to the feet	8
7387952061	caudal	at the rear	9
7387952062	rostral	toward the head	10
7387956560	proximal	to the trunk	11
7387956561	distal	away from the trunk	12
7387963566	Homeostatic control mechanism	stimulus receptor integrating center effectors results	13
7387969909	what part of the homeostatic mechanism changes the stimulus	the effector	14
7387973671	what structure detects the stimulus in homeostasis	the receptor	15
7387979742	Feedback that results in the opposite direction of the stimulus	the negative feedback	16
7387991147	what kind of feedback needs something to stop it?	positive feedback	17
7387996651	feedback that will continue in the same direction until a climatic event occurs	positive feedback	18
7388032448	Most common feedback to try and obtain homeostasis	negative	19
7388049805	4 types of tissues and what they do	Epithelial- Covers Muscle- Contracts Nervous- Conducts Connective- Completes	20
7388126806	When are atoms most stable	when the outermost shell is full	21
7388133054	Valence electrons 1-7	1- NaHK 2-CaMg C-4 5-NP 6-SO 7-Cl	22
7388144891	3 types of bonds	1-Ionic 2-Covalent 3-Hydrogen	23
7388150943	two types of covalent bonds	Polar and Non polar	24
7388154946	Strongest bond	Covalent bonds	25
7388162083	Weakest bond	Hydrogen bond	26
7400230878	What is the same as alliphatic	hydrophobic/ non polar	27
7400230969	What is an exammple of a hydro carbon	oil	28
7400232649	What is a hydrophobic	they dont mix with hydrogen	29
7400242023	Molecule positive with the opposite end negative	polar	30
7400243944	molecule with only non-polar covalent bonds	non polar	31
7400250418	unequal sharing	polar	32
7400250419	equal sharing	non polar	33
7400252482	both polar and non polar	amphipathic	34
7400263462	ionic	gain and loss of electrons	35
7400265421	a negatively charged ion	anion	36
7400265422	a positively charged ion	cation	37
7400297176	convalent bond holds atoms together and makes it what kind of molecular	polar	38
7400320261	What is the universal solvent	water	39
7400320262	what does not interact with water	hydrophobic	40
7400320263	what is water molecule held by	hydrogen bonds	41
7400331397	What happens when you slow down the breaking of water	ice	42
7400334671	what happens when you speed up the breaking of the hydrogen bounds	gas- steam	43
7400375859	In H20 which molecule is going to keep the most electrons	Oxygen	44
7400380099	in h20 carbon keeps most of the electrons and makes the charge what	slightly positive	45
7400392320	Why does sugar dissolve when you heat it up	the bonds can break easier and faster	46
7400409847	when you put this in water it becomes a proton donor	acid	47
7400409848	the more hydrogen protons in a substance the lower what!	the lower the pH balance	48
7400426162	environmental neutral pH	7	49
7400432767	human neutral pH	7.4	50
7400437405	dissociates in water to produce H+ and an anion	acid	51
7400439499	accepts H+ when added to solution	Base	52
7400456226	absorption of H+	base	53
7400464328	what is an alkaline substance	base	54
7400466804	add hydrogren that is a what	acid	55
7400469020	removing hydrogen that is a what	base	56
7400482185	whats the most important thing you kidneys do	make sure that your pH is balanced	57
7400508922	a buffer is a what	a stabalizer	58
7400511061	a buffer does what	makes sure that things dont change to quickly	59
7400560104	expressions of concentration	mass/volume mass/ volume percent	60
7400573375	what is the movement of diffusion	movement downhill high concentrations to low concentration	61
7400579829	maximum disorganization	entropy	62
7400585261	Osmosis is the diffusion of	water	63
7400587749	What is the movement of osmosis	the direction of the stuff, water wants to dilute the stuff	64
7400604201	moles solute/L solution 1 L of solution	molarity	65
7400607557	moles solute/kg solvent >1 L of solution	molality	66
7400621039	Molarity or Molality alters with changes in temperature	molarity	67
7400623239	Molarity or Molality does not alter with changes in temperature	molality	68
7400625531	Molarity or Molality more easily measured in the body	molarity	69
7400627000	Molarity or Molality slightly more accurate	molality	70
7400631437	the amount of stuff in a solution and how it will attract water	osmolality	71
7400640678	does changing the substance as fructose or glucose going to change the osmolality	no	72
7400640679	how do you change the amount of osmolality	by changing the amount	73
7400651368	What happens when you but NaCL in water to the osm	it equals 2 because its 2 molecules	74
7400663383	dextrose and normal saline: what are their osm	300 mOsm THE SAME AS PLASMA	75
7401019305	what is the same in an isotonic solution	the solute	76
7401056028	lyse	burst	77
7401069855	what seperate an organic substance from an inorganic substance	carbon	78
7401073502	substance that has rings of C	organic	79
7401076141	what cells do not have rings of C	inorganic	80
7401087918	macromolecules are put together like legos with	monomers	81
7401090411	a single chain made from monomers	polymers	82
7401129849	dehydration synthesis	new covalent bond formed and water produced	83
7401137352	hydrolysis	breaking it down into water molecules	84
7401150082	4 macromolecules of the cell	proteins nucleic acids carbohydrates lipids	85
7401159981	protiens are made from what	dna	86
7401234928	what is the core of an amino acid	the carbon	87
7401240865	amino acid has what always	r group amine carboxylic	88
7401245830	protein structure	polymers composed of strands of amino acid monomers held together by peptide bonds	89
7401258987	whats the same as hydrocarbon	hydrophobic	90
7401298277	sequence of amino acids in a protien	primary	91
7401298534	secondary in a protein	folding or a-helix or B-sheet	92
7401304116	tertiary in a protein	3-D folding secondary structure	93
7401306749	quaternary	association of to or more folded polypeptides	94
7401394958	what are the monomers of proteins	amino acids	95
7401400516	what are the monomers of nucleic acids	nucleotides	96
7401445354	Pairing is always AT	AT CG AU(RNA	97
7401451216	whats harder to break an AT CG	CG because they have three bonds	98
7401460675	the monomer of a carbohydrate	monosaccarides	99
7401464904	how many carbon molecules does gluscose hahve	6	100
7401577088	Nitrogenous bases help ling together the	dna	101
7401580080	two groups of nitrogenous bases	purines pyramidines	102
7401586066	purines pyramidines Bigger Structure	purines	103
7401593468	purines	adenine guanine	104
7401595912	pyrimidines	CUT Cytosine Thymine Uracil	105
7401623211	most common monosaccharide	glucose	106
7401627401	primary nutriwnt supplying energy to cells	glucose	107
7401635115	adding glucose	glycogenesis	108
7401642045	removing glucose	glycogenolysis	109
7401652814	where is glycogen found	in animals	110
7401654829	where is starch found	plants	111
7410684294	all energy that we know comes from where	the sun	112
7410685772	the plants converse the energy into	chemical energy	113
7410690693	energy can neither be created nor destroyed it can only CHANGE	first law	114
7410690694	some energy is lost by heat	second law	115
7410697002	energy currency for all cells	ATP	116
7410697879	what captures energy and stores energy in chemical form such as glucose	photosythesis	117
7410706058	stored energy	potential energy	118
7410708009	energy stored in a molecules chemical bonds	chemical energy	119
7410708135	concentration gradients example the dam	dam	120
7410711198	energy in action	kinetic energy	121
7410723219	equation for CH20	Carbohydrates	122
7410723840	equation for Ch20 +6	glucose	123
7410724289	energy released	exergonic	124
7410724540	energy captured	endergonic	125
7410726532	in an equation if energy is before arrow	its endergonic	126
7410727844	in an equation if energy is after the aarrow	exergonic	127
7410728697	where does aerobic respiration happen	the mitochondria	128
7410730089	where is the energy released	mitochondria	129
7410732187	enzymes are what	catalysts	130
7410737906	the majority of enzymes are	proteins	131
7410756644	what does a substrate usually involve	hydrogen and ionic bonds	132
7410757090	what facilitates the change and active site of a protein	enzymes	133
7410758077	ase	enzyme	134
7410759676	mirror image of eachother	isomerase	135
7410760394	binds two molecules together	ligase	136
7410760623	removal of a group from a molecule	lyase	137
7410763535	substrate	reactant	138
7414430335	blocker	competitive inhibitor	139
7414444067	the active site is still available but there's a site but it is not influenced by the substrate we didnt block the other active site but they change the shape of the other active site and it doesnt allow substrates to come in we also can open the site	allosteric regulators	140
7414465311	addition of a phosphate group	protein kinases phosphorylation	141
7414466201	removing phosphates	phosphateases dephorsphorylation	142
7414483370	where does glycolysis occur	cytoplasm cytosol	143
7414484809	where does aerobic cellular respiration occur	mitochochondria	144
7414518315	the net product of glycolysis	2 ATP	145
7414519183	the gross production of glycolysis	4 aTP	146
7414538740	net products of glycolysis	2 ATP 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH	147
7414536706	most common electron transporter	NAD+	148
7414545038	how many carbons does pyruvate have	3	149
7414598525	FADH2	electron transporter	150
7414610061	most of the energy from the glucose recovered in the first 3 stages exists in the form of	electrons	151
7421078050	monomers of proteins	amino acids	152
7421081952	bond thats formed by amino acids	peptide bond	153
7421134461	monomer of carbohydrates	monosaccharides	154

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5853672467	East	Where was the European expansion headinfg	0
5853672468	* Curiosity People want to know about things * And rise of merchant class Promoted people to explore	How did Renaissance influence expansion	1
5853672469	China , yuan dynasty	Where did marco polo explore as under what dynsatu	2
5853672470	* Find new trDe routes and get gold * Desire to fight islam and covert to Christianity * new Technology made this all posible	3 reasons prompted people to explore	3
5853672471	opened trade routes and had spices people wanted )	Why were the crusades vital in trade routes	4
5853672472	owned east mediteranian , they were therefore very powerful , people therefore wanted to find alternate routes )	Why were Italians merchants importsnt in trading	5
5853672473	Could control big ships	Stern post rudder	6
5853672474	Triangular sails * Sail into wind	Lateen sails *	7
5853672475	Could determine latitude	Astrolabe	8
5853672476	Determine direction	Magnetic compass	9
5853672477	Bigger and faster ship	3 masterpiece carabel	10
5853672478	Portable astrolabe	Sexton	11
5853672479	* Portugal	* Dominates exportation first	12
5853672480	Crowned prince of Portugal In battle finds bunch of riches in Africa Established school to train explorers	* Prince Henry * In battle finds bunch of riches in Africa ( look up around 13 min)	13
5853672481	coast of Africa ;Slave trade begins here	* From Portugal people establish ports where; and what sadly starts there	14
5853672482	Rounds the tip of Africa in 1488 from Portugal	What does Bartoloméu Dias do	15
5853672483	Rounds tip of Africa and explores eastern coast ends in India	What does Vasco da gama do *	16
5853672484	exploration and colonization	What does Vasco da gama voyage open up	17
5853672485	Spain * Realize there are many resources	What country begins to want land and why	18
5853672486	Portugal and Spain	What 2 countries compete	19
5853672487	Pope says portugués get east and Spain gets west * Portugués gets brazil as well * Treaty of tordesilla 1494	* Portugal and Spain begin to compete for land ;They thought they could both own the world .. because of this what happene *	20
5853672488	Crosss Atlantic to try and find India * Lands in carribean Commits genocide	* what did columbus do *	21
5853672489	Invest time in establishing in east * English end up settling in India * English east India company * Dutch east India company	Dutch and English	22
5853672490	95	2 percent of the people owned what percent of spain	23
5853672491	Sails to Bahamas and goes to Hispaniola Wasn't searching for Caribbean trying to find western passage to East Indies	Where was Christopher Columbus trying to sail and end	24
5853672492	* takes 17 ships * Conquest and Colonize * 14 years 3 million natives died	What was columbus second trip all about(3)	25
5853672493	Native Indians	What does columbus call the people	26
5853672494	For exploration Runs into Arawak tribe Wanted to sell or kill the people	What was columbus first trip all about(3)	27
5853672495	3 million War Disease slavery	In 14 years how many natives died and due to what	28
5853672496	Realized South America was part of the new world not India	What did amerigo vesport do	29
5853672497	1519From Spain to Mexico * Feathered snake is to come back and save them * Fits description * "Man-God" * Sees gold * Says he sickness of heart that only gold cure	When was Hernando Cortés and where did he go ; what was he looked to as * *	30
5853672498	Cortes Attacks Aztecs * Montezumo king of aztecs * Cortez gets Aztecs and conquistadors to take down monetzuma * Aztecs fall	What happend to the aztecs ? Who was their rulee	31
5853672499	1519Sailed around southern tip of South America Started with 250 men came back with 15	* what did Ferdinand mehellan do and when *	32
5853672500	Conquers Incans * Tricks ruler	What did Francisco Pizarro do *	33
5853672501	Didn't find gold in North America	What did coronado do	34

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7245736706	starving time	In the colony of Virginia this was a period of forced starvation initiated by the Powhatan Confederacy to remove the English from Virginia.	0
7245736707	3 gs	These were the 3 motivating factors behind the majority of exploration and conquest during the Age of Exploration	1
7245742168	algonquin	Native American group who lived in the Eastern Woodlands; sided with the French in the French and Indian war	2
7245743171	anglican church	The national church of England	3
7245743172	anne hutchinson	Was a pioneer settler in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Netherlands, and the unauthorized minister of a dissident church discussion group. She was banished from her colony.	4
7245744594	asiento system	The Native american	5
7245744595	aztecs		6
7245745685	bacon's rebellion		7
7245746909	bartolome de las casas		8
7245746910	beaver wars		9
7245748434	bering strait land bridge		10
7245748435	chesapeake colonies		11
7245753725	chickasaw war		12
7245753726	christopher columbus		13
7245755323	columbian exchange		14
7245757268	conquistator		15

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7881573067	e	and	0
7881573068	u	or	1
7907674982	Hay tormenta	There is storm	2
7907680042	Hay lluvia	There is rain	3
7907683083	Hay sol	There is sun	4
7907686563	Hay viento	There is wind	5
7907691727	Hay nubes	There is clouds	6
7907696405	Hay humedad	There is humidity	7
7907700620	Hay relámpagos	There is lightning	8
7907707220	Hay truenos	There is thunder	9
7907711518	Está lloviendo	It is raining	10
7907715694	Está nevando	It is snowing	11
7907723881	Está nubloso	It is cloudy	12
7907727507	Está despejado	It is clearing up	13
7907737774	Hace sol	It is sunny	14
7907740742	Hace calor	It is hot	15
7907743141	Hace viento	It is windy	16
7907745748	Hace frío	It is cold	17
7907752225	Hace buen tiempo	It is good weather	18
7907754349	Hace mal tiempo	It is bad weather	19
7907757758	Hace fresco	It is cool	20
7907761283	nieva	It snows	21
7907764295	llueve	It rains	22
7907767756	truena	It thunders	23
7907771067	Hay	There is	24
7907774326	Está	It is	25
7907774327	Hace	It is	26

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