AP Biology: Animal Behavior Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5884452307 | ethology | study of animal behavior | 0 | |
| 5884452308 | behavior | what an animal does and how it does it | 1 | |
| 5884452309 | proximate cause | "how" a behavior occurs or is modified | 2 | |
| 5884452310 | ultimate cause | "why" a behavior occurs, | 3 | |
| 5884452311 | learned behavior | develops through experience | 4 | |
| 5884452312 | innate behavior | animal is born with it | 5 | |
| 5884452313 | homeostatic mechanisms | regulating oneself | 6 | |
| 5884452314 | feedback mechanisms | regulate growth and reproduction to maintain homeostasis | 7 | |
| 5884452315 | negative feedback | maintain internal environments by returning changing condition to set point (negative, taking out) | 8 | |
| 5884452316 | taxis | turning of animals' body relative to stimulus +=towards -=avoids ex: geotaxis, phototaxis, chemotaxis | 9 | |
| 5884452317 | kinesis | random movement of animal in relation to stimulus |  | 10 |
| 5884452318 | fixed-action patterns | sequence of unlearned acts that are unchangeable and usually carried to completion |  | 11 |
| 5884452319 | releaser | When stimuli are exchanged between members of the same species | 12 | |
| 5884452320 | migration | regular, long-distance change in location | 13 | |
| 5884452321 | circadian rhythm | internal biological clock | 14 | |
| 5884452322 | signal | stimulus that causes change in behavior | 15 | |
| 5884452323 | learned behaviors | behaviors modified based on specific experience | 16 | |
| 5884452324 | habituation | loss of responsiveness to stimuli with little or no meaning | 17 | |
| 5884452325 | imprinting | learning and innate components, irreversible |  | 18 |
| 5884452326 | cognitive mapping | internal representation of spatial relationship among objects in an animals' surroundings | 19 | |
| 5884452327 | associative learning | ability to associate one stimulus with another | 20 | |
| 5884452328 | classical conditioning | arbitrary stimulus associated with particular outcome | 21 | |
| 5884452329 | operant conditioning | another type of associative learning | 22 | |
| 5884452330 | cognition | process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement | 23 | |
| 5884452331 | social learning | learning by observing others | 24 | |
| 5884452332 | altruism | engaging in behavior that doesn't help you, but helps rest of population (selfless) | 25 | |
| 5884452333 | inclusive fitness | total effect of producing offspring and helping relatives | 26 | |
| 5884452334 | kin selection | altruistic behavior that enhances reproductive success of relatives | 27 | |
| 5884452335 | agonistic behavior | threats, rituals, and combat; settles disputes over resources, asserting dominance | 28 | |
| 5884452336 | foraging | food obtaining behavior | 29 | |
| 5884452337 | sexual selection | seeking and attracting mates/choosing and competing for males | 30 | |
| 5884452338 | Tactile signals | Pros Quick Cons Limited to direct contact Cannot be used over distance | 31 | |
| 5884452339 | Acoustic signals | Pros Travel great distance Does not require visibility Can travel around objects Cons Metabolically costly | 32 | |
| 5884452340 | Electric signals | Pros Fast Does not require visibility Cons Only used by a couple fish/underwater | 33 | |
| 5884452341 | Chemical signals | Pros long distance last longer "inexpensive" metabolically Cons can be carried away by wind no immediate response | 34 | |
| 5884452342 | pheromones | Chemical signals | 35 | |
| 5884452343 | Visual signals | Pros Immediate Cons Direct line of sight Light needed/clear path Eyes can be deceived Can be intercepted Very quick | 36 |
Ap Flashcards
Learning
Terms : Hide Images
| 8367266773 | Learning | A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. | 0 | |
| 8367266774 | associative learning | learning that certain events occur together | 1 | |
| 8367266775 | Behaviorism | The school thought maintaining that psychology should be an objective science, study only overt behaviors, and avoid references to mental process. | 2 | |
| 8367266776 | classical conditioning | conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex | 3 | |
| 8367266777 | unconditioned response | in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus | 4 | |
| 8367266778 | unconditioned stimulus | A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning | 5 | |
| 8367266779 | conditioned response | in classical conditioning, the response elicited by the conditioned stimulus | 6 | |
| 8367266780 | conditioned stimulus | originally neutral stimulus that elicits a behavior after being paired with a unconditioned stimulus | 7 | |
| 8367266781 | acquisition | The initial stage of conditioning | 8 | |
| 8367266782 | Extinction | Occurs when a response is no longer reinforced | 9 | |
| 8367266783 | spontaneous recovery | Recurrence of an extinguished conditioned response, usually following a rest period | 10 | |
| 8367266784 | Generalization | (psychology) transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus | 11 |
AP HUG: Political Geography Flashcards
Vocabulary from the Advanced Placement course of Human Geography regarding political geography
Terms : Hide Images
| 5571421946 | Antecedent Boundary | A boundary that was drawn across an area prior to the area becoming substantially-populated (e.g. 49th Parallel) | 0 | |
| 5571421948 | Multi-core state | A state that has more than on cultural and economic center | 1 | |
| 5571421949 | Buffer State | A neutral state between two warring states (e.g. Mongolia, between Russia and China) | 2 | |
| 5571421950 | City-State | A sovereign state comprising of a city and its immediate hinterland (e.g. Singapore, Vatican City) | 3 | |
| 5571421951 | Confederate Governmental Structure | A system of government in which nations or states agree to join together under a central government | 4 | |
| 5571421952 | Colonialism | An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economical, and cultural principles in another territory | 5 | |
| 5571421954 | Compact State | A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly (e.g. Poland) | 6 | |
| 5571421957 | Domino Theory | The theory that if one nation goes under Communist control, neighboring countries will do the same | 7 | |
| 5571421958 | Elongated State | A state with a long, narrow shape (e.g. Chile) | 8 | |
| 5571421959 | Ethnic Enclave | An ethnic group that exists inside of another state. | 9 | |
| 5571421960 | Ethnonationalism | The powerful emotional attachment to one's minority nation within a larger state (e.g. Chechens) | 10 | |
| 5571421961 | European Union (EU) | A supranational organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members | 11 | |
| 5571421962 | Exclave | A part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by a foreign territory | 12 | |
| 5571421963 | Federal State | An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government (e.g. United States) | 13 | |
| 5571421964 | Forward Capital | A symbolically relocated capital city, moved for economic or strategic reasons (e.g. Brasilia) | 14 | |
| 5571421965 | Fragmented State | A state that includes several discontinuous territories (e.g. Indonesia) | 15 | |
| 5571421967 | Geometric Political Boundaries | Boundaries drawn with straight lines and arcs, as opposed to irregular lines and shapes (e.g. the boundaries of most African countries) | 16 | |
| 5571421968 | Gerrymandering | The redrawing of legislative boundaries entirely for electoral purposes, thereby benefiting the party in power | 17 | |
| 5571421969 | Heartland Theory | A theory that suggests that whoever owns Northern Europe and Asia has the political power and capital to rule the world | 18 | |
| 5571421970 | Imperialism | The control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society | 19 | |
| 5571421972 | Landlocked State | A state without access to the sea (e.g. Bolivia) | 20 | |
| 5571421973 | Mercantilism | The process in which a colonizing mother country receives raw materials from its colonies | 21 | |
| 5571421974 | Microstate | A state that encompasses a very small area (e.g. Vatican City) | 22 | |
| 5571421975 | Multinational State | A state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities (e.g. United Kingdom) | 23 | |
| 5571421976 | Nation | A group of people with common cultural characteristics and identify themselves as a cohesive group (e.g. Kurds) | 24 | |
| 5571421977 | Nation-State | A state whose territory corresponds to that which is occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality (e.g. Japan) | 25 | |
| 5571421979 | North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | An international organization created in 1949 to provide collective military security to its members including Western Europe and North America | 26 | |
| 5571421980 | Organic Theory | The theory that a state needs to grow like an organism in order to prosper | 27 | |
| 5571421981 | Perforated State | A state that completely surrounds another one (e.g. Italy) | 28 | |
| 5571421983 | Physical Political Boundary | A state's border that corresponds to a natural, real-life boundary (e.g. Rio Grande border between Mexico and the U.S.) | 29 | |
| 5571421984 | Prorupted State | An adhesive compact state with a large expansion (e.g. Thailand) | 30 | |
| 5571421985 | Relic Boundary | A boundary no longer observed but that still affects the present-day area (e.g. border between West and East Germany in Berlin) | 31 | |
| 5571421986 | Rimland Theory | A political theory that holds that control of the southern coasts of Europe and Asia is the key to power | 32 | |
| 5571421987 | Satellite State | A state that is formally independent but heavily influenced by another state (e.g. Bulgaria during the Soviet Union) | 33 | |
| 5571421989 | Self-Determination | The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves | 34 | |
| 5571421990 | Unitary State | A state where a strong national government makes the majority of decisions; easier if it is small and has access to all of the other provinces | 35 | |
| 5571421991 | Shatterbelt Regions | Areas that are constantly breaking up and/or fragmenting (e.g. Southeast Asia) | 36 | |
| 5571421992 | Sovereignty | The ability of a state to govern its territory from control of its internal affairs by other states | 37 | |
| 5571421993 | State | An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs (e.g. France) | 38 | |
| 5571421994 | Stateless Nation | A nation lacking a territory to call its own (e.g. Hmong, Kurds) | 39 | |
| 5571421995 | Subsequent Boundaries | Drawn boundaries made with regard to ethnic differences (e.g. borders of India) | 40 | |
| 5571421996 | Superimposed Boundaries | A boundary made through colonization without regard to prior ethnic/cultural patterns (e.g. borders of most African countries) | 41 | |
| 5571421997 | Supranationalism | The term applied to associations created by three or more states for their mutual benefit and achievement of shared objectives | 42 | |
| 5571422001 | Allocational dispute | A dispute that erupts over resources | 43 | |
| 5571422002 | United Nations | A supranational organization formed in 1945 to promote peace, security, and international cooperation | 44 | |
| 5571422003 | Warsaw Pact | The agreement between Communist states established in 1955 that opposed NATO | 45 | |
| 5599972227 | Definitional Dispute | A disagreement over where the boundary actually lies | 46 | |
| 5600018668 | Primate City | A city that has double the population as other cities in a state | 47 | |
| 5600037569 | Balkanization | the division of states that were once warring, is not peaceful | 48 | |
| 5600043503 | The Velvet Divorce | the peaceful division of Czechoslovakia | 49 | |
| 5608000483 | Centripetal Force | Forces that hold a state together | 50 | |
| 5608000484 | Centrifugal Force | Forces that pull apart | 51 |
AP Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8371444094 | Article 1 | Right to Equality | 0 | |
| 8371444095 | Article 2 | Freedom from discrimination | 1 | |
| 8371444096 | Article 3 | Right to Life and Liberty | 2 | |
| 8371444097 | Article 4 | Freedom from slavery | 3 | |
| 8371444098 | Article 5 | Freedom from torture and a degrading treatment | 4 | |
| 8371444099 | Article 6 | Right to recognition as a person before the law | 5 | |
| 8371444100 | Article 7 | right to equality before the law | 6 | |
| 8371444101 | Article 8 | Right to remedy by contribute tribunal | 7 | |
| 8371444102 | Article 9 | freedom from arbitrary arrest and exile | 8 | |
| 8371444103 | Article 10 | Right to fair public hearings | 9 | |
| 8371444104 | Article 11 | Right to be considered innocent until proven guilty | 10 | |
| 8371444105 | Article 12 | freedom from interference with privacy, family, home and correspondence | 11 | |
| 8371444106 | Article 13 | right to free movement in and out of the country | 12 |
AP Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8496454323 | B) Custom | The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of a group of people, is... A)Habit B) Custom C)Taboo D) Popular Culture E)Character trait | 0 | |
| 8496463504 | C) from place to place at a given time | In contrast to folk culture, popular culture is more likely vary.. A) only in more developed countries B) from time to time at a given place C) from place to place at a given time D) neither from place to place nor from time to time | 1 | |
| 8496472048 | C) relocation diffusion | Folk culture are spread primarily by.. A) hierarchical diffusion B) epidemic disease C) relocation diffusion D) stimulus diffusion E) contagious diffusion | 2 | |
| 8496478835 | A) more developed countries | In recent decades popular culture have more frequently originated in.... A) more developed countries B) less developed countries C) Latin A and Africa D) formerly communist countries E) countries w/ large rural pop | 3 | |
| 8496490236 | D) tell a story about life-cycle events, work, or natural disasters | Folk songs are more likely than popular songs to.. | 4 | |
| 8496486818 | C) nodes of innovation r central to the process of hierarchical diffusion | When we analyze the patterns of popular culture in our surroundings we can surmise that.. | 5 | |
| 8496504308 | E) diffusion of pop culture | the diffusion of jeans is a good example of the ... | 6 | |
| 8496506917 | A) folk culture more than pop culture | The trend of globalization has threatened... | 7 | |
| 8496510541 | D) folk culture | The use of a horse and buggy by the Amish in the US is an example of... | 8 | |
| 8496513112 | C) when the US Armed Forces radio broadcast American music there during WW2 | American pop music diffused to Europe.. | 9 | |
| 8496524933 | F | Popular music is written for the purpose of being sold to a broad market and displays very little technical skill | 10 | |
| 8496525688 | T | The physical environment commonly plays an important role in the development of unique folk customs | 11 | |
| 8496525689 | F | The hearth of soccer is Spain | 12 | |
| 8496526079 | F | Organized spectator sports represent folk cultures sine they usually originate from anonymous hearths | 13 | |
| 8496543630 | A) material culture | Judging from the discussions of either clothing in this chapter, we could say that hoodies are an example _____________ adopted by a number of different groups segmented by age, class, ethnicity, and other factors. | 14 | |
| 8496546690 | C) rapidly diffuse through modern communication and transportation | A particular preference for new clothing style is more likely than a folk custom to.. | 15 | |
| 8496549005 | E) the sum of the effects of the local environment on a particular food item | Terroir refers to... | 16 | |
| 8496553417 | A) taboo | A restriction on behaviour imposed by social custom is a... | 17 | |
| 8496555577 | B) the people don't have a tradition of wine making | Little wine is produced in Asia primarily because... | 18 | |
| 8496559912 | E) Muslims have a taboo against eating pork | China produces a relatively large amount of pork compared to the countries in the SW Asia primarily because... | 19 | |
| 8496562313 | C) vary according to what is produced locally | American's preference for beverages and snacks... | 20 | |
| 8496567021 | C) Utah | In which state would alcohol consumption be low? | 21 | |
| 8496569020 | A) neo-electric | The most important house style int he US since the 1960s is known as | 22 | |
| 8496571835 | D) field work | Examining elements of folk and pop culture like house styles is an example of | 23 | |
| 8496574079 | B) are strongly influenced by local resources | Building materials are varied due to... | 24 | |
| 8496584521 | D) diffusion is faster | Diffusion of internet service is following the earlier pattern of TV except that A) diffusion is slower B) initial use was in less developed countries C) the US share of world use is expanding D) diffusion is mush faster E) expansion of service is faster in Africa than Asia | 25 | |
| 8496585936 | B) folk culture more than pop culture | The trend of globalization has threatened... | 26 | |
| 8496590868 | D) promote a uniform landscape | Some features of US material culture such as gas stations, markets, and motels | 27 | |
| 8496594392 | B) strong desire to preserve unique customs | People maintain folk culture despite familiarity w/ pop culture primarily because of... | 28 | |
| 8496599004 | C) gain more opportunities outside the home | As women in less developed countries have more contact to pop culture they are more likely to.... | 29 | |
| 8496602152 | B) Western perspectives may become more dominant | Many less developed countries fear the loss of folk culture because... | 30 | |
| 8496606454 | D) depletion of scarce resources and depletion | Diffusion of pop customs can adversely impact environment quality in two ways... | 31 | |
| 8496610393 | F | The highest concentration of golf courses w/in the US is in the sunbelt | 32 | |
| 8496613041 | T | The main obstacle to diffusion of pop culture is the lack of access of media | 33 | |
| 8496614789 | F | The TV industry is dominated by the US, Germany, and Russia | 34 | |
| 8496619715 | C) lang branch | A group of langs that share a common origin, evolved into individ langs is a.... | 35 | |
| 8496626074 | A) lang family | A group of langs that share a common ancestor before recorded history is... | 36 | |
| 8496629541 | D) language | On the lang tree, _________ are depicted as leaves on trees | 37 | |
| 8496631981 | Indo- European and Sino Tibetan | The largest lang families in the world is.... | 38 | |
| 8496637792 | Sino Tibetan | The lang family encompassing the langs of the People's Republic of China is.... | 39 | |
| 8496642855 | A) Bulgarian | Which is not a Romance lang A) Bulgarian B) French C) Romanian D) Italian E) Portuguese | 40 | |
| 8496645631 | Germanic | English is in what lang branch? | 41 | |
| 8496646731 | Indo-European | English is in what lang family? | 42 | |
| 8496647931 | the written form of a lang | Literary traditions is | 43 | |
| 8496650037 | A) Mandarin | Language spoken by many native speakers in the world is... | 44 | |
| 8496651155 | A) logograms | Chinese is written in the form of... | 45 | |
| 8496656392 | Vulgar Latin | Lang spoken by soldiers stationed throughout the Roman Empire... | 46 | |
| 8496658719 | C) Celtic | 4 most frequently spoken branches of Indo European include all but... A) Indo Iranian B) Germanic C) Celtic D) Balto Slavic E) Romance | 47 | |
| 8496664561 | Balto Slavic | Russian is part of what lang branch? | 48 | |
| 8496668737 | diffussion of agriculture | Colin Refrew's reserach, Indo European langs diffused across Europe | 49 | |
| 8496678995 | dialect | A form of lang in a local area is | 50 | |
| 8496690899 | T | A pidgin lang does not have any native speakers | 51 | |
| 8496691820 | F | Few Native Americans lang have face extinction | 52 |
AP Calculus BC Formulas Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5626375629 | Mean Value Theorem | If f(x) is *continuous* on interval [a,b] and *differentiable* on interval (a,b), then there is a number a < c < b such that... |  | 0 |
| 5626414210 | Derivative of sinx | cosx | 1 | |
| 5626414211 | Derivative of cosx | -sinx | 2 | |
| 5626417122 | Derivative of tanx | sec^2x | 3 | |
| 5626425388 | Derivative of cscx | -cscx * cotx | 4 | |
| 5626430523 | Derivative of secx | secx * tanx | 5 | |
| 5626434627 | Derivative of cotx | -csc^2x | 6 | |
| 5626440942 | Derivative of arcsinx |  | 7 | |
| 5626444434 | Derivative of arccosx |  | 8 | |
| 5626448033 | Derivative of arctanx |  | 9 | |
| 5626451810 | Derivative of arcsecx |  | 10 | |
| 5626453519 | Derivative of arccscx |  | 11 | |
| 5626456741 | Derivative of arccotx |  | 12 | |
| 5626465028 | Derivative of a^x | a^x * ln(a) | 13 | |
| 5626468184 | Derivative of e^x | e^x | 14 | |
| 5626472659 | Derivative of log a (x) |  | 15 | |
| 5626486717 | Derivative of lnx | 1/x | 16 | |
| 5626490596 | Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part 1 |  | 17 | |
| 5626494007 | Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part 2 |  | 18 | |
| 5626520775 | ∫ lnu du | u*ln(u) - u + C | 19 |
AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9857647499 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 9857647500 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 9857647501 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 9857647502 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 9857647503 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 9857647504 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 9857647505 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 9857647506 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 9857647507 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 9857647508 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 9857647509 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 9857647510 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 9857647511 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 9857647512 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 9857647513 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 9857647514 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 9857647515 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 9857647516 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 9857647517 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 9857647518 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 9857647519 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 9857647520 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 9857647521 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 9857647522 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 9857647523 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 9857647524 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 9857647525 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 9857647526 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 9857647527 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 9857647528 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 9857647529 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 9857647530 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 9857647531 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 9857647532 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 9857647533 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 9857647534 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 9857647535 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 9857647536 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 9857647537 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 9857647538 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 9857647539 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 9857647540 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 9857647541 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 9857647733 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 9857647542 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 9857647543 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 9857647544 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 9857647545 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 9857647546 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 9857647547 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 9857647548 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 9857647549 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 9857647550 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 9857647551 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 9857647552 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 9857647553 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 9857647554 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 9857647555 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 9857647556 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 9857647557 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 9857647558 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 9857647559 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 9857647560 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 9857647561 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 9857647562 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 9857647563 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 9857647564 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 9857647565 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 9857647566 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 9857647567 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 9857647568 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 9857647569 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 9857647570 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 9857647571 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 9857647572 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 9857647573 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 9857647574 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 9857647575 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 9857647576 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 9857647577 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 9857647578 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 9857647579 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 9857647580 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 9857647581 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 9857647582 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 9857647583 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 9857647584 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 9857647585 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 9857647586 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 9857647587 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 9857647588 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 9857647589 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 9857647590 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 9857647591 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 9857647592 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 9857647593 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 9857647594 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 9857647595 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 9857647596 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 9857647597 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 9857647598 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 9857647599 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 9857647600 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 9857647601 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 9857647602 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 9857647603 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 9857647604 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 9857647605 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 9857647606 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 9857647607 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 9857647608 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 9857647609 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 9857647610 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 9857647611 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 9857647612 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 9857647613 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 9857647614 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 9857647615 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 9857647616 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 9857647617 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 9857647618 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 9857647619 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 9857647620 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 9857647621 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 9857647622 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 9857647623 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 9857647624 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 9857647625 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 9857647626 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 9857647627 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 129 | |
| 9857647628 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 130 | |
| 9857647629 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
| 9857647630 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
| 9857647631 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
| 9857647632 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
| 9857647633 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
| 9857647634 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
| 9857647635 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
| 9857647636 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
| 9857647637 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
| 9857647638 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 140 | |
| 9857647639 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 141 | |
| 9857647640 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
| 9857647641 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
| 9857647642 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
| 9857647643 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 145 | |
| 9857647644 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 146 | |
| 9857647645 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 147 | |
| 9857647646 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
| 9857647647 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
| 9857647648 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
| 9857647649 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
| 9857647650 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
| 9857647651 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
| 9857647652 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
| 9857647653 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
| 9857647654 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
| 9857647655 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
| 9857647656 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
| 9857647657 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
| 9857647658 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 160 | |
| 9857647659 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 161 | |
| 9857647660 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
| 9857647661 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
| 9857647662 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 164 | |
| 9857647663 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
| 9857647664 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
| 9857647665 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
| 9857647666 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
| 9857647667 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
| 9857647668 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
| 9857647669 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
| 9857647670 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 172 | |
| 9857647671 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
| 9857647672 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
| 9857647673 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
| 9857647674 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
| 9857647675 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
| 9857647676 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
| 9857647677 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
| 9857647678 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 180 | |
| 9857647679 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 181 | |
| 9857647680 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 182 | |
| 9857647681 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 183 | |
| 9857647682 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 184 | |
| 9857647683 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 185 | |
| 9857647684 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 186 | |
| 9857647685 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 187 | |
| 9857647686 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 188 | |
| 9857647687 | encoding | information going in | 189 | |
| 9857647688 | storage | keeping information in | 190 | |
| 9857647689 | retrieval | taking information out | 191 | |
| 9857647690 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 192 | |
| 9857647691 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 193 | |
| 9857647692 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 194 | |
| 9857647693 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 195 | |
| 9857647694 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 196 | |
| 9857647695 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 197 | |
| 9857647696 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 198 | |
| 9857647697 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 199 | |
| 9857647698 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 200 | |
| 9857647699 | implicit memory | naturally do | 201 | |
| 9857647700 | explicit memory | need to explain | 202 | |
| 9857647701 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 203 | |
| 9857647702 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 204 | |
| 9857647703 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 205 | |
| 9857647704 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 206 | |
| 9857647705 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 207 | |
| 9857647706 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 208 | |
| 9857647707 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 209 | |
| 9857647708 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 210 | |
| 9857647709 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 211 | |
| 9857647710 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 212 | |
| 9857647711 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 213 | |
| 9857647712 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 214 | |
| 9857647713 | priming | association (setting you up) | 215 | |
| 9857647714 | context | environment helps with memory | 216 | |
| 9857647715 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 217 | |
| 9857647716 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 218 | |
| 9857647717 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 219 | |
| 9857647718 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 220 | |
| 9857647719 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 221 | |
| 9857647720 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 222 | |
| 9857647721 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 223 | |
| 9857647722 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 224 | |
| 9857647723 | prototypes | generalize | 225 | |
| 9857647724 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 226 | |
| 9857647725 | against problem-solving | fixation | 227 | |
| 9857647726 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 228 | |
| 9857647727 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 229 | |
| 9857647728 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 230 | |
| 9857647729 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 231 | |
| 9857647730 | grammar is _________ | universal | 232 | |
| 9857647731 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 233 | |
| 9857647732 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 234 |
ap Flashcards
exam
Terms : Hide Images
| 7138030075 | bulubundukin | mataas na anyong lupang magkakahanay | 0 | |
| 7138030076 | bundok | mataas na anyong lupana karaniwang pabilog ang taluktok | 1 | |
| 7138030077 | bulkan | may anyo at hugis ng bundok maaring pumutok anomang oras | 2 | |
| 7138030078 | kapatagan | malawak na patag at pantayna anyong lupa | 3 | |
| 7138030079 | burol | mataas na anyong lupa ngunit mas mababa kaysa bundok | 4 | |
| 7138030080 | talampas | patag na anyong lupa sa mataas na lugar | 5 | |
| 7138030081 | tangway | pahabaat nakausling anyong lupa na halos napapaligiran ng tubig at bahagi ng isang malaking kalupaan | 6 | |
| 7138030082 | pulo | anyong lupa napapalibutan ng tubig | 7 | |
| 7138030083 | tangos | mataas at patulis na anyong lupang nasa baybaying dagat | 8 | |
| 7138030084 | baybayin | patagna bahagi ng lupa na malapit sa tabing dagat | 9 | |
| 7138030085 | dagat | malaking anyong tubig na maalat | 10 | |
| 7138030086 | ilog | mahaba makipot at umaagos na anyong tubig na napapalibutan ng lupa | 11 | |
| 7138030087 | lawa | anyong tubigna na napapaligiran ng lupa | 12 | |
| 7138030088 | talon | anyong tubig na bumagbagsak mula sa mataas na lugar | 13 | |
| 7138030089 | look | mababaw at makitid na bahaging dagat na papasok sa baybayin | 14 | |
| 7138030090 | golpo | bahagi ng karagatan at karaniwang nasa bukana ng dagat. mas malaki sa look at may bahaging naliligid ng lupa | 15 | |
| 7138030091 | bukal | tubig na mula sa ilalim ng lupa | 16 | |
| 7138030092 | kipot | makitid na anyong tubig na matatagpuan sa pagitan ng dalawang pulo | 17 | |
| 7138030093 | tsanel | nagdurogtong sa dalawang anyong tubig | 18 |
AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9858202776 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 9858202777 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 9858202778 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 9858202779 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 9858202780 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 9858202781 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 9858202782 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 9858202783 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 9858202784 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 9858202785 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 9858202786 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 9858202787 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 9858202788 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 9858202789 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 9858202790 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 9858202791 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 9858202792 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 9858202793 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 9858202794 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 9858202795 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 9858202796 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 9858202797 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 9858202798 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 9858202799 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 9858202800 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 9858202801 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 9858202802 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 9858202803 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 9858202804 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 9858202805 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 9858202806 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 9858202807 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 9858202808 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 9858202809 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 9858202810 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 9858202811 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 9858202812 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 9858202813 | bell curve | (natural curve) | | 37 |
| 9858202814 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 9858202815 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 9858202816 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 9858202817 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 9858202818 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 9858203010 | neuron | | 43 | |
| 9858202819 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 9858202820 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 9858202821 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 9858202822 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 9858202823 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 9858202824 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 9858202825 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 9858202826 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 9858202827 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 9858202828 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 9858202829 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 9858202830 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 9858202831 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 9858202832 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 9858202833 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 9858202834 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 9858202835 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 9858202836 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 9858202837 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 9858202838 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 9858202839 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 9858202840 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 9858202841 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 9858202842 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 9858202843 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 9858202844 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 9858202845 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 9858202846 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 9858202847 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 9858202848 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 9858202849 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 9858202850 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 9858202851 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 9858202852 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 9858202853 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 9858202854 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 9858202855 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 9858202856 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 9858202857 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 9858202858 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 9858202859 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 9858202860 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 9858202861 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 9858202862 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 9858202863 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 9858202864 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 9858202865 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 9858202866 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 9858202867 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 9858202868 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 9858202869 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 9858202870 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 9858202871 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 9858202872 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 9858202873 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 9858202874 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 9858202875 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 9858202876 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 9858202877 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 9858202878 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 9858202879 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 9858202880 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 9858202881 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 9858202882 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 9858202883 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 9858202884 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 9858202885 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 9858202886 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 9858202887 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 9858202888 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 9858202889 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 9858202890 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 9858202891 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 9858202892 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 9858202893 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 9858202894 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 9858202895 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 9858202896 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 9858202897 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 9858202898 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 9858202899 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 9858202900 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 9858202901 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 9858202902 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 9858202903 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 9858202904 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 129 | |
| 9858202905 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 130 | |
| 9858202906 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
| 9858202907 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
| 9858202908 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
| 9858202909 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
| 9858202910 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
| 9858202911 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
| 9858202912 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
| 9858202913 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
| 9858202914 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
| 9858202915 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 140 | |
| 9858202916 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 141 | |
| 9858202917 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
| 9858202918 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
| 9858202919 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
| 9858202920 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 145 | |
| 9858202921 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 146 | |
| 9858202922 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 147 | |
| 9858202923 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
| 9858202924 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
| 9858202925 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
| 9858202926 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
| 9858202927 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
| 9858202928 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
| 9858202929 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
| 9858202930 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
| 9858202931 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
| 9858202932 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
| 9858202933 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
| 9858202934 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
| 9858202935 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 160 | |
| 9858202936 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 161 | |
| 9858202937 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
| 9858202938 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
| 9858202939 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 164 | |
| 9858202940 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
| 9858202941 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
| 9858202942 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
| 9858202943 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
| 9858202944 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
| 9858202945 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
| 9858202946 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
| 9858202947 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 172 | |
| 9858202948 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
| 9858202949 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
| 9858202950 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
| 9858202951 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
| 9858202952 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
| 9858202953 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
| 9858202954 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
| 9858202955 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 180 | |
| 9858202956 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 181 | |
| 9858202957 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 182 | |
| 9858202958 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 183 | |
| 9858202959 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 184 | |
| 9858202960 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 185 | |
| 9858202961 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 186 | |
| 9858202962 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 187 | |
| 9858202963 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 188 | |
| 9858202964 | encoding | information going in | 189 | |
| 9858202965 | storage | keeping information in | 190 | |
| 9858202966 | retrieval | taking information out | 191 | |
| 9858202967 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 192 | |
| 9858202968 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 193 | |
| 9858202969 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 194 | |
| 9858202970 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 195 | |
| 9858202971 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 196 | |
| 9858202972 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 197 | |
| 9858202973 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 198 | |
| 9858202974 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 199 | |
| 9858202975 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 200 | |
| 9858202976 | implicit memory | naturally do | 201 | |
| 9858202977 | explicit memory | need to explain | 202 | |
| 9858202978 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 203 | |
| 9858202979 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 204 | |
| 9858202980 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 205 | |
| 9858202981 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 206 | |
| 9858202982 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 207 | |
| 9858202983 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 208 | |
| 9858202984 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 209 | |
| 9858202985 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 210 | |
| 9858202986 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 211 | |
| 9858202987 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 212 | |
| 9858202988 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 213 | |
| 9858202989 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 214 | |
| 9858202990 | priming | association (setting you up) | 215 | |
| 9858202991 | context | environment helps with memory | 216 | |
| 9858202992 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 217 | |
| 9858202993 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 218 | |
| 9858202994 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 219 | |
| 9858202995 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 220 | |
| 9858202996 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 221 | |
| 9858202997 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 222 | |
| 9858202998 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 223 | |
| 9858202999 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 224 | |
| 9858203000 | prototypes | generalize | 225 | |
| 9858203001 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 226 | |
| 9858203002 | against problem-solving | fixation | 227 | |
| 9858203003 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 228 | |
| 9858203004 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 229 | |
| 9858203005 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 230 | |
| 9858203006 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 231 | |
| 9858203007 | grammar is _________ | universal | 232 | |
| 9858203008 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 233 | |
| 9858203009 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 234 |
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