| CourseNotes

AP Government - Interest Groups Flashcards

7999541686	Interest groups	- group of people that share policy goals and engage in politics - protected by 1st amendment right to organize - do NOT run their own candidates	0
7999552030	Theories of interest group politics (pluralism, elitism, hyperpluralism)	Pluralism - interest groups are beneficial, exert positive influence on policymakers and reflect citizens' opinions Elitism - interest groups are insignificant, the only groups that matter are the powerful and wealthy, corporations have too much power Hyperpluralism - interest groups contribute to gridlock, candidates try to please everybody end up making contradictory policy	1
7999576077	Iron Triangle	all parts of the triangle protect their own interests (Congress, Interest Groups, Bureaucracy)	2
7999745372	Lobbying	- Hope to influence government - Lobbyists can be paid by a group or hired on a temporary basis - Lobbying Disclosure Act requires organizations to report on lobbyists and salaries - help provide strategies for policy and campaigns, provide ideas, advance their goals	3
7999759079	Electioneering	Financially assisting candidates (not individual donations) - $305 million from PACs in 2008 - overwhelmingly support incumbents	4
7999783389	Litigation	- when interest groups fail, COURTS are an avenue for change - Civil Rights Era: Brown v. Board of Education - amicus curiae briefs: allows groups to file to the supreme court to give their opinion on a case Class Action Law Suits: combine people in similar situations to achieve an effect	5
7999820880	Types of Interest groups	Business: wants to advance profit and gain support of their interest Environment: want to reduce pollution and end climate change (off-shore drilling issue) Equality: Civil rights, argue before courts (NAACP!), advocate equality (NOW, Equal Rights Amendment) Public Interest: seek collective good (Ralph Nader exposing unsafe vehicles)	6
9024956517	Citizens United decision	Overturned limits of McCain-Feingold Act - ruled that corporations are people who have the right to contribute to candidates / political parties - led to the proliferation of SuperPACs	7
9024975406	McCain-Feingold Act	- regulates soft money by prohibiting national party committees from raising unlimited funds - placed limits on contributions by interest groups - SuperPACs found loopholes	8

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World Unit 6 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6651871110	Triple Alliance	Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.	0
6651871121	Central Powers	An alliance during World War I that originally consisted of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Other nations, including Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire, joined later.	1
6651873149	Schlieffen Plan	Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.	2
6651873150	isolationism	A policy of avoiding political or military involvement with other countries	3
6651875206	Fourteen Points	The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.	4
6651875207	League of nations	A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.	5
6651876621	Red Army	Bolshevik army. Army led by Trotsky and Lenin which was victorious in the Russian civil war	6
6651876622	New Economic Policy	Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private business and farming using markets instead of communist state ownership. Joseph Stalin ended this in 1928 and replaced it with greater state ownership, collectivization, and a series of Five-Year Plans.	7
6651876623	Five Year Plans	Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state.	8
6651878191	collectivization	The process seen in the Soviet Union and Communist China to form communal work units for agriculture and manufacturing--from private hands to large, collective, government operations.	9
6651878192	Great Depression	(1929-1939) The dramatic decline in the world's economy due to the United State's stock market crash of 1929, the overproduction of goods from World War I, and decline in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations. Results in millions of people losing their jobs as banks and businesses closed around the world. Many people were reduced to homelessness, and had to rely on government sponsored soup kitchens to eat. World trade also declined as many countries imposed protective tariffs in an attempt to restore their economies.	10
6651878193	fascism	A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule.	11
6651879882	totalitarianism	A political system in which the government has total control over the lives of individual citizens.	12
6651879883	Reichstag	Seated Germany's lower house of Parlimrent, it burned in 1933 and Hitler blamed it on the communist, this event led to Hitler becoming the absolute dictator in Germany.	13
6651879884	nationalism	A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country	14
6651881334	appeasement	A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.	15
6651881335	Manhattan Project	A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.	16
6651881336	Holocaust	A mass slaughter of Jews and other civilians, carried out by the Nazi government of Germany before and during World War II.	17
6651882322	genocide	Deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder.	18
6651882323	Marshall Plan	A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)	19
6651882324	Cold War	(1945-1991) The period after the Second World War marked by rivalry and tension between the two nuclear superpowers, the United States and the communist government of the Soviet Union. The Cold War ended when the Soviet government collapsed in 1991.	20
6651883491	Truman Doctrine	Established U.S. Cold War Foreign policy; U.S. will aid any nation fighting communism. Truman meant Europe ---> applied worldwide	21
6651883492	spheres of influence	areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly	22
6651884562	Soviet bloc	The Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries that installed Communist regimes after World War II and were dominated by the Soviet Union.	23
6651884563	Western bloc	The name for Western Europe, the parts of Europe not controlled by the Soviets.	24
6651884564	NATO	Alliance of the allied powers against the Soviets	25
6651884565	Warsaw Pact	An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO	26
6651886210	Iron Curtain	(HT) , Term used by Churchill in 1946 to describe the growing East-West divide in postwar Europe between communist and democratic nations	27
6651886224	glasnost	Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.	28
6651888787	perestroika	A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to revitalize the Soviet economy by opening it up to more free enterprise	29
6651888788	apartheid	A system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994, under which the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was maintained.	30
6651888789	pogroms	an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.	31
6651888790	OPEC	An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.	32
6651891385	Archduke Franz Ferdinand	Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.	33
6651891386	Gavrilo Princip	Assassinated Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie.	34
6651892780	Treaty of Versailles 1919	Treaty that ended World War I; it was much harder on Germany than Wilson wanted but not as punitive as France and England desired. It was harsh enough, however, to set stage for Hitler's rise of power in Germany in 1930s.	35
6651892781	Russian Revolution	Massive revolutionary upheaval in 1917 that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in Russia and ended with the seizure of power by communists under the leadership of Lenin	36
6651894474	Czar Nicholas	(1868-1918) Czar of Russia (1894-1917). He was overthrown during the Russian Revolution of 1917. Later, he and his family were killed by the revolution's leadership.	37
6651894475	Bolsheviks	A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.	38
6651894476	Vladimir Lenin	Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).	39
6651896253	Treaty of Brest-Litovsk	A signed agreement between Russia and the Central Powers when Russia withdrew from the War. Russia surrendered Poland, the Ukraine and other territory.	40
6651896254	Leon Trotsky	Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin	41
6651898409	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	Turkish nationalist leader who became the first president of modern Turkey in the 1920's and set about to modernize and Westernize Turkey, including making it more secular	42
6651898410	Joseph Stalin	Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communist Party after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush all opposition.	43
6651899825	Franklin Delano Roosevelt	the 32nd president of the United States. He was president from 1933 until his death in 1945 during both the Great Depression and World War II. He is the only president to have been elected 4 times, a feat no longer permissible due to the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution.	44
6651899826	Benito Mussolini	(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.	45
6651901416	Weimar Republic	German democratic state created after Imperial Germany's defeat in the war. Little experience in democracy, so they had serious financial problems, lots of inflation. The Depression in Germany made the population fear the rise of extremist parties	46
6651901417	NAZI party	the political party founded in Germany in 1919 and brought to power by Hitler in 1933	47
6651901418	Adolf Hitler	Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocaust.	48
6651903466	Third Reich	The Third Republic of Germany which began Hitler's rule in 1933 and ended with his defeat in 1945	49
6651903467	Rhineland	A region in Germany designated a demilitarized zone by the Treaty of Versailles; Hitler violated the treaty and sent German troops there in 1936	50
6651903468	Munich Conference	1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.	51
6651921821	Neville Chamberlain	Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement	52
6651921822	Nazi-Soviet Pact	A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other	53
6651923226	Winston Churchill	A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.	54
6651923227	Battle of Britain	An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.	55
6651923228	Dresden	German city ferociously firebombed by the Allies from February 13 to 15, 1945 British bombing of Germany that was considered especially savage and destructive	56
6651925090	Pearl Harbor	7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.	57
6651925091	D-Day	Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944	58
6651925092	Harry Truman	33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war.	59
6651926414	Hiroshima and Nagasaki	Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.	60
6651926415	Berlin blockade	April 1, 1948 - Russia under Stalin blockaded Berlin completely in the hopes that the West would give the entire city to the Soviets to administer.	61
6651927873	Berlin airlift	Airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin	62
6651927874	Yalta and Potsdam conference	2 post WW2 meetings where the division of Germany, creation of the UN and trials for war criminals were discussed	63
6651936523	Chiang Kai-shek	General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.	64
6651936524	Mao Zedong	1893-1976. Chinese military and political leader who led the Communist Party of China to victory against the Kuomintang in the Chinese Civil War. Programs led to large unnecessary loss of life and damage to the culture, society, economy, and foreign relations.	65
6651936525	People's Republic of China	Current name of China Communist government of mainland China; proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang.	66
6651938910	Cultural Revolution	Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.	67
6651940676	Tiananmen Square Massacre	A political and social protest by university students in Beijing, China in 1989. The protest called for political and social reforms and resulted in the government using the military to end it, which caused hundreds of deaths, thousands of injured, and many more imprisoned.	68
6651940677	Ho Chi Minh	(1890-1969) Vietnamese leader who is responsible for ousting first the French, then the United States from his country. Supported by both communist China and the Soviet Union, he guided Vietnam through decades long warfare to emerge as a communist nation.	69
6651940678	Fidel Castro	Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)	70
6651942348	Cuban Revolution	(1958) A political revolution that removed the United States supported Fugencio Batista from power. The revolution was led by Fidel Castro who became the new leader of Cuba as a communist dictator.	71
6651942349	Bay of Pigs invasion	failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.	72
6651942350	Cuban missile crisis	1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba	73
6651945319	Mikhail Gorbachev	Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.	74
6651945320	Boris Yeltsin	Was the first President of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999. The Yeltsin era was a traumatic period in Russian history—a period marked by widespread corruption, economic collapse, and enormous political and social problems.	75
6651945321	Muslim League	an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations	76
6651945322	Gandhi	Indian nationalist and spiritual leader who developed the practice of nonviolent disobedience that forced Great Britain to grant independence to India (1947). He was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic.	77
6651947172	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights	78
6651947173	Gamal Nasser	Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against the Zionist state, remained a symbol of independence and pride, returned to socialism, and nationalized banks and businesses	79
6651947174	Tutsi and Hutu	two rival tribes in Rwada, driven apart by radical tribalism	80
6651948315	Nelson Mandela	ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994.	81
6651948316	Sharpeville massacre	March 21, 1960 in Sharpeville, by Johannesburg. PAC led campaign of blacks to surrender themselves for arrest and led to small clashes and then the police firing, killing and wounding many.	82
6651948317	zionists	people who favored a Jewish national homeland in Palestine	83
6651949907	Arab-Israeli War	Was a six day war in the 1960s that occurred with border incidents between Israel, Syria, and Jordan. Israel captured Jordan's West Bank, Jerusalem, Gaza Strip and Egyptian owned Sinai Peninsula.	84
6651949908	Palestine Liberation Organization	A political group that claims to represent all Palestinians and to be working toward gaining an independent Palestinian nation.	85
6651951858	Yassir Arafat	Palestinian leader who, through negotiation with Israel, won recognition for the Palestinian State; founder of the PLO/Fatah/Palestinian Authority	86
6651951859	Ariel Sharon	Israeli politician and general who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Israel. Sharon was a commander in the Israeli Army from its creation in 1948	87
6651951860	Iranian Revolution	(1978-1979) a revolution against the shah of Iran led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which resulted in Iran becoming an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its leader	88
6651953787	Ayatollah Khomeini	(1900?-1989) Islamic religious leader who led a fundamentalist revolution in Iran in 1979. Ruled until 1989.	89
6651953788	Iran-Iraq War	the war began when Iraq invaded Iran on September 22 1980 following a long history of border disputes and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq's long suppressed Shia majority influenced by Iran's Islamic revolution.	90
6651954973	Persian Gulf War	(1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious.	91
6651954974	Saddam Hussein	President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003.	92
6651954975	NAFTA	A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.	93

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psych Unit 5 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

8008351860	circadian rhythm	the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle	0
8008353089	REM sleep	rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active; helps strengthen neural connections that build enduring memories	1
8008356348	alpha waves	the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state	2
8008357341	sleep	periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation	3
8008360458	teens and young adults	performance improves throughout the day; evening-energized	4
8008361920	older adults	performance declines throughout the day; morning-lovers	5
8008363252	hallucinations	false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus	6
8008364738	delta waves	the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep	7
8008365872	NREM sleep	non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep	8
8008367041	sleep spindles	bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity	9
8008368814	paradoxical sleep	the body is internally aroused, with waking-like brain activity, yet asleep and externally calm	10
8008370856	suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)	a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm; cause the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying out feelings of sleepiness in response to light	11
8008374695	sleep's functions	protects helps us recuperate helps restore and rebuild our fading memories of the day's experiences feeds creative thinking supports growth	12
8008380302	Sleep loss' affect on brain	diminishes attentional focus and memory consolidates. amd increases risk of depression	13
8008381757	Sleep loss' affect on immune system	suppresses immune cell production and increases risk of viral infections, such as colds	14
8008382839	Sleep loss' affect on fat cells	increases production and greater risk of obesity	15
8008383659	Sleep loss' affect on joints	increases inflammation and arthritis	16
8008384260	Sleep loss' affect on heart	increases risk of high blood pressure	17
8008384917	Sleep loss' affect on stomach	increases hunger-arousing ghrelin and decreases hunger-suppressing leptin	18
8008386070	Sleep loss' affect on muscles	reduces strength and slows reaction time and motor learning	19
8008387762	insomnia	recurring problems in falling or staying asleep	20
8008389183	narcolepsy	a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times	21
8008391583	sleep apnea	a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings	22
8008393411	night terrors	a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, occur during NREM-3 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered	23
8008397798	dream	a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons's mind; notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it	24
8008401767	manifest content	according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream	25
8008402298	latent content	according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream	26
8008403117	REM rebound	the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)	27
8008410072	NREM-1 sleep	irregular brain waves often with the sensation of falling or floating	28
8008411868	NREM-2 sleep	sleep where we spend most of the time; lasts about 20 minutes with its characteristic sleep spindles; helps strengthen neural connections that build enduring memories	29
8008413283	NREM-3 sleep	lasts about 30 minutes with large, slow delta waves	30
8041323700	consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment	31
8041330716	William James	called brain's dual processing a continuous "stream of consciousness" with each moment flowing into the next	32
8041340985	hypnosis	a social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person's (the hypnotist's) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur	33
8041353226	hypnotic induction	the process of entering the hypnotic state Eyelids become heavy, muscles and breathing become relax	34
8041364769	postural sway	the feeling of physically swaying back and forth once being told you are swaying, even if you are standing straight upright	35
8041376529	hypnotherapists	try to help patients harness their own healing powers	36
8041381764	posthypnotic suggestions	a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors	37
8041479730	social influence theory of hypnosis	believes hypnotic phenomena reflects such workings of normal consciousness, including spotlight and interpretations, as well as power of social influence	38
8041497931	dissociation	a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others	39
8041508272	Stroop effect	saying colors of letters become slowed if the word (red) is written in a different color (green)	40
8041530121	Biological influences of hypnosis	distinctive brain activity unconscious information processing	41
8041534770	Psychological influences of hypnosis	focused attention expectations heightened suggestibility dissociation between normal sensations and conscious awareness	42
8041543932	Social-cultural influences of hypnosis	presence of an authoritative person in legitimate context (Milgram experiment) role playing "good subject"	43
8055098209	substance use disorder	continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk	44
8055101805	psychoactive drug	a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods	45
8055105582	tolerance	the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect	46
8055115756	neuroadaption	the brain chemistry's adaption to offset a drug's effect	47
8055119309	addiction	compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (such as gambling) despite known adverse consequences	48
8055126040	withdrawl	the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior	49
8055136339	depressants	drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions	50
8055142775	disinhibitor	stimulants that slow brain activity that controls judgment and inhibitions	51
8055153395	alcohol as an equal-opportunity drug	increases (inhibits) helpful tendencies (leave large tip at a restaurant) and increases harmful tendencies (sexual aggression)	52
8055169006	effects of alcohol	slowed neural processing memory disruption reduced self-awareness and self-control expectancy effects	53
8055176373	alcohol use disorder	(popularly known as alcoholism); Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use	54
8055189230	barbiturates	(or tranquilizers) drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment	55
8055197787	opiates	opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety prolonged use causes the brain to stop producing enorphins	56
8055215680	stimulants	drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions pupils dilate, heart and breathing rates increase, blood sugar levels rise (cause drop in appetite)	57
8055236803	amphetamines	drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes	58
8055242473	nicotine	a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco	59
8055252977	cocaine	a powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria; may trigger aggression	60
8055262337	methamphetamine	a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels effects include irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures, social isolation, depression, violent outbursts	61
8055290488	ecstasy (MDMA)	a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition	62
8055304267	hallucinogens	psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input	63
8055313151	LSD	a powerful hallucinogenic drugs; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide) emotions vary from euphoria (intense excitement and happiness) to detachment to panic	64
8055330850	near-death experience	an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as by cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations	65
8055340571	THC	the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations	66
8055348803	medical marijuana	legal marijuana granted to relieve the pain and nausea associated with diseases such as AIDS, glaucoma, and cancer	67

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Chinese: public sign Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

8825278892	请勿	please don't	0
8825278893	关闭	shut down	1
8825278894	止步	no enter	2
8825278895	严禁	not allowed	3
8825278896	若无	if not/don't	4
8825278897	如有	if have	5
8825278898	珍惜	to treasure	6
8825278899	浪费	to waste	7
8825278900	节约	to save	8
8825278901	请将...放置...	please put (something) to (somewhere)	9
8825278902	温馨提示	warm reminder	10
8825278903	爱护公物	treasure the public property	11
8825278904	脚下留青（情）	don't step on the grass	12
8825278905	来也匆匆，去也冲冲	flush the toilet	13
8825278906	随手关灯	shut the lights	14
8825278907	保持清洁	keep it clean	15
8825278908	远离浪费	stay away from profligacy	16
8825278909	果皮纸屑	rubbish	17
8825278910	乱丢	littering	18

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP VOCAB Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5474354914	Atmosphere	The pervading tone or mood of a place, situation, or work of art	0
5474354915	Connotation	An idea of feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meanings	1
5474354916	Denotation	The literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests	2
5474354917	Dialogue	Conversation between 2 or more people	3
5474354918	Epigram	A pithy saying or remark expressing an idea in a clever and amusing way	4
5474354919	Irony	The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite	5
5474354920	Situational Irony	When the opposite of what is expected happens	6
5474354921	Verbal Irony	Sarcasm	7
5474354922	Dramatic Irony	When the audience knows something the characters don't	8
5474354923	Sarcasm	The use of Irony to mock or convey contempt	9
5474354924	Mood	Temporary star of mind or being	10
5474354925	Narrative Voice	A related topic to think about especially important in 3rd person voice	11
5474354926	Stream of Consciousness	A person's thoughts and conscious reactions to events, perceived as a conscious flow	12
5474354927	Point of View	A particular attitude or way of considering a matter	13
5474614154	1st Person POV	The story is narrated by one character at a time	14
5474614155	Objective POV	When the writer tells what happens without stating more than can be inferred from the story's action and dialogue	15
5474614156	Omniscient POV	A method of story telling in which the narrator tells the thoughts and feelings of all the characters	16
5474614157	Limited POV	The narrator knows only the feelings and thoughts of one character	17
5474614158	3rd Person POV	When the narrator relates all action in pronouns like "he/she"	18
5474614159	Unlimited POV	When the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all characters in the story	19
5474614160	Flashback	A scene in a movie, novel, etc. set in time earlier than the main story	20
5474614161	Subplot	A subordinate plot in a story, novel or similar work	21
5474614162	Analogy	A comparison between 2 things typically on the basis of their structure and for the purpose of explanation certification	22
5474614163	Antithesis	A person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone else	23
5474614164	Anticlimax	A disappointing end to an exciting story	24
5474614165	Aphorism	A pithy observation that contains a general truth such as "If it ain't broken, don't fix it"	25
5474614166	Asides	A remark or passage by a character in a play that is intended to be heard by only the audience	26
5474614167	Cliché	A phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought	27
5474614168	Colloquialism	A word or phrase that is not formal or literary, typically used in ordinary conversation	28
5474614169	Discourse	Written or spoken communication or debate	29
5474614170	Discursiveness	Digressing from subject to subject	30
5474614171	Enumeration	A complete, ordered listing of all items in a collectionn	31
5474614172	Epigram	A pithy saying or remark expressing an idea in a clever and amusing way	32
5474614173	Neologism	A newly coined word or expression	33
5474614174	Paradox	A statement or proposition that leads to a conclusion that seems senseless or self-contradictory	34
5474614175	Parallelism	Use of verbal constructions in poetry or prose that corresponds in grammatical structure, sound, meaning, etc.	35
5474614176	Pathetic Fallacy	The attribution of human feelings and responses intimate things or animals	36
5474614177	Proverb	A short pithy saying in general use, stating a general truth or piece of advice	37
5474614178	Pun	A play on words	38
5474614179	Repition	Action of repeating something that has already been saifn	39
5474614180	Rhetorical Question	Asks a question that may not have an answer	40
5474614181	Stream of Consciousness	A person's thoughts and conscious reactions to events	41
5474614182	Syllepsis	A figure of speech in which a word is applied to 2 others in different senses or 2 others when it only suits one grammatically	42
5474614183	Act	A main division in a play, ballet, or operas	43
5474614184	Antagonist	A person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something	44
5474614185	Catastrophe	An event causing great and often sudden damage or suffering a disaster	45
5474614186	Catharsis	An emotional release	46
5474614187	Character	Personality in a story	47
5474614188	Dynamic Character	Changing character	48
5474614189	Flat Character	Only one or two character traits	49
5474614190	Round Character	Very well developed character	50
5474614191	Static Character	Unchanging character	51
5474614192	Stock Character	Stereotypical character	52
5474614193	Climax	The turning point	53
5474614194	Comic Relief	Moment that allows the audience to relax and reprieve	54
5474614195	Denouement	The resolution	55
5474614196	Epilogue	What occurs after the ending of a play, novel, etc.	56
5474614197	Exposition	What is introduced to a character, setting or backstory, etc.	57
5474614198	Falling Action	The events following the climax that lead to the denouement	58
5474614199	Hero	Character who exemplifies qualities that all strive to have	59
5474614200	Monologue	Long speech given by one person for others to hear	60
5474614201	Prologue	Backstory	61
5474614202	Rising Action	Events leading to the climax	62
5474614203	Scene	Division within an act (related to location)	63
5474614204	Soliloquy	Long speech to oneself	64
5474614205	Tragedy	A story in which the main character brings about their own downfall through flaw or lack of awareness	65
5474614206	Comedy	Outcome usually positive, humor used and more lighthearted	66
5474614207	Crisis	A time of intense difficulty, trouble, or danger	67
5474614208	Deus Ex Machina	When something miraculous happens to get the plot going	68
5474614209	Farce	A comic dramatic work using buffoonery and horseplay, typically including crude characterization and improbable possibilites	69
5474614210	Foil	A person that contrasts with and emphasizes the qualities of another	70
5474614211	Hamartia	A fetal flaw leading to the downfall of a tragic hero or heroine	71
5474614212	Hubris	Excessive pride or self confidence	72
5474614213	Tragic Flaw	Less technical word for hamartia	73
5474614214	Villian	One with evil intent or does evil for selfish reasons	74
5474614215	Blank verse	Verse of unrhymed lines	75
5474614216	Cacophony	Harsh or discordant word sounds	76
5474614217	Cadence	Balanced rhythmic flow	77
5474614218	Censura	Pattern of unstressed then stressed syllables	78
5474614219	Conceit	Conventional, logical complex metaphore	79
5474614220	Dirge	A brief hymn or song of lamentation or grief	80
5474614221	Dissonance	Intentional description of harmonic sounds or rhythms	81
5474614222	Dramatic Monologue	Speaker talks to themselves and reveals important information	82
5474614223	Epic	Long narrative poem, elevated in style and recounting the deeds of a hero	83
5524749031	Free Verse	No particular rhyme or meter	84
5524749032	Imagery	Visually descriptive or figurative language	85
5524749033	In Medias Ras	Picking up a situation in the middle of the story	86
5524749034	Persona	Character assumed by the author	87
5524749035	English Sonnet	14 line poem with 3 quatrains and a couplet	88
5524749036	Italian Sonnet	14 line poem with an octave and a sestet	89
5524749037	Allusion	An expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly	90
5524749038	Apostrophe	An exclamatory passage in a speech or poem addressed to a person (typically dead or absent) or thing (that is personified)	91
5524749039	Euphamism	A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh	92
5524749040	Hyperbole	Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally	93
5524749041	Litotes	Ironic understatement when an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary	94
5524749042	Métaphore	A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it's not literally applicable	95
5524749043	Onomatopoeia	The information of a word from a sound associated with what is named	96
5524749044	Oxymoron	When apparent contradictory terms appear in conjunction	97
5524749045	Personification	Giving human characteristics to inanimate objects	98
5524749046	Similar	Comparison of one with with another that's is different of its kind	99
5524749047	Symbol	Represents or stands for something else, especially a material object to represent something abstract	100
5524749048	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the vice versa	101
5524749049	Understatement	Presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important	102
5524749050	Dialect	Conversation or speech	103
5524749051	Invective	Insulting, abusive, or highly critical language	104
5524749052	Inversion	Action of inverting something	105
5524749053	Satire	Use of humor, Irony, exaggeration or ridicule to expose and criticize stupidity	106
5524749054	Slang	Language that consists of words and phrases that are regarded as informal	107
5524749055	Anecdote	A short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person	108
5524749056	Motivation	The reason behind a character's specific behavior	109
5524749057	Theme	A main idea or underlying meaning	110
5524749058	Allegory	A story, poem or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning	111
5524749059	Diary	A record with discrete entries arranged by date reporting what happens	112
5524749060	Fable	A short story, typically with animals as characters, conceding a moral	113
5524749061	Genre	Category of artistic composition characterized by similarities	114
5524749062	Novel	A factitious prose narrative of book length, representing a character and action of some degrees of realism	115
5524749063	Novella	A short novel or long short story	116
5524749064	Parable	A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson	117
5524749065	Prose	Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without material structure	118
5524749066	Verse	Writing arranged with a metrical rhythm, typically with a rhyme	119
5524749067	Sestet	The last 6 lines of a Sonnet	120
5524749068	Stanza	A group of lines forming he basic reoccurring metrical unit	121
5524749069	Stress	The emphasis that falls on a certain syllable	122
5524749070	Trochee	A foot consisting of one long or stressed syllable followed by a short or unstressed syllable	123
5524749071	Volta	The turn of thought	124
5524749072	Balanced Sentence	Made of 2 parts that are equal in length, importance and grammatical structure	125
5524749073	Coherence	The quality of being logical and consistent	126
5524749074	Simple	Easily understood and done with plain or basic form	127
5524749075	Compound Sentence	A sentence with more than one subject or predicate	128
5524749076	Complex Sentence	A sentence containing a subordinate clause	129
5524749077	Compound-Complex	A sentence having 2 or more coordinate independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses	130
5524749078	Ellipsis	The emission from speech or words that are able to be understood from contextual clues	131
5524749079	Inverted Sentence	A sentence in abnormal subject first language in which the predicate comes before the subject	132
5524749080	Loose Sentence	The main idea is elaborated by the successive addition or modifying clauses	133
5524749081	Alliteration	Repetition of the initial consonant	134
5524749082	Assonance	Religion of vowels in nearby words	135
5524749083	Consonance	Repetition of consonant sounds 2 or more times in short succession with a different vowel in between	136
5524749084	Controlling Image	Main image the writer wants the reader to perceive	137
5524749085	Couplet	Pair of rhyming lines	138
5524749086	Elegy	Formal lament in verse for the death of a person, usually ending in a consolation	139
5524749087	End-stopped Line	Thought ends at the end of a line	140
5524749088	Enjambement	Clause or syntactic unit carrying over from one line to the next	141
5524749089	Euphony	Language that is smooth, pleasant and musical	142
5524749090	Foot	Smallest repeated patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables	143
5524749091	Iamb	Pattern of unstressed followed by stressed syllables	144
5524749092	Lyric	Poem that represents musical sounds and pattern	145
5524749093	Measure	A plan of course of action taken to achieve a particular purpose	146
5524749094	Meter	Rhythmic pattern of verse	147
5524749095	Octave	8 line stanza	148
5524749096	Ode	Serious in subject, elevated in style and elaborate in stanzaic structure	149
5524749097	Pentameter	Contains 5 feet per line	150
5524749098	Quatrain	Stanza of 4 lines in a verse	151
5524749099	Refrain	Repetition of the same line after different stanzas	152
5524749100	Repetition	The action of repeating something that has already been said	153
5524749101	Rhyme	Correspondance of sound between words or the ending of words	154
5524749102	End Rhyme	When a poem has lines ending with words that sound the same	155
5524749103	External Rhyme	A pattern of words that rhyme in the last word of each line in a stanza	156
5524749104	Feminine Rhyme	A rhyme between stressed syllables followed by one or more stressed syllables	157
5524749105	Internal Rhyme	A rhyme involving a word in the middle of a line and another at the end of a line or in the middle of the next	158
5524749106	Masculine Rhyme	A rhyme of final stressed syllables	159
5524749107	Scansion	Analysis of verse to show its meter	160
5524749108	Anecdotal	Info based on a personal story	161
5524749109	Interlude	Brief break in time	162
5524749110	Pervasive	Spread throughout; often with negative connotation	163
5524749111	Didactic	To teach something	164
5528154970	Corpulent	(Of a person) fat, large in size	165
5528154971	Errant	Wandering, straying, misbehaving	166
5528154972	Innocuous	Not harmful or offensive	167
5528154973	Pernicious	Having a harmful effect, especially in gradual or subtle way	168
5528154974	Ubiquitous	Present, appearing, or found everywhere	169
5528154975	Clandestine	Kept secret or done secretly, especially because illicit	170
5528154976	Nostalgia	A sentimental longing or wistful affection for the past, typically associated with happiness	171
5528154977	Edification	The correction or improvement of a person morally or intellectually	172
5528154978	Atavistic	Relating to or characterized by reversion to something ancient	173
5528154979	Garrulous	Excessively talkative, especially on trivial matters	174
5528154980	Affability	Distinguishing warmth and friendliness	175
5528154981	Deference	Humble submission and respect, look to for guidance or decision	176
5528154982	Rustic	Relating to, or living in the country	177
5528154983	Abject	Extremely bad, unpleasant and degrading; completely without pride or dignity	178
5528154984	Indolence	Avoidance of activity or extension; laziness	179
5528154985	Ingratiate	Bring oneself into favor with someone by flattering or trying to please them	180
5528154986	Benevolence	Desire to do good to others; goodwill	181
5528154987	Pomposity	Over the top; arrogant	182
5528154988	Pragmatism	Dark realism, logical way of making choices	183
5528154989	Bellicose	Demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight, warlike	184
5528154990	Subservient	Prepared to obey others unquestioningly to a problematic degree	185
5528154991	Pious	Devoutly religious; making a hypocritical display of virtue	186
5528154992	Rhetoric	The art of being affective or persuasive speaking or writing especially the use of figures of speech etc	187
5528154993	Libertine	A person, especially a man, who behaves without moral principals or a sense of responsibility, especially in sexual matters	188
5528154994	Aesthetic	Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty	189
5528154995	Haughty	Arrogantly superior and disdainful	190
5528154996	Admonition	Scolding, authoritative, counsel or warming	191
5528154997	Disconsolation	Hopeless, unhappy	192
5528154998	Salient	Most noticeable	193
5528154999	Omnipresent	Always present	194
5528155000	Somnolence	Of or relating to sleep	195

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Spanish Flashcards

Quiero que hagas las actividad de "learn" para ganar 5/5

Terms : Hide Images

9832225970	aceptar	to accept	0
9832225971	permitir	to allow, starts with 'p'	1
9832225972	preguntar	to ask	2
9832226129	dejar	to allow, starts with 'd'	3
9832225973	creer	to believe	4
9832225974	prestar	to borrow	5
9832225975	romper	to break	6
9832225976	traer	to bring	7
9832225977	comprar	to buy	8
9832225978	poder	can/to be able	9
9832225979	cancelar	to cancel	10
9832225980	cambiar	to change	11
9832225981	limpiar	to clean	12
9832225982	peinar	to comb	13
9832225983	quejarse	to complain	14
9832225984	toser	to cough	15
9832225985	contar	to count	16
9832225986	cortar	to cut	17
9832225987	bailar	to dance	18
9832225988	dibujar	to draw	19
9832225989	beber	to drink	20
9832225990	conducir	to drive	21
9832225991	comer	to eat	22
9832225992	explicar	to explain	23
9832225993	caerse	to fall	24
9832225994	llenar	to fill	25
9832225995	encontrar	to find	26
9832225996	terminar	to finish	27
9832225997	caber	to fit	28
9832225998	reparar	to fix	29
9832225999	volar	to fly	30
9832226000	como punto de partida	as a point of departure	31
9832226001	en primer lugar	in the first place	32
9832226002	con respecto a	with respect to (regarding)	33
9832226003	actualmente	presently	34
9832226004	hasta el momento	until now	35
9832226005	mientras tanto	meanwhile	36
9832226006	a pesar de (que)	in spite of (use "que" if followed by a conjugated verb)	37
9832226007	de lo contrario	otherwise	38
9832226008	en cambio	on the other hand	39
9832226009	por el contrario	on the contrary	40
9832226010	sin embargo	however	41
9832226011	de todos modos	nevertheless	42
9832226012	así que	so, therefore	43
9832226013	con relación a	in relation to	44
9832226014	conviene indicar (que)	it is suitable to indicate(that)	45
9832226015	en cuanto a	regarding	46
9832226016	por lo común	as a rule (usually)	47
9832226017	también viene al caso	it is also to the point	48
9832226018	para mí	in my opinion	49
9832226019	de hecho	in fact (as a matter of fact)	50
9832226020	en otras palabras, o sea (que), es decir (que)	in other words	51
9832226021	mejor dicho (que)	better said	52
9832226022	hay que tomar en cuenta que...	one must realize (take into account) that...	53
9832226023	sin duda, no cabe duda (de que)	without a doubt	54
9832226024	sobre todo	above all	55
9832226025	para ilustrar	to illustrate	56
9832226026	a fin de cuentas	in the end	57
9832226027	al parecer, por lo visto	apparently (seemingly)	58
9832226028	como consecuencia/resultado	as a result (consequently)	59
9832226029	en resumen, en suma	in summary	60
9832226030	en resumidas cuentas	in short	61
9832226031	por consiguiente, por eso, por lo tanto	therefore	62
9832226032	por lo mismo	for the same reason	63
9832226033	puesto que, ya que	since, seeing that	64
9832226034	como quieras	whatever you say	65
9832226035	me da igual/lo mismo	it's all the same to me	66
9832226036	de acuerdo	okay, I agree	67
9832226037	ni hablar, ¡Qué va!	no way	68
9832226038	ni lo sueñes	don't even think about it	69
9832226039	figúrate	imagine that	70
9832226040	parece mentira, ¡Mentira!, no lo puedo creer, ¡Qué bárbaro!	I can't believe it	71
9832226041	Qué te parece si.....?	What if (What would you think if....?)	72
9832226042	Sería mejor, más vale, mejor (+ verb)	It would be better	73
9832226043	¡Eso es el colmo!	That is the last straw!	74
9832226044	no puedo más	I can't take it anymore	75
9832226045	¡Cuánto lo siento!	I'm so sorry!	76
9832226046	no hay más remedio	there's no other choice (solution)	77
9832226047	en serio	seriously (really)	78
9832226048	eso no vale	that's not fair	79
9832226049	que yo sepa	as far as I know	80
9832226050	debe de ser...	it probably is (it must be)...	81
9832226051	¿Qué te parece?	What do you think?	82
9832226052	mediante	by means of (through)	83
9832226053	así que, en cuanto	as soon as	84
9832226054	aun	even, still	85
9832226055	aun cuando	even when	86
9832226056	cada vez que	each time that	87
9832226057	como	as, since	88
9832226058	con tal (de) que	provided that	89
9832226059	desde que	since	90
9832226060	en caso de que	in case that	91
9832226061	hasta que	until	92
9832226062	mientras	while	93
9832226063	mientras tanto	meanwhile	94
9832226064	ni...ni	neither...nor	95
9832226065	sin embargo	nevertheless (however)	96
9832226066	sin que	without	97
9832226067	tan pronto como	as soon as	98
9832226068	una vez que	once	99
9832226069	ya que	since (seeing that)	100
9832226070	a partir de	beginning with	101
9832226071	en primer lugar	in the first place	102
9832226072	para empezar	to begin	103
9832226073	a la (misma) vez	at the same time	104
9832226074	además	besides (furthermore)	105
9832226075	ahora mismo	right now	106
9832226076	al mismo tiempo	at the same time	107
9832226077	antes de + infinitive	before (action)	108
9832226078	de aquí (ahora, hoy) en adelante	from now on	109
9832226079	después de + infinitive	after (action)	110
9832226080	durante	during	111
9832226081	entonces	then	112
9832226082	hasta el momento, la fecha	until now	113
9832226083	hoy día	nowadays	114
9832226084	luego	then (later)	115
9832226085	para continuar	to continue	116
9832226086	primero	first	117
9832226087	también	also	118
9832226088	tan pronto como	as soon as	119
9832226089	de lo contrario	otherwise	120
9832226090	en cambio	on the other hand	121
9832226091	por el/al contrario	on the contrary	122
9832226092	así que	so, therefore	123
9832226093	en cuanto a	regarding	124
9832226094	hablando a	speaking of	125
9832226095	no...sino (que)	not...but rather	126
9832226096	por lo común	as a rule	127
9832226097	por lo general	generally	128
9832226098	por un lado...por otro lado	on one hand... on the other hand...	129
9832226099	también viente al caso	it is also to the point	130
9832226100	a mi parecer	in my opinion	131
9832226101	además	furthermore	132
9832226102	de hecho	in fact	133
9832226103	en otras palabras	in other words	134
9832226104	en realidad	actually	135
9832226105	es decir	that is to say	136
9832226106	lo importante es que	what is important is that	137
9832226107	lo que importa es que	what matters is that	138
9832226108	o sea	in other words	139
9832226109	sin duda	without a doubt	140
9832226110	sobre todo	above all	141
9832226111	para ilustrar	to illustrate	142
9832226112	por ejemplo	for example	143
9832226113	a causa de	because of	144
9832226114	a fin de cuentas	in the end	145
9832226115	al fin	finally	146
9832226116	al fin y al cabo	in the end	147
9832226117	al parecer	apparently	148
9832226118	como resultado	as a result	149
9832226119	en conclusión	in conclusion	150
9832226120	en fin	finally	151
9832226121	finalmente	finally	152
9832226122	para concluir	to conclude	153
9832226123	para resumir	to summarize	154
9832226124	para terminar	to end	155
9832226125	por	because of	156
9832226126	por consiguiente	therefore	157
9832226127	por ese motivo	for that reason	158
9832226128	por lo mismo	for the same reason	159
9832226130	tal vez	maybe	160
9832226131	no obstante	nevertheless	161
9832226132	por otro lado	on the other hand	162
9832226133	al contrario	on the contrary	163
9832226134	de todas maneras	anyway	164

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

8234131217	Centripetal	forces within a state that unify people	0
8234131218	Centrifugal	forces that divide people in a state	1
8234131219	Unitary	Forming a single or uniform entity	2
8234131220	Federal	Regions have much control over government policies and funds	3
8234131221	Devolution	The movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state	4
8234131222	Territorial representation	Members are elected from territorially defined districts based on population	5
8234131223	Reapportionment	The process by which districts are moved according to population shifts	6
8234131224	Splitting	Separating minority voters among multiple districts	7
8234131225	majority-minority districts	packed districts in which a majority of the population is from the minority	8

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Government Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9837798003	political efficacy	- belief that one's actions can impact the government - the higher, the more likely to vote	0
9837801464	Political equality	- ex: Civil Rights act of 1964 and Voting rights acts of 1965 - minority groups have more equality than women (ERA)	1
9837805550	free enterprise (capitalism)	- adam smith - govt needs to support someone to pursue their economic opportunities - people say people promote businesses too much (ex: result is elitism)	2
9837809709	equality for opportunities	- people support political equality but not economic equality as much, can be seen in the amendments of the constitution	3
9837815107	mistrust of government	- seasonal - temporary, decline bc of recession - structural - pretty permanent, regardless of economy (has happened since the 1960s when the vietnam war, stagflation)	4
9837827332	political socialization	- process in which people gain their political beliefs - as you grow older, you become more connected to your beliefs	5
9837830280	ways people are political socialized	- family: done in an informal setting, the number one way how people pick up beliefs - media - school: promote national unity, favors democracy and capitalism	6
9837842811	political participation over time	- older people vote more - party identification increases with age	7
9837851661	public opinion	- how the public views certain issues, events, people, etc. - measured by polls which sample the population	8
9837853242	characteristics of polls	- (started during the great depression) - random sampling - allows for accuracy - representative sample - should reflect society (ex: include women and multiple races) - large sample size w a low margin of error - around 3% - cannot have wording bias	9
9837863585	pros of polls	- helps politicians know what is important to the public - can stay in touch w the public	10
9837866128	cons of polls	- some politicians are too influenced by polls leading them to be followers instead of leaders - could lead to bandwagon - exit polls - done on election day, discourages voting	11
9837876797	political participation	- different activities and ways individuals engage in politics and policies - two major ways: conventional and unconventional participation	12
9837879823	conventional participation	- traditional ways of influencing govt - ex: voting, campaigning, running for office - more people are donating to candidates over the years	13
9837882233	unconventional participation	- nontraditional methods - ex: protest, civil disobedience, violence - inspired sit-ins, bowl-ins, and wade-ins - this method has large success in civil rights movement	14
9837888184	info on participation	- higher socioeconomic status leads people to participate more in politics - blacks and whites vote in close numbers - elderly vote more than the younger	15
9837894067	political ideology	- sets of values and beliefs of an individual - two major types: liberal and conservative	16
9837895975	liberals	- support a larger scope of govt and more govt involvement - favor policies that promote equality (affirmative action) - military spending should decrease - abortion - prochoice - want higher taxes for wealthy - increase spending on social programs (social security)	17
9837900432	conservative	- less govt involvement and smaller scope of govt - promote policies of free enterprise or capitalism - increase military spending - abortion - pro life - oppose affirmative action - lower taxes - lower the spending on social programs	18
9837905551	more info on liberal/conservative	- more americans are conservative - people under 30 are more liberal - blacks are more liberal - women are more liberal - a specific religion is not as important in their ideology but how religious are they	19
9840982575	political party	- organization that seeks to control the govt through political offices - anyone can register as a member of the party - no dues or fees to become one	20
9840987841	function of political parties	- they are a linkage institution: organization that connects the public to the govt (other ex: media, elections, interest groups) - pick candidates for particular offices - run campaigns and help run, fund, and organize a campaign - provide voters w information - advocate a stance on particular issues	21
9841007842	political machines	- ex: tammany hall and boss tweed - relied on patronage to reward supporters (how to get jobs) - merit system replaced patronage	22
9841015618	state level of political parties	- open vs. closed primary - open: voters do not have to be registered to vote in a primary - closed: have to be registered as a democratic or repub (people like this better bc they can identify you) - every state have political party hq - don't manage campaigns but do aid state campaigns	23
9841023023	national level of political parties	- national convention when they nominate prez and vp - consists of representatives from diff states and territories - chairperson is responsible for running the national party	24
9841032786	Washington's farewell address	- warns about formation of political parties and foreign alliances - unsuccessful bc two parties came about bc of foreign policy which led to the french revolution	25
9841040074	federalists	- led by alexander hamilton - probritish - supported merchants and wealthy - strong central govt - loose intepretation of consitution - heavy presence in new england	26
9841045753	democratic-republicans	- led by thomas jefferson - pro-french - supported by farmers - weather national govt - strict interp of constitution	27
9841052517	era of good feelings	- no federalist party - early 1800s - only 1 political party	28
9841056250	democrats	- martin van buren - spoils system - eliminated voting req for white males - supported by farmers, urban workers, immigrants - didnt like henry clay's american system (bank of us, tariffs)	29
9841066296	whigs	- in response to king andrew I - supported clays american system - liked wealthy planters and industrialists and people who didnt like jackson	30
9841070220	republican party (1850s)	- in response to kansas-nebraska act - didnt want to abolish slavery, just didnt want it to spread - no extension of slavery into western territories - similiar to free soil party - favored high tariffs and devolpment of infrastructure - similar to whigs	31
9841093118	democrats	- dominate political control in the south, esp in post-reconstruction - election of 1896 was a milestone - campaigned on free silver	32
9841102149	election of 1932	- frd vs. Huburt Hoover - fdr wins - fdr was supported by labor unions, southerners, cathlics, those who lived in cities, and AA	33
9841107994	election 1969	- nixon vs humphrey vs wallace - nixon focused on states rights, a strong military, and law and order (southern strategy) - appealed to people in the south who supported the vietnam war and civil rights protests - thus, he won south votes (big turning point for the republicans)	34
9841119300	third parties	- focus on single issues (prohibition, marijuana) - broke off from two parties - once their issues are adapted, they decline	35
9845416355	requirements for prez	- age is 35 - born in us - live in us for 14 years	36
9845430213	constitutional powers	- presidential powers are checked by other branches - congress declares war - can appoint cabinet and officials - can veto bills - nominate judges (check on judicial branch) - call congress to special sessions (check on legislative branch)	37
9845478665	executive office	- created in 1939 - national security council - council of economic advisers - office of management and budget	38
9845488088	what a prez can do to a bill	- veto, sign, or do nothing - pocket veto: if congress adjourns within 10 days, the president can do nothing and the bill will die - prez does not have a line-item veto (only veto some parts of the bill) - prez and members of congress from the same party have the same thoughts	39
9845503207	public approval	- high prez approval = more legislation the prez favors	40
9845504629	electoral mandate	if prez wins by a landslide, then it could be said that people support the president's policies - ex: election of 1932 (how govt should respond to the great depression)	41
9845508875	legislative skills of prez	- bargaining is important - they are giving incentives to many to gain support	42
9845514758	executive agreements	- agreements w foreign countries that do not need congressional approval	43
9845517657	war powers	- congress has not declared in war since WWII - war powers resolution: limited prez powers during war	44
9845523646	bully pulpit	- presidents can influence public support - can lead to misformed public about policies	45
9845535702	electoral college	- determines who will be pres and vp - established by constit bc they thought public voting was sketchy - state's electoral votes are decided between the number of senators + number of house members - total of 538 electoral votes (100 senators, 435 house members, 3 from dc) - need at least 1/2 votes to win - if no one wins majority, then house decides w each state receiving 1 vote - all states except main and nebraska have a winner takes all electoral votes	46
9845592083	signficance of electoral college	- smaller states are more represented than larger states - swing states (ohio, pennsylvania, florida) they dont consistently vote for one political party	47
9845600022	interest groups	- group that seeks to influence public policy - 4 main types: economic, environmental, equality, consumer	48
9845605904	theories of interest groups	- pluralism: many groups are beneficial and not one can dominate - elitism: IG's are not important, only the wealthy are important - hyperpluralism: too many groups which weaken the govt	49
9845610742	economic interest groups	- labor interest - businesses like right-to-work laws - unions require employees to join a union once hired	50
9845617439	environmental interest groups	- want to see policies that control pollution and limi/reverse global warming - oppose oil drilling and building of nuclear plants	51
9845620527	equality interest groups	- NAACP (colored people) - NOW (women)	52
9845627154	consumer interest groups	- try to help everyone benefit, not just members of the group - consumer product safety commission: regular consumer products	53
9845630834	how IG's influence policy	- lobbying - file lawsuits - testify before congress - use issue advocacy ads	54
9845650521	iron triangle	- relationship between congress, government agencies, and interest groups - want to protect their own self policies	55
9845669249	pros of iron triangle	- SIGS receive benefits from the government - congressional districts can increase funding (pork-barrel)	56
9845671214	cons of iron triangle	- hyperpluralists say that too many groups leads to gridlock	57
9845675108	activites of interest groups	- lobbying - electioneering - litigation - go public	58
9845676585	lobbying	- process of trying to persuade politicians - hired by interest groups to represent their issue - 2 types: ones that r paid or ones that r hired on a temporary basis - can help provide key info on policies - show ways to pass legislations - hard to tell how effective it is	59
9845683324	electioneering	- providing financial aid to vote for candidates - IG's provide assistance through PACS - endorse candidates, provide members for campaigning, and influence party platforms	60
9845686238	litigation	- used in the court system to influence public policy - ex: Civil rights groups, brown v board of edu - amicus curae: friends of the courts briefs which are groups that files depositions to the court and describes how a ruling may affect them - class action lawsuits: combines people w a same situation under one law suit	61
9845691901	going public	- appealing to public to assist a cause - very important - ex: TV, newspaper, magazines - hard to tell how effective	62
9845695996	interest groups and democracy and govt	- more interest groups have lead to more democracy - hard to reduce the size of govt because they want to preserve their interests	63
9845705156	PACs	- political action committee - people that donate money to a candidate and political party - can only donate $5,000 per candidate and $15,000 per party - they donate money to candidates that are favorable to their issues - are formed by the federal election commission - are popular bc campaigns are very expensive - exs: national association of realtors, NRA, airline pilots association	64
9845716694	influence of PACS	- legally, PACs cannot buy legislation - people complain PACs are too influencial - they are most influencial in house elections but not too much in presidential elections	65
9845724040	Super PACs`	- cannot be associated w a particular political candidate - can donate as much money as i want - people don't like them because theres too much influence of them	66
9850762386	types of mass media	- newspaper (has faded due to internet) - magazines (not too popular) - radio - TV (popular since 1960) - internet	67
9850794468	functions of mass media	- is a linkage institution - connects people to the govt - runs campaign ads - is a watchdog, can report on scandals, issues, and fact-check	68
9850841587	horse-race journalism	- focus on polls rather than issues	69
9851295341	comcast	- largest broadcasting company - third largest is broadcasting	70
9851322337	if the news media is concentrated in fewer hands, what are potential impacts	- fewer outlets decide what gets covered - could lead to bias bc not many people decide what gets covered - harder for new companies to emerge	71
9851335539	congress	- bicameral (2 house legislature) - house of rep: 435 members, based off population - senate: 2 per state, equal representation per state - req for being in the house: 25 yr old, citizen for 7 yr, live in state - req for senate: 30 yr old, citizen for 9 years, live state - bc of the 17 amendment senators was elected by state legislatures	72
9851364327	incumbency	- those that hold office and are running for re-election - powerful in predicting election outcomes esp in the house	73
9851378196	franking privilege	- congress members can mail without having to pay for postage	74
9851390947	congressional powers	- declare war - override pres veto (2/3 vote from each house) - congressional oversight: can review an agency, department, or office - can cut fundings	75
9851400538	how congress votes	- delegate view: votes based on how many people feel about an issue - trustee view: votes based on their own views, or on the public good	76
9851408557	reasons for trustee view	- congress has info public does not - public is divided	77
9851419752	special powers of house of rep	- impeach officials (pres or judges) - all revenue bills (taxs or money) must start in the house - they vote in line w their party	78
9851431103	elections of the house	- members are elected every 2 years - incumbents win most of the time (due to franking privilege and credit claiming) - open seats (someone retiring) are the largest source of turnover	79
9851452258	important committees of the house	- ways and means committee: economic, taxation, or tariff - rules committee: determines the rules for bills (date, time for debates) - can only be a part of one committee - closed rule: set time limits, no amendments allowed for the billl - open rule: looser time limits, amendments are allowed	80
9851592633	speaker of the house	- most powerful position - made by henry clay - elected every 2 years - require more than 50% of vote - 2nd in line for the president	81
9851608402	whips	- carry messages to party members - count votes prior to being cast	82
9851615803	special powers of senate	- approve pres appointments and treaties - are the jury in the impeachment trail - VP is the president of the senate, votes in case of a tie	83
9851633950	elections of the senate	- serve for 6 years - 1/3 of the senate is elected every 2 years - originally senators were elected by state legislatures but now bc of the 17 amendment, that has changed - incumbents do not have the same advantage as the house	84
9851648062	important committees in the senate	- finance committee: similar to the ways and means in the house - foreign relations committee: comfirmation hearings for state department	85
9851659446	filibuster	- members can delay proposed legislation or a bill by "talking it to death" - happened 1957 civil rights bill	86
9851668366	cloture motion	- can end a filibuster - if 60 members bring a bill to a vote, then it ends a filibuster but it is rarely used	87
9851686030	committees	- members of the congress - allow members to become specialized in policy areas - help represent their constituents more effective (gives them ethos) - each party has a steering committee that assigns members to committees	88
9856572142	committee chairs	- influence the agenda of the committee - chairs r voted on, but they are typically given to the older members - 4 types: standing (permanent), joint, conference, select	89
9856583761	standing committee	- permanent committee - 16 in the senate, 19 in the house - recommend funding for agencies and progeams	90
9856589660	joint committees	- membership is between both the house and senate - focus on issues about economy and taxation - not a popular form of a committee	91
9856596441	conference committee	- establish to help the differences in bills passed in each house - made up of senior members of each part - hope to reach a compromise on the bill	92
9856603862	select committee	- may be temp or permanent - have a narrow focus	93
9856610480	subcommittees	- members report to larger committee on specific issues - members of congress are limited to being part of 4 subcommittees	94
9856621461	major political institution	- presidency - bureau - federal courts - interest groups	95
9856625206	presidency	- seen as a chief legislator - cannot create a bill but can propose a legislation - popularity of the pres can impact their proposals - white house staff lobby to the congress - congress and pres work best if their the same party	96
9856637592	beureaucracy	- government agencies that are reliant on funding from congress - congressional committees play a role in funding (credit-claiming)	97
9856676433	federal courts	- senate approves presidential appointees to the supreme court, court of appeals, and district judges - judicial review allows for any law passed by congress or the pres to be overturned	98
9856683734	lame-duck period	- period between the election of a new pres and inauguration - harder for pres to influence policy to the congress	99
9856724023	powers of pres	- appoint judges - commander in chief - make treaties - chief legislator/diplomat - veto bills - head of political party - can issue executive orders (orders given to federal agencies that carry the weight of law)	100
9856744899	powers not given to pres	- line-item veto (cannot approve chunks of the bill, its all or nothing) - cannot declare war - cannot create new cabinet positions	101
9856755524	presidental cabinet	- heads of govt departments - chosen by pres - approved by senate - advise the pres on specific issues	102
9860253097	white house office	- headed by the chief of staff - press secretary - - white house chief strategist - close adviser to the pres, same ranking of the chief of staff	103
9860269387	national security council	- advise the president on military and foreign policy -	104

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology PSN and CR Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

8159134850	autotroph	An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones.	0
8159134851	heterotroph	An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.	1
8159134852	chloroplast	An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.	2
8159134853	mesophyll	The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis.	3
8159134854	stroma	The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.	4
8159134855	thylakoid	A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.	5
8159134856	thylakoid space	The interior of the thylakoids.	6
8159134857	stomata (stoma)	A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.	7
8159134858	light reaction	The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process.	8
8159134859	ATP (adenosine triphosphate)	An adednine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.	9
8159134860	oxygen	raw material used in aerobic respiration and produced during the light reaction of photosynthesis	10
8159134861	NADPH	created during the light reaction in photosystem I; created when NADP gains an electron; used during the dark reaction; energy rich molecule;	11
8159134862	photophosphorylation	The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate during the light reactions of photosynthesis.	12
8159134863	Calvin Cycle	The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.	13
8159134864	carbon fixation	The incorporation of carbon from CO2; combined CO2 with RuBP; requires the enzyme rubisco	14
8159134865	photosystem	Light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, consisting of a reaction center surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. There are two types of photosystems, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths.	15
8159134866	reaction center	Complex of proteins associated with two special chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron accepetor. Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis.	16
8159134867	primary electron acceptor	A specialized molecule sharing the reaction center with the pair of reaction-center chlorophyll a molecules; it accepts an electron from one of these two chlorophylls.	17
8159134868	photosystem I	One of two light capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; creates NADPH	18
8159134869	photosystem II	One of two light capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; helps to create ATP	19
8159134870	RuBP (rubulose biphosphate)	A five-carbon sugar which reacts with CO2 in the first step of the Calvin cycle.	20
8159134871	G3P	A 3-carbon sugar that is the product of the Calvin Cycle. It is the starting point for the synthesis of other carbohydrates. Some of this G3P is used to regenerate the RuBP to continue the cycle	21
8159134872	CAM photosynthesis	Carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions. The stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but open at night to collect carbon dioxide.	22
8159134873	C4 Plants	A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four carbon-compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.	23
8159134874	C3 Plants	A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate; most plants use this pathway	24
8159134875	electron transport chain	A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons through the inner membrane to make ATP.	25
8159134876	chemiosmosis	An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis occurs by chemiosmosis.	26
8159134877	fermentation	A process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose; no oxygen required; only glycolysis occurs; no Krebs Cycle or ETC ; end products are such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.	27
8159134878	cellular respiration	The most prevalent and efficient pathway or the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.	28
8159134879	aerobic respiration	Pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel (glucose)	29
8159134880	oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions	A reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between reactants.	30
8159134881	oxidation	The loss of electrons (H+) from a substance involved in a redox reaction; gaining oxygen	31
8159134882	reduction	The addition of electrons (H+) to a substance involved in a redox reaction; losing oxygen	32
8159134883	NADH	An energy-carrying coenzyme produced by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. NADH carries energy to the electron transport chain, where it is stored in ATP.	33
8159134884	glycolysis	The splitting of 6-carbon sugar glucose into 2 organic carbon compounds (pyruvate). Glycolysis is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration.	34
8159134885	pyruvate	Three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis.	35
8159134886	acetyl CoA	Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.	36
8159134887	citric acid cycle	A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration	37
8159134888	ATP synthase	A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitrochondrion.	38
8159134889	oxidative phosphorylation	The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.	39
8159134890	anaerobic fermentation	Enables cells to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen. Yields 2 ATP and lactic acid.	40
8159134891	alcohol fermentation	The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.	41
8159134892	lactic acid fermentation	The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.	42

Powered by Quizlet.com

Ap Government Unit 1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

7478393501	Articles of Confederation	1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) Each state retained sovereignty, the ability to act independently of the Confederation. Each state had equal representation in a unicameral (single house) legislature.	0
7478393502	Shays' rebellion	Rebellion led by farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.	1
7478393503	Checks and Balances	A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power	2
7478393504	Separation of powers	A way of dividing the power of government among the legislative, executive, and judicial branch to prevent tyranny.	3
7478393505	Popular sovereignty	A government in which the people rule by their own consent.	4
7478393506	Bicameral	A legislature consisting of two parts, or houses with separate rules	5
7478393507	Federalists	Those who favored a stronger national government and weaker state governments. Supported the ratification of the Constitution.	6
7478393508	Anti-Federalist	Those who favored strong state governments and a weaker national government. Advocated for a bill of rights to formally address individual and state rights. Concerned about the concentration of power in a central government under the Constitution.	7
7478393509	Federalism	A system of government in which power and responsibilty is divided between the federal and state governments	8
7478393510	Supremacy clause	Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. (ex. McCulloch v. Maryland)	9
7478393511	Virginia Plan	Initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature dominated by the big states.	10
7478393512	New Jersey Plan	Proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by William Paterson of New Jersey for a central government with a single-house legislature in which each state would be represented equally.	11
7478393513	Connecticut or Great Compromise	Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators.	12
7478393514	Republican Democracy	Format chosen by Founding Fathers. People vote for representatives who then make laws. People do not vote directly on legislation.	13
7478393515	Three fifths clause	slave counted as 3/5 of a person for population counts to determine how many representatives.	14
7478393516	Federalist Papers	A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.	15
7478393517	Federalist Paper #10	Written by James Madison to convince people to support the ratification of the constitution. Argued that factions were inevitable but were best controlled by a large republic that employed a Federalist structure. Argued that competition among factions would limit their negative impacts.	16
7478393518	Bill of Rights	A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10. Satisfied Anti-federalist concerns.	17
7478393519	Elastic clause	AKA the "Necessary and Proper Clause" Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution. Has allowed the federal government to expand its power over time.	18
7478393520	Commerce clause	The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations. Has helped the Federal government expand its power over time.	19
7478393521	Concurrent powers	Powers held jointly by the national and state governments. For example, the powers to tax, pass laws and borrow funds	20
7478393522	cooperative federalism	A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government.	21
7478393523	Dual Federalism	A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies.	22
7478393524	Expressed Powers/Enumerated powers	Powers the Constitution specifically granted to one of the branches of the national government. Listed explicitly in the Constitution. Ex: right to coin money, declare war, regulate foreign and interstate trade, tax, etc.	23
7478393525	Implied powers	Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution; Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions. Has Constitutional basis in Necessary and Proper/Elastic Clause	24
7478393526	Inherent powers	powers that exist for the national government because the government is sovereign. Ex: The Louisiana Purchase	25
7478393527	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)	The court ruled that the states did not have the power to tax the national bank. Used the backing of the Supremacy Clause to argue that states could not interfere with legitimate federal laws	26
7478393528	Reserved Powers	belong to the states and the people; Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states. Granted by the 10th Amendment. For example, regulating voting and administering elections at the state level.	27
7478393529	Unitary System	A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government	28
7478393530	Block grants	Federal money given to the states with limited spending guidelines. Allows the states power to decide how to spend funds within relatively loose guidelines. Ex: funds for transportation and state chooses how to allocate.	29
7478393531	Categorical Grants	Federal money given to the states with specific spending guidelines. Gives the federal government the power to decide how funds are spent within the state. Ex: funds for highway repairs, cannot be used for other purposes.	30
7478393532	Devolution	The transfer of power from a high level political office to a lower level; central government to regional, state, or local governments. Example-Welfare Reform Act of 1996	31
7478393533	Gibbons v. Ogden	Commerce clause case (1824). Decision greatly enlarged Congress' interstate commerce clause power by broadly defining the meaning of "commerce" to include virtually all types of economic activity.	32
7478393534	The 10th Amendment	Reserves powers to the states. Has been used successfully by the states to get the federal courts to strike down federal laws that violate this principle.	33
7478393535	1st Amendment	Guarantees many individual rights including the right to expression and freedom of the press, freedom of religion, the right to petition the government, and the right to peaceful assembly.	34
7478393536	The Motor Voter Law	An example of a mandate, an order given by the federal government that states must follow.	35
7478393537	The Americans with Disabilities Act	An example of an unfunded mandate, an order given by the federal government that states must follow and pay for	36
7478393538	Ratification	The Constitutional process by which the states must approve amendments to the Constitution. Three-quarters of the states must approve an amendment before it is ratified and officially becomes part of the Constitution. Another example of federalism in the Constitution's structure.	37
7478393539	Conditions of Aid	Federal rules attached to the grants that states receive. States must agree to abide by these rules in order to receive the grants.	38
7478393540	Constitutional Convention	Meeting held in 1787, originally meant to revise the Articles of Confederation but created a new plan of government instead	39
7478393541	Intrastate commerce	Commerce WITHIN A STATEcommercial activity regulated at the state level	40
7478393542	Interstate commerce	Commerce between different states, can be regulated by Congress.	41
7478393543	Welfare Reform Act	An example of devolution, giving states the authority to determine how to implement Welfare Programs and determine eligibility locally. Still use federal money.	42
7478393544	Political Culture	a set of attitudes and practices held by a people that shapes their political behavior. It includes moral judgments, political myths, beliefs, and ideas about what makes for a good society.	43
7478393545	Direct democracy	people vote on laws and make decisions for the community as a group (no representatives)	44
7478393546	Oligarchy	rule by the few, done in their own interest and not for the collective good of a community	45
7478393547	Conservative	One who generally favors limited government intervention, particularly in economic affairs.	46
7478393548	Liberal	One who favors greater government intervention, particularly in economic affairs and in providing social services	47
7478393549	Social Conservative	One who favors government support for traditional moral teachings	48
7478393550	Moderate	One who takes middle of the road positions on most political issues	49
7478393551	Libertarian	one who believes in limited government interference in the economy and personal liberties	50
7478393552	16th Amendment	Allowed the federal government to collect income taxes from individuals. This greatly enhanced the power of the federal government by making it possible for them to spend more funds on policies of their choosing.	51
7478393553	17th Amendment	Direct election of Senators. This amendment took the power to appoint senators away from state governments and gave it to the people of the state.	52
7478393554	United States v Lopez	The Supreme Court ruled that Congress had exceeded its constitutional authority under the Commerce Clause when it passed a law prohibiting gun possession in local school zones. This increased state powers to regulate such matters while decreasing federal power	53
7478393555	Marbury v Madison	Court case that established the Supreme Court's power to strike down federal laws that violated the constitution. This has allowed for continuous interpretation of the Constitution by the Supreme Court (informal amendment)	54

Class Notes

Social Science

Math

Science

Fine Arts

Test Prep

Textbook Notes

Members Only

Forum

Blogs

Textbook Request

AP Government - Interest Groups Flashcards

AP World Unit 6 Flashcards

AP Psych Unit 5 Flashcards

AP Chinese: public sign Flashcards

AP VOCAB Flashcards

AP Spanish Flashcards

AP Flashcards

AP Government Flashcards

AP Biology PSN and CR Flashcards

Ap Government Unit 1 Flashcards

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org

You are here

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org