AP Vocab 5 Flashcards
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AP Terms Flashcards
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| 7361177839 | Alliteration | repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words or within them. | 0 | |
| 7361177840 | Cite | Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source. | 1 | |
| 7361177841 | Fragment | A word, phrase, or clause that does not form a full sentence. | 2 | |
| 7361177842 | Polysyndeton | deliberate use of a series of conjunctions. | 3 | |
| 7427770307 | Subject | In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing. | 4 | |
| 7427770308 | Propaganda | negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information. | 5 | |
| 7427770309 | Hortatory | urging or strongly encouraging. | 6 | |
| 7427770310 | Subordinate clause | created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause. | 7 | |
| 7580222286 | Rhetoric | effective, persuasive use of language | 8 | |
| 7580222287 | Connotation | a definition that is implied by a word; the tone or feeling that is associated with a word | 9 | |
| 7580222288 | Denotation | dictionary definition of a word | 10 | |
| 7580222289 | Allusion | a literary, historical, or pop culture reference | 11 | |
| 7659200539 | Explication of Text | Explanation of a text's meaning through an analysis of all of its constituent parts, including the literary devices used. | 12 | |
| 7659200540 | Trope | Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way/a clever figure of speech. | 13 | |
| 7659200541 | Metaphor | An implicit comparison where one thing is spoken of as though it were something else | 14 | |
| 7659200542 | Diction | Word Choice | 15 | |
| 7730102109 | Omniscient Narrator | all-knowing, usually third person narrator | 16 | |
| 7730102110 | Syntax | sentence structure | 17 | |
| 7730102111 | Bias | prejudice or predisposition towards one side of a subject or issue | 18 | |
| 7730102112 | Figurative Language | use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect | 19 | |
| 7786019968 | Juxtaposition | placement of two things placed close together, or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast. | 20 | |
| 7786019969 | Anecdote | A short account of an interesting event, oftentimes used in introductions. | 21 | |
| 7786019970 | Anaphora | repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses. | 22 | |
| 7786019971 | Hortatory | urging or strongly encouraging. | 23 | |
| 7879683548 | Oxymoron | figure of speech combining two contradictory terms. | 24 | |
| 7879683549 | Colloquialism | informal or conversational use of language. | 25 | |
| 7879683550 | Context | words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning. | 26 | |
| 7879683551 | Analysis | detailed examination of the elements and/or structure of something as a basis for interpretation. | 27 | |
| 8033304268 | Concession | reluctant acknowledgment or yielding. | 28 | |
| 8033304269 | Analogy | extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things. | 29 | |
| 8033304270 | Trope | Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way/a clever figure of speech. | 30 | |
| 8033304271 | Epigram | brief witty statement. | 31 | |
| 8168317792 | Zeugma | construction in which one word, usually a verb, modifies two or more words in a sentence. | 32 | |
| 8168317793 | Persona | The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author. | 33 | |
| 8168317794 | Polysyndeton | deliberate use of a series of conjunctions. | 34 | |
| 8168317795 | Antimetabole | repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast. | 35 | |
| 8774383419 | Counterargument | challenge to a position; an opposing argument. | 36 | |
| 8774383420 | Personification | assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects. | 37 | |
| 8774383421 | Polemic | an argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion. | 38 | |
| 8774383422 | Asyndeton | Leaving out conjunction between words, phrases, clauses. | 39 | |
| 8774412257 | Style | distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech. | 40 | |
| 8774412258 | Synthesize | bringing together three or more elements to produce something more complex. | 41 | |
| 8774412259 | Irony | contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result. | 42 | |
| 8774412260 | Oxymoron | figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms. | 43 | |
| 9170768159 | Microcosm | seeing a person, group, or event as a "little universe" that reflects changes in the macrocosm, or greater universe, or society. | 44 | |
| 9170768160 | Juxtaposition | placement of two things placed close together, or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast. | 45 | |
| 9170768161 | Antecedent | noun to which a later pronoun refers. | 46 | |
| 9170768162 | Oxymoron | figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms. | 47 | |
| 9616427388 | Macrocosm | the natural universe as a whole, including the biological realms of flora and fauna, weather, and celestial objects. | 48 | |
| 9616427389 | Synesthesia | technique by writers to present ideas, characters or places in such a manner that they appeal to more than one senses (hearing, seeing, smell, etc.) at a given time. | 49 | |
| 9616427390 | Stock Character | character in literature, theater, or film of a type quickly recognized and accepted by the reader or viewer and requiring no development by the writer. | 50 | |
| 9616427391 | Style | the distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech. | 51 | |
| 9767418684 | Tone | speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience. | 52 | |
| 9767418685 | Hyperbole | exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis. | 53 | |
| 9767418686 | Syllogism | form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise. | 54 | |
| 9767418687 | Synthesize | bringing together three or more elements to produce something more complex. | 55 |
AP Statistics Chapter 5 Flashcards
Chapter 5 of The Practice of Statistics (Yates, Moore, and Starnes) edition 2.
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| 5153130396 | sample | representative of an entire population; a picture of the population disturbed as little as possible by the act of gathering information; the part of the population actually examined in order to gather information | 0 | |
| 5153130397 | observational study | observes individuals and measures variables of interest, but does not attempt to influence the responses | 1 | |
| 5153130398 | experiment | deliberately imposing some treatment on individuals in order to observe their responses | 2 | |
| 5153130399 | confounded | mixed up with; condition of explanatory and lurking variables | 3 | |
| 5153130400 | simulation | provides an alternative method for producing data when observing individuals directly is too difficult | 4 | |
| 5153130401 | statistical inference | producing data to answer specific questions with a known degree of confidence | 5 | |
| 5153130402 | population | the entire group of individuals that we want information about | 6 | |
| 5153130403 | sampling | studying a part in order to gain information about the whole | 7 | |
| 5153130404 | census | attempts to contact every individual in the entire population; one of two ways of collecting data | 8 | |
| 5153130405 | design | the method used to choose the sample from the population | 9 | |
| 5153130406 | voluntary response sample | people who choose themselves by responding to a general appeal; biased because people with strong opinions, especially negative opinions, are most likely to respond; one type of bad sample design | 10 | |
| 5153130407 | convenience sampling | chooses individuals easiest to reach; one type of bad sample design; does not represent the entire population | 11 | |
| 5153130408 | bias | systematic error, favoring some parts of the population over others; systematically favors certain outcomes | 12 | |
| 5153130409 | simple random sample (SRS) | size n consists of n individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of n individuals has an equal chance to be the sample actually selected; gives every sample and individual a chance to be chosen to avoid bias | 13 | |
| 5153130410 | table of random digits | a long string of the digits so that each entry is equally likely to be any of digits 0 through 9; these are independent entries | 14 | |
| 5153130411 | probability sample | a sample chosen by chance. We must know what samples are possible and what chance each possible sample has | 15 | |
| 5153130412 | stratified random sample | divide population into groups; combine SRS to form full sample | 16 | |
| 5153130413 | strata | groups of similar individuals; choose a separate SRS from each sample and combine these to form the full sample | 17 | |
| 5153130414 | multistage sampling design | clusters of nearby households that an interviewer can easily visit | 18 | |
| 5153130415 | nonresponse | individual cannot be contacted or refuses to cooperate, often 30% or more | 19 | |
| 5153130416 | undercoverage | some groups in population are left out of the process of choosing the sample | 20 | |
| 5153130417 | response bias | if respondents lie, resulting in underestimation about the presence of the behavior in a population, or if an interviewer somehow conveys the more desirable answer, also influenced by race and sex, or if asked of past event, run the risk of faulty memory. lessened by supervision and no variation among interviewers | 21 | |
| 5153130418 | wording of questions | influences the answers on a survey; confusing or leading questions introduce strong bias or change an outcome | 22 | |
| 5153130419 | probability | laws that govern chance behavior | 23 | |
| 5153130420 | sampling frame | list of individuals from which a sample is actually selected | 24 | |
| 5153130421 | multistage sample | select successively smaller groups within the population in stages | 25 | |
| 5153130422 | factors | the explanatory variables in an experiment | 26 | |
| 5153130423 | level | specific value combined, forming each treatment for each of the factors | 27 | |
| 5153130424 | placebo | ... | 28 | |
| 5153130425 | experimental units | the individuals on which the experiments are done | 29 | |
| 5153130426 | subjects | when the units are human beings, they are these | 30 | |
| 5153130427 | treatment | specific experimental condition applied to the units | 31 | |
| 5153130428 | control group | enables experimenters to control the effects of outside variables on the outcome | 32 | |
| 5153130429 | 1st principle of statistical design | control effects of lurking variables on the response by comparing 2 or more treatments | 33 | |
| 5153130430 | 2nd principle of statistical design | randomize- use impersonal chance to assign experimental units to treatments | 34 | |
| 5153130431 | 3rd principle of statistical design | replicate each treatment on many units to reduce chance variation in results | 35 | |
| 5153130432 | statistically significant | an observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chance | 36 | |
| 5153130433 | completely randomized | when all experimental units are allocated at random among all treatments | 37 | |
| 5153130434 | double blind | neither the subjects nor the people who have contact with them know which treatment a subject received | 38 | |
| 5153130435 | lack of realism | subjects or treatment or setting of an experiment may not realistically duplicate the conditions wanted for study | 39 | |
| 5153130436 | matched pairs of design | an example of block designs, whereby it reduces the effect of variations among the data by using the principles of comparison of treatments, randomisation, and replication on several experimental units | 40 | |
| 5153130437 | block | a group of experimental units or subjects that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments | 41 | |
| 5153130438 | block design | random assignment of units to treatments carried out separately within each block | 42 |
AP Italian Persuasive Essay Flashcards
Useful phrases and words to aid in writing an essay for the Italian AP or advanced writing in Italian in general.
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| 9919516997 | in riferimento a | In reference to | 0 | |
| 9919516998 | secondo me | In my opinion | 1 | |
| 9919516999 | al contrario (di) | on the contrary | 2 | |
| 9919517000 | dipende da | it depends on | 3 | |
| 9919517001 | infatti | in fact | 4 | |
| 9919517002 | al giorno d'oggi/oggigiorno | nowadays | 5 | |
| 9919517003 | credo che... (subjunctive) | I believe that | 6 | |
| 9919517004 | secondo il testo | according to the text | 7 | |
| 9919517005 | paragonato a | compared to | 8 | |
| 9919517006 | infine | finally | 9 | |
| 9919517007 | per concludere | to conclude | 10 | |
| 9919517008 | sono d'accordo | I agree | 11 | |
| 9919517009 | non sono d'accordo | I don't agree | 12 | |
| 9919517010 | prima di tutto | first of all | 13 | |
| 9919517011 | di conseguenza | as a consequence | 14 | |
| 9919517012 | quindi | therefore | 15 | |
| 9919517013 | peró | however | 16 | |
| 9919517014 | tuttavia | nevertheless | 17 | |
| 9919517015 | inoltre | furthermore | 18 | |
| 9919517016 | invece | instead/on the contrary | 19 | |
| 9919517017 | allo stesso tempo | at the same time | 20 | |
| 9919517018 | la fonte | the source | 21 | |
| 9919517019 | la tabella | the chart | 22 | |
| 9919517020 | l'articolo | the article | 23 | |
| 9919517021 | secondo la fonte/la tabella/l'articolo | according to the source/the chart/the article | 24 | |
| 9919517022 | come si legge nella fonte numero uno | as you can read in source number one | 25 | |
| 9919517023 | come si osserva nella tabella (fonte numero due) | as you can observe in the chart (source number two) | 26 | |
| 9919517024 | come vediamo (notiamo) fonte numero tre | as it is said in source number three | 27 | |
| 9919517025 | da una parte | on one side | 28 | |
| 9919517026 | dall'altra (parte) | on the other hand | 29 | |
| 9919517027 | come si nota nella fonte numero | as noted in source number | 30 | |
| 9919517028 | per quanto riguarda | regarding | 31 | |
| 9919517029 | le statistiche | the statsics | 32 | |
| 9919517030 | mostrano | show | 33 | |
| 9919517031 | come dice | as .. says | 34 | |
| 9919517032 | anche se | even if | 35 | |
| 9919523330 | penso che + subjunctive | I think that | 36 | |
| 9919525063 | credo che + subjunctive | I believe that | 37 |
AP 6 Flashcards
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| 8524304914 | accipio, ere, accepi, acceptus | to recieve | 0 | |
| 8524304915 | aura, -ae | breeze | 1 | |
| 8524304916 | corpus, corporis | body | 2 | |
| 8524304917 | dextra, -ae | right hand | 3 | |
| 8524304918 | divus, -i | god | 4 | |
| 8524304919 | gens, gentis | race, nation | 5 | |
| 8524304920 | iubeo, -ere | to order | 6 | |
| 8524304921 | metuo, -ere | to fear | 7 | |
| 8524304922 | mirabile | amazing | 8 | |
| 8524304923 | nimbus, -i | cloud | 9 | |
| 8524304924 | tectum, -i | roof | 10 | |
| 8524304925 | ventus, -i | wind | 11 |
AP Environmental Science: Nuclear Flashcards
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| 9670452603 | Isotope | two atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons | 0 | |
| 9670452604 | Radioactive isotope | An atom with too many protons or neutrons that spontaneously emits particles from its nucleus | 1 | |
| 9670452605 | Alpha particles | Type of radioactive decay, is a helium nuclei, stopped by skin | 2 | |
| 9670452606 | Beta particles | Type of radioactive decay, electrons stopped by clothing, glass, or aluminum | 3 | |
| 9670452607 | Gamma rays | Type of radioactive decay, the most harmful type of energy, electromagnetic radiation that can go through the body, several centimeters of lead or a meter of concrete | 4 | |
| 9670452608 | Absorbed Dose | The amount of energy absorbed by a person (measured in grays) | 5 | |
| 9670452609 | Half-life | Time it takes for half of a radioactive substance to decay | 6 | |
| 9670452610 | Hot isotope | Has a short half-life, is an immediate/serious threat, and decays into a stable element sooner | 7 | |
| 9670452611 | Cold isotope | Has a long half-life, is a non-immediate threat, and has a long term storage problem | 8 | |
| 9670452612 | How radiation creates free radicals | Ionizing radiation damages cells by stealing electrons from their atoms which creates free radicals-turns them into ions | 9 | |
| 9670452613 | Three ways radiation exposure effects human health | Massive cell death, genetic mutations, cancers | 10 | |
| 9670452614 | Radiation risk assessment | The type of energy, how long the half-life is, the phase or state it is in, and its daughter isotopes | 11 | |
| 9670452615 | the worst phase or state of radioactive energy | Gas | 12 | |
| 9670452616 | the worst daughter isotopes | radioactive | 13 | |
| 9670452617 | Fission | Splitting an atom with a neutron | 14 | |
| 9670452618 | Names of radioactive isotopes that can be split | U-235 and Pu-239 | 15 | |
| 9670452619 | radioactive isotope that cannot be split | U-238 | 16 | |
| 9670452620 | How is fission in a nuclear bomb different than fission in a nuclear power plant? | In a bomb, the chain reaction is not controlled | 17 | |
| 9670452621 | Boiling water reactor | In this reactor, the same loop serves as a moderator, coolant for the core, and a steam source for the turbine. Has 1 loop |  | 18 |
| 9670452622 | Pressurized water reactor | In this reactor, the water which flows through the reactor core is isolated from the turbine. Has 2 loops |  | 19 |
| 9670452623 | Liquid metal fast breeder reactor | In this reactor, a fission reaction occurs that produces heat to run a turbine while at the same time breeding plutonium for the reaction. Has 3 loops |  | 20 |
| 9670452624 | Nuclear Fuel Cycle | Mining and Milling, Conversion, Enrichment, Fuel Fabrication, Nuclear Power Station, Storage, Reprocessing, Vitrification, Final Disposal | 21 | |
| 9670452625 | Why is nuclear power neither cheap nor fossil free? | Processing ore into concentrated fuel uses huge amounts of FFs. Processing/transport/long term storage also uses FFs and is dangerous and expensive. The governments around the planet have also spent billions on nuclear clean up. | 22 | |
| 9670452626 | Thermal pollution | heating of water reduces O2 levels in lakes, rivers, and the ocean | 23 | |
| 9670452627 | Three Mile Island | This nuclear accident was a partial meltdown and vented waste into the air. Happened in Harrisburg, PA ,1979. | 24 | |
| 9670452628 | Chernobyl | In this nuclear accident the reactor blew up and resulted in a full meltdown. | 25 | |
| 9670452629 | Chernobyl Exclusion Zone | The 1000 square miles in Ukraine around the nuclear reactor that no one is allowed to live within. | 26 | |
| 9670452630 | Fukushima Daiichi | This nuclear accident was a partial meltdown with a massive release of fallout and contaminated seawater. | 27 | |
| 9670452631 | decommissioning | The process of dismantling and burying nuclear power plants. Although, Nuclear power plants last 20-30 years and are highly radioactive at the end of their lives and before they can be decommissioned you have to wait 100 years. This is costly for future generations. | 28 | |
| 9670452632 | High level waste and location | Fuel rods are this and are supposed to be stored in Yucca Mountain. | 29 | |
| 9670452633 | Low level waste and location | Gloves count as this kind of waste and they are located in Washington, South Carolina, and Nevada | 30 | |
| 9670452634 | Yucca Mountain | The mountain that the government wants to store high level nuclear waste in, but it has not been completed because Nevada does not want it in their "backyard". | 31 | |
| 9670452635 | Fusion | Nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei collide at a very high speed to form a new type of atomic nucleus. The same process as in stars. | 32 |
AP Statistics Flashcards
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| 10379776758 | 5 number summary | The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and maximum value for a data set. These five values give a summary of the shape of the distribution and are used to make box plots. The five numbers that help describe the center, spread and shape of data |  | 0 |
| 10379776759 | z score | a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from the norm (average or mean) -Number of standard deviations a score is above or below the mean (positive above, negative below |  | 1 |
| 10379776760 | standard deviation | A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean. A measure of spread. Specifically, the typical distance the data points are from the mean. |  | 2 |
| 10379776761 | population | (statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn What the sample in an experiment or study usually reperesents | 3 | |
| 10379776762 | categorical data | Data that can be placed into categories . For example "gender" is a categorical data and the categories are "male" and "female". Labels or names used to identify categories of like items If you asked people in which month they were born or what their favorite class is, they would answer with names, which would be categorical data. However, if you asked them how many siblings they have, they would answer with numbers, not categories Labels or names used to identify categories of like items |  | 4 |
| 10379776763 | quantitative data | Data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association. numerical information describing how much, how little, how big, how tall, how fast, etc. age is quantitative |  | 5 |
| 10379776764 | bar graph | a type of graph in which the lengths of bars are used to represent and compare data in categories A graph that uses horizontal or vertical bars to represent data. |  | 6 |
| 10379776765 | parameter | (n) a determining or characteristic element; a factor that shapes the total outcome; a limit, boundary a characteristic or constant factor something that determines the limits of certain data values |  | 7 |
| 10379776766 | sample | A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole. a small part of a population that represents the whole A survey in star city representing the entire state of arkansas |  | 8 |
| 10379776767 | random | Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. Assigning subjects to expenrimental groups based on chance. pulling names or numbers out of a hat |  | 9 |
| 10379776768 | bias | Any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population Any way that tampers with the accuracy of the sample | 10 | |
| 10379776769 | Undercoverage | A sampling scheme that biases the sample in a way that gives a part of the population less representation than it has in the population. When some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample |  | 11 |
| 10379776770 | nonresponse | bias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond When many people of a sample do not respond |  | 12 |
| 10379776771 | voluntary response bias | Bias introduced to a sample when individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample. |  | 13 |
| 10379776772 | statistic | Application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data |  | 14 |
| 10379776773 | independent | (statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables | 15 | |
| 10379776774 | historgram | graphical representation of a frequency distribution using vertical bars but bars touch each other to indicate variables are related | 16 | |
| 10379776775 | box plot | A dsiplay that shows the distribution of values in a data set seperated into four equal-sized groups. A box plot is constructed from the five number summary of the data. |  | 17 |
| 10379776776 | scatterplot | A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation). |  | 18 |
| 10379776777 | correlation | A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1 |  | 19 |
| 10379776778 | skewness | The extent to which cases are clustered more at one or the other end of the distribution of a quantitative variable rather than in a symmetric pattern around its center |  | 20 |
| 10379776779 | varience | commons measure of spread about the mean as center | 21 | |
| 10379776780 | statistical significance | A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance/The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low |  | 22 |
| 10379776781 | P-value | A measure of statistical significance. The lower, the more likely the results of an experiment did not occur simply chance. |  | 23 |
| 10379776782 | empirical rule | The rules gives the approximate % of observations w/in 1 standard deviation (68%), 2 standard deviations (95%) and 3 standard deviations (99.7%) of the mean when the histogram is well approx. by a normal curve |  | 24 |
| 10379776783 | lurking variable | A variable that has an important effect on the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied |  | 25 |
| 10379776784 | null hypothesis | Hypothesis that predicts NO relationship between variables. The aim of research is to reject this hypothesis |  | 26 |
| 10379776785 | alternate hypothesis | , is the hypothesis to be considered as an alternative to the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis will be rejected in favor of the Ha only if the sample data strongly indicate that the null hypothesis is false. |  | 27 |
| 10379776786 | quota sample | A sample deliberately constructed to reflect several of the major characteristics of a given population | 28 | |
| 10379776787 | probability | A number with a value from 0 to 1 that describes the likelihood that an event will occur. example, if a bag contains a red marble, a white marble and a blue marble then the probability of selecting a red marble is 1/3. |  | 29 |
| 10379776788 | descriptive statistics | Mathematical procedures for organizing collections of data, such as determining the mean, the median, the range, the variance, and the correlation coefficient | 30 | |
| 10379776789 | mean | A measure of center in a set of numerical data, computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing by the number of values in the list. | 31 | |
| 10379776790 | median | A measure of center in a set of numerical data. The median of a list of values is the value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list - or the mean of the two central values if the list contains an even number of values. | 32 | |
| 10379776791 | mode | Measure of central tendency that uses most frequently occurring score. |  | 33 |
| 10379776792 | range | Distance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data. | 34 | |
| 10379776793 | data | Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis |  | 35 |
| 10379776794 | Q1 | A location measure of the data such that has one fourth or 25% of the data is smaller than it. Found by dividing the ordered data set in half (excluding the middle observation if n is odd) and finding the median of the lower half of the data. | 36 | |
| 10379776795 | Q3 | A location to measeure when counting data to such as the median where instead of counting 50% it is 75% from the beginning of the sorted data | 37 | |
| 10379776796 | minimum | (n.) the smallest possible amount; (adj.) the lowest permissible or possible | 38 | |
| 10379776797 | outlier | A value much greater or much less than the others in a data set |  | 39 |
| 10379776798 | margin of error | In statistical research, the range of outcomes we expect for a population, given the data revealed by a sample drawn from that population |  | 40 |
| 10379776799 | statistical normal | scoring the middle of the bell-curve; low, moderate, or high scoring |  | 41 |
| 10379776800 | simple random sample | A sample selected in such a way that every element in the population or sampling frame has an equal probability of being chosen. Equivalently, all samples of size n have an equal chance of being selected. A sample of size n selected from the population in such a way that each possible sample of size n has an equal chance of being selected. |  | 42 |
| 10379776801 | sampling distribution | Distribution of sample proportions from sample to sample. A sampling distribution of a sample statistic for a fixed sample size n is the distribution of that statistic derived from every possible sample of size n for a given population. A distribution of statistics obtained by selecting all the possible samples of a specific size from a population | 43 | |
| 10379776802 | stratified random sample | A method of sampling that involves dividing your population into homogeneous subgroups and taking a simple random sample in each subgroup. a sampling design in which the population is divided into several groups, and random samples are then drawn from each stratum |  | 44 |
| 10379776803 | systematic sample | A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame. When there is no relationship between the order of the sampling frame and the variables of interest, a systematic sample can be representative. |  | 45 |
| 10379776804 | cluster sample | Is obtained by selecting all individuals within a randomly selected collection or group of individuals. | 46 | |
| 10379776805 | 10% rule | a sample has to be lass than 10% of the whole population | 47 | |
| 10379776806 | Interpolation | The estimation of an unknown number between known numbers. Interpolation is a way of approximating price or yield using bond tables that do not give the net yield on every amount invested at every rate of interest and for every maturity. | 48 | |
| 10379776807 | Qualitative | Data in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements. | 49 | |
| 10379776808 | theoretical probability | A probability obtained by analyzing a situation. If all of the outcomes are equally likely, you can find the theoretical probability of an event by listing all of the possible outcomes and then finding the ratio of the number of outcomes producing the desired event to the total number of outcomes. For example, there are 36 possible equally likely outcomes (number pairs) when two fair number cubes are rolled. of these six have a sum of 7, so the probability of rolling a sum of 7 is 6/36 or 1/6 | 50 | |
| 10379776864 | experimental probability | 51 | ||
| 10379776809 | block design | The subjects in an experiment are first divided into groups (called 'blocks') based on some common characteristic (such as gender) that is hypothesised to have an effect on the response. Randomization of treatments then happens within each block (each block is like its own mini-experiment)." | 52 | |
| 10379776810 | blinding | The practice of concealing group assignment from study subjects, investigators, and/or those who assess subject outcomes, typically in the context of a randomized controlled trial. For ex, study subjects may receive capsules with identical appearance and taste; however, the treatment group receives the active drug, whereas the control group receives the placebo. | 53 | |
| 10379776811 | double blind | An experiment in which neither the subjects nor the people who work with them know which treatment each subject is receiving Neither the subjects nor the people who have contact with them know which treatment a subject received | 54 | |
| 10379776812 | placebo | A fake treatment. A chemically inert substance that produces real medical benefits because the patient believes it will help her |  | 55 |
| 10379776813 | least squares regression line | the line with the smallest sum of squared residuals |  | 56 |
| 10379776814 | type I error | An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable, when no such relation exists; a "false positive |  | 57 |
| 10379776815 | type II error | An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable, when in truth it did; a "false negative | | 58 |
| 10379776865 | joint frequency | 59 | ||
| 10379776816 | matched pairs | an observational technique that involves matching each participant in the experimental group with a specific participant in the control group in order to eliminate the possibility that a third variable (and not the independent variable) caused changes in the dependent variable |  | 60 |
| 10379776817 | conditional prabability | probability given that something else has already occurred | 61 | |
| 10379776818 | sample space | Set of all possible outcomes of an experiment |  | 62 |
| 10379776819 | confounded variable | A variable whose effect on the response variable cannot be separated from the effect of the explanatory variable on the response variable. (Note: Usually confounded variables are lurking variables but only a few lurking variables are also confounded.) | 63 | |
| 10379776820 | marginal frequency | A set of intervals, usually adjacent and of equal width, into which the range of a statistical distribution is divided, each associated with a frequency indicating the number of measurements in that interval. | 64 | |
| 10379776821 | coefficient of determination | The statistic or number determined by squaring the correlation coefficient. Represents the amount of variance accounted for by that correlation. Statistic that represents amount of variance accounted for by a correlation. | 65 | |
| 10379776822 | binomial | A two-name naming system. |  | 66 |
| 10379776823 | unimodal | having one mode; this is a useful term for describing the shape of a histogram when it's generally mound-shaped a data set with one mode such a normal distribution usually has only one mode | 67 | |
| 10379776824 | bimodal | A type of distribution, where there is two or more categories with an equal count or cases and with more cases than the other categories. A distribution with two modes | 68 | |
| 10379776825 | experiment | A kind of research in which the researcher controls all the conditions and directly manipulates the conditions, including the independent variable. Testing the hypothesis | 69 | |
| 10379776826 | law of large numbers | (statistics) law stating that a large number of items taken at random from a population will (on the average) have the population statistics | 70 | |
| 10379776827 | extrapolation | calculation of the value of a function outside the range of known values | 71 | |
| 10379776828 | snowball | Huyen wanted to conduct market research to find out why students were unhappy with Marketing 431, probably the finest course ever to be offered by a university. In order to do this she needed to find people who were unhappy with the course. Figuring that these people would talk to each other, she used a sampling technique where she found one person who was unhappy with the course and, after asking her research questions, asked this person for the name of another person who was unhappy with the course. | 72 | |
| 10379776829 | IQR | A measure of variability, based on dividing a data set into quartiles Difference between upper and lower quartile of a boxplot | 73 | |
| 10379776830 | Confidence interval | A range of values for a variable of interest; the specified probability is called the confidence level and the end points of the confidence interval are called the confidence limits A range of numbers in which most of the data values are likely to fall. we are 95% confident that etc. | 74 | |
| 10379776831 | Standard Error | A statistic providing an estimate of the possible magnitude to error. The larger the standard error of measurement, the less reliable the score. Standard deviation of sampling distribution |  | 75 |
| 10379776866 | Residual | 76 | ||
| 10379776832 | Convenience sample | Whenever a sample is taken it gives an improper results because the sample was taken from a very convenient area instead of representing a population | 77 | |
| 10379776833 | simulation | A representation of a situation or problem with a similar but simpler model or a more easily manipulated model in order to determine experimental results. | 78 | |
| 10379776834 | degrees of freedom | The number of individual scores that can vary without changing the sample mean. Statistically written as 'N-1' where N represents the number of subjects. | 79 | |
| 10379776835 | two way table | A table containing counts for two categorical variables. It has r rows and c columns. describes to categorical variables with row variable and column variable | 80 | |
| 10379776836 | spread | The visible variation in a sample distribution | 81 | |
| 10379776837 | center | The measure of the distance the mode is from the center of a distribution | 82 | |
| 10379776867 | shape | 83 | ||
| 10379776868 | discrete random variable | 84 | ||
| 10379776869 | central limit theorem | 85 | ||
| 10379776870 | standardized value | 86 | ||
| 10379776871 | mutually exclusive | 87 | ||
| 10379776838 | wording bias | Whenever a bias is created in a sample by the way the survey is worded to favor one question | 88 | |
| 10379776872 | causation | 89 | ||
| 10379776873 | z test | 90 | ||
| 10379776874 | t test | 91 | ||
| 10379776839 | chi squared goodness of fit | tests how well close the observes data is to what would be expected under the model. If a sign diff is found b/w the two then ob. data has not been generated by chance. nominal data Determine if scores from one variable match expectations for that distribution a gambler placed $1,000 into a game of greed in which he lost. He hopes to catch his opponent and bust him for loading the dice. He does this by choosing one dice to roll 36 times. He knows that the each side has an equal chance of landing face up. He hopes to get an outcome abnormal to this. Given the data below, can we prove that the dice are loaded |  | 92 |
| 10379776840 | frequency table | A grouping of qualitative data into mutually exclusive classes showing the number of observations in each class. A chart showing the number of times a specific event happens. |  | 93 |
| 10379776841 | area principle | the area occupied by a part of the graph should correspond to the magnitude of the value it represents | 94 | |
| 10379776875 | simpsons paradox | 95 | ||
| 10379776842 | contingency table | displays counts, and, sometimes, percentages of individuals falling into named categories on two or more variables. The table categorizes the individuals on all variables at once, to reveal possible patterns in one variable that may be contingent on the category of the other. A two-variable table with cross-tabulated data. | 96 | |
| 10379776843 | stem and leaf display | A multiple column table depicting the individual digits of the scores. A score of 95 would have a stem of 9 and a leaf of 5, a score of 62 would have a stem of 6 and a leaf of 2. If a particular stem has more than one leaf, such as the scores 54, 58, and 51, the stem of 5 has three leaves, in this case 458. . It shows the range of values of the variable |  | 97 |
| 10379776844 | multimodal | Describes a graph of quantitative data with more than two clear peaks. A distribution with more than two modes |  | 98 |
| 10379776845 | uniform | A histogram doesn't appear to have any mode and in which all the bars are approximately the same height Evenly spaced |  | 99 |
| 10379776846 | symetric | When in a normal distribution both sides are identical |  | 100 |
| 10379776847 | time plot | Displays data that change over time. Often, successive values are connected with lines to show trends more clearly. Sometimes a smooth curve is added to the plot to help show long-term patterns and trends. Displays data that change over time. |  | 101 |
| 10379776848 | se | standard deviation of residuals | 102 | |
| 10379776849 | r2 | overall measure of how successful the regression is in linearlly relating to y and x | 103 | |
| 10379776876 | leverage | 104 | ||
| 10379776850 | influential point | a point when omitted will give very different results | 105 | |
| 10379776851 | census | When a survey has no sample but instead test or surveys the entire population | 106 | |
| 10379776877 | multistage samole | 107 | ||
| 10379776852 | pilot | small trial run of a survey to see if questions are clear | 108 | |
| 10379776853 | convenience sample | Choosing a sample because it is convenient. failing to get a proper representation of the population because If you survey everyone on your soccer team who attends tonight's practice, you are surveying a convenience sample. |  | 109 |
| 10379776854 | response bias | Anything in a survey design that influences responses falls under the heading of response bias. One typical response bias arises from the wording of questions, which may suggest a favored response. Voters, for example, are more likely to express support of "the president" than support of the particular person holding that office at the moment. Anything that changes the response in a survey A police officer asking teenagers about drug use | | 110 |
| 10379776855 | observational study | A study based on data in which no manipulation of factors has been employed. A study that observes characteristics of an existing population. usually a survey | 111 | |
| 10379776856 | retrospective study | What study examines whether a past association exists between an exposure of interest and development of a present condition? data are collected from the past by going back in time | 112 | |
| 10379776857 | prospective study | an observational study in which subjects are followed to observe future outcomes |  | 113 |
| 10379776858 | statistic factor | A multifactor model in which statistical methods are applied ot a set of historical returns to determine portfolios that best explain either historical return covariances or variances. | 114 | |
| 10379776859 | control group | In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. |  | 115 |
| 10379776860 | blinding | The practice of concealing group assignment from study subjects, investigators, and/or those who assess subject outcomes, typically in the context of a randomized controlled trial. For ex, study subjects may receive capsules with identical appearance and taste; however, the treatment group receives the active drug, whereas the control group receives the placebo. | 116 | |
| 10379776861 | placebo effect | Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent. | | 117 |
| 10379776862 | trial | A performed experiment based upon the hypothesis you made. |  | 118 |
| 10379776863 | maximum | (n.) the greatest possible amount or degree in a data sample the largest value in a set of data | 119 |
AP Chemistry Polyatomic Ions Flashcards
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| 5268630801 | acetate |  | 0 | |
| 5268638840 | ammonium |  | 1 | |
| 5268644032 | bromate |  | 2 | |
| 5268649609 | carbonate |  | 3 | |
| 5268665579 | chlorate |  | 4 | |
| 5268667925 | chlorite |  | 5 | |
| 5268670099 | chromate |  | 6 | |
| 5268679080 | hydroxide |  | 7 | |
| 5268682484 | nitrate |  | 8 | |
| 5268684410 | nitrite |  | 9 | |
| 5268686198 | peroxide |  | 10 | |
| 5268688965 | phosphate |  | 11 | |
| 5268690711 | phosphite |  | 12 | |
| 5268693483 | sulfate |  | 13 | |
| 5268695267 | sulfite |  | 14 | |
| 5268739461 | cyanide |  | 15 |
Ap Biology Chapter 49 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5200536353 | Nerve net | A series of interconnected nerves | 0 | |
| 5200542276 | Cephalization | Clustering of sensory organs at the front end of the body | 1 | |
| 5200546192 | CNS | Brain and spinal cord | 2 | |
| 5200551022 | PNS | Sensory neurons and motor neurons | 3 | |
| 5200554817 | Reflex arc | The body's automatic response to a stimulus (From sensory nerve to the spinal cord and back) | 4 | |
| 5200574182 | Cranial nerves | Nerves that originate in the brain and mostly terminate in organs of the head and upper body | 5 | |
| 5200580444 | Spinal nerves | Nerves that originate in the spinal cord and extend to parts of the body below the head | 6 | |
| 5200588094 | Motor system | Carries signals to skeletal muscles and is voluntary | 7 | |
| 5200598369 | Autonomic nervous system | Regulates the internal environment in an involuntary manner | 8 | |
| 5200609297 | Sympathetic division | Correlates with the "fight or flight" response | 9 | |
| 5200614066 | Parasympathetic division | Promotes a return to "rest and digest" | 10 | |
| 5200620153 | Enteric division | Controls activity of the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder | 11 | |
| 5200632370 | Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain | The three divisions of a developing brain | 12 | |
| 5200644110 | Cerebral cortex | The outer portion of the cerebellum that surrounds most of the brain | 13 | |
| 5200657099 | Brainstem | Coordinates and conducts information between brain centers | 14 | |
| 5200668481 | Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata | The three parts of the brainstem | 15 | |
| 5200673943 | Midbrain | Contains centers for receipt and interation of sensory information | 16 | |
| 5200677589 | Pons | Regulates breathing centers in the medulla | 17 | |
| 5200681042 | Medulla oblongata | Contains centers that control several functions including breathing, cardiovascular activity, swallowing, vomiting, and digestion | 18 | |
| 5200699222 | Reticular formation | The core of the brainstem has a diffuse network | 19 | |
| 5200712472 | Cerebellum | Is important for coordination and error checking during motor, perceptual, and cognitive functions | 20 | |
| 5200738796 | Thalamus | The main input center for sensory information to the cerebrum and the main output center for motor information leaving the cerebrum | 21 | |
| 5200753994 | Hypothalamus | Regulates homeostasis and basic survival behaviors such as feeding, fighting, fleeing, and reproducing | 22 | |
| 5200773205 | Suprechiasmatic nuclei | Nuclei in the hypothalamus that act as the internal clock | 23 | |
| 5200782777 | Corpus callosum | Provides communication between the right and left cerebral cortexes | 24 | |
| 5200793219 | Amygdala | Located in the temporal lobe and helps store an emotional experience as an emotional memory | 25 | |
| 5200803833 | Neural plasticity | Describes the ability of the nervous system to be modified after birth | 26 | |
| 5200813397 | Short-term memory | Accessed via the hypothalamus | 27 | |
| 5200816448 | Long-term memory | Memories stored in the cerebral cortex | 28 | |
| 5200836303 | Long-term potentiation | A form of learning that involves an increase in the strength of synaptic transmission | 29 | |
| 5200850060 | Parkinson's disease | A motor disorder caused by the death of dopamine-secreting neurons in the midbrain | 30 | |
| 5200861537 | Alzheimer's disease | Is caused by the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in the brain | 31 |
AP Psych Unit 9 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6134925792 | death-deferral phenomenon | spirit affects life expectancy; depression causes poor health and early death; ex: more people die 2 days after Christmas than before People tend to put off dying when there is an event to look forward to, such as holidays | 0 | |
| 6224168018 | dementia | An abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive defects that include memory impairment. | 1 | |
| 6224173357 | alzheimer's disease | Progressive degeneration of the brain that ultimately results in dementia. | 2 | |
| 6224178306 | prospective memory | remembering to do things in the future | 3 | |
| 6224181286 | cross-sectional study | a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another | 4 | |
| 6224193487 | carol gilligan | moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely different, not better or worse Presented feminist critique of Kolhberg's moral development theory; believed women's moral sense guided by relationships | 5 | |
| 6224207547 | circular reaction | A repetitive action that achieves a desired response; seen during Piaget's sensorimotor stage. | 6 | |
| 6224209015 | symbolic thinking | _____ refers to the ability to pretend, play make-believe, and have an imagination. | 7 | |
| 6224210137 | animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. | 8 | |
| 6224211480 | artificialism | PREOPERATIONAL--believing that all things are human made | 9 | |
| 6224212747 | irreversibility | the child's inability to mentally reverse a sequence of events or logical operations | 10 | |
| 6224213733 | bi-dimensional thinking | thinking that is logical | 11 | |
| 6224215820 | multiple classification | the intellectual understanding that objects may fit into more than one category | 12 | |
| 6224218331 | mathematical transformations | solving complex problems | 13 | |
| 6224219015 | hypothetical reasoning | Ability to systematically generate and evaluate potential solutions to a problem | 14 | |
| 6224220514 | deductive reasoning | reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.) | 15 | |
| 6224221490 | metacognition | thinking about thinking awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes. | 16 | |
| 6224221491 | gender constancy | the concept that gender does not change regardless of how one behaves or what clothes one wears | 17 | |
| 6224223131 | phenylketonuria | a genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing | 18 | |
| 6224227426 | androgyny | combination of traditional masculine and feminine traits in a single person | 19 | |
| 6227605631 | developmental psychology | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span | 20 | |
| 6227609480 | nature and nurture | Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments | 21 | |
| 6227615717 | continuity and stages | this focus looks at our development to determine if it is gradual, a continuous process or sequence of separate stages | 22 | |
| 6227617243 | stability and change | This area of developmental psychology looks at our early personality traits, and study if the traits persist through life or not. | 23 | |
| 6227617244 | zygote | a fertilized egg | 24 | |
| 6227618654 | embryo | A fertilised egg in the first eight weeks after conception | 25 | |
| 6227618655 | fetus | The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. | 26 | |
| 6227619940 | teratogens | agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm | 27 | |
| 6227620767 | fetal alcohol syndrome | a medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant | 28 | |
| 6227620768 | rooting | a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple. | 29 | |
| 6227621517 | sucking | Reflex that causes a newborn to make sucking motions when a finger or nipple if placed in the mouth | 30 | |
| 6227621518 | habituation | An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it | 31 | |
| 6227623904 | novelty-preference procedure | infants are more likely to pay attention to new objects/people than those they've seen before | 32 | |
| 6227623905 | pruning process | unused neural connections are lost and others are strengthened | 33 | |
| 6227624892 | maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience | 34 | |
| 6227624893 | infantile amnesia | the inability to remember events from early childhood | 35 | |
| 6227626417 | cognition | All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. | 36 | |
| 6227626418 | jean piaget | 1896-1980; Field: cognition; Contributions: created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation) | 37 | |
| 6227627514 | schema | a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information | 38 | |
| 6227627515 | assimilate | interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas | 39 | |
| 6227630460 | accommodation | According to Piaget, the process by which existing mental structures and behaviors are modified to adapt to new experiences | 40 | |
| 6227633331 | sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities | 41 | |
| 6227634148 | object permanence | recognition that things continue to exist even though hidden from sight; infants generally gain this after 3 to 7 months of age | 42 | |
| 6227635699 | preoperational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic | 43 | |
| 6227635700 | conservation | Ability to recognize that objects can be transformed in some way, visually or phycially, yet still be the same in number, weight, substance, or volume | 44 | |
| 6227636965 | egocentric | in piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view | 45 | |
| 6227636966 | theory of mind | People's ideas about their own and others' mental states -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict | 46 | |
| 6227638221 | Vygotsky | Believed that cognitive development was largely the result of the child's interaction with members of his or her own culture rather than his or her interaction with concrete objects | 47 | |
| 6227642118 | concrete operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events | 48 | |
| 6227642815 | formal operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts | 49 | |
| 6227642816 | autism | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind | 50 | |
| 6227643927 | reflecting on piaget's stage | piaget identified significant cognitive milestones and stimulated worldwide interest in how the mind develops | 51 | |
| 6227643928 | scaffold | Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children's learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent | 52 | |
| 6227645516 | zone of proximal development | the range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working alone with difficulty, and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults or children with more skill phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction | 53 | |
| 6227645517 | stranger anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age | 54 | |
| 6227646863 | attachment | An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. | 55 | |
| 6227648207 | Harry Harlow | 1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers) | 56 | |
| 6227648208 | critical period | an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development | 57 | |
| 6227650278 | lorenz | "Survival of the Fittest Theory" and imprinting | 58 | |
| 6227650279 | imprinting | The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. | 59 | |
| 6227651839 | mere exposure | the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them | 60 | |
| 6227653530 | strange situation | Ainsworth's method for assessing infant attachment to the mother, based on a series of brief separations and reunions with the mother in a playoom situation | 61 | |
| 6227655233 | secure attachment | Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened Attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy | 62 | |
| 6227657161 | insecure attachment | attachments marked by anxiety or ambivalence Infants are wary of exploring the environment and resist or avoid the mother when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation | 63 | |
| 6227664034 | mary ainsworth | developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment | 64 | |
| 6227664035 | temperament | A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. | 65 | |
| 6227665306 | difficult babies | Babies who have negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations when confronted with the new situation they tend to withdraw | 66 | |
| 6227665307 | easy babies | Babies who have a positive disposition; their body functions operate regularly, and they are adaptable | 67 | |
| 6227666949 | slow-to-warm-up infants | An infant temperament type marked by low activity level; high initial withdrawal from the unfamiliar; slow adaptation to change; and a somewhat negative mood, with moderate or low intensity of reaction. | 68 | |
| 6227666950 | basic trust | according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers | 69 | |
| 6227668832 | deprivation of attachment | results in children who are more withdrawn, frightened, and have difficultly developing speech | 70 | |
| 6227668833 | self-concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" | 71 | |
| 6227670394 | authoritarian | Parents impose rules and expect obedience | 72 | |
| 6227670395 | permissive | parents submit to their children's desires | 73 | |
| 6227671173 | authoritative | parents are both demanding and responsive | 74 | |
| 6227672225 | culture and child rearing | child-rearing practices reflect cultural values that vary across time and place | 75 | |
| 6227672226 | gender | In psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female. | 76 | |
| 6227675340 | aggression | Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy. | 77 | |
| 6227676217 | male answer syndrome | Men are more likely to hazard answers rather than admit they don't know. | 78 | |
| 6227677086 | interdependent | dependent on one another; mutually dependent Relying on others for survival and well-being | 79 | |
| 6227678138 | X chromosome | The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child. | 80 | |
| 6227678139 | Y chromosome | the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child. | 81 | |
| 6227679288 | testosterone | A male hormone that stimulates the growth of genital and secondary sexual characteristics. | 82 | |
| 6227679289 | gray matter | Brain and spinal cord tissue that appears gray with the naked eye; consists mainly of neuronal cell bodies (nuclei) and lacks myelinated axons. | 83 | |
| 6227680604 | white matter | Inner layer of the cerebrum, white from bundles of axons with myelin sheaths | 84 | |
| 6227680605 | role | a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave | 85 | |
| 6227680606 | gender role | a set of expected behaviors for males or for females | 86 | |
| 6227681672 | gender identity | one's sense of being male or female | 87 | |
| 6227682904 | gender typing | the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role | 88 | |
| 6227684001 | social learning theory | The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. | 89 | |
| 6227684002 | gender schema | the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly | 90 | |
| 6227685366 | rosenzweig and krech | 1.impoverished vs. enriched environment 2.More learning in enriched environments | 91 | |
| 6227687754 | credit or blame parents | both parents and genes shape offspring | 92 | |
| 6227687755 | selection effect | The effect where kids seek out peers with similar attitudes and interests | 93 | |
| 6227688766 | adolescence | the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence | 94 | |
| 6227688767 | puberty | Developmental stage at which a person becomes capable of reproduction. | 95 | |
| 6227696040 | primary sex characteristics | the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible | 96 | |
| 6227696989 | secondary sex characteristics | nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair | 97 | |
| 6227696990 | menarche | The first menstrual period. | 98 | |
| 6227697824 | spermarche | boy's first ejaculation | 99 | |
| 6227697825 | Kohlberg | theorist who claimed individuals went through a series of stages in the process of moral development. | 100 | |
| 6227698907 | moral reasoning | the thinking process involved in deciding whether an act is right or wrong | 101 | |
| 6227701951 | preconventional morality | first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior | 102 | |
| 6227702759 | conventional morality | second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior | 103 | |
| 6227704197 | postconventional morality | third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and which may be in disagreement with accepted social norms | 104 | |
| 6227707363 | Haidt's social intuitionist theory | moral judgment involves quick gut feelings, or affectively laden intuitions, which then trigger moral reasoning. | 105 | |
| 6227708346 | delayed gratification | postponing immediate gratification for long-term goals | 106 | |
| 6227708347 | erik erikson | neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?" | 107 | |
| 6227710853 | identity | our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles | 108 | |
| 6227710854 | social identity | the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships | 109 | |
| 6227711762 | intimacy | in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood | 110 | |
| 6227712513 | emerging adulthood | for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood | 111 | |
| 6227712514 | menopause | The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. | 112 | |
| 6227720553 | longitudinal study | research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period | 113 | |
| 6227722708 | crystallized intelligence | our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age | 114 | |
| 6227722709 | fluid intelligence | our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood | 115 | |
| 6227723774 | social clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement | 116 | |
| 6227727435 | reflections on 3 major development issues | 1.) how development is steered by genes and by experience. 2.) whether development is a gradual, continuous process or a series of discrete stages. 3.) whether development is characterized more by stability over time or by change. | 117 |
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