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Ap Biology Chapter 39 Flashcards

5036665194	Etiolation	The morphological adaptation for growing in darkness	0
5036675534	De-Etiolation	When a potato is exposed to light it grows roots and lives normally	1
5036687465	Phosphorylation	Turns on/off proteins	2
5036689671	Hormones	Chemical signals that coordinate different parts of an organism	3
5036695673	Tropism	Any response resulting in the curvature of organs toward or away from a stimulus	4
5036703639	Phototropism	A plant bending towards sunlight	5
5036711790	Auxin	The chemical that causes cell elongation	6
5036722443	Auxin uses	Forms roots, acts as an herbicide, and induces growth	7
5036729745	Expansins	Enzymes that loosen the wall's fabric	8
5036733869	Acid growth hypothesis	Auxin stimulates proton pumps in the plasma membrane which lowers the ph in the cell wall	9
5036741084	Cytokinins	Stimulates cytokinesis (cell division)	10
5036758317	Apical dominance	One trunk (the terminal bud growth)	11
5036772546	Height growth	Caused by auxin inhibiting branch growth	12
5036778206	Branch growth	Caused by cytokinis	13
5036781062	Giberellins	Stem elongation, fruit growth, and seed germination	14
5036829263	Brassinosteriods	Chemically similar to sex hormones of animals	15
5036834386	Abscisic acid (ABA)	Slows growth (seed dormancy and drought tolerance)	16
5036840795	Ethylene	A response from plants due to drought, flooding, mechanical pressure, injury, and infection (fruit ripening too)	17
5036849524	Drought tolerance	ABA accumulates in leaves to close gaurd cells in the stomata	18
5036855385	Triple response	Ethylene allows a growing shoot to avoid obstacles, the more ethylene, the more it bends	19
5036876460	Senescence	The programmed death of plant cells/organs with ethylene	20
5036885551	Leaf shedding	Genes get turned on which break down chlorophyll, DNA, RNA, and proteins to reabsorb them	21
5036895975	Photomorphogenis	The effects of light on plant morphology	22
5036898553	Action spectrum graph	Depicts relative responses of a process to different wavelengths	23
5036928900	2 major classes of light receptors	Blue light photoreceptors and phytochromes (red light)	24
5036956159	Blue light photoreceptors	Controls hypocytyl elongation(stem), stomatal opening, and phototropism	25
5036966652	Phytochromes	Regulate a lot of plant's response to light like de-etiolation	26
5036973714	Red light	Increase germination	27
5036980391	Far-red light	Decreases germination	28
5036984270	Photoperiodism	A physiological response to photoperiods	29
5036994013	Photoperiod	The relative lengths of night and day (used to determine the season)	30
5037006160	Short day plants	A plant that flowers when a light period is shorter than a critical length	31
5037011745	Long day plants	A plant that flowers when a light period is longer than a certain number of hours	32
5037019409	Day neutral plants	A plant that flowers due to maturity not photoperiods	33
5037024094	Vernalization	A pretreatment with cold to induce flowering	34
5037034247	Florigen	The flowering signal, not yet chemically identified	35
5037038064	Gravitropism	A plants response to gravity	36
5037047177	Statoliths	Specialized plastids containing dense starch grains that shift in roots to sense gravity and grow down	37
5037056749	Thigmomorphogenesis	Refers to changes in form that result from mechanical disturbance	38
5037069328	Thigmotropism	Growth in response to touch	39
5037072738	Action potentials	Transmission of electrical impulses	40
5037076553	Abiotic	Stresses that are nonliving	41
5037081093	Biotic	Stresses that are living	42
5037084948	Salt stress	Plants absorb salts from the soil to retain water due to over irrigation	43
5037090950	Heat shock proteins	Proteins that help protect other proteins from heat stress	44
5037096565	Methyljasmonic acid	Activates the expression of genes involved in plant defense	45
5037105558	Virulent	The pathogen is one that a plant has little specific defense against	46
5037112293	Avirulent	The pathogen is one that may harm but does not kill the host plant	47
5037117245	Gene for gene recognition	Involves recognition of pathogen derived molecules by protein products of specific plant disease resistance (R) genes	48
5037130608	Hypersensitive response	Kills off cells around an infection, produces phytoalexins, and PR proteins to hinder infections	49
5037152085	Systemic acquired resistance	Causes systemic expression of defense genes and is a long lasting response	50
5037159447	Salicylic acid	Synthesized around the infection site and is likely the signal that triggers systemic acquired resistance	51

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AP: 8- Palabras comunes en el examen de AP Flashcards

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9681140795	el alojamiento	housing	0
9681140796	una beca	scholarship	1
9681140797	la belleza	the beauty	2
9681140798	un consejero	advisor	3
9681140799	un consejo	advice	4
9681140800	el consejo estudiantil	student counsel	5
9681140801	una devolución	a return (of an item)	6
9681140802	una encuesta	survey	7
9681140803	una familia anfitriona	host family	8
9681140804	inscribirse	to enroll; to sign up for	9
9681140805	el liderazgo	the leadership	10
9681140806	el papel [de las mujeres]	the role [of women]	11
9681140807	participar en un foro	to participate en a forum	12
9681140808	patrocinar	to sponsor	13
9681140809	una queja	a complaint	14
9681140810	una semejanza	a similarity	15
9681140811	una solicitud	application	16
9681140812	un sorteo/una rifa	a raffle/drawing	17
9681140813	una tertulia	a gathering/get together	18

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AP Pysch chapter 3 Flashcards

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5123840960	Nervous tissue	the basic hardware in the nervous system	0
5123844477	Neuronsn	Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information	1
5123849208	Neurons	are the basic links that permit communication within the nervous system	2
5123849784	Soma (cell body)	contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells	3
5123852844	1. Receives sensory input 2. process info and integrate with prior experiences 3. output to guide our actions	Functions of neurons	4
5123856501	Dendrites	the parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information	5
5123857741	Parts of a neuron		6
5123860487	Myelin sheath	an insulation material that encases some axons and speeds up the transmission of signals that move along axons	7
5123865917	terminal buttons	small knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters	8
5123869095	synapse	a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another	9
5123870343	synaptic cleft	space between neurons	10
5123871982	Glia	cells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons (stimulate growth, repair, damage, and keep them in place)	11
5123879144	Resting potenial	a stable negative charge when the cell is inactive	12
5123882229	Action potential	a very brief shift in a neurons electrical charge that travels along an axon	13
5123886959	absolute refractory period	the minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin	14
5123895461	the presynaptic neuron	what are chemical messages released by?	15
5123897791	the postsynaptic neuron	neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on the dendrites of this like a lock and key	16
5123904467	neurotransmitters	chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another	17
5123907180	Excitatory postsynaptic potential	postsynaptic neuron fries an action potential	18
5123909649	inhibitory postsynaptic potential	postsynaptic neuron does not fire an action potential (polarized)	19
5123915191	postsynaptic potential	a voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane	20
5123918383	Reuptake	neurotransmitters are "recycled" by the presynaptic neuron	21
5123922779	Neurotransmitters	Plays a key role in everything from muscle movement to moods and mental health	22
5123933436	Agonist	mimics a neurotransmitter ( binds to receptor to activate)	23
5123936327	Antagonist	Blocks receptor sites, preventing neurotransmitters to activate)	24
5123938805	Acetylcholine	memory, muscle memory, used by parasympathetic nervous system	25
5123945705	dopamine	initiation of voluntary movement, experience of pleasure (reward pathway)	26
5123948510	Parkinsons	Deficiency of dopamine	27
5123950741	Schizophrenia/addiction	Excess of dopamine	28
5123952701	Norepinephrine	used by sympathetic nervous system (flight or fight) arousal and aertness	29
5123959163	Depression	Deficiency of Norepinephrine	30
5123959164	Anxiety	excess of Norepinephrine	31
5123963449	Serotonin	Mood, sleep, appetite	32
5123967950	Depression	Deficiency of serotonin	33
5123968564	Mania	Excess of serotonin	34
5123970079	bipolar	Fluctuation of serotonin	35
5123972536	GABA	Neurotransmitter that Inhibits or reduces the activity of cells (sleep) (Don't fire action potentials)	36
5123976564	Huntington disease	Deficiency of GABA	37
5123977143	Glutamate	Excitatory ( fire) neurotransmitter; strengthens neural connections=learning	38
5123984566	Endorphins	Neurotransmitter that reduces pain	39
5123988436	somatic nervous system	voluntary muscle movement	40
5123991082	afferent nerve fibers	Brings in sensory information from the environment and sends it to the brain	41
5123993873	Efferent nerve fibers	Carries info from the brain to muscles to guide our actions	42
5123997603	Autonomic nervous system	controns involuntary processes (organs and glands) heart rate, blood pressure, breathing	43
5124003879	sympathetic nervous system	fight or flight response prepares body for action (increases activity)	44
5124007550	Parasympathetic nervous system	Conserves boys resources, calms body back down	45
5124009863	Spinal cord	sends info to and from the brain	46
5124013369	reflexes	quick, involuntary, response/action	47
5124016487	Neurons to spinal cord to brain to spinal cord to guide actions via efferent neurons	traditional route	48
5124026486	sensory input via afferent neurons to spinal cord to guide action via efferent neurons spinal chord to brain	Reflexes response	49
5124027858	Electroencephalograph (EEG)	attach electrodes to scalp,monitor electrical brain activity (brain waves/voltage)	50
5124029157	Lesioning	Destroying brain tissue (electrode used to burn tissue and disable the structure)	51
5124030766	Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)	stimulate (activate) a brain structure with weak electric current	52
5124033671	transcriptional magnetic stimulation (TMS)	temporary enhancement or depression of activity in a specific area of the brain (using magnetic coil on a small paddle)	53
5124036046	Computed tomography (CT/CAT) scan	x-ray of brain structure (horizontal slice.. many angles put together)	54
5124039751	Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	usus magnetic fields and radio waves to map out brain structure (shows tissue)	55
5124043163	Functional MRI	Monitors blood flow and oxygen in the brain to identify areas (structures) of high activity (real time, kind of like movies)	56
5124047223	Position emission tomography (PET)	inject small amt. of radioactive material to monitor chemical activity in different areas of the brain	57
5124050758	Medula	hindbrain-unconcious ital functions (heart rate, blood pressure, breathing ect)	58
5124052370	pons	sleeping and dreaming	59
5124053071	cerebellum	coordination and balance	60
5124055842	Reticular formation	a network of cells that controls alertness, arousal, and attention	61
5124056772	Locus coeruleus	(nucleus within reticular formation) stress and panic responses	62
5124060598	substantia nigra and striatum	initiation of movement	63
5124061568	thalamus	central relay station for all senses except smell	64
5124062280	hypothalamus	biological drives (hunger, thirst,sex)	65
5124063642	limbic system	emotional center	66
5124064769	hippocampus	formation of new memories	67
5124067497	amygdala	emotional reactions (especially fear and anger) (olfactory bulb and pituitary gland too)	68
5124071220	cerebral hemispheres	right hemisphere controls the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body	69
5124074445	corpus callosum	bundle of fibers that connect the right and left hemispheres (allows both halves to communicate)	70
5124078317	occipital lobe	contains visual cortex (vision/sight)	71
5124079241	parietal lobe	contains sensory cortex touch sensations (pressure,temperature, pain)	72
5124085086	temporal lobe	contains auditory cortex (hearing)	73
5124086257	motor cortex	movement	74
5124088850	prefrontal cortex	higher order thinking/executive functioning (decision making, planning,organization) personality	75
5124092950	Mirror neurons	neurons that fire when we watch others perform actions	76
5124107675	neurogenesis	formation of new neurons	77
5124108633	plasticity	the ability of the brain to strengthen existing neural connections and form new connections (ability to re-wire the brain)	78
5124114496	Left hemisphere	controls the right side of the body, speech, language,logic,analysis,and mathematical skills	79
5124117408	broca's area	located in left frontal lobe physical production of speech and language	80
5124119883	wernickes area	located in temporal lobe comprehension and interpretation of speech and language	81
5124121859	Right hemisphere	controls left side of body, nonverbal creative and artistic, spatial/patterns and facial recognition, emotion	82
5124130586	Split-brain	severed corpus callous right+ left hemisphere can no longer communicate	83
5124133902	Endocrine system	glands that secrete chemicals (hormones) into the bloodstream and absorbed by organs and glands throughout the body	84
5124136189	hormones	chemicals released by the endocrine system into the bloodstream	85
5124137000	pituitary gland	masterglad (growth and development)	86
5124140321	oxytocin	hormone regulating reproductive behaviors (as well as trust, bonding,cooperation, empathy) ( the love hormone) (reduces stress)	87
5124147688	Chromosomes	strands of DNA that carry genetic info	88
5124147689	Zygote	fertilized egg (1st 2 weeks) DNA is assembled	89
5124149214	genes	DNA segments (carry hereditary info)	90
5124153027	Homozygous	2 of the same genes	91
5124154677	Heterozygous	2 genes in a pair of genes that are different	92
5124156141	Dominant	overrides the other (recessive gene) expressed in the heterozygous condition	93
5124157857	Recessive	gene that smashed in the heterozygous condition	94
5124159509	genotype	a persons genetic makeup	95
5124161184	phenotype	what we see in, how a person looks in observation	96
5124162261	polygenetic inheritance	characteristics that are influenced by more than one pair of genes (Skin color)	97
5124167096	Genetic mapping	the process of determining the location and chemical sequence of specific genes on a specific chromosomes	98
5124170856	Epigenetics	involves understanding how how genetics are controlled by factors other than an individuals DNA sequence ( how does nurture affect nature)	99
5124144731	Chromosomes		100

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AP Biology: Chapter 18 Flashcards

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6313748852	Feedback Inhibition	- The product acts as an allosteric inhibitor of the 1st enzyme in tryptophan pathway but this is wasteful production of enzymes	0
6313748853	Gene Regulation	- Don't block the enzyme's function, block transcription of genes for all enzymes in tryptophan pathway - Saves energy by not wasting it on unnecessary protein synthesis	1
6313748854	Operon	- Genes grouped together with related functions	2
6313748855	Promoter	- RNA polymerase binding site - Controls transcription of all genes in the operon - Transcribed as one unit and a single mRNA is made	3
6313748856	Operator	- DNA binding site of repressor proteins	4
6313748857	Repressor Operon	- Binds to DNA at the operator site - Blocking RNA polymerase - Blocks transcription - Similar to how a skateboard stops on a curb - ANABOLIC pathways (build) - Synthesizing end products - Cell allocates excess resources to other uses	5
6313748858	Inducible Operon	- CATABOLIC pathways (destroy) - Digesting nutrients to simpler molecules - Produce enzymes only when nutrients are available - Cell avoids making proteins that have nothing to do, allocates resources	6
6313748859	DNA Packing	- DNA coiling and folding - Degree of packing regulates transcription - No transcription, genes off - Wrapped histones - Double helix - Nucleosomes (beads on a string) - Chromatin fiber - Looped domains - Chromosome	7
6313748860	DNA Methylation	- Blocks transcription factors and genes turned off - Attachment of methyl groups to cytosine - Nearly permanent inactivation of genes - Ex: Barr body	8
6313748862	Transcription Initiation	- Controls regions of DNA - Promoter closely controls DNA sequence and binding of RNA polymerase/ transcription factors (base rate) - Enhancer distantly controls DNA sequences and binds to activator proteins (high rate)	9
6313748863	Post Transcriptional Control	- Alternative RNA splicing - Variable processing of exons creates a family of proteins	10
6313748864	Regulation of mRNA Degradation	- Life span of mRNA determines amount of protein synthesis	11
6313748865	RNA Interference siRNA	- Short segments of RNA - Binds to mRNA - Creates sections of double stranded mRNA - Death tag for mRNA (Degration) - Causes gene silencing - Post transcriptional control - Turns off genes because no proteins are produced	12
6313748866	Control of Translation	- Blocks initiation of translation stage - Regulatory protein attaches to the 5 end of mRNA - Prevents the attachment of ribosomal subunits and initiator tRNA - Blocks translation of mRNA protein	13
6313748869	Proteasome	- Protein Degrading Machine - Waste disposer - Breaks down any proteins into 7-9 amino acid fragments - Cellular recycling	14
6313748870	A mutation that makes the regulatory gene of an inducible operon nonfunctional would result in	- continuous transcription of the operon's genes.	15
6313748871	A mutation that inactivates the regulator gene of a repressible operon in an E. coli cell would result in	- continuous transcription of the structural gene controlled by that regulator.	16

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AP Flashcards

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7223725637	Accessibility	the relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place	0
7223725638	Cartography	science or art of making maps	1
7223725640	Connectivity	The degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places	2
7223725645	cultural landscape	the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape	3
7223725651	Distance	an amount of space between two things or people.	4
7223725656	Epidemic	regional outbreak of a disease	5
7223725663	Globalization	Expansion of processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact	6
7223725664	Human Geography	Spatial analysis of human population, cultures, activities, and landscapes	7
7223725665	Human-Environment	The relationship between humans and their environment	8
7223725669	Landscape	The overall appearance of an area	9
7223725672	Location Theory	An attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and how its producing areas are interrelated	10
7223725674	Medical Geography	The study of health and disease within a geographic context and from a geographical perspective	11
7223725676	Pandemic	an outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide	12
7223725677	Perception of Place	belief or understanding of a place developed through books, movies, stories, or pictures	13
7223725679	Physical Geography	spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of the Earth's natural phenomena	14
7223725680	Place	a location that has meaning developed through emotions or important events that took place	15
7223725685	Region	an area on the Earth's surface marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon	16
7223725689	Sense of Place	state of mind created from a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events	17
7223725693	Spacial Interaction	the movement of people, goods, and ideas within and across geographic space	18
7223725694	Spacial Perspective	observing variations in geographic phenomena across space	19
7223725704	Pattern	arrangement of objects in space	20
7223725707	spatial	pertaining to space on the Earths surface, sometimes used as a synonym for geogrpahic	21
7223725708	spatial distribution	Physical location of geographic phenomena across space	22
7223725709	five themes	location, human-environment, region, place, and movement	23
7223725710	movement	the mobility of people goos and ideas across the surface of the planet	24
7223725711	sequent occupance	the notion that successful societies leave their cultural imprints on a place each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape	25
7223798513	location	The geographical situation of people and things	26

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AP Art History: Africa Flashcards

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9451531682	Conical tower and circular wall of Great Zimbabwe	Location: Southeastern Zimbabwe Artists: Shona peoples Time Period: 1000-1400 C.E Materials: Coursed granite blocks Facts: The ruins of Great Zimbabwe - the capital of the Queen of Sheba, according to an age-old legend - are a unique testimony to the Bantu civilization of the Shona between the 11th and 15th centuries. The city, which covers an area of nearly 80 ha, was an important trading center and was renowned from the Middle Ages onward.	0
9451531683	Great Mosque of Djenne	Location: Mali Artist: Unknown Time Period: Founded c. 1200 C.E ~rebuilt in 1906-1907 Facts: It was a great center of commerce, learning, and Islam, which had been practiced from the beginning of the 13th century. As one of the wonders of Africa, and one of the most unique religious buildings in the world, the Great Mosque of Djenné, in present-day Mali, is also the greatest achievement of Sudano-Sahelian architecture (Sudano-Sahelian refers to the Sudanian and Sahel grassland of West Africa).	1
9451531684	Wall plaque, from Oba's palace	Location: Benin (Nigeria) Artist: Edo peoples Time Period: 16th Century C.E Material: Cast Brass Facts: This plaque shows an Oba surrounded by his attendants, two of whom are depicted holding up their shields in a formal protective stance. Only the Oba was allowed to be shaded in this way within the city.	2
9451531685	Sika Dwa Kofi (Golden Stool)	Location: South Central Ghana Artist: Ashanti peoples Time Period: 1700 C.E Materials: Gold over wood and cast-gold attachments Facts: The Golden Stool was said to have been delivered from the sky by the priest Okomfo Anokye to land on the knees of the first Asantehene, Opuku Ware I, in the late 17th century. This stool houses the soul of the Asante nation and is the supreme symbol of the kingdom. Attached to the stool are one gold and two brass bells (not seen in the image), which announce its presence, and four gold enemies (seen just below the stool) representing defeated enemies of the Asante	3
9451531686	Ndop (portrait figure) of King Mishe miShyaang maMbul	Location: Democratic Republic of the Congo Artist: Kongo people Time Period: 1760- 1780 C.E Material: Wood Facts: Ddop Mishe miShyaang maMbul records King Mishe's reign for posterity and solidified his accomplishments amongst the pantheon of his predecessors.	4
9451531687	Power Figure (Nkisis n'kondi)	Location: Democratic Republic of the Congo Artist: Kongo peoples Time Period: late 19th century Materials: Wood and metal Facts: Sacred medicines and divine protection are central to the belief of the BaKongo peoples (Democratic Republic of Congo). The BaKongo believe that the great god, Ne Kongo, brought the first sacred medicine (or nkisi) down from heaven in an earthenware vessel set upon three stones or termite mounds.	5
9451531688	Female (Pwo) Mask	Location: Democratic Republic of the Congo Artist: Chokwe peoples Time Period: late 19th to early 20th century C.E Materials: Wood, fiber, pigment, and metal Facts: his work is an outstanding example of Pwo, a classic Chokwe mask genre that honors founding female ancestors. Such representations are especially significant given that the Chokwe trace descent through their mothers' lines. Pwo's joint performance with her male counterpart, Cihongo, brings fertility and prosperity to a community. The cultural ideals of these two iconic representations developed during the precolonial period continue to inspire contemporary artists in the region.	6
9451531689	Portrait Mask (Mblo)	Location: Cote d'Ivorie Artist: Baule peoples Time Period: Early 20th century C.E Materials: Wood and Pigment Facts: The mask is exceptional for its nuanced individuality, highly refined details, powerful presence, and considerable age. It is especially appealing for its unusual depth that affords strong three-quarter views. The broad forehead and downcast eyes are classic features associated with intellect and respect in Baule aesthetics. The departure from a rigidly symmetrical representation suggests an individual physiognomy. The expression is one of intense introspection. Its serenity is subtly animated by two opposing formal elements: the flourishes of the coiffure and beard at the summit and base.	7
9451531690	Bundu Mask	Location: West African Forests of Sierra Leone and Liberia Artists: Sande Society, Mende peoples Materials: Wood, Cloth, and Fiber Facts: The mask presents an ideal of feminine beauty admired by the Mende: elaborate hairstyle, full forehead and small facial features. The gleaming surface signifies healthy, glowing skin. The swelling fleshy rolls alternating with deep incised lines at the neck or back of the head are considered marks of beauty and a promise of fecundity. The neck is broad to fit over the head of the woman who will wear it.	8
9451531691	Ikenga (shrine figure)	Location: Nigeria Artists: Igbo peoples Time Period: 19th to 20th century C.E Material: Wood Facts: This personal shrine reflects the great value the Igbo place on individual achievement. Personal shrines are created in the form of figures known as ikenga to honor the power and skills of a person's right hand, as the right hand holds the hoe, the sword, and the tools of craftsmanship. The basic form of an ikenga is a human figure with horns symbolizing power, sometimes reduced to only a head with horns on a base.	9
9451531692	Lukasa (Memory Board)	Location: Democratic Republic of Congo Artist: Mbudye Society, Luba peoples Time Period: 19th to 20th century C.E Materials: Wood, beads, and metal Facts: Lukasa, or memory boards, are hand-held wooden objects that present a conceptual map of fundamental aspects of Luba culture. They are at once illustrations of the Luba political system, historical chronicles of the Luba state, and territorial diagrams of local chiefdoms. Each board's design is unique and represents the divine revelations of a spirit medium expressed in sculptural form. While many lukasa utilize a system of denotation based on masses of shells and beads affixed to their wooden surfaces, this example communicates its content through incised designs and images carved in relief.	10
9451531693	Aka Elephant Mask	Location: Bamileke (Cameroon, western grassfields region) Artists: Unknown Time Period: 19th and 20th century C.E Materials: Wood, woven raffia, cloth, and beads Facts: The mask's lavish use of colored beads and cowrie shells displayed the wealth of the members of the Kuosi society; and its colors and patterns expressed the society's cosmic and political functions. Cowrie shells are also symbols of wealth and power and were used in the some examples of these masks.	11
9451531694	Reliquary Figure (byeri)	Location: South Cameroon Artists: Fang peoples Time Period: 19th to 20th century C.E Material: Wood Facts: The Fang figure, a masterpiece by a known artist or workshop, has primarily been reduced to a series of basic shapes—cylinders and circles. The legs and hips are conceived as the intersection of two perpendicular cylinders, echoing the cylindrical reliquary box on which the figure sat. The small Nsapo-Nsapo work and the Chamba figure take the abstraction of the human form even further by greatly exaggerating the proportions. The Nsapo-Nsapo example's stretched arms and the Chamba sculpture's outsized hands suggest different emotional states for these two protective figures—a tense anxiety, perhaps, in one and a lumbering aggression in the other.	12
9451531695	Veranda post of enthroned king and senior wife (Opo Ogoga)	Location: Olowe of Ise Artists: Yoruba peoples Time Period: 1910- 1914 C.E Materials: Wood and Pigment Facts: Elaborate beaded crowns are worn by rulers throughout the Yoruba kingdom. This beautiful example was one of several that once belonged to the king of Idowa, a town in southwestern Nigeria. Crowns symbolize the inner head or spiritual essence of a Yoruba king, a notion suggested by the common motif of beaded faces that appear on either side of this crown. Faces may also imply a link between a ruler and past kings, who are influential ancestors. The veil of beads lends mystery to the king and guards others from his potent gaze. The flock of birds can be interpreted in many ways, all suggesting that no man can rule without cooperation and support.	13

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AP Flashcards

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4822158856	Cartography	The science of mapmaking	0
4822162220	Cultural Landscape	Unifying characteristics that make an area of land unique	1
4822166468	Sequent Occupance	The notion that, throughout history, successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place	2
4822173214	Space	Refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects	3
4822175383	Scale	Relationship between the real world object and the representation of that object on the map	4
4822180162	Projection	Scientifically transferring a 3D location on the Earth's surface into a flat map	5
4822184498	GIS	Computer application that stores, analyzes, and layers different geographic information	6
4822189193	Remote Sensing	Using satellites or other long-range methods to acquire information about the Earth's surface	7
4822192412	GPS	Accurately determines the precise location of something on Earth	8
4822194356	Distribution	The arrangement of something across the Earth's surface	9
4822196788	Clustered	Where geographic phenomenon is found close together across the Earth	10
4822200166	Dispersed	Where geographic phenomenon is found further apart across the Earth	11
4822202359	Pattern	The geometric arrangement of objects in space	12
4822208257	Arithmetic Density	People to land	13
4822209198	Physiology Density	People to farmland	14
4822211808	Hearth	The region/place from which innovative ideas originate	15
4822214230	Diffusion	The process of spreading a feature or trend from one place to another over time	16
4822222432	Relocation Diffusion	The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another	17
4822226325	Expansion Diffusion	The spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process	18
4822230362	Hierachical Diffusion	The spread of an idea from persons of authority/power to other persons or from large urban centers to smaller cities/places	19
4822233886	Contagious Diffusion	The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population	20
4822235984	Stimulus Diffusion	The spread of an underlying principle, even though the characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse	21
4822241185	Environmental Determinism	A 19th and early 20th century approach to the study of geography that argued that the physical environment caused human activities	22
4822247818	Possibilism	The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment	23
4822252408	Absolute Location	Position on Earth's surface using the coordinate system of longitude and latitude	24
4822255441	Relative Location	Position on Earth's surface relative to other features	25
4822257857	Site	The physical characteristics of a place	26
4822260263	Situation	The location of a place relative to other places	27
4822261887	Globalization	A force or process that makes a local concept become a global phenomenon	28
4822264395	Connectivity	The relationships among people and ideas across the barrier of space	29
4822267471	Accessibility	The degree of ease with which it is possible to reach certain location from other locations	30
4822274020	Space Time Compression	The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place	31
4822278225	Friction of Distance	Based on the notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort, money, and/or energy to overcome	32
4822288286	Distance Decay	The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from it origin	33
4822295451	Networks	A set of interconnected nodes without a center	34
4822298143	Formal Region	(Uniform) or homogeneous region is an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics	35
4822303790	Functional Region	(Nodal Region) Area organized around a node or focal point	36
4822307399	Vernacular Region	(Perceptual Region) Is a place that people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity	37
4822311277	Toponym	Often referred to as a place's given name on Earth	38

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AP Government Chapter 17 Flashcards

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6193972067	political agenda	Issues that people believe require governmental action	0
6193972068	cost	A burden that people believe they must bear if a policy is enacted	1
6193972069	benefit	A satisfaction that people believe they will enjoy if the policy is adopted	2
6193972070	majoritarian politics	A policy in which almost everybody benefits and almost everybody pays	3
6193972071	interest group politics	A policy in which one small group benefits and another small group pays	4
6193972072	client politics	A policy in which one small group benefits and almost everybody pays	5
6193972073	pork-barrel legislation	Legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in the hope of winning their votes in return	6
6193972074	logrolling	A legislator supports the proposal favored by another in return for support of his or hers	7
6193972075	entrepreneurial politics	A policy in which almost everybody benefits and a small group pays the cost	8
6193972076	policy entrepreneurs	Activists in or out of government who pull together a political majority on behalf of unorganized interests	9
6193972077	process regulation	Rules governing commercial activities designed to improve consumer, worker, or environmental conditions. Also called social regulation.	10
6193980689	agenda setting	Deciding what belongs on the political agenda.	11
6193989613	closed shop	a business that will not employ non-union workers	12
6194000623	cost argument	A situation in which people are more sensitive to what they might lose than to what they might gain.	13
6194020813	DO NOT CALL LAW	Example of legislation pioneered in the states and replicated by the federal government	14
6194037065	Gerald Ford	President who noted the government big enough to give you everything you want is big enough to to take away everything you have.	15
6194070761	The Grange	An organization of farmers especially outspoken in its criticism of large corporations.	16
6194093267	Professionalism of Reform	A situation in which government bureaucracy thinks up problems for government to solve.	17
6194102549	Deregulation	A movement made by recent presidential administrations to lesson the federal government's oversight of several key industries such as the airlines and trucking and others	18
6194122667	Theodore Roosevelt	President who persuaded Congress to fund five full time lawyers to prosecute antitrust violations.	19
6194128449	Secondary boycott	A boycott by workers of a company other than the one against which the strike is directed.	20
6194136042	Sherman Antitrust Act	A law passed in 1890 making monopolies illegal.	21
6194141162	Superfund	Intended to force industries to clean up their own toxic wastes, ( a good illustration of entrepreneurial politics)	22
6194153400	Relative deprivation	A sense of being worse off than one thinks one ought to be	23
6194164132	Boycott	A concerted effort to get people to stop buying from a company in order to punish and/or to coerce a policy change	24

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APES-Chapter 5 Flashcards

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5786434132	species richness	The number of species in an area.	0
5786434133	species evenness	The relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area.	1
5786438963	phylogeny	the branching pattern of evolutionary relationships.	2
5786440005	biodiverity	The variety of life in a given ecosystem.	3
5786441873	microevolution	The evolution below the species level.	4
5786443535	macroevolution	Major evolutionary change involving the whole taxonomic groups.	5
5786445503	phenotype	The organism's set of traits that are expressed.	6
5786446219	genotype	The organism's sets of genes.	7
5786446658	mutation	The random change in an organism's genetic code.	8
5786447642	recombination	the process by which a segment of the chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.	9
5786448869	artificial selection	Humans determine which individuals to breed that will result to certain sets of traits.	10
5786451904	natural selection	Environment determines which individuals to survive and reproduce.	11
5786453255	gene flow	When individuals move from one population to another creating a change in the genetic composition in both groups.	12
5786455766	genetic drift	A change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating.	13
5786460969	bottleneck effect	A reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size.	14
5786464222	founder effect	A change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals.	15
5786466546	geographic isolation	Physical separation of a groups of individuals from others of the same species.	16
5786474859	allopatric isolation	The process of speciation caused by geographic isolation.	17
5786527787	reproductive isolation	When species from the same population can no longer interbreed and produce offspring resulting from evolutionary separation.	18
5786554740	Sympatric speciation	The evolution of the species into two, without geographic isolation.	19
5786559328	Genetically Modified Organism	The resulting organism from copying genes from a species and inserting them into another species.	20
5786562427	range of tolerance	Organisms can survive a certain range of abiotic factors but too little or too much may also affect their survival.	21
5786568016	Fundamental niche	The suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce.	22
5786570598	Realized niche	The range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives.	23
5786572445	Distribution	Areas of the world in which the species lives.	24
5786573494	niche generalist	A species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions.	25
5786573495	niche specialist	A species that is specialized to live at a specific habitat or to feed on a small group of species.	26
5786583703	mass extinction	A large extinction of species in a relatively short period of time.	27