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AP Statistics Sampling and Experimentation: AP Statistics Flashcards

The following vocabulary terms are related to experiments and samples in statistics.

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7997832139Population of interestthe entire group of individuals or instances whom we hope to learn0
7997832140randomizationthe best defense against bias: each individual is given a fair, equal chance of selection1
7997832141samplea representative subset of a population, examined in hope of learning about the population2
7997832142representative sampleA sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population as a whole3
7997832143censusA sample that consists of the entire population4
7997832144biasany systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population.5
7997832145population parametera numerically valued attribute of a model for a population6
7997832146simple random sampleA sample selected in such a way that every element in the population or sampling frame has an equal probability of being chosen AND all samples of size n have an equal chance of being selected.7
7997832147stratified random samplea sampling design in which the population is divided into several subpopulations, and random samples are then drawn from each stratum8
7997832148cluster sampleDivide the population into smaller groups each which is representative of the entire population. Randomly select some of the groups. All of the members in these selected groups will make up the sample.9
7997832149systematic sampleA sample drawn by selecting individuals using a randomly selected starting point and a fixed periodic interval. This interval, called the sampling interval, is calculated by dividing the population size by the desired sample size. (e.g., every 5th person)10
7997832150voluntary response biasbias introduced to a sample when individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample11
7997832151convenience sampleA convenience sample consists of the individuals who are conveniently available. Convenience samples often fail to be representative because every individual in the population is not equally convenient to sample.12
7997832152blindingAny individual associated with an experiment who is not aware of how subjects have been allocated to treatment groups.13
7997832153blockwhen groups of experimental units are similar and share a characteristic that may influence their response to a treatment, units or subjects are first divided into homogeneous groups due to their similar traits14
7997832154confoundingTwo variables are associated in a way that it is difficult to determine which variable (the explanatory variable or some other variable) is causing an effect on the response variable.15
7997832155control groupIn an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. May receive a null or placebo treatment16
7997832156designsall experimental units have an equal chance of receiving any treatment17
7997832157experimentmanipulates factor levels to create treatments: randomly assigns subjects to these treatment levels, and then compares the responses of the subject groups across treatment levels18
7997832158single blindAn experiment in which subjects do not know whether they are in the experimental or control group.19
7997832159double blindAn experiment in which neither the subjects nor the people who work with them know which treatment each subject is receiving20
7997832160experimental unitsindividuals on whom an experiment is performed21
7997832161factora variable who's levels are manipulated by the experimenter22
7997832162levelthe specific values that an experimenter chooses for a factor23
7997832163lurking variableA variable that we are not aware of may have an effect on the response in an experiment. Random assignment is used to attempt to equally distribute these variables among different treatment groups.24
7997832164observational studyA study that merely observes conditions of individuals in a population and records information; the population is disturbed as little as possible. (Note: treatments are not imposed on units.)25
7997832165placeboA fake treatment given to the control group to control participant expectancy26
7997832166placebo effectthe tendency of many human subjects to show a response even when administered a placebo27
7997832167Principles of experimental designcontrol, randomize, and replicate28
7997832169random assignmentan experiment must assign experimental units to treatment groups at random to account for possible confounding or lurking variables29
7997832170replicationusing enough experimental units or subjects to achieve meaningful results30
7997832171responsea variable whose values are compared across different treatment31
7997832174treatmentthe process, intervention, or other controlled circumstance applied to randomly assigned experimental units.32
7997832175matched pairs testinghomogeneous pairs are established and the treatment is randomly assigned to one experimental unit or subject within each pair.33
7997832176randomized block designStart by forming blocks consisting of individuals that are similar in some way that is important to the response. Random assignment of treatments is then carried out separately within each block.34
7997832177completely randomized designsubjects are randomly assigned to different treatment or control groups35
7997832178populationthe entire group of individuals or items that we are interested in36
7997832180sampling errorInherent flaws in the design of the sample itself, such as undercoverage37
7997832181sample surveyprocess of collecting information from a sample38
7997832182censusprocess of collecting information from all the units in a population - it's feasible but often requires a huge amount of work, time, and money39
7997832183observational studythe experimenter OBSERVES the relationships among variables rather than creating them40
7997832184convenience samplingbiased; sampling that's easy to obtain41
7997832185volunteer samplingbiased; subjects choose to be part of the sample42
7997832186simple random samplingprocess of obtaining a sample from a population in which each member has an equal chance of being selected43
7997832187systematic samplingfirst item is selected at random from the first k items in the frame, then every kth item is included in the sample44
7997832188stratified random samplingpopulation is divided into strata and a simple random sample is selected from each stratum45
7997832189stratahomogeneous groups of populations units (those in one stratum have similar in some characteristics, while those in another stratum differ from those characteristics)46
7997832190sampling variabilitydifferences in responses and results inherent in any survey or sample47
7997832191response biascaused by the behavior of the interviewer or respondent48
7997832192nonresponse biasthe person selected for an interview cannot be contacted or refuses to answer. This is an example of non-sampling error.49
7997832193undercoverage biaspart of the population is left out of the selection process. This is an example of sampling error.50
7997832194wording biasconfusing or leading questions are asked51
7997832197cause and effectOnly with a well-designed experiment are we able to justify that one variable is responsible for influencing an outcome in a response variable.52
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AP World Period 5 Flashcards

Students can use this set of flash cards to review vocabulary terms for Period 5.

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6448411766abolitionist movementAn international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.0
6448411767creolesNative-born elites in the Spanish colonies.1
6448411768Declaration of the Rights of Man and CitizenDocument drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration ideologically launched the French Revolution.2
6448411769Declaration of the Rights of WomanShort work written by the French feminist Olympe de Gouges in 1791 that was modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and that made the argument that the equality proclaimed by the French revolutionaries must also include women.3
6448411770Estates GeneralFrench representative assembly called into session by Louis XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.4
6448411771FreetownWest African settlement in what is now Sierra Leone at which British naval commanders freed Africans they rescued from illegal slave ships.5
6448411772French RevolutionMassive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms of society that were lost again, though only in part, under Napoleon's imperial rule and after the restoration of the monarchy.6
6448411773gens de couleur libresLiterally, "free people of color"; term used to describe freed slaves and people of mixed racial background in Saint Domingue on the eve of the Haitian Revolution.7
6448411774HaitiName that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language.8
6448411775Haitian RevolutionThe only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804).9
6448411776Hidalgo-Morelos rebellionSocially radical peasant insurrection that began in Mexico in 1810 and that was led by the priests Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos.10
6448411777Latin American revolutionsSeries of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes.11
6448411778Louverture, ToussaintFirst leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state.12
6448411779maternal feminismMovement that claimed that women have value in society not because of an abstract notion of equality but because women have a distinctive and vital role as mothers; proponents argued that women have the right to intervene in civil and political life because of their duty to watch over the future of their children.13
6448411780Napoleon BonaparteFrench head of state from 1799 until his abdication in 1814 (and again briefly in 1815); Napoleon preserved much of the French Revolution under an autocratic system and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe.14
6448411781nationalismThe focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century.15
6448411782North American RevolutionSuccessful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada) against British rule (1775-1787); a conservative revolution whose success assured property rights but established republican government in place of monarchy.16
6448411783petit blancsThe "little" (or poor) white population of Saint Domingue, which played a significant role in the Haitian Revolution.17
6448411784Seneca Falls ConferenceThe first organized women's rights conference, which took place at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848.18
6448411785Stanton, Elizabeth CadyLeading figure of the early women's rights movement in the United States (1815-1902).19
6448411786The TerrorTerm used to describe the revolutionary violence in France in 1793-1794, when radicals under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution.20
6448411787Third EstateIn prerevolutionary France, the term used for the 98 percent of the population that was neither clerical nor noble, and for their representatives at the Estates General; in 1789, the Third Estate declared itself a National Assembly and launched the French Revolution.21
6448411788Tupac AmaruThe last Inca emperor; in the 1780s, a Native American rebellion against Spanish control of Peru took place in his name.22
6448411789bourgeoisieTerm that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally meant "townspeople."23
6448411790British Royal SocietyAssociation of scientists established in England in 1660 that was dedicated to the promotion of "useful knowledge."24
6448411791caudilloA military strongman who seized control of a government in nineteenth-century Latin America.25
6448411792Crimean WarMajor international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia.26
6448411793dependent developmentTerm used to describe Latin America's economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions.27
6448411794Díaz, PorfirioMexican dictator from 1876 to 1911 who was eventually overthrown in a long and bloody revolution.28
6448411795The DumaThe elected representative assembly grudgingly created in Russia by Tsar Nicholas II in response to the 1905 revolution.29
6448411796Indian cotton textilesFor much of the eighteenth century, well-made and inexpensive cotton textiles from India flooded Western markets; the competition stimulated the British textile industry to industrialize, which led to the eventual destruction of the Indian textile market both in Europe and in India.30
6448411797Labour PartyBritish working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.31
6448411798Latin American export boomLarge-scale increase in Latin American exports (mostly raw materials and foodstuffs) to industrializing countries in the second half of the nineteenth century, made possible by major improvements in shipping; the boom mostly benefited the upper and middle classes.32
6448411799LeninPen name of Russian Bolshevik Vladimir Ulyanov (1870-1924), who was the main leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917.33
6448411800Marx, KarlThe most influential proponent of socialism, Marx (1818-1883) was a German expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future.34
6448411801Mexican RevolutionLong and bloody war (1911-1920) in which Mexican reformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Díaz and create a new, much more democratic political order.35
6448411802Model TThe first automobile affordable enough for a mass market; produced by American industrialist Henry Ford.36
6448411803Owens, RobertSocialist thinker and wealthy mill owner (1771-1858) who created an ideal industrial community at New Lanark, Scotland.37
6448411804Peter the GreatTsar of Russia (r. 1689-1725) who attempted a massive reform of Russian society in an effort to catch up with the states of Western Europe.38
6448411805PopulismLate-nineteenth-century American political movement that denounced corporate interests of all kinds.39
6448411806progressivismAmerican political movement in the period around 1900 that advocated reform measures to correct the ills of industrialization.40
6448411807proletariatTerm that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the urban population.41
6448411808Russian Revolution of 1905Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms.42
6448411809steam engineMechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of the steam engine allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible.43
6448411810Abd al-Hamid IIOttoman sultan (r. 1876-1909) who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the rest of his long reign.44
6448411811Boxer RebellionRising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed.45
6448411812China, 1911The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century.46
6448411813daimyoFeudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration.47
6448411814Hong XiuquanChinese religious leader (1814-1864) who sparked the Taiping Uprising and won millions to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace" on earth.48
6448411815informal empireTerm commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence, e.g., Latin America and China.49
6448411816Meiji restorationThe overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor Meiji.50
6448411817Perry, MatthewU.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world.51
6448411818Opium WarsTwo wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially opium; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.52
6448411819Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.53
6448411820samuraiArmed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, the samurai gradually became an administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji restoration.54
6448411821self-strengthening movementChina's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.55
6448411822Selim IIIOttoman sultan (r. 1789-1807) who attempted significant reforms of his empire, including the implementation of new military and administrative structures.56
6448411823"sick man of Europe, the"Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.57
6448411824Social DarwinismAn application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the nineteenth century. (NOT from Darwin - its from Herbert Spencer).58
6448411825Taiping UprisingMassive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan.59
6448411826Tanzimat reformsImportant reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term "Tanzimat" means "reorgani-zation."60
6448411827Tokugawa shogunateRulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868.61
6448411828Unequal treatiesSeries of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers.62
6448411829Young OttomansGroup of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system.63
6448411830Young TurksMovement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire.64
6448411831Africanization of ChristianityProcess that occurred in non-Muslim Africa, where millions who were converted to Christianity sought to maintain older traditions alongside new Christian ideas; many converts continued using protective charms and medicines and consulting local medicine men, and many continued to believe in their old gods and spirits.65
6448411832apartheidAfrikaans term literally meaning "aparthood"; the system that developed in South Africa of strictly limiting the social and political integration of whites and blacks.66
6448411833Blyden, EdwardProminent West African scholar and political leader (1832-1912) who argued that each civilization, including that of Africa, has its own unique contribution to make to the world.67
6448411834cash-crop agricultureAgricultural production, often on a large scale, of crops for sale in the market, rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves.68
6448411835colonial racismA pattern of European racism in their Asian and African colonies that created a great racial divide between Europeans and the natives, and limited native access to education and the civil service, based especially on pseudo-scientific notions of naturally superior and inferior races.69
6448411836colonial tribalismA European tendency, especially in African colonies, to identify and sometimes invent distinct "tribes" that had often not existed before, reinforcing European notions that African societies were primitive.70
6448411837Congo Free State/Leopold IIWas the king of Belgium from 1865 to 1909; his rule as private owner of the Congo Free State during much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse of Europe's second wave of colonization, resulting as it did in millions of deaths.71
6448411838cultivation systemSystem of forced labor used in the Netherlands East Indies in the nineteenth century; peasants were required to cultivate at least 20 percent of their land in cash crops, such as sugar or coffee, for sale at low and fixed prices to government contractors, who then earned enormous profits from further sale of the crops.72
6448411839Indian Rebellion, 1857-1858Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ.73
6448411840scramble for AfricaName used for the process of the European countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-1900.74
6448411841Vivekananda, SwamiLeading religious figure of nineteenth-century India (1863-1902); advocate of a revived Hinduism and its mission to reach out to the spiritually impoverished West.75
6448411842Western-educated eliteThe main beneficiaries in Asian and African lands colonized by Western powers; schooled in the imperial power's language and practices, they moved into their country's professional classes but ultimately led anticolonial movements as they grew discouraged by their inability to win equal status to the colonizers.76
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ap vocabulary Flashcards

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7919271763MigrationForm of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.0
7919271764EmigrationMigration from a location1
7919271765ImmigrationMigration to a new location2
7919271766Net MigrationThe difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.3
7919271767CirculationShort-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis. Ex. Me going to school and then going home and then going back to school.4
7919271768Push FactorFactors that induce people to leave old residences.5
7919271769Pull FactorFactor that induces people to move to a new location.6
7919271770RefugeesPeople who are trying to escape dangers in their home countries7
7919271771AsylumA place of retreat or security8
7919271772Intervening ObstacleAn environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.9
7919271773International MigrationPermanent movement from one country to another.10
7919271774Internal MigrationThe movement of people from one defined area to another within a country.11
7919271775Inter-regionalPermanent movement from one region of a country to another.12
7919271776Intra-regionalIs the permanent movement within one region of a country.13
7919271777Voluntary migrationmovement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.14
7919271778Forced MigrationPermanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors.15
7919271779Wilbur Zelinsky(born 1921) is recognized as one of America's most prominent cultural geographers16
7919271780Chain Migrationpattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links17
7919271781Undocumented ImmigrantsImmigrantes that come into a country and are without visa or authorization18
7919271782QuotasEstablished limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year19
7919271783Brain DrainLarge-scale emigration by talented people.20
7919271784Guest WorkingImmigrants who work in another country they are not residents of21
7919271785Counter urbanizationNet migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.22
7919271786Gravity ModelA mathematical model that is used in a number of different types of spatial analysis23
7919271787Distance Decaydecline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin24
7919271788Step MigrationMigration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps towards a final destination25
7919271789Counter Migrationthe return of migrants to the regions from which they earlier emigrated26
7919271790Activity Spaceplaces in a local area in which cyclic movement occurs27
7919271791Cyclic movementtrends in migration and other processes that have a clear cycle28
7919271792CommutingThe daily movement to or from a place of work or study.29
7919271793Seasonal MovementForm of cyclic movement when a person moves temporarily because of a change in season.30
7919271794Periodic movementMovement that involves temporary, recurrent relocation31
7919271795International Refugeefleeing from one country to another32
7919271796Internally displaced personsomeone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders33
7919271797Permanent refugeeA refugee who wants to stay in a country permanently34
7919271798Temporary refugeeStatus given to a refugee prior to receiving permanent residency in a new country35
7919271799Immigration LawsLaws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state.36
7919271800MobilityAll types of movement from one location to another. Ex. A person who moves around, the act of moving around.37
7919271801Transnational Migrantsmigrants who set up homes and/or work in more than one nation-state38
7919271802SuburbanizationThe process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.39
7919271803Eco-MigrationType of migration in which people move away from environmental disasters40
7919271804Migration Fieldsthe area from which a given city or place draws the majority of its immigrants.41
7919271805Channelized Migrationwhen one family member migrates to a new country and the rest of the family follows shortly after. Ex. If my mom moves to Canada for work and is there for a long time my family might move there too later on>42
7919271806Ravenstein's Laws of MigrationLaws of migration established in the 1980s based on studies carried out in the U.K.43
7919271807Intervening OpportunityAn environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that helps migration.44
7919271808RemittanceTransfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated45
7919271809TranshumanceThe seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.46
7919271810XenophobiaFear of foreigners47
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AP Bio - Evidence for Evolution Flashcards

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9495031514PaleontologyFossil deposits show older organisms at deeper sediment levels and younger organisms at higher sediment levels. Gradual and rapid change can be observed over time.0
9495031515BiogeographyUnrelated organisms in different regions show great similarity (due to natural selection).1
9495031516EmbryologySimilary stages in development among related species. These help establish evolutionary relationships.2
9495031517Homologous StructuresBody parts that resemble one another in different species because they have evolved from a common ancestor.3
9495031518Analogous StructuresBody parts that resemble one another in different species because they evolved independently as adaptations to their environment.4
9495031519Molecular BiologySimilarities in gene sequences indicate evolutionary relationships.5
9495059200phylogenyevolutionary history of a species6
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AP Macro Review Flashcards

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5155944806Aggregate Spending (GDP)The sum of all spending from four sectors of the economy. GDP = C+I+G+Xn0
5155944807Aggregate Income (AI)The sum of all income earned by suppliers of resources in the economy. AI=GDP1
5155944808Nominal GDPthe value of current production at the current prices2
5155944809Real GDPthe value of current production, but using prices from a fixed point in time3
5155944810Base yearthe year that serves as a reference point for constructing a price index and comparing real values over time.4
5155944811Price indexa measure of the average level of prices in a market basket for a given year, when compared to the prices in a reference (or base) year.5
5155944812Market Basketa collection of goods and services used to represent what is consumed in the economy6
5155944813GDP price deflatorthe price index that measures the average price level of the goods and services that make up GDP7
5155944814Real rate of interestthe percentage increase in purchasing power that a borrower pays a lender.8
5155944815Expected (anticipated) inflationthe inflation expected in a future time period. This expected inflation is added to the real interest rate to compensate for lost purchasing power.9
5155944816Nominal rate of interestthe percentage increase in money that the borrower pays the lender and is equal to the real rate plus the expected inflation10
5155944817Business cyclethe periodic rise and fall (in four phases) of economic activity11
5155944818Expansiona period where real GDP is growing.12
5155944819Peakthe top of a business cycle where an expansion has ended.13
5155944820Contractionthe period where real GDP is falling14
5155944821Recessiontwo consecutive quarters of falling real GDP.15
5155944822Troughthe bottom of the business cycle where a contraction has stopped.16
5155944823Depressiona prolonged, deep contraction in the business cycle17
5155944824Consumer Price Index (CPIthe price index that measures the average price level of the items in the base year market basket. This is the main measure of consumer inflation.18
5155944825Inflationthe percentage change in the CPI from one period to the next.19
5155944826Wealth effectas the avg. PL rises, the purchasing power of wealth and savings begins to fall. High prices therefore tend to reduce the quantity of domestic output purchased.20
5155944827Determinate of AD:Ad is a function of the four components of domestic spending (CIGXx) If any of these components increases or decreases, holding the others constant, AD shifts right or left.21
5155944828Aggregate Supply AS:the positive relationship between the level of domestic output produced and the avg. price level of that output.22
5155944829Macroeconomic short run:a period of time during which the prices of goods and services are changing their respective markets, but the input prices have not yet adjusted to those changes in the product markets. During the SR, the AS curve has three stages - horizontal, upward sloping and vertical.23
5155944830Macroeconomic long run:a period of time long enough for input prices to have fully adjusted to market forces. In this period, all product and input markets are in a state of equilibrium and the economy is operating at FE. Once all markets in the economy have adjusted and there exists this long-run equilibrium, the AS curve is vertical at GDPr.24
5155944831Determinates of AS:AS is a function of many factors that impact the production capacity of the nation. If these factors make it easier, or less costly, for a nation to produce, AS shifts to the right. If these factors make it more difficult, or more costly, for a nation to produce, then AS shifts to the left.25
5155944832Macroeconomic Equilibrium:occurs when the Q of real output D is equal to the Q of real output supplied. Graphically this is at the intersection of AD and AS.26
5155944833Recessionary Gap:The amount by which full-employment GDP exceeds equilibrium GDP27
5155944834Inflationary Gap:the amount by which equilibrium GDP exceeds full-employment GDP.28
5155944835Demand-pull inflation:this inflation is the result of stronger C from all sectors of AD as it continues to increase in the upward sloping range of AS. The PL begins to rise and inflation is felt in the economy.29
5155944836Deflation:a sustained falling PL, usually due to weakened AD and a constant AS.30
5155944837Recession:in the AD and AS model, this is described as falling AD with a constant AS curve. GDPr falls far below FE levels and the U% rises.31
5155944838Circular Flow of Economic Activity:a model that shows how households and firms circulate resources, goods and incomes though the economy. This basic model is expanded to include the G and Foreign sector.32
5155944839Closed economy:a model that assumes there is no foreign sector (M and X)33
5155944840Aggregation:the process of summing the microeconomics activity of households and firms into a more macroeconomic measure of economic activity.34
5155944841Gross Domestic Product:the market value of the final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year.35
5155944842Final goods:goods that are ready for their final use by consumers and firms.36
5155944843Intermediate goods:goods that require further modification before they are ready for final use.37
5155944844Double counting:the mistake of including the value of intermediate stages of production in GDP on top of the value of the final good.38
5155944845Second hand sales:final goods and services that are resold. Even if they are resold many times, final goods and services are only counted once, in the year in which they were produced.39
5155944846Non-market transactions:household work or do-it-yourself jobs are missed by GDP accounting. The same is true of G transfer payments and purely financial transactions.40
5155944847Underground economy:these include unreported illegal activity, bartering, or informal exchange of cash.41
5155944848Balance sheeta tabular way to show the assets and liabilities of a bank42
5155944849Asset of a banka tabular way to show the asset and liabilities of a bank43
5155944850liability of a bankanything owned by depositors or lenders44
5155944851money multiplierthis measures the maximum amount of new checking deposits that can be created by a single dollar of excess reserves.45
5155944852expansionary monetary policydesigned to fix a recession and increase AD, lower the U%, and increase GDPr46
5155944853contractionary monetary policydesigned to avoid inflation by decreasing AD, which lowers the PL and GDPr47
5155944854open market operrationsa tool of monetary policy, it involves the Fed'S buyin pr selling of secuities to or from commercial banks and48
5155944855Federal funds rate:: the i% paid on short terms loans made from one bank to another.49
5155944856Discount ratethe i% commercial banks pay on short term loans from the Fed50
5155944857Quantity Theory of money: a theory that asserts that the Q of money determines the PL and that the growth rate of money determines the rate of inflation.51
5155944858Equation of Exchangethe equation says the GDP is equal to the Q of money multiplied by the number of times each dollar is spent in a year.52
5155944859Velocity of moneythe average number of times that a dollar is spent in a year. V is defined as PQ/M.53
5155944860Stock:a certificate that represents a claim to, or share of, the ownership of a firm54
5155944861Fiscal PolicyDeliberate changes in government spending and net tax collection to affect economic output, unemployment, and the price level. Fiscal policy is typically designed to manipulate AD to "fix' the economy.55
5155944862Expansionary Fiscal PolicyIncreases in government spending or lower net taxes meant to shift the aggregate expenditure function upward and shift AD to the right.56
5155944863Contractionary fiscal policyDecreases in government spending or higher net taxes meant to shift the aggregate expenditure function downward and shift AD to the left.57
5155944864Sticky pricesIf price levels do not change, especially downward, with changes in AD, then prices are thought of as sticky or inflexible. Keynesians believe the price level does not usually fall with Contractionary policy.58
5155944865Budget deficitExists when government spending exceeds the revenue collected from taxes.59
5155944866Budget surplusExists when government spending is less than revenue collected from taxes.60
5155944867Automatic stabilizersMechanisms built into the tax system that automatically regulate, or stabilize, the macroeconomy as it moves through the business cycle by changing net taxes collected by the government. These stabilizers increase a deficit during a recessionary period and increase a budget surplus during an inflationary period, without any discretionary change on the part of the government.61
5155944868Crowding out effectWhen the government borrows funds to cover a deficit, the interest rate increases and households and firms are pushed out of the market for loanable funds.62
5155944869Net export effectA rising interest rate increases foreign demand for U.S. dollars. The dollar then appreciates in value, causing net exports from the U.S. to fall. Falling net exports decreases AD, which lessens the impact of the expansionary fiscal policy.63
5155944870ProductivityThe quantity of output that can be produced per worker in a given amount of time.64
5155944871Human capitalThe amount of knowledge and skills that labor can apply to the work they do and the general level of health that the labor force enjoys.65
5155944872Non-renewable resourcesNatural resources that cannot replenish themselves. Coal is a good example66
5155944873Renewable resourcesNatural resources that can replenish themselves if they are not over-harvested.67
5155944874TechnologyA nation's knowledge of how to produce goods in the best possible way.68
5155944875Investment tax creditA reduction in taxes for firms that invest in new capital like a factory or piece of equipment.69
5155944876Supply side fiscal policyFiscal policy centered on tax reductions targeted to AS so that GDPr increases with very little inflation. The main justification is that lower taxes on individuals and firms increase incentives to work, save, invest and take risks.70
5155944877Aggregate Demand ADThe inverse relationship between all spending on domestic output and the average price level of that output. AD measures the sum of consumption spending by households, investment spending by firms, government purchases of goods and services, and the net exports bought by foreign customers.71
5155944878Foreign sector substitution effectWhen the avg. price of U.S. output increases, consumers naturally begin to look for similar items produced elsewhere.72
5155944879Interest rate effectIf the avg. price level rises, consumers and firms might need to borrow more money for spending and capital investment, which increases the interest rate and delays current consumption. This postponement reduces current consumption of domestic production as the price level rises.73
5155944880Wealth effectAs the avg. PL rises, the purchasing power of wealth and savings begins to fall. High prices therefor tend to reduce the quantity of domestic output purchased.74
5155944881Demand curveA graphical depiction of the D schedule.75
5155944882Determinates of demandThe external factors that shift D to the left or right.76
5155944883Normal goodsA good for which higher income increases D.77
5155944884Inferior goodsA good for which high income decreases D.78
5155944885Substitute goodsTwo goods are consumer substitutes if they provide essentially the same utility to the consumer.79
5155944886Opportunity CostThe value of the sacrifice made to pursue a course of action.80
5155944887MarginalThe next unit or increment of an action.81
5155944888Marginal Benefit (MB)The additional benefit received from the consumption of the next unit of a good or service82
5155944889Marginal Cost (MC)The additional cost incurred from the consumption of the next unit of a good or service.83
5155944890Marginal AnalysisMaking decisions based up weighing the marginal benefits and costs of that action.84
5155944891Production PossibilitiesDifferent quantities of goods that an economy can produce with a given amount of scarce resources.85
5155944892Nominal IncomeToday's income measured in today's dollars. These are dollars unadjusted by inflation.86
5155944893Real IncomeToday's income measured in base year dollars.87
5155944894Consumption FunctionA linear relationship showing how increases in disposable income cause increases in consumption.88
5155944895Autonomous ConsumptionThe amount of consumption that occurs no matter the level of disposable income. In a linear consumption function, this shows up as a constant and graphically it appears as the y intercept.89
5155944896Saving FunctionA linear relationship showing how increases in disposable income cause increases in savings.90
5155944897DissavingAnother way of saying that saving is less than zero. This can occur at low levels of disposable income when the consumer must liquidate assets or borrow to maintain consumption.91
5155944898Autonomous SavingThe amount of saving that occurs no matter the level of disposable income. In a linear saving function, this shows up as a constant and graphically it appears as the y intercept.92
5155944899Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC)The change in consumption caused by a change in disposable income, or the slope of the consumption function. MPC = ▲C/▲DI.93
5155944900Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS)The change in saving caused by a change in disposable income, or the slope of the saving function. MPS = ▲S/▲DI94
5155944901Determinates of Consumption and SavingFactors that shift the consumption and saving functions in the opposite direction are Wealth, Expectations, and Household Debt. The factors that change consumption and saving in the same direction are Taxes and Transfers.95
5155944902Expected Real Rate of ReturnThe rate of real profit the firm anticipates receiving on investment expenditures. This is the marginal benefit of an investment project.96
5155944903Real Rate of InterestThe cost of borrowing to fund an investment. This can be thought of as the marginal cost of an investment project.97
5155944904Decision to InvestA firm invests in projects so long as the real expected real rate of return is greater than the i.98
5155944905Investment DemandThe inverse relationship between the real interest rate and the cumulative dollars invested. Like any demand curve, this is drawn with a negative slope.99
5155944906Autonomous InvestmentThe level of investment determined by investment demand. It is autonomous because it is assumed to be constant at all levels of GDP.100
5155944907Market for Loanable FundsThe market for dollars that are available to be borrowed for investment projects. Equilibrium in this market is determined at the real interest rate where the dollars saved (supply) is equal to the dollars borrowed (demand)101
5155944908Demand for Loanable FundsThe negative relationship between the real interest rate and the dollars invested by firms.102
5155944909Private SavingSaving conducted by households and equal to the difference between disposable income and consumption.103
5155944910Public SavingSaving conducted by government and equal to the difference between tax revenue collected and spending on goods and services.104
5155944911Supply of Loanable FundsThe positive relationship between the dollars saved and the real interest rate.105
5155944912Law of increasing coststhe more of a good that is produced, the greater the opportunity cost of producing the next unit of that good.106
5155944913Absolute Advantageexists if a producer can produce more of a good than all other producers.107
5155944914Comparative Advantagea producer has comparative advantage if he can produce a good at lower opportunity cost than all other producers.108
5155944915Specializationwhen firms focus their resources on production of goods for which they have comparative advantage, they are said to be specializing.109
5155944916Productive Efficiencyproduction of maximum output for a given level of technology and resources. All points on the PPF are productively efficient.110
5155944917Allocative Efficiencyproduction of the combination of goods and services that provides the most net benefit to society.111
5155944918Economic Growthoccurs when an economy's production possibilities increase.112
5155944919Market Economy (Capitalism)an economic system based upon the fundamentals of private property, freedom, self-interest, and prices.113
5155944920Free rider problemin the case of a public good, some members of the community know that they can consume the public good while others provide for it.114
5155944921Spillover benefitsadditional benefits to society, not captured by the market demand curve from the production of a good, resulting in a price that is too high and a market quantity that is too low.115
5155944922Positive externalityexists when the production of a good creates utility (the spillover benefits) for third parties not directly involved in the consumption or production of that good.116
5155944923Spillover costsadditional to society, not captured by the market supply curve from the production of a good, result in a price that is too low and market quantity that is too high.117
5155944924Negative externalityexists when the production of a good imposes disutility (the spillover costs) upon third parties not directly involved in the consumption or production of this good.118
5155944925Egalitarianismthe philosophy that all citizens should receive an equal share of the economic resources.119
5155944926Marginal Productivity Theorythe philosophy that a citizen should receive a share of economic resources proportional to the marginal revenue product of his or her own productivity.120
5155944927Marginal Tax Ratethe rate paid on the last dollar earned. This is found by taking the ratio of the change in taxes divided by the change in income.121
5155944928Average tax ratethe proportion of total income paid to taxes. It is calculated by dividing the total taxes owed by the total taxable income.122
5155944929Progressive taxthe proportion of income paid in taxes rises as income rises. An example is the personal income tax.123
5155944930Tax bracketa range of income on which a given marginal tax rate is applied.124
5155944931Regressive Taxthe proportion of income paid in taxes decreases as income rises. An example is a sales tax.125
5155944932Proportional taxa constant proportion of income is paid in taxes no matter the level of income. An example is a "flat tax" or the corporate income tax.126
5155944933Supply-side boomwhen the AS curve shifts outward and the AD curve stays constant, PL falls, GDPr increases and the unemployment rate falls.127
5155944934Stagflationa situation in the macroeconomy when inflation and the unemployment rate are both increasing.128
5155944935Supply shocksa supply shock is an economy-wide phenomenon that affects the costs of firms, and the position of the AS curve, either positively or negatively.129
5155944936Phillips curveA graphical device that shows the relationship between inflation and the unemployment rate.130
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AP Vocabulary 6 Flashcards

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5406008215amityfriendship or friendly relations0
5406008216reticentinclined to keep silent; reserved1
5406008217palpateto examine by touch2
5406008218inundateto overwhelm; to cover with water3
5406008219drollamusing in a wry, subtle way4
5406008220volubleability to use words easily, fluent and glib5
5406008221vicariousperformed, suffered, or otherwise experienced by one person in place of another6
5406008222ribaldhumorous in a vulgar way; bawdy7
5406008223doppelgangerghostly double of a living person; a device by which a character is self-duplicated; the "divided self" or ghostly double.8
5406008224mercurialcharacterized by rapid and unpredictable change in mood; quick and shrewd9
5406008225barragea curtain of artillery fire; any overwhelming attack, as of words or blows10
5406008226cognizantaware, knowledgeable, informed; having jurisdiction11
5406008227unctuousexcessively smooth or smug; trying too hard to give an impression of earnestness, sincerity, or piety12
5406008228crass(of persons) so unrefined as to be lacking in discrimination and sensibility; coarse, unfeeling; stupid13
5406008229fastidiousExtremely careful; very exacting; difficult to please14
5406008230pecuniaryconsisting of or measured in money; of or related to money15
5406008231nebulouscloudlike, cloudy in color; not transparent; vague, confused, indistinct; ambiguous16
5406008232vacuouslacking in ideas or intelligence; empty17
5406008233paradigmsomething that serves as a model, example, or pattern; the framework of assumptions and understandings shared by a group that shapes its worldview18
5406008234acerbicbitter, sharp in taste or temper19
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Hamlet AP Flashcards

Shakespeare, Hamlet Background, quotes and Hamlet!

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7209390307Revenge Motive Internal and External Conflicts Comic Relief Tragic Hero/Flaw/Mistake Supernatural Element Change HappeningsElements of a Shakespearan Tragedy0
7209390308three steps taken for a perfect revenge1. victim must be tortured mentally and physically 2. victim must be damned after death 3. victim who takes revenge must damn his/her own soul1
72093903093 Steps Claudius has taken to gain the throne1. murdered King Hamlet 2. married Queen Gertrude 3. held a fake election-swung by Polonius`2
7209390310where did Hamlet go to college?Wittenburg, Germany3
7209390311why do the guards think Horatio can speak to the ghost?he speaks Latin4
7209390312Name all 8 of the people dead by the end of the play1. Hamlet 2. Gertrude 3. Claudius 4. Polonius 5. Laertes 6. Ophelia 7. Rosencrantz 8. Guildenstern5
7209390313Drowns significance- she allows herself to be taken away by the current of the river, just like how she has lived-manipulated by Laertes and Poloniushow Ophelia dies6
7209390314Hamlet stabs him while spying significance- he thinks spying is always the answer but it leads to his demise.how Polonius dies7
7209390315Hamlet forges a letter to England telling England to kill ______??Rosencrantz and Guildenstern8
7209390316Who are Hamlet's foils?Fortinbras and Laertes9
7209390317Who Says to whom.... "A little more than kin and less than kind" (act 1)Hamlet to himself10
7209390318Who says to whom... "O, that this too too solid flesh would melt" (act 1)Hamlet to himself11
7209390319who says to whom... "Frailty, thy name is woman" (act 1)Hamlet to Gertrude12
7209390320who says to whom... "To thine own self be true, neither borrower nor lender be" (act 1)Polonius to Laertes13
7209390321who says to whom... "Something is rotten in the state of Denmark" (act 1)Marcellus to Horatio14
7209390322..... "The serpent that did sting thy father now wears his crown" (act 1)Ghost to Hamlet15
7209390323...... "There are more things in Heaven and Earth, Horatio, than are dreamed of in your philosophy" (act 1)Hamlet to Horatio16
7209390324.... "and thus do we, by indirection find directions out" (act 2)Polonius to Reynaldo17
7209390325... "Brevity is the soul of wit" (act 2)Polonius to King and Queen18
7209390326... "The play's the thing" (act 2)Hamlet to himself19
7209390327... "Through this madness, yet there's method in it" (act 2)Polonius to himself20
7209390328..... "There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so" (act 2)Hamlet to Rosencrantz21
7209390329... "What a piece of work is man, how noble in reason how infinite in difficulty" (act 2)Hamlet to Rosencrantz22
7209390330.. "O, what a rogue and peasant slave am I" (act 2)Hamlet to himself23
7209390331... "To be or not to be"Hamlet to himself24
7209390332" to the noble mind rich gifts wax poor when givers prove unkind"Ophelia to Hamlet25
7209390333"The lady doth protest too much methinks"Queen to Hamlet26
7209390334"Why look you now how unworthy a thing you make of me. you would play upon me; you would seem to know my stops; you would pluck out the heart of my mystery"Hamlet to Guildenstern27
7209390335"I will speak daggers to her, but use none"Hamlet to himself28
7209390336"My words fly up, my thoughts remain below"Claudius to himself29
7209390337"oh what a rash and bloody deed is this"Gertrude to Hamlet30
7209390338"I must be cruel only to be kind"Hamlet to Gertrude31
7209390339"Let it work, for 'tis the sport to have the engineer hoise with his own petar and 't shall go hard..."Hamlet to Gertrude32
7209390340"He's loved of the distracted multitude who like not in their judgment, but their eyes"Claudius to himself33
7209390341"from this time forth my thoughts be bloody or be nothing worth"Hamlet to himself34
7209390342"No place indeed should murder sanctuarize revenge should have no bounds"Claudius to Laertes35
7209390343"Alas poor Yorick. I knew him, Horatio"Hamlet to a skull36
7209390344"Sweets to the sweet"Queen to Ophelia's corpse37
7209390345"There's a divinity that shapes our end..rough hew them how we will"Hamlet to Horatio38
7209390346"The readiness is all"Hamlet to Horatio39
7209390347"Report me and my cause aright to the unsatisfied"Hamlet to Horatio40
7209390348"Now cracks a noble heart"Horatio to himself41
7209390349What is an example of upsetting the "Great Chain of Being"Claudius killing his brother42
72093903504 reasons that ghosts return1. good deed 2. warning for the country 3. buried treasure 4. tell of their death43
7209390351name of the castleElsinore44
7209390352which role did Shakespeare usually playthe ghost45
72093903533 requests of the ghost1. avenge his death 2. leave Gertrude to heaven 3. take care of yourself46
72093903544 plotting scenarios1. Reynaldo spies on Laertes 2. Ros and Guild spy on Hamlet 3. King and Polonius spy on Hamlet and Ophelia 4. Hamlet makes the play sound like his father's death47
7209390355what role did Polonius play?Julius Caesar48
7209390356what instrument does Hamlet want Guildenstern to playrecorder49
7209390357what is the climax?when Hamlet doesn't kill Claudius in the chapel50
7209390358what is the dramatic reverse in act 3Hamlet killing Polonius51
7209390359what 2 things does Hamlet ask of his mother1.don't sleep with Claudius 2. don't tell anyone that Hamlet isn't crazy52
7209390360after seeing Fortinbras's army, what does Hamlet promise to himself?to take more action53
7209390361how does Hamlet come back into Denmarkby a pirate ship54
72093903622 reasons the king can't prosecute Hamlet1. Queen loves him 2. people love him55
72093903632 ways to kill Hamlet1. poison the tip of Laertes's sword 2. poison the wine56
7209390364what is the comic reliefgravedigger scene57
7209390365what 3 "jokes" are usedpuns, riddles, melapropisms58
72093903662 things the "comic relief" scene offers1. viewpoint of commoners 2. gets the audience ready for death59
7209390367who is Yorickthe court jester60
7209390368why won't the Priest carry out the funeral?Ophelia might have committed suicide61
7209390369who is the court fop-wants to put on heirs on what to do/ how you should act in the courtOsric62
7209390370what if Hamlet doesn't fence?he will be put on trial63
7209390371who drinks the poison wine first?Gertrude64
7209390372what does Gertrude say with her last breath?the wine is poisoned65
7209390373how does Hamlet kill Claudiusstabs him makes him drink the wine66
72093903742 decisions when Hamlet is king1. Horatio must stay alive to tell the truth 2. Fortinbras should be the new king67
7209390375how does the play endFortinbras's army invades and carries Hamlet's body out like a king68
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AP Gov Ch. 14 Flashcards

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9610904995Civil Libertiesconstitutional protections of all persons against governmental restrictions on freedoms of conscience, religion & expression0
9610911377Civil Rightsconstitutional rights of all persons to due process and the equal protection of the laws; the constitutional right not to be discriminated against b/c of race, ethnicity, religion or sex.1
9610922062Writ of habeas corpusa court order requiring explanation to a judge as to why a prisoner is being held in custody2
9610931558Ex post facto lawa retroactive criminal law that works to the disadvantage of a person3
961093368414th Amendmentno person shall be deprived by a state of life, liberty, or property without due process of law4
9610945235Gitlow v. New Yorkdecided that when fundamental liberties such as the freedom of speech and press are at stake, the due process clause of the 14th Amendment prohibits states from infringing on those liberties5
9610960329Due Process Clausea clause in the 5th Amendment limiting the power of the national govt; a similar clause in the 14th Amendment prohibits states from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law6
9610973072Selective Incorporationthe process by which provisions of the Bill of Rights are brought within the scope of the 14th Amendment and so applied to state and local govts7
9610979436Establishment Clausea clause in the 1st Amendment stating that Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of a religion8
9610989327Free Exercise Clausea clause in the 1st Amendment stating that Congress shall make no law prohibiting the free exercise of a religion9
9610998101Lemon Testa law must have a secular purpose, myst neither advance nor inhibit religion, and must avoid excessive entanglement with govt10
9611011291Clear and Present Danger Testan interpretation of the 1st Amendment holding that govt can't interfere with speech unless it presents a clear and present danger that it will lead to evil or illegal acts11
9611023928Libelwritten defamation of another person12
9611030088Obscenitythe quality or state of a work that, taken as a whole, appeals to a prurient interest by depicting sexual conduct in a patently offensive way13
9611038747Fighting Wordswords that by their very nature inflict injure on those to whom they are addressed or incite them to acts of violence14
9611044373Miller Testhelps to determine if work can be considered legally obscene15
9611061392Prior Restraintcensorship imposed before a speech is made or a newspaper is published, usually presumed to be unconstitutional16
9611069788Content or viewpoint neutralitylaws that apply to all kinds of speech and to all views, not only that which is unpopular or divisive17
9611082010Federal Communications Commissionregulates the entire system of public radio and television by granting licenses, regulating their use, and imposing fines for indecent broadcasts18
9611092558Time, Place, and Manner Restrictionsgovt cannot censor what is said but can make reasonable regulations for protests and parades as part of the freedom of assembly19
9611104872Eminent Domainthe power of a govt to take private property for public use20
9611115480Procedural Due Processa constitutional requirement that govts proceed by proper methods; limits how govt may exercise power21
9611127443Substantive Due Processa constitutional requirement that govts act reasonably and that the substance of the laws themselves be fair and reasonable; limits what a govt may do22
9611136572Griswold v. ConnecticutSCOTUS determined that a right to privacy existed in the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 9th, and 14th Amendments23
9611147766Roe v. WadeSCOTUS held that the right to privacy extended to a woman's decision, in consultation with her physician, to terminate her pregnancy24
9611155664Planned Parenthood v. CaseySCOTUS upheld the view that the due process clause protects a woman's liberty to choose an abortion prior to viability25
9611167898Civil Disobediencedeliberate refusal to obey a law or comply with the orders of public officials as a means of expressing opposition26
9611179703Lawrence v. TexasSCOTUS struck down a Texas law making consensual homosexual sodomy a crime27
96111978511st Amendmentreligion, assembly, press, petition, speech28
96112063384th Amendmentthe right of the people to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures, and no warrants without probable cause29
9611227396Probable Causewhen there is a reasonable basis for believing that a crime may have been committed or when evidence of the crime is present in the place to be searched30
9611267697Mapp v. OhioSCOTUS adopted a rule excluding from criminal trial evidence that the police obtained unconstitutionally or illegally31
9611275913Exclusionary Rulea requirement that evidence unconstitutionally or illegally obtained be excluded from a criminal trial32
9611283361Miranda v. ArizonaSCOTUS announced that no conviction could stand if evidence introduced at the trial had been obtained by the police during 'custodial interrogation' unless suspects were notified of the right to remain silent and that they may have an attorney33
9611294044Grand Jurya jury of 12-23 people who privately hear evidence presented by the govt to determine whether persons shall be required to stand trial34
9611299576Gideon v. WainwrightSCOTUS ruled that state courts are required to appoint attorneys for defendants who could not afford them35
9611315552Double Jeopardytrial or punishment for the same crime by the same govt; forbidden by the 5th Amendment36
96113305205th Amendmentconstitutional right to a Grand Jury, protection against double jeopardy, protection against self incrimination, protection against due process, eminent domain37
96113441006th Amendmentconstitutional right to a speedy and public trial, a trial by jury, to have witnesses, and to have an attorney38
96113619608th Amendmentconstitutional protection against excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment39
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AP Photosynthesis Flashcards

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9801123627Electron Transport Chainuses high energy electrons generated by the photosystem to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid against their concentration gradient.0
9801123628ATP Synthaseenzyme that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP to an inorganic phosphate to produce ATP1
9801123629NADPHAn electron carrier produced from PSI involved in photosynthesis, which provides the high-energy electrons to the calvin cycle2
9801123630ATP(adenosine triphosphate) the main energy source for all cells; a molecule that is catabolized to release energy to drive metabolic processes3
9801123631Light Dependent Reactionsproduction of ATP and NADPH to supply the calvin cycle with energy4
9801123632oxygenPS2 (photosystem 2) splits a water to generate __________ for the atmosphere5
9801123633Water_______ is split in PS2 (photosystem 2) to generate oxygen and provide an electron6
9801123634PhotonsLight energy7
9801123635Thylakoid spaceH+ ions are pumped into the ______________________ by the ETC of PS28
9801123636H+ ionsdiffuse down their concentration gradient to spin ATP Synthase to convert ADP -> ATP9
9801123637Energy in the light ________is used to split water and excite electrons10
9801123638At each step in the electron transport chain electrons ________ potential energyLose11
9801123639photolysisThe splitting of water to replace electrons that are lost to photosystem II12
9801123640What does photolysis form?Oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons13
9801123641chlorophyllpigment used to absorb light energy and excite electrons14
9801123642When are ATP and NADPH used?light independent reactions15
9801123643PhotosynthesisConversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.16
9801123644Chloroplastsorganelle where photosynthesis takes place17
9801123645Thylakoidsaclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts where light dependent reaction takes place18
9801123646Stromafluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids where light independent reaction occurs19
9801123647Photosystem 1the electrons are re-energized by light energy and used to make NADPH. 2nd photosystem in ETC.20
9801123648Photosystem 2Uses light energy to split water. 1st photosystem in the light dependent reactions.21
9801123649Waterneeded to replace the electron that is lost when it gets added to NADP+22
9801123650proton gradientbuildup of hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space lowering the pH23
9801123651chemiosmosiscombination of electron transport chain and phosphorylation24
9801123653stomatesopening in the leaf allowing oxygen out and carbon dioxide in25
9801123654guard cellscells in the leaf that control the opening and closing of the stomates26
9801123655Calvin cycleUses ATP and NADPH to produce glucose27
9801123656carbon fixationstage occurring when RUBP is added to Carbon dioxide to produce 2 molecules of 3PGA28
9801123657ADP + Piproduced when ATP is used in the calvin cycle29
9801123658NADPMolecule Produced when hydrogen and electrons are transferred to 3PGA30
9801123659Reductionstage ocuring when electons to 3PGA to produce G3P31
9801123660Regenerationthe stage when G3P gets converted back to RUBP32
9801123661rubiscothe enzyme needed to attach Carbon dioxide to RUBP33
9801123662the number of carbon dioxides needed to to produce 1 glucose634
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