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AP9 Flashcards

9422398090	fundementum, -i	foundation	0
9422398091	funus, funeris	funeral	1
9422398092	furo, furere	to rage	2
9422398093	magalia	huts	3
9422398094	os, oris	face, mouth	4
9422398095	perfidus, -a, -um	faithless	5
9422398096	procul	in the distance	6
9422398097	pudor, -is	chastity	7
9422398098	sententia, -ae	thought	8
9422398099	sentio, -ire, sensi, sensus	to feel	9
9422398100	struo, -ere, struxi, structus	to arrange	10
9422398101	tango, -ere, tecti, tectus	to touch	11

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AP World Period 4 Flashcards

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6127137185	Vasco De Gama	Portuguese, sailed beneath the southern tip of Africa into the Indian Ocean	0
6127137186	Magellan	Portuguese, tried to sail around the World	1
6127137187	British East India Comapny	Joint-stock company, monopoly over trade. 1600, started by individual citizens who would travel to India and resell the goods in England for higher prices	2
6127137188	Aztec Empire	Empire in central Mexico, capital was Tenochtitlan, military based empire. Conquered by Cortez.	3
6127137189	Montezuma	Ninth Aztec emperor, famous for his confrontation with Hernes Cortes	4
6127137190	Cavavels	A small, highly maneuverable sailing ship created by the Portuguese	5
6127137192	Colombian Exchange	Trade of livestock, vegetables, coffee, tobacco, disease, and slaves from the Old World to the New World, caused a dramatic demographic shift in the Americas	6
6127137195	Chattel Slavery	The owning of human beings as property	7
6127137196	Louis XIV	Revoked the Edict of Nantes, ruled for 72 years, known as the "sun king"	8
6127137197	Mercantilism	A system in which a country accumulates wealth through trade	9
6127137198	Sikhism	A syncretic religion formed in the late 15th century in India	10
6127137199	Mt. Potosi	Silver mine in Peru	11
6127137200	Creoles	A European born in the Americas	12
6127137201	Mestizos	A person with both European and Native descent	13
6127137202	Treaty of Tordesillas	A compromise between the Spanish and the Portuguese which gave both of them land in the Americas	14
6127137203	Pizzaro	Spanish conquistador, killed Inca Empire and brought the lands under Spanish control	15
6127137204	Erasmus	Catholic priest, learned to speak Greek so he could translate the original bible (Christian Humanist)	16
6127137205	Humanism	The ideology that focuses on individual achievement	17
6127137206	Council of Trent	A meeting to make reforms to the Catholic church in response to the Protestant reformation	18
6127137207	Diet of Worms	Meeting between Pope Leo X, Charles V, and Martin Luther, Pope Leo tries to make Luther repent his sins, Luther leaves as a heratic	19
6127137208	John Calvin	pre-destination: god's plan	20
6127137209	Society of Jesus (Jesuits)	A society devoted to Catholic education and missionary work	21
6127137210	Thirty Years War	A series of wars in the Holy Roman Empire, ended in 1648 with the treaty of Westphalia	22
6127137211	Treaty of Westphalia	Ended the Thirty Years War, allowed German princes to choose their faith, Europe is permanently religiously divided	23
6127137212	Henry VIII	Tudor family, created the Church of England, had six wives	24
6127137214	Absolute Monarchy	A form of government in which the king has absolute authority over the state	25
6127137215	Charles I	Didn't work with parliament, raised tax to be apart of the Thirty Years War, arrested the Parliament which led to the English Civil War, Executed for treason	26
6127137216	Oliver Cromwell	New leader of the English republic/commonwealth, had strict puritan laws (anti-anglican, extreme protestant)	27
6127137217	Glorious Revolution	The overthrow of James II by William and Mary of Orange, "bloodless revolution"	28
6127137220	Adam Smith	Scottish philosopher and economist, wrote the "wealth of nations"	29
6127137221	Hacienda	(spanish) a large estate or plantation with a dwelling house	30
6127137222	Indentured Servant	Men or woman who signed a contract in by which they agreed to work a certain number of years in exchange for food, transportation, and housing (North America)	31
6127137224	King Alfonso I	First African king to convert to Catholicism, partnered with Portugal in slave trade	32
6127137225	Triangular Slave Trade	The exchange of crops, livestock, luxury goods, and slaves between Europe, Africa, and the New World	33
6127137226	Middle Passage	The transfer of slaves across the Atlantic Ocean, horrible conditions, 25% died on voyage	34
6127137227	African Diaspora	Spread of Africans, creation of African-American culture	35
6127137228	Romanov Dynasty	The second dynasty to rule over Russia, ruled until the 20th century	36
6127137229	Peter the Great	Westernized Russia, creates a naval military first, creates city of St. Petersburg, created social laws	37
6127137230	Catherine the Great	Most renowned and and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia	38
6127137231	Zheng He	Chinese explorer, traveled to regions such as Asia and Africa	39
6127137232	Ming Dynasty	Overthrew the Yuan Dynasty (Mongols), focused on the restoration of Chinese culture (meritocracy, mandate of heaven, confucianism), banned foreigners	40
6127137233	Qing Dynasty	Run by Manchurians, last Chinese dynasty	41
6127137234	Tokugawa Ieyusa	Created a centralized government in Japan, rejected relationships with westerners (except for the Dutch)	42
6127137235	Ottoman Empire	Longest Islamic empire, expands with the fall of the Byzantine empire	43
6127137236	Sultan Mehmed II	"the conqueror", Islamic Sultan who sieged Constantinople and expanded the Ottoman empire	44
6127137237	Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent	Expands the Ottoman empire into N. Africa and E. Africa, makes education reforms, gives Jews/Christians protection under the law	45
6127137238	Janissaries	Elite Islamic military	46
6127137239	Safavid Empire	Islamic empire based in Persia	47
6127137240	Shah Ismail	Unites the people under religion, thought to be the 12th Imam who will spread true Islam	48
6127137241	Shah Abbas	Considered the strongest ruler of the Safavid Dynasty	49
6127137242	Mughal Empire	Islamic state in India ran by turkish people, overthrows the Sulnate of Dehli	50
6127137243	Akbar	A sultanate of the Mughal Empire, Expands into S. India, unifies the state, religiously tolerant, works w/ ottomans	51
6127137244	Aurangzeb	A sultanate of the Mughal Empire, burns down Hindu temples, triples taxes on Hindus	52
6127137245	Taj Mahel	An ivory-white marble mausoleum, commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan, to house the tomb of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal	53
6127137246	Martin Luther	German monk, upsetted by activities taking place in the Roman Catholic Church	54
6127137247	Diet of Worms	A meeting between Pope Leo X, Charles V, and Martin Luther to discuss Luther's acts of heresy	55
6127137248	Lutheranism	Authority straight from the Bible, free will- all of us are sinners, spoke in the vernacular	56
6127137249	Calvanism	John Calvin, pre-destination	57
6127137250	The Renaissance	14th and 15th century Europe, rebirth of liberal arts, starts in Italy	58
6127137251	Leonardo Da Vinci	Artist, Inventor, Botanist, Invented sanitation systems and flying machines, painted the Mona Lisa, wrote backwards	59
6127137252	Michelangelo	Da Vinci's rival, statue of David, Sistine chapel	60
6127137253	Edict of Nantes	Allowed French Protestants to worship freely	61
6127137254	Huguenots	French Protestants	62
6127137255	Galileo	Uses telescope to prove heliocentrism, work was banned by the Catholic church and he was put on house arrest	63
6127137256	Akbar	The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion.	64
6127137257	Columbian Exchange	The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization.	65
6127137258	Conquistadores	Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires.	66
6127137259	Constantinople, 1453	The capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror," an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.	67
6127137260	Creoles	Spaniards born in the Americas.	68
6127137261	Devshirme	The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.	69
6127137263	Jizya	Special tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states; the Mughal Empire was notable for abolishing it for a time.	70
6127137264	Mercantilism	An economic theory that argues that governments best serve their states' economic interests by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion.	71
6127137265	Mestizo	Literally, "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas.	72
6127137266	Mughal Empire	One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims.	73
6127137267	Mulatto	Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.	74
6127137268	Ottoman Empire	Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa.	75
6127137269	Peninsulares	In the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas.	76
6127137270	Plantation	Agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America.	77
6127137271	Qing Dynasty	Ruling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912; these rulers were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China.	78
6127137272	Settler colonies	Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America.	79
6127137273	Siberia	Russia's great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals.	80
6127137274	African diaspora	Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade.	81
6127137275	British/Dutch East India companies	Private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples.	82
6127137276	Daimyo	Feudal lords of Japan who ruled with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors.	83
6127137277	Indian Ocean Commercial Network	The massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered on the Indian Ocean (including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around 1500.	84
6127137278	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese mariner who commanded the first European (Spanish) fleet to circumnavigate the globe (1519-1521).	85
6127137279	Middle Passage	Name commonly given to the journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas.	86
6127137280	Samurai	The warrior elite of medieval Japan.	87
6127137281	Shogun	In Japan, a supreme military commander.	88
6127137282	Spanish Phillipines	An archipelago of Pacific islands colonized by Spain in a relatively bloodless process that extended for the century or so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization	89
6127137283	Tokugawa Shogunate	Military rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japan politically by the early seventeenth century and established a "closed door" policy toward European encroachments.	90
6127137284	Trading post empire	Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples.	91
6127137285	Catholic Counter-Reformation	An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.	92
6127137286	Copernicus	Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos.	93
6127137287	Council of Trent	The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses.	94
6127137288	Charles Darwin	Highly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth.	95
6127137289	European Enlightenment	European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.	96
6127137292	Jesuits in China	Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success	97
6127137293	Martin Luther	German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe.	98
6127137294	Isaac Newton	English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution.	99
6127137295	Ninety-Five Theses	List of debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity.	100
6127137296	Protestant Reformation	Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone."	101
6127137297	Scientific Revolution	Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method.	102
6127137298	Sikhism	Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women.	103

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Ap Government Unit 1 Flashcards

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6679853144	Articles of Confederation	1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)	0
6679853145	Monarchy	A government ruled by a king or queen	1
6679853146	Natural Law	A doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principals that are part of nature and as such can be understood by reason	2
6679853147	Separation of powers	A way of dividing the power of government among the legislative, executive, and judicial branch	3
6679853148	Shay's rebellion	Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.	4
6679853149	Ideology	A system of ideas or ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy	5
6679853150	Anti-Federalist	Those who favored strong state governments and a weaker national government	6
6679853151	Bicameral	A legislature consisting of two parts, or houses	7
6679853152	Connecticut Compromise	Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators.	8
6679853153	Constitutional Convention	A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution	9
6679853154	Direct Democracy	A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives	10
6679853155	Federalism	A system of government in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated within a central government.	11
6679853156	Federalists	Those who favored a stronger national government and weaker state governments	12
6679853157	Federalist Papers	A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.	13
6679853158	Indirect Democracy	a system of government that gives citizens the opportunity to vote for representatives who work on their behalf	14
6679853159	New Jersey Plan	Proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by William Paterson of New Jersey for a central government with a single-house legislature in which each state would be represented equally.	15
6679853160	Virginia Plan	Initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature dominated by the big states.	16
6679853161	Republic	A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting; indirect/Representative democracy	17
6679853162	Three fifths clause	slave counted as 3/5 of a person for population in congress.	18
6679853163	Unicameral	One-house legislature	19
6679853164	Oligarchy	A form of government in which the power to rule is held by a small, usually self-appointed elite.	20
6679853165	Checks and Balances	A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power	21
6679853166	Elastic clause	Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution.	22
6679853167	cooperative federalism	A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government.	23
6679853168	Majority Rule	Governance according to the expressed preferences of the majority.	24
6679853169	Plurality	Candidate or party with the most votes cast in an election, not necessarily more than half.	25
6679853170	Popular sovereignty	A government in which the people rule by their own consent.	26
6679853171	Supremacy clause	Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. (ex. McCulloch v. Maryland)	27
6679853172	Amendment	A change in, or addition to, a constitution or law	28
6679853173	Bill of Rights	A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10, and in all state constitutions.	29
6679853174	Informal amendments	the process by which over time many changes have been made in the Constitution which have not involved any changes in its written words	30
6679853175	Ratification	the official way to confirm or approve something, usually by vote	31
6679853176	Incorporation Doctrine	The legal concept under which the Supreme Court has nationalized the Bill of Rights by making most of its provisions applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.	32
6679853177	Commerce clause	The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations.	33
6679853178	Concurrent powers	Powers held jointly by the national and state governments.	34
6679853179	Confederation	(also known as confederacy or league) is a union of political units for common action in relation to other units.	35
6679853180	Dual Federalism	A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies.	36
6679853181	Express Powers	Powers the Constitution specifically grants to one of the branches of the national government.	37
6679853182	Implied powers	Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution; Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions.	38
6679853183	Inherent powers	powers that exist for the national government because the government is sovereign	39
6679853184	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)	The court ruled that the states did not have the power to tax the national bank with the backing of the supremacy clause	40
6679853185	Reserved Powers	belong to the states and the people; Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states	41
6679853186	Unitary System	A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government	42
6679853187	Block grants	Federal money given to the states with limited spending guidelines	43
6679853188	Categorical Grants	Federal money given to the states with specific spending guidelines	44
6679853189	Devolution	The transfer of power from a high level political office to a lower level; central government to regional, state, or local governments	45
6679853190	Gibbons v. Ogden	Commerce clause case (1824). Decision greatly enlarged Congress' interstate commerce clause power by broadly defining the meaning of "commerce" to include virtually all types of economic activity.	46
6679853191	Marbury v. Maddison	1803, supreme court case that established the principle of judicial review. the idea that the supreme court had the final authority to determine constitutionality.	47

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AP Inheritance Flashcards

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9874126669	Alleles	alternate versions of a gene	0
9874126670	Law of Segregation	the 2 alleles for a heritable character seperate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes	1
9874126671	Testcross	breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote (pp) to discover if an unknown is PP or Pp	2
9874126672	Monohybrid cross	heterozygous for one particular character being followed in a cross (Pp)	3
9874126674	Dihybrid cross	cross between 2 organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed(YyRr)	4
9874126678	Polygenic inheritance	a single phenotypic character is affected by two or more genes no dominance Ex: skin color	5
9874126684	Law of independent assortment	the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another - Metaphase I	6
9874126685	Wild type	the phenotype for a character most commonly observed in natural populations	7
9874126686	Sex-linked gene	a gene located on either sex chromosome	8
9874126689	Complete dominance	heterozygous phenotype same as that of homozygous dominant	9
9874126690	Incomplete dominance	Blending Heterozygous phenotype intermediate between the 2 homozygous phenotypes	10
9874126691	Codominance	Sharing BOTH phenotypes expressed in heterozygotes - blood type	11
9874126692	Multiple alleles	in the whole population, some genes have more than two alleles - ABO blood group alleles (Ia, Ib, i)	12
9874126693	Pleiotropy	One gene is able to affect multiple phenotypic characters - sickle cell disease - Aa --> 6 fingers, missing teeth, extra kidney, and one eye	13
9874126694	Epistasis	the phenotypic expression of one gene affects that of another E - depositing pigment (pigment shows up) e - pigment won't show up B - black pigment b - brown pigment	14
9874126695	Barr Body	in mammalian females, one of the two X chromosome in each cell is randomly inactivated during embryonic development *The inactive X condenses into a BARR BODY If a female is heterozygous for a particular gene located on the X chromosome, she will be mosaic for that character	15
9874126696	Linked genes	genes located NEAR each other on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses	16
9874126697	Crossing over	prophase I Meiosis replicated chromosome pairs switch sections to produce new allele combinations	17
9874126698	Nondisjunction	members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II	18
9874126699	Aneuploidy	results from nondisjunction Offspring with this condition have an abnormal number of a particular chromosome	19
9874126701	Trisomic	has three copies of a particular chromosome - down syndrome (trisomy 21)	20
9874126704	Polyploidy	an organism has more that two complete sets of chromosomes - common in plants, not animals - more normal in appearance that aneuploids	21
9874126706	Deletion	removes a chromosomal segment	22
9874126707	Duplication	duplication in a chromosome repeats a segment	23
9874126708	Inversion	an inversion reverses a segment within a chromosome	24
9874126709	Translocation	a translocation moves a segment from one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome	25

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9789243375	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9789243376	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9789243377	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9789243378	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9789243379	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9789243380	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9789243381	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9789243382	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9789243383	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9789243384	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9789243385	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9789243386	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9789243387	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9789243388	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9789243389	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9789243390	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9789243391	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9789243392	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9789243393	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9789243394	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9789243395	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9789243396	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9789243397	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9789243398	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9789243399	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9789243400	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9789243401	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9789243402	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9789243403	theory	general idea being tested	28
9789243404	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9789243405	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9789243406	mode	appears the most	31
9789243407	mean	average	32
9789243408	median	middle	33
9789243409	range	highest - lowest	34
9789243410	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9789243411	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9789243412	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9789243413	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9789243414	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9789243415	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9789243416	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9789243417	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9789243611	neuron		43
9789243418	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9789243419	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9789243420	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9789243421	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9789243422	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9789243423	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9789243424	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9789243425	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9789243426	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9789243427	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9789243428	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9789243429	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9789243430	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9789243431	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9789243432	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9789243433	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9789243434	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9789243435	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9789243436	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9789243437	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9789243438	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9789243439	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9789243440	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9789243441	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9789243442	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9789243443	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9789243444	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9789243445	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9789243446	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9789243447	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9789243448	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9789243449	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9789243450	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9789243451	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9789243452	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9789243453	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9789243454	occipital lobe	vision	80
9789243455	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9789243456	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9789243457	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9789243458	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9789243459	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9789243460	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9789243461	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9789243462	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9789243463	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9789243464	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9789243465	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9789243466	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9789243467	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9789243468	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9789243469	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9789243470	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9789243471	rods	night time	97
9789243472	cones	color	98
9789243473	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9789243474	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9789243475	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9789243476	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9789243477	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9789243478	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9789243479	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9789243480	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9789243481	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9789243482	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9789243483	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9789243484	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9789243485	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9789243486	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9789243487	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9789243488	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9789243489	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9789243490	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9789243491	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9789243492	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9789243493	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9789243494	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9789243495	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9789243496	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9789243497	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9789243498	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9789243499	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9789243500	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9789243501	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9789243502	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9789243503	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9789243504	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9789243505	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9789243506	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9789243507	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9789243508	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9789243509	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9789243510	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9789243511	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9789243512	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9789243513	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9789243514	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9789243515	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9789243516	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9789243517	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9789243518	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9789243519	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9789243520	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9789243521	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9789243522	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9789243523	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9789243524	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9789243525	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9789243526	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9789243527	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9789243528	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9789243529	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9789243530	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9789243531	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9789243532	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9789243533	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9789243534	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9789243535	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9789243536	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9789243537	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9789243538	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9789243539	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9789243540	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9789243541	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9789243542	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9789243543	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9789243544	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9789243545	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9789243546	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9789243547	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9789243548	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9789243549	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9789243550	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9789243551	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9789243552	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9789243553	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9789243554	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9789243555	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9789243556	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9789243557	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9789243558	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9789243559	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9789243560	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9789243561	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9789243562	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9789243563	encoding	information going in	189
9789243564	storage	keeping information in	190
9789243565	retrieval	taking information out	191
9789243566	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9789243567	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9789243568	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9789243569	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9789243570	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9789243571	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9789243572	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9789243573	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9789243574	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9789243575	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9789243576	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9789243577	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9789243578	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9789243579	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9789243580	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9789243581	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9789243582	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9789243583	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9789243584	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9789243585	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9789243586	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9789243587	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9789243588	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9789243589	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9789243590	context	environment helps with memory	216
9789243591	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9789243592	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9789243593	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9789243594	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9789243595	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9789243596	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9789243597	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9789243598	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9789243599	prototypes	generalize	225
9789243600	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9789243601	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9789243602	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9789243603	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9789243604	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9789243605	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9789243606	grammar is _________	universal	232
9789243607	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9789243608	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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Expresiones Idiomaticas AP Flashcards

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6645083839	al fin y a cabo	at the end of the day	0
6645096622	contar con	to rely on	1
6645099635	dar pena	to feel bad, sad, pity	2
6645071138	dar una vuelta	to take a stroll	3
6645071139	darse cuenta de que	to realize	4
6645071140	darse por vencido (a)	to give up	5
6645071141	darse prisa	to hurry	6
6645076629	de hecho	in fact	7
6645108312	de hoy en adelante	from this day foward	8
6645071142	echar de menos	to miss (someone or something)	9
6645071143	echar la culpa	to blame	10
6645104879	en cambio	on the other hand	11
6645080924	estar al tanto	to be up to date	12
6645071144	estar a punto de	to be about to (do something)	13
6645071145	estar de acuerdo	to agree	14
6645071146	estar de buen/mal humor	to be in a good/bad mood	15
6645071147	estar de moda	to be in style	16
6645071148	estar de vuelta	to be back	17
6645071149	estar en las nubes	to daydream	18
6645071150	hacer caso a/de	to pay attention to	19
6645071151	hacer cola	to line up	20
6645071152	hacer daño	to damage/ to hurt	21
6645071153	hacer falta	to lack, to be in need of, to miss	22
6645112022	hacer el papel de	to play the role of	23
6645071154	tener celos	to be jealous	24
6645071155	tener cuidado	to be careful	25
6645071156	tener en cuenta	to take into account	26
6645071157	tener éxito	to be successful	27
6645071158	tener ganas de	to feel like (doing something)	28
6645092449	tener la culpa	to be guilty	29
6645071159	tener lugar	to take place	30
6645071160	tener miedo que/de	to be afraid of	31
6645071161	tener que	to have to (do something)	32
6645071162	tener que ver con	to have to do with	33
6645071163	tener razón	to be right	34
6645071164	tener vergüenza	to be embarrassed	35
6645071165	acabar de	to have just (done something)	36
6645071166	costarle trabajo	to be difficult for someone	37
6645071167	pasarlo bien/mal	to have a good/bad time	38
6645071168	pedir prestado	to borrow	39
6645071169	portarse bien/mal	to behave/misbehave	40
6645071170	prestar atención	to pay attention	41
6645071171	valer la pena	to be worth it	42
9456294579	tapar el sol con el dedo	to put a band-aid on a broken limb	43
9456320336	dar por hecho	assume something	44
9456326114	tomar(lo) por sentado	take it for granted	45
9456328775	hacer la vista gorda	to ignore	46
9456339943	dar cuerda	get [sb] started, get [sb] wound up	47
9456352948	dar recuerdos	to give regards to	48
9456361091	estar al día	estar bien enterado	49
9456364132	estar de moda	to be stylish (fashionable)	50
9456366801	estar harto de	to be fed up with	51
9456369094	el colmo	absurd(ity)	52
9456379993	estar por	to be in favor of	53
9456383630	hacer hincapié	to emphazise	54
9456386596	hacerse cargo	to take charge	55
9456390116	ponerse de acuerdo	to agree, to come to an agreement	56
9456392251	tener buena/mala cara	to look good/bad	57
9456401027	decir (muchos) disparates	to talk (a lot of) nonsense	58
9456405015	llevar a cabo	to carry out, to finish, to accomplish	59
9456408404	llevarse bien/mal con	to get/ not get along with	60
9456410650	no servir para nada	to be good for nothing	61
9456410651	morirse de risa	to die laughing	62
9456416017	a fondo	thoroughly, in detail	63
9479309683	darse cuenta de	to realize	64
9479312799	quedarse pasmada(o)	to be in awe	65
9479490056	hacerlo de mala gana	do it against your will	66
9479494516	valerse por sí mismo	fend for yourself	67
9479501032	hacer de tripas corazón	bite the bullet; when life gives you lemons make a lemonade	68
9479528916	hacer caso (a alguien)	pay attention (to someone)	69
9479536665	hacer un esfuerzo	to make an effort	70
9479555904	seguir adelante	to carry on	71
9479723361	hacerlo a propósito	do it on purpose	72
9479734351	estar dispuesto a	to be willing to	73
9479745748	hacerse cargo de	take charge; responsibility	74
9480068662	meter la pata	cometer un error; make a mess	75
9480074649	(no) darse por vencido	(don't) give up	76
9480084495	ponerse la piel de gallina	goose pumps	77
9480098764	(no) pestañear	think twice	78
9480103611	no mover ni una pestaña	not lift a finger	79
9480110265	comer a gusto	enjoy the meal	80
9480120114	estar pendiente de	to look after; to be on the lookout	81
9480131554	árbol que nace torcido jamás su tronco se endereza	As the twig is bent, so the tree grows	82
9480144615	a mal tiempo buena cara	brave face; a good front in bad times; Every cloud has a silver lining	83
9480376898	ser vivo	to be smart; quick	84
9480502850	hacer caso omiso	ignorar	85
9480527360	echar una mano	ayudar	86
9480532938	tener ganas de	to feel like doing	87
9492928682	hacer frente	to stand up to	88

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AP Calc Flashcards

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9909550027	Velocity	Derivative of position	0
9909550028	Acceleration	Derivative of velocity	1
9909550029	Speed	Absolute value of velocity	2
9909550030	Displacement	How far the particle is from where it started (y2-y1).	3
9909550031	Position	Where the particle is at a given time.	4
9909550032	Average velocity given a position function	(y2-y1) / (x2-x1)	5
9909550033	Particle is moving right	Velocity is positive	6
9909550034	Particle is moving left	Velocity is negative	7
9909550035	Acceleration is positive	Velocity is increasing (slope of vel. graph is pos.)	8
9909550036	Acceleration is negative	Velocity is decreasing (slope of vel. graph is neg.)	9
9909550037	Particle changes direction	Velocity changes signs	10
9909550038	Maximum height of an object	Set velocity equal to zero and check for a sign change.	11
9909550039	Particle at rest	Velocity equals zero.	12
9909550040	Increasing speed	Velocity and acceleration are the same sign.	13
9909550041	Decreasing speed	Velocity and acceleration are opposite signs.	14
9909550042	Derivative of sin x	cos x	15
9909550043	Derivative of cos x	-sin x	16
9909550044	Derivative of tan x	sec^2(x)	17
9909550045	Derivative of cot x	-csc^2(x)	18
9909550046	Derivative of sec x	sec x tan x	19
9909550047	Derivative of csc x	-csc x cot x	20
9909550048	Product rule	first times derivative of 2nd plus 2nd times derivative of first.	21
9909550049	Quotient rule	low d high minus high d low all over low squared.	22
9909550050	Power Rule for x^n	nx^(n-1)	23
9909550051	Derivative of a constant	0	24
9909550052	Equation of a line	(y-y1)=m(x-x1)	25
9909550053	Equation of a normal line	(y-y1)=-(1/m)(x-x1)	26
9909550054	Horizontal tangents	Set derivative equal to zero.	27
9909550055	Not differentiable if...	Corners, cusps, vertical tangents, discontinuities	28
9909550056	4 types of discontinuity	Jump, removable, infinite (asymptote), oscillating	29
9909550057	Continuous but not differentiable	Corners, cusps, vertical tangents	30
9909550058	Definition of continuity at a point	function value = limit value	31
9909550059	Differentiability from a piecewise	Check continuity (functions have the same y) and differentiability (same derivatives).	32
9909550060	Sketching the derivative	Find the zero slopes and then pay attention to pos. or neg. slope.	33
9909550061	How we treat the nth root of x	x^(1/n)	34
9909550062	How we treat 1/x^n	x^(-n)	35
9909550063	Slope from a point on a table	Find the slope of the point above and below.	36
9909550064	Increasing	f' is positive	37
9909550065	Decreasing	f' is negative	38
9909550066	Concave up	f'' is positive	39
9909550067	Concave down	f'' is negative	40
9909550068	Inflection point	f" changes sign or f' goes from inc. to dec. (or vice versa)	41
9909550069	Critical point	f'=0 or f' is undefined	42
9909550070	Where to look for max and mins	Critical points and endpoints	43
9909550071	Mean Value Theorem	Closed, continuous, and differentiable - there is a point c where avg slope = inst. Slope	44
9909550072	Extreme Value Theorem	Closed and continuous - There will be an absolute max and min	45
9909550073	Intermediate Value Theorem	Closed and Continuous - Every y value gets hit on the way from f(a) to f(b)	46
9909550074	L'Hopital	If indeterminate - derive the top and bottom.	47
9909550075	Area of a trapezoid	½ the height times the sum of the 2 bases	48
9909550076	Growth formula for dy/dx = ky	y=Ae^(kt)	49
9909550077	How to find vertical asymptotes	set denominator = 0	50
9909550078	How to find horizontal asymptotes	find the lim as x approaches positive and negative infinity	51
9909550080	Change in position (displacement)	integrate v(t)dt from a to b	52
9909550081	Total distance traveled		53
9909550082	Average value of a function		54

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Flashcards

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AP Psych Unit 6 Flashcards

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6523435996	Learning	A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.	0
6523453460	Habituation	Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.	1
6523456661	Associative learning	Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)	2
6523462470	Classical conditioning	A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.	3
6523471892	Behaviorism	The view that psychology (1)should be an objective science that (2)studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)	4
6523479367	Unconditioned response	In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth	5
6523484084	Unconditioned stimulus	In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response	6
6523487981	Conditioned response	In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus	7
6523508074	Conditioned stimulus	In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.	8
6523512465	Acquisition	In classical conditioning, the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.	9
6523516138	Higher-order conditioning	A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.	10
6523520875	Extinction	The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced	11
6523528156	Spontaneous recovery	The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response	12
6523529863	Generalization	The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses	13
6523538212	Discrimination	In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus	14
6523542771	Learned helplessness	The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.	15
6523552237	Respondent behavior	Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus	16
6523574251	Operant conditioning	A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.	17
6523579225	Operant behavior	Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences	18
6523582324	Law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.	19
6523596806	Operant chamber	In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer	20
6523603664	Shaping	An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.	21
6523614380	discriminative stimulus	In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement.	22
6523621419	Reinforcer	In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	23
6523633889	Positive reinforcement	Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.	24
6525190660	Negative reinforcement	Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.	25
6525197258	Primary reinforcer	An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.	26
6525201729	Conditioned reinforcer	A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.	27
6525206556	Continuous reinforcement	Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	28
6525214945	partial(intermittent) reinforcement	Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	29
6525237514	Fixed-ratio schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number or responses.	30
6525275777	Variable-ratio schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.	31
6525283999	Fixed-interval schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	32
6525290589	Variable-interval schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals	33
6525301261	Punishment	An event that decreases the behavior that it follows	34
6525307106	Cognitive map	A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned this	35
6525313486	Latent learning	Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.	36
6525320024	Insight	A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions	37
6525329338	Intrinsic motivation	A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake	38
6525335909	Extrinsic motivation	A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.	39
6525340153	Biofeedback	A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or musical tension.	40
6525348091	Observational learning	Learning by observing others. Also called social learning.	41
6525351773	Modeling	The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	42
6525355973	Mirror neurons	Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy.	43
6525361548	Prosocial behavior	Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior	44

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