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AP culture

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4904015155CultureGroup of belief systems, norms, and values practiced by people0
4904015156Folk cultureSmall, incorporates a homogeneous population, is typically rural, and is cohesive in cultural traits1
4904015157Popular cultureLarge, incorporates heterogeneuous populations, is typically urban, and experiences quickly changing cultural traits2
4904015158Local cultureThey share the same customs, expereiences, and traits3
4904015159Material cultureGroup of people includes things they can construct, such as art, houses, clothinh, sports, dance and food4
4904015160Non material cultureIncludes beliefs, practices, what they see attractive, and values5
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Ethnicity - AP Human Geography Flashcards

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9425624270ethnicityCultural traits; Identity with people who share cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.0
9425624271ApartheidSeparation of races into geographic areas ("homelands"); Forced migration of blacks into "homelands"; Established in South Africa after independence from the British Empire and in effect until the 1990s.1
9425624272segregationSeparation of public life based on race; Laws established in the US Southern states after slavery and in effect until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s2
9425624273RwandaAn East African country of 12 million with its capital at Kigali; Site of a 1994 genocide in which the majority Hutu ethnic group attempted to murder all the minority Tutsi ethnic groups.3
9425624285Genocide(n.) the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.4
9425624286Multiethnic StateA state that contains more than one ethnicity.5
9425624287Multinational stateState that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.6
9425624288NationalismA strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country or ethnic group.7
9425624289NationalityIdentity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there.8
9425624290Nation-stateA state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.9
9425624291RaceIdentity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.10
9425624292RacismBelief that one race is superior to another.11
9425624293RacistA person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism.12
9425624294Self determinationConcept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.13
9425624296Triangular Slave TradeA practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.14
9425624277nationalityIdentity as member of a nation/state; Legal status (citizenship); Allegiance (loyalty) to a nation/state15
9425624278racePhysical traits; Identity with a group of people based on a biological ancestor.16
9425624279racismA belief in superiority or inferiority of people purely because of race.17
9425624280genocideThe mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to create an ethnically homogenous region.18
9425624281ethnic cleansingA process in which a more powerful ethnic group attempts to remove a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.19
9425624282Hispanic/Latino/Latinaa person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race; One of the largest ethnic minorities in the U.S.20
9425624298BalkanizationProcess by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.21
9425624299BalkanizedA small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other.22
9425624300BlockbustingA process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood.23
9425624301Centripetal forceAn attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.24
9425624302Centrifugal forceA force that divides people and countries.25
9425624303EthnicityA social division based on national origin, religion, language, and often race.26
9425624304Ethnic cleansingProcess in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.27
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AP French-Cultural Comparisons Flashcards

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7231390869Tout d'abordFirst of all0
7231390870En premier lieuFirst of all1
7231390871Pour commencerTo start off with2
7231390872PremièrementFirstly3
7231390873À mon avisIn my opinion4
7231390874Selon moiIn my opinion5
7231390875Pour ma partAs far as I'm concerned6
7231390876En ce qui me concerneAs far as I'm concerned7
7231390877A mon sensAs I see it8
7231390878Il me semble queIt seems to me that (+ indicative mood)9
7231390879J'estime queI consider that10
7231390880Je soutiens queI maintain that11
7231390881EnsuiteNext12
7231390882De plusIn addition13
7231390883En outreFurthermore14
7231390884En deuxième lieuSecondly15
7231390885MaisBut16
7231390886En faitIn fact17
7231390887CependantHowever18
7231390888ToutefoisHowever19
7231390889Au contraireOn the contrary20
7231390890Par contreBy contrast21
7231390891NéanmoinsNevertheless22
7231390892Quand mêmeNevertheless23
7231390893PourtantYet24
7231390894En dernier lieuLastly25
7231390895EnfinFinally26
7231390896Pour terminerTo finish up with27
7231390897Pour finirTo finish up with28
7231390898Tout bien réfléchiAll in all29
7231390899Tout bien considéréAll in all30
7231390900Tout compte faitWhen all is said and done31
7231390901Toute réflexion faiteWhen all is said and done32
7231390902En sommeIn short, all in all33
7231390903En fin de compteWhen all is said and done, at the end of the day34
7231390904En conclusionTo conclude/in conclusion35
7231390905Pour conclureTo conclude/in conclusion36
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AP French Vocabulary-Immigration Flashcards

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7231445876déclarerto declare0
7231445877la douanethe customs1
7231445878le douanierthe customs officer2
7231445879fouillerto search3
7231445880le passeportthe passport4
7231445881le visathe visa5
7231445882voyagerto travel6
7231445883les chèques de voyagethe traveler's checks7
7231445884un expatriéan expat/foreigner8
7231445885un ressortissanta national9
7231445886un sans-papieran illegal immigrant10
7231445887une ratonnadea racial attack11
7231445888surmonterto overcome12
7231445889dépasserto pass13
7231445890mettre à jourto expose14
7231445891clandestinillegal15
7231445892appartenir àto belong to16
7231445893constaterto notice17
7231445894s'intégrerto fit in18
7231445895raillerto taunt19
7231445896le comportementthe behaviour20
7231445897menacerto threaten21
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AP Government Chapter 13 Flashcards

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523269951722nd AmendmentPassed in 1951; limits presidents to two terms of office0
5232701801impeachmentThe political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution. Can be done by the House of Representatives by a majority of vote for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors."1
5232713163WatergateThe events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment.2
523272301325th AmendmentPassed in 1951; permits the vice president to become president if both the vice president and the president's cabinet determine that the president is disabled. Also outlines how a recuperated president can reclaim the job.3
5232729582cabinetA group of presidential advisors not mentioned in the Constitution, although every president has had one. Composed of 13 secretaries and the attorney general.4
5232737339National Security CouncilAn office created in 1947 to coordinate the president's foreign and military policy advisors. Its formal members are the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense, and it is managed by the president's national security advisor.5
5232751402Council of Economic Advisors (CEA)A three-member body appointed by the president to advise the president on economic policy.6
5232756944Office of Management and Budget (OMB)An office that grew out of the Bureau of the Budget, created in 1921, consisting of a handful of political appointees and hundreds of skilled professionals. Performs both managerial and budgetary functions.7
5232762187vetoThe constitutional power of the president to send a bill back to Congress with reasons for rejecting it. A 2/3 vote in each house can override this.8
5232766325pocket vetoTakes place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.9
5232770938presidential coattailsThese occur when voters cast their ballots for congressional candidates of the president's party because they support the president. Recent studies show that few races are won this way.10
5232780145War Powers ResolutionA law, passed in 1973 in reaction to American fighting in Vietnam and Cambodia, requiring presidents to consult with Congress whenever possible prior to use military force and to withdraw forces after 60 days unless Congress declares war or grants an extension. Presidents view this as unconstitutional.11
5232787140legislative vetoThe ability of Congress to override a presidential decision. Although the War Powers Resolution asserts this authority, there is reason to believe that, if challenged, the Supreme Court would find this in violation of the doctrine of separation of powers.12
5232796956crisisA sudden, unpredictable, and potentially dangerous event requiring the president to play the role of crisis manager.13
52332077592 ways to reach presidencyelections, succession and impeachment14
52332334714 constitutional powers of presidentNational Security Powers - commander in chief, make treaties, nominate ambassadors, receive ambassadors; Legislative Powers - state of the union, recommend legislation, veto legislation; Administrative Powers - take care that laws are faithfully executed, nominate officials, fill administrative vacancies; Judicial Powers - grant reprieves and pardons, nominate federal judges15
52332656782 indicators of public support for presidentpublic approval, mandates16
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AP Unit 1 - Biochemistry Flashcards

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4841272375amino acidThe monomer group for proteins and the nitrogen bases in DNA0
4841272376carbohydrateThe most basic biomolecule, used for quick energy, composed of a 1:2:1 ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. Examples: Sugar and starches1
4841272377cholesterolA type of lipid formed from a 3- 6 carbon rings attached to 1 5-carbon ring and a carbon chain.2
4841272378glycerolA monomer group of lipids. Forms the backbone for both fatty lipids and phospholips.3
4841272379lipidA biomolecule, used for long term energy, mostly composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen with a greater than 1:2:1 ration for Hydrogen. Examples: Fat, Cholesterol, and Phospholipids.4
4841272380monomerA basic building block of an object. It can be combined with other monomers to create polymers.5
4841272381monosaccharideA single sugar molecule. Mono means "one" or "single" and saccharide means "sugar"6
4841272382nucleic acidA biomolecule composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous. Makes up DNA, RNA, and ATP.7
4841272383polymerA group of two or more monomers.8
4841272384polypeptideAlso known as a protein. A string of amino acids. They make up all living matter. Examples: Muscle, Cell Walls, Bone, and Enzymes9
4841272385polysaccharideA group of two or more monosaccharides. Examples: Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose,10
4841272386proteinAlso know as polypeptides. A string of amino acids. They make up all living matter. Examples: Muscle, Cell Walls, Bone, and Enzymes11
4841272387starchA polysaccharide. Example: Pastas and cereals.12
4841272388ATPAdenosine triphosphate. A nucleic acid that is responsible for cellular energy. Used throughout the body, it contains 3 phosphate groups.13
4841272389Enzyme (Catalyst)A protein that speeds up a reaction by lowering activation energy and is not destroyed.14
4841272390DNADeoxyribonucleic acid. A nucleic acid that carries genetic information for reproduction and protein synthesis.15
4841272391NucleotideThe monomer of Nucleic Acids. It is comprised of three subunits; a 5 carbon sugar (or pentose sugar), a nitrogen base, and a phosphorous group.16
4841272392Peptide bondA covalent bond between two amino acids making a polypeptide or protein.17
4841272393RNARibonucleic acid. A nucleic acid that is used in the transcription and tranlation of proteins from DNA.18
4841272394SubstrateThe molecule or molecules that connect to the active site of an enzyme to be broken down or combined.19
4841272395Lock-and-KeyA reference used for proteins when describing how each unique shape determines that particular protein's function.20
4841305454AcidA substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.21
4841307259Alkaline (Basic)A substance thatreduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.22
4841307260Amino (group)An elemental grouping of a nitrogen with 2 hydrogen. It can act like a base. ( -NH2)23
4841308455AmphipathicContaining both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.24
4841308456AtomThe smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.25
4841308457Carbonyl (group)An elemental grouping of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom. Aldahyde has this at the end of the molecule, Ketones are in the middle. (-C=O)26
4841309755Carboxyl (group)An elemental grouping of a carbon atom with a double bond to one oxygen and another single bond to a hydroxyl group. (O=C-OH)27
4841309756CelluloseA complex sugar (polysaccharide) found in plant cell walls.28
4841309757CompoundA combination of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.29
4841313126Covalent BondA strong chemical bond where two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.30
4841313127Dehydration SynthesisThe formation of a covalent bond by removal of water. A primary example is the creation of a polysaccharide from monosaccharides.31
4841313128DisaccharideThe combination of two saccharides. The most common example is sucrose (table sugar), which combines a fructose and glucose molecule.32
4841313983ElectronOne of three particles in an element. It has a negative charge and orbits outside of the nucleus with an atomic weight of 0.00054.33
4841313984Ester Bond (Ester linkage)The covalent bond of the carboxyl acid end of a fatty acid to the glycerol head in a lipid biomolecule. Formed by dehydration synthesis.34
4841315174GlucoseA monomer of carbohydrates.35
4841315175GlycogenA polysaccharide, most commonly found in animals and fungi.36
4841315176Glycosidic LinkageA covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis which combines saccharides to build complex chains or polysaccharides.37
4841316407FructoseA monomer of carbohydrates.38
4841316408Hydrogen BondA weak bond formed between the slightly positive Hydrogen atom and nearby slightly negative Oxygen atom of two water molecules.39
4841317902HydrolysisThe addition of water to break apart molecules.40
4841317903HydrophobicWater fearing. i.e. Repels water.41
4841317904HydrophilicWater loving. i.e. Attracts water.42
4841367017Hydroxyl (group)An elemental grouping of an Oxygen and Hydrogen. Soluble in water and referred to as alcohols. (-OH)43
4841367018Ionic BondA bond with complete transfer of valence electrons creating positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions) which then group together due to opposite charges.44
4841367874IsotopeOne of several forms of an element, each with a different mass due to a different number of neutrons. E.g. carbon - 12, carbon - 13, and carbon - 14.45
4841367875Nonpolar CovalentA covalent bond where the electrons are equally shared giving no unequal electrical charges to the molecule.46
4841368931pH scaleThe pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, while over 7 is basic.47
4841368932Phosphate (group)An elemental grouping of Phosphorous and 4 Oxygen.48
4841369856PolarHaving an uneven charge across a single molecule, such as one end being slightly negative while the other is slightly positive.49
4841369857Polar CovalentA covalent bond where the electrons are not equally shared giving unequal electrical charges to regions of the molecule.50
4841371270Polyunsaturated (fat)Lipids in which the hydrocarbon chain possesses two or more carbon-carbon double bonds. This can be found mostly in nuts, seeds, fish, algae, leafy greens, and krill. "Unsaturated" refers to the fact that the molecules contain less than the maximum amount of hydrogen. Considered good fat, it is liquid at room temperature.51
4841371271Saturated (fat)A lipid that has no carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chain. Contained in cheese, butter, fatty meats, coconut oil and palm kernel oil. Many prepared foods are high in saturated fat content, such as pizza, dairy desserts, and sausage. This is the fat that is typically considered bad for you and it is usually solid at room temperature.52
4841371272SteroidA form of lipid that includes cholesterol, estrogen and testosterone. Formed by 4 carbon rings (3 - six sided and 1 - five sided) and an attached carbon chain.53
4841372848Sulfhydryl (group)An elemental grouping of an attached Sulfur and Hydrogen. ( -SH)54
4841372849Trace elementsElements essential for life but take up less than 1% of the human body.55
4841372850Unsaturated (fat)A lipid that has one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chain. A fat molecule is monounsaturated if it contains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond. Usually liquid at room temperature.56
4841373873Van der Waals InteractionA weak chemical bond between elements from localized charges. Essentially hydrogen bonds without the hydrogen.57
4841379412InorganicNot derived from living matter. Eg. Compounds without carbon.58
4841379413IonA charged molecule. Positive or negative ions.59
4841379414NeutronOne of three particles in an element. It has no charge and is in the nucleus with an atomic weight of 1.0.60
4841379415OrganicDerived from living matter. Eg. Compounds with carbon.61
4841379416PhospholipidA lipid that makes up cellular membranes comprised of a glycerol, two fatty acid chains and a phosphorous group.62
4841379417ProtonOne of three particles in an element. It has a positive charge and is in the nucleus with an atomic weight of 1.0.63
4841437127CationA positively charged ion.64
4841437128AnionA negatively charged ion.65
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AP Hitory Chapter 9 Flashcards

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5267539658Andrew Jackson7th president of the US; successfully defended New Orleans from the British in 1815; expanded the power of the presidency. Indian Removal Act/Trail of Tears.0
5267539659Anti-MasonaryMovement of 1820's against secretive, exclusive groups and organizations supposedly undemocratic.1
5267539660Aroostook WarA dispute arose over between the U.S. and Britain over the Maine-Canada border, mainly lumberjacks fighting on each side over who'd get to chop down the lumber.2
5267539661Bank War1832-1836, Pres. Andrew Jackson used his power to fight and ultimately destroy the second Bank of the United States.3
5267539662Caroline AffairAmerican ship sunk by the British; Americans tried one for murder, charges were dropped.4
5267539663Daniel Webster- Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850.5
5267539664Dorr RebellionShort-lived armed insurrection in the U.S. state of Rhode Island; Agitation for changes to the state's electoral system.6
5267539665Five Civilized TribesCherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion.7
5267539666Indian TerritoryAn area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska.8
5267539667John C. CalhounSouth Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification.9
5267539668John Tyler..., elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died (1790-1862).10
5267539669Martin Van Buren1836; Democrat; notable events include the Panic of 1837 and the famous "Trail of Tears."11
5267539670Nicholas Biddle- president of the Bank of the United States; known for bribes and corruption.12
5267539671NullificationA state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional. Championed by Clay.13
5267539672Panic of 1837A financial crisis in the United States that led to an economic depression.14
5267539673Removal Act1830 government trying to get Indians to move to the west in order to give America more land.15
5267539674Roger B. TaneyThe fifth Chief Justice. him... and other justices appointed by Jackson favored the power of the states . In the Dred Scott decision (1857) he ruled that slaves and their descendants had no rights as citizens.16
5267539675Seminole WarConflict that began in Florida in 1817 between the Seminole Indians and the us army when the Seminoles resisted removal.17
5267539676Specie Circular(Jackson) a decree that required all public lands to be purchased with "hard" or metallic money. After death of BUS. Hard for west. Sort of led to panic of 1837.18
5267539677Spoils SystemA system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.19
5267539678Webster-Ashburton Treaty1842 - Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states.20
5267539679Webster-Haynes Debatea series of debates that eventually resulted on the compromise of the tariffs, helping to end the Nullification Crisis.21
5267539680WhigsAnti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government.22
5267539681William Henry Harrison"Old Tippecanoe," who was portrayed by Whig propagandists as a hard-drinking common man of the frontier.23
5267539682The Great TriumvirateWhig leadership split between Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John Calhoun.24
5267539683National Party ConventionThe supreme power within each of the parties. The convention meets every four years to nominate the party's presidential and vice-presidential candidates and to write the party's platform.25
5267539684Calhoun Argued the Fed. Govt. is a creation of:The states.26
5267546128TariffA government tax on imports or exports.27
5267557900Democracy in AmericaClassic French text by Alexis de Tocqueville on the United States in the 1830s and its strengths and weaknesses such as the tyranny of the majority; explained why republicanism succeeded in the U.S. and failed elsewhere.28
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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9726866300psychologythe study of behavior and mental processes0
9726866301psychology's biggest questionWhich is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?1
9726866302psychology's three levels of analysisbiopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)2
9726866303biological approachgenetics, close-relatives, body functions3
9726866304evolutionary approachspecies - helped with survival (ancestors)4
9726866305psychodynamic approach(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes5
9726866306behavioral approachlearning (classical and operant) observed6
9726866307cognitive approachthinking affects behavior7
9726866308humanistic approachbecoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)8
9726866309social-cultural approachcultural, family, environment9
9726866310two reasons of why experiments are importanthindsight bias + overconfidence10
9726866311types of research methodsdescriptive, correlational, and experimental11
9726866312descriptive methodscase study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)12
9726866313case studystudies one person in depth may not be typical of population13
9726866314surveystudies lots of people not in depth14
9726866315naturalistic observationobserve + write facts without interference15
9726866316correlational methodshows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research16
9726866317correlation coefficient+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)17
9726866318experimental methoddoes show cause and effect18
9726866319populationtype of people who are going to be used in experiment19
9726866320sampleactual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)20
9726866321random assignmentchance selection between experimental and control groups21
9726866322control groupnot receiving experimental treatment receives placebo22
9726866323experimental groupreceiving treatment/drug23
9726866324independent variabledrug/procedure/treatment24
9726866325dependent variableoutcome of using the drug/treatment25
9726866326confounding variablecan affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control26
9726866327scientific methodtheory hypothesis operational definition revision27
9726866328theorygeneral idea being tested28
9726866329hypothesismeasurable/specific29
9726866330operational definitionprocedures that explain components30
9726866331modeappears the most31
9726866332meanaverage32
9726866333medianmiddle33
9726866334rangehighest - lowest34
9726866335standard deviationhow scores vary around the mean35
9726866336central tendencysingle score that represents the whole36
9726866337bell curve(natural curve)37
9726866338ethics of testing on animalsneed to be treated humanly basically similar to humans38
9726866339ethics of testing on humansconsent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality39
9726866340sensory neuronstravel from sensory receptors to brain40
9726866341motor neuronstravel from brain to "motor" workings41
9726866342interneurons(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons42
9726866535neuron43
9726866343dendritesreceive messages from other neurons44
9726866344myelin sheathprotects the axon45
9726866345axonwhere charges travel from cell body to axon terminal46
9726866346neurotransmitterschemical messengers47
9726866347reuptakeextra neurotransmitters are taken back48
9726866348excitatory charge"Let's do it!"49
9726866349inhibitory charge"Let's not do it!"50
9726866350central nervous systembrain and spinal cord51
9726866351peripheral nervous systemsomatic nervous system autonomic nervous system52
9726866352somatic nervous systemvoluntary movements53
9726866353autonomic nervous systeminvoluntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)54
9726866354sympathetic nervous systemarousing55
9726866355parasympathetic nervous systemcalming56
9726866356neural networksmore connections form with greater use others fall away if not used57
9726866357spinal cordexpressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved58
9726866358endocrine systemslow uses hormones in the blood system59
9726866359master glandpituitary gland60
9726866360brainstemextension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival61
9726866361reticular formation (if stimulated)sleeping subject wakes up62
9726866362reticular formation (if damaged)coma63
9726866363brainstem (if severed)still move (without purpose)64
9726866364thalamussensory switchboard (does not process smell)65
9726866365hypothalamusbasic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)66
9726866366cerebellumnonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements67
9726866367cerebellum (if damaged)difficulty walking and coordinating68
9726866368amygdalaaggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions69
9726866369amygdala (if lesioned)subject is mellow70
9726866370amygdala (if stimulated)aggressive71
9726866371hippocampusprocess new memory72
9726866372cerebrumtwo large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing73
9726866373cerebral cortexonly in higher life forms74
9726866374association areasintegrate and interpret information75
9726866375glial cellsprovide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons76
9726866376frontal lobejudgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)77
9726866377parietal lobemath and spatial reasoning78
9726866378temporal lobeaudition and recognizing faces79
9726866379occipital lobevision80
9726866380corpus callosumsplit in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)81
9726866381Wernicke's areainterprets auditory and hearing82
9726866382Broca's areaspeaking words83
9726866383plasticityability to adapt if damaged84
9726866384sensationwhat our senses tell us85
9726866385bottom-up processingsenses to brain86
9726866386perceptionwhat our brain tells us to do with that information87
9726866387top-down processingbrain to senses88
9726866388inattentional blindnessfail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere89
9726866389cocktail party effecteven with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.90
9726866390change blindnessgiving directions and person is changed and we don't notice91
9726866391choice blindnesswhen defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed92
9726866392absolute thresholdminimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time93
9726866393signal detection theorywe notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)94
9726866394JND (just noticeable difference)(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion95
9726866395sensory adaptationtired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"96
9726866396rodsnight time97
9726866397conescolor98
9726866398parallel processingnotice color, form, depth, movement, etc.99
9726866399Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)100
9726866400Hering's opponent-process theoryafter image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)101
9726866401trichromatic + opponent-processYoung-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex102
9726866402frequency we hear mosthuman voice103
9726866403Helmoltz (hearing)we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)104
9726866404frequency theoryimpulse frequency (low pitches)105
9726866405Helmholtz + frequency theorymiddle pitches106
9726866406Skin feels what?warmth, cold, pressure, pain107
9726866407gate-control theorysmall fibers - pain large fibers - other senses108
9726866408memory of painpeaks and ends109
9726866409smellclose to memory section (not in thalamus)110
9726866410groupingGestalt make sense of pieces create a whole111
9726866411grouping groupsproximity similarity continuity connectedness closure112
9726866412make assumptions of placementhigher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front113
9726866413perception =mood + motivation114
9726866414consciousnessawareness of ourselves and the environment115
9726866415circadian rhythmdaily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)116
9726866416circadian rhythm pattern- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin117
9726866417What messes with circadian rhythm?artificial light118
9726866418The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?90 minutes119
9726866419sleep stagesrelaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)120
9726866420purpose of sleep1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)121
9726866421insomniacan't sleep122
9726866422narcolepsyfall asleep anywhere at anytime123
9726866423sleep apneastop breathing in sleep124
9726866424night terrorsprevalent in children125
9726866425sleepwalking/sleeptalkinghereditary - prevalent in children126
9726866426dreaming (3)1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries127
9726866427purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence128
97268664281. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))129
9726866429depressantsslows neural pathways130
9726866430alcohol((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect131
9726866431barbituates (tranquilizers)((depressant)) reduce anxiety132
9726866432opiates((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain133
9726866433stimulantshypes neural processing134
9726866434methamphetamine((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine135
9726866435caffeine((stimulant))136
9726866436nicotine((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine137
9726866437cocaine((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine138
9726866438hallucinogenexcites neural activity139
9726866439ecstasy((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin140
9726866440LSD((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin141
9726866441marijuana((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation142
9726866442learningorganism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)143
9726866443types of learningclassical operant observational144
9726866444famous classical psychologistsPavlov and Watson145
9726866445famous operant psychologistSkinner146
9726866446famous observational psychologistsBandura147
9726866447classical conditioningoutside stimulus148
9726866448Pavlov's experimentStep 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)149
9726866449Watson's experimentwhite rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)150
9726866450generalizationany small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now151
9726866451discriminateany large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry152
9726866452extinctionstop "treating" with conditioned response153
9726866453spontaneous recoverybring stimulus back after a while154
9726866454operant conditioningcontrol by organism155
9726866455Skinner's experimentoperant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)156
9726866456shapingget animal closer to doing what you want them to do157
9726866457reinforcerswant to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)158
9726866458punishmentswant to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)159
9726866459fixed ratiohappens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)160
9726866460variable ratiohappens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)161
9726866461organism must do these (2 times)fixed ratio and variable ratio162
9726866462fixed intervalhappens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)163
9726866463variable intervalhappens at any time (receive texts from friends)164
9726866464these things happen regardless (2 times)fixed interval and variable interval165
9726866465Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?variable166
9726866466criticisms of Skinnerdoesn't take into account intrinsic motivation167
9726866467intrinsic motivationdoing something for yourself, not the reward168
9726866468extrinsic motivationdoing something for reward169
9726866469Skinner's legacyuse it personally, at school, and at work170
9726866470famous observational experimentBandura's Bobo doll171
9726866471famous observational psychologistBandura172
9726866472mirror neurons"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals173
9726866473Bobo doll experiment legacyviolent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil174
9726866474observational learningbiological behaviors work best175
9726866475habituationget used to it -> stop reacting176
9726866476examples for observational learninglectures and reading177
9726866477serotonin involved with memoryspeeds the connection between neurons178
9726866478LTP((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)179
9726866479CREBprotein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories180
9726866480glutamate involved with memoryneurotransmitter that enhances LTP181
9726866481glucose involved with memoryreleased during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))182
9726866482flashbulb memorytype of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment183
9726866483amygdala (memory)boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight184
9726866484cerebellum (memory)forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))185
9726866485hippocampus (memory)active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))186
9726866486memorylearning over time contains information that can be retrieved187
9726866487processing stagesencoding -> storage -> retrieval188
9726866488encodinginformation going in189
9726866489storagekeeping information in190
9726866490retrievaltaking information out191
9726866491How long is sensory memory stored?seconds192
9726866492How long is short-term memory stored?less than a minute193
9726866493How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?7194
9726866494How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?4195
9726866495How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?2196
9726866496short term memory goes to ______________working memory197
9726866497working memorymake a connection and process information to mean something198
9726866498working memory goes to _________________long-term memory199
9726866499How much is stored in long-term memory?LIMITLESS200
9726866500implicit memorynaturally do201
9726866501explicit memoryneed to explain202
9726866502automatic processingspace, time, frequency, well-learned information203
9726866503effortful processingprocessing that requires effort204
9726866504spacing effectspread out learning over time205
9726866505serial position effectprimary/recency effect206
9726866506primary effectremember the first things in a list207
9726866507recency effectremember the last things in a list208
9726866508effortful processing (4 things)1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect209
9726866509semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how tomake meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you210
9726866510if we can't remember a memory...1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story211
9726866511misinformation effectnot correct information212
9726866512imagination inflationimagine or visualize something that isn't real213
9726866513source amnesiawhat is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)214
9726866514primingassociation (setting you up)215
9726866515contextenvironment helps with memory216
9726866516state-dependencyyou may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)217
9726866517mood-congruencyemotion will bring back similar emotional memories218
9726866518forgetting curveforget after 5 days forget after 5 years219
9726866519the forgetting curve was created byEbbinghaus220
9726866520proactive interferenceold information interferes with the new221
9726866521retroactive interferencenew information interferes with the old222
9726866522children can't remember before age __3223
9726866523Loftusconnected to abuse cases/childhood224
9726866524prototypesgeneralize225
9726866525problem-solving (4)trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"226
9726866526against problem-solvingfixation227
9726866527mental setwhat has worked in the past228
9726866528functional fixednessonly way to do this is with this229
9726866529Chomsky (nature or nurture?)"born with language" (nature)230
9726866530Skinner (nature or nurture?)language is learned (nurture)231
9726866531grammar is _________universal232
9726866532phonemessmallest sound unit233
9726866533morphemessmallest meaning unit234
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AP Lit - Vocab 3 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
10267841956Ballada type of poem that is meant to be sung and is both lyric and narrative in nature0
10267842737CaesuraA natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.1
10267842738Coming-of Age StoryA story of changing from childhood to adulthood2
10267845540BildungsromanA novel or story whose theme is the moral or psychological growth of the main character.3
10267845957Connotationan idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.4
10267849100DenotationThe dictionary definition of a word5
10267849101Enjambmentthe continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza.6
10267850178EuphemismAn indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant7
10267850179Farcea comedy characterized by broad satire and improbable situations8
10267859141SatireA literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.9
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