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AP World History Chapter 22 Flashcards

8252765181	Hongwu pg. 579 Time Period: 1328-1398 CE Theme: Politics	Commander of the rebel army that drove the Mongols out of China in 1368	0
8252765182	Little Ice Age pg. 577 Time Period: 1300 CE Theme: Interactions	The Little Ice Age was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period. Although it was not a true ice age, the term was introduced into scientific literature by François E. Matthes in 1939.	1
8252765183	Zheng He pg. 585-586 Time Period: 1371-1433 CE Theme: Interactions	Muslim admiral who led seven voyages of exploration during the Ming Dynasty	2
8252765184	Black Death pg. 577-578 Time Period: 1347-1351 CE Theme: Interactions	One of the most deadly epidemics that was caused through extensive trade, it killed approximately 50 million people or about 60% of the Earth's population at the time.	3
8252765185	Prince Henry pg. 586 Time Period: 1394-1460 CE Theme: Interactions	Portuguese prince who started a school for sailors and sponsored early voyages of exploration	4
8252765186	Ming Dynasty pg. 579 Time Period: 1368-1644 CE Theme: Politics	The Chinese dynasty that followed the Mongols as well as the Black Death.	5
8252765187	Bartolomeu Dias pg. 587 Time Period: 1450-1500 CE Theme: Interactions	Portuguese explorer who reached the southern tip of Africa; Cape of Good Hope	6
8252765188	Reconquista pg. 581 Time Period: 722-1492 CE Theme: Politics	A series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from the Muslims, who had occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century.	7
8252765189	Vasco de Gama pg. 587 Time Period: 1460-1524 CE Theme: Interactions	A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean	8
8252765190	Renaissance pg. 582 Time Period: 14th to 16th centuries CE Theme: Culture	The transition between the Dark Ages and modern time that consisted of great focus on art, philosophy, science, literature, maths, etc.	9
8252765191	Fernando and Isabel pg. 581 Time Period: 1452-1516 CE; 1451-1504 CE Theme: Politics	the king and queen of Spain, underwrote Columbus's voyage	10
8252765192	Humanism pg. 583 Time Period: Originated in the 13th and 14th centuries CE Theme: Culture	Doctrine focused on the importance of human welfare.	11
8252765193	Christopher Columbus pg. 587, 590 Time Period: 1451-1506 CE Theme: Interactions	Italian explorer who sailed to the Caribbean trying to find a western route to Asia	12

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Pre-AP World History: Traditions and Encounters- Chapter 2 Flashcards

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7208439659	Ziggurats	Mesopotamian temples. Resembles how the Ancient Mesopotamians honored the gods or their family, also what religion they followed	0
7208439660	Cuneiform	Writing which was made by pressing reeds into clay tablets. Was the written language of the Sumerians, one of the earliest. Some tablets remained intact, and scholars deciphered them.	1
7208439661	Epic of Gilgamesh	An epic written in cuneiform by the Sumerians. Though fantastical, it reveals aspects of life in Ancient Mesopotamia, and shows what was viewed as an interesting tale.	2
7208439662	Lex talonix	Law of retaliation, strongly imminent in Hammurabi's code. An example of how laws in different societies for the same crimes differ. This only applied if the offender was below or on the same social class as the victim	3
7208439663	Yahweh	God of Judaism. This idea that a supreme being influences us and how this world was created still impacts the world today; Christianity and Islam both branched off Judaism, and are popular religions today.	4
7208439664	Sumerians	Members of earliest Ancient Mesopotamian society 3000 BC; earliest writing system; very dry land; economy based on agriculture; few natural resources; everything else obtained by trade and war; sheep/goat - main animals; government based on monarchy; city state of Mesopotamia; first people to discover beer; fell to Babylon in 1750 BC; in modern day Iraq; invented Cuneiform; had Ziggurats; Abraham was born in a city of this state	5
7208439665	Babylonians	People of Babylon, Mesopotamian empire. A Semitic people from the Arabian peninsula who had invaded southern Mesopotamia and ruled from 1792-1750 BCE, under the leadership of their ruler, Hammurabi.	6
7208439666	Assyrians	Were south-west Asian people who built a powerful empire noted for a powerful army and a well structured state, most powerful during 8th and 7th centuries B.C.E. Known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to central Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics gain strength in their empire	7
7208439667	Phoenicians	Were the people of powerful maritime civilization of the Mediterranean, developed powerful and expansive trade network. Developed the first alphabetic script, which had 22 letters (all consonants and no vowels in 1500 B.C.E.).	8
7208439668	Torah	Completion of teachings, Judaism's holy book A Hebrew word meaning "law," referring to the first five books of the Old Testament.	9
7208439669	Hittites	A group that settles in central Anatolia around 2000 B.C.E., establishes powerful kingdoms, conquers the Babylonian empire in 1595 B.C.E., and dissolves about 1200 B.C.E. Technological feats include iron metallurgy and light horse-drawn chariots. Makes way for the Assyrians who take over the Hittites. Monopolized ironwork	10
7208439670	Hebrews	A group of people often referred to as the "father of the Israelites". They developed Judaism (the Jewish religion), a monotheistic religion. They established the Ten Commandments and the Old Testament. A smaller early civilization whose development of a monotheistic faith provided the foundation of modern Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Pastorial nomads between Mesopotamia and Egypt	11
7208439671	Israelites	Section of Hebrews who migrated from Palestine to Egypt in 1300 B.C.E. In 1800 B.C.E. they went back to Palestine with Moses. Became a loose federation of 12 tribes, known as the Israelites. Eventually created monarchy, and unified tribes under one rule. Kingdom was divised into Israel and Judea. Assyrians conquered northern kingdom and most lost their identity. New Babylonians conquered Judah. Most Israelites maintained religious identity, many deportees returned to Judea, known as Jews	12
7208439672	Jews	New Babylonians conquered Judah. Most Israelites from Judah maintained religious identity, many deportees returned to Judea, known as __.	13
7208439673	Monotheism	The belief in one all-powerful god, and only that god. This lead to disbelief in all other religions, as there was only one god that existed, and that was supposedly theirs	14
7208439674	Polytheism	The belief in many gods, rather than just one	15
7208439675	Sargon of Akkhad	Creator of the world's first empire (2370-2315 B.C.E.) Created coup against king of Kish, seizes trade routes and natural resources. His empire gradually weakens and collapses about 2000 B.C.E.	16
7208439676	Hammurabi	King following Sargon of Akkhad (Hammurabi ruled 1792-1750 B.C.E.) Centralizes the bureaucracy and regulates taxation, the capital is Babylon. Emphasizes law of retribution and importance of social status. Hittite assault and empire crumbles in 1595 B.C.E.	17
7208439677	Gilgamesh	Sumerian king who rules over Uruk. In Gilgamesh, the epic, his friend Enkidu dies, and Gilgamesh is left to find his own path and face his mortality	18
7208439678	Abraham	Was a Hebrew patriarch who came from Sumerian city of Ur, then migrated to Palestine. His descendants recognized many of the deities, values, and customes common to Mesopotamians.	19
7208439679	David	King of the Israelites (1000-970 B.C.E.)	20
7208439680	Solomon	King of the Israelite (970-930 B.C.E.)	21
7208439681	Nebuchadnezzar	(reigned 605-562 B.C.E.) Ruler of New Babylonian empire. Had lots of wealth, the hanging gardens	22
7208439682	Ashurbanipal	An Assyrian king who collected about 20,000 cuniform tablets were now found form him. Made a huge library in Nineveh (668-627 BC)	23
7208439683	Moses	Embraced monotheism, taught there was only one god, Yahweh, all other gods were fake imposters. Branch of Hebrews who migrated to Egypt went to Palestine under the leadership of Moses.	24
7208439684	Gilgamesh was	A king of the city-state of Uruk, the hero in a popular Mesopotamian epic, a warrior in conflict with the city of Kish, and the legendary loyal friend of Enkidu.	25
7208439685	Which of the following is NOT true of the land called Mesopotamia?	It is a land of abundant rainfall and fertile plains	26
7208439686	Which of the following did Sumerian cities and their governments do?	Organize work on building projects, rule over the area surrounding the city, oversee the construction and maintenance of irrigation systems, and organize the defense of the city against attacks	27
7208439687	Was a gifted administrator and warrior	Sargon of Akkhad	28
7208439688	In Hammurabi's code, one can find laws	With punishments that differ according to social class, prescribe the death penalty, regulating commercial transactions, wages, and prices, and relying on the principle of retaliation.	29
7208439689	Which of the following peoples did not rule a Mesopotamian Empire	The Jews	30
7208439690	Which was the latest invention?	Iron metallurgy	31
7208439691	Which of the following is true of the social classes of ancient Mesopotamia?	Priests and priestesses were powerful rulers over temple communities.	32
7208439692	Cuneiform writing	Involved wedge-shaped symbols pressed onto clay with a reed	33
7208439693	Which of the following was NOT a form of written documentation from Mesopotamia?	Instructions on mummification of bodies	34
7208439694	The Epic of Gilgamesh	Recounts the adventures of Gilgamesh and his friend, describes the hero's efforts to attain immortality, explored relations between humans and the gods, and contemplates the meaning of life and death.	35
7208439695	The religious beliefs of the Israelites after Moses included	Monotheism.	36
7208439696	After the 10th century B.C.E., the Israelite experienced	The division of the kingdom of Israel, conquest by the Assyrians, the destruction of Jerusalem by the New Babylonian empire, and the return of deportees to Judea, where they became known as Jews.	37
7208439697	The Phoenicians	Were prosperous, based on their sea trade and commercial networks.	38
7208439698	Which of the following is not associated with the Phoenicians	Agriculture	39
7208439699	Who first deduced the existence of an Indo-European culture?	Nineteenth-century linguists.	40
7208439700	The key element in the expansion of the Indo-Europeans from their homeland was	Horses.	41
7208439701	Which of the following was not an area to which the Indo-Europeans migrated?	East and southeast Asia	42
7208439702	Writing and reading	Create a class distinction	43

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AP World History Period 1: Foundations Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins

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7536484266	Hunting and Gathering/ Foraging	Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization	0
7536484267	Civilization	Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups	1
7536484268	Neolithic	The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished	2
7536484269	Nomads	Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies	3
7536484270	Culture	Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction	4
7536484271	Neolithic (Agrarian) revolution	Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture	5
7536484272	Pastoralism	A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies	6
7536484273	Catal Huyuk	Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification	7
7536484274	Bronze Age	From 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing	8
7536484275	Mesopotamia	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys	9
7536484276	Potter's wheel	A technological advance in pottery making; invented circa 6000 B.C.E.; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery products	10
7536484277	Sumerians	People of Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states; wheel, base 6 number system	11
7536484278	Cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	12
7536484279	City-state	A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	13
7536484280	Ziggurats	Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections	14
7536484281	Babylonian Empire	Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.	15
7536484282	Hammurabi	The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law	16
7536484283	Pharaoh	The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs	17
7536484284	Pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs	18
7536484285	Hieroglyphs	Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform	19
7536484286	Kush	African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries	20
7536484287	Monotheism	The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization	21
7536484288	Phoenicians	Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean	22
7536484289	Harappa and Mohenjo Daro	Major urban complexes of Indus Valley (Harappan) civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	23
7536484290	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization	24
7536484291	Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin	Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China	25
7536484292	Shang	1st Chinese dynasty, 1700 to 1027 B.C. The first family of Chinese rulers to leave written records. Known for Bronze work.	26
7536484293	Oracle Bones (Dragon Bones)	Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing	27
7536484294	Ideographic writing	Pictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing	28
7536484295	Big Geography	A term that draws attention to the global nature of world history.	29
7536484296	Paleolithic	The period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.	30
7536484297	Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic era	From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas	31
7536484298	Eglitarian	Believing in the equality of all peoples	32
7536484299	Humans developed a wider range of ____ specially adapted to different environments from tropics to tundra	tools	33
7536484301	Patriarchy	Father based. Male dominated	34
7536484302	Permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean, possibly as a response to what?	climatic change	35
7536484303	Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of of ____ and ___ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations	new weapons modes of transportation	36
7536484304	name one mode of new transportation by the pastoralists	Chariots Horseback riding	37
7536484305	Elites, both political and religious, promoted ____ and ____	arts artisanship	38
7536484306	____ arose independently arose independently in all early civilization and subsequently were diffused	systems of record keeping	39
7536484307	_____ developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods	New religious beliefs	40
7536484308	Chavin	a culture that thrived in the Andean region (Peru) from about 900 BCE to 200 BCE.	41
7536484309	Olmec	they developed the earliest known civilization in Mesoamerica. from about 1500 BCE to 400 BCE	42
7536484310	Quipu	knotted cords of various lengths and colors used by the Inca to keep financial records	43
7536484312	Zhou	1046-221 BCE, the longest lasting Chinese Dynasty, developed Mandate of Heaven, as a justification to overthrow the Shang.	44
7536484313	Gilgamesh	2700 BC Sumerian king, mythologized in the Epic of Gilgamesh, often regarded as the earliest surviving great work of literature	45
7536628432	Cultural Hearths	a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward	46
7536712707	bipedalism	the ability to walk upright on two legs	47
7536722909	hominid	Human like being	48
7536740144	megaliths	Large monuments created from huge stone slabs are called:	49
7536751574	Stone Age	the period of time when humans relied primarily on stone tools	50
7536762183	Paleolithic	Old stone age	51
7536772089	Homo sapiens	(wise man) first to create many tools; cave art	52
7536794290	scribe	a person who writes things down	53
7536810217	papyrus	a reed plant that grew wild along the Nile Egyptian paper	54
7539171221	Semitic	Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the Semitic family is Arabic.	55
7539187293	Memphis	The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids.	56
7539199845	ma'at	Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. The divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order	57
7539235075	Phoenicians	Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, Phoenician merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, engaged in widespread commerce, and founded Carthage and other colonies in the western Mediterranean.	58
7539248919	monotheism	The belief in and worship of only one God	59
7539258113	Minoan	Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium B.C.E. The Minoans engaged in far-flung commerce around the Mediterranean and exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks	60
7539273343	Mycenae	Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. In Homer's epic poems, Mycenae was the base of King Agamemnon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy. Mycenaean	61
7539298853	Hittites	A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, the Hittites vied with New Kingdom Egypt for control of Syria-Palestine before falling to unidentified attackers ca. 1200 B.C.E	62
7539316111	diaspora	Greek word meaning dispersal, used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in antiquity and today can be found throughout the world	63
7539330737	Celts	Peoples sharing common linguistic and cultural features that originated in central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E	64
7539342695	Druids	The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples.	65
7539352351	loess	A fine, light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China	66
7539365775	Mandate of Heaven	Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, according to which it was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China and to take away that power if the ruler failed to conduct himself justly and in the best interests of his subjects	67
7539359156	Kush	An Egyptian name for Nubia, the region alongside the Nile River south of Egypt, where an indigenous kingdom with its own distinctive institutions and cultural traditions arose beginning in the early second millennium B.C.E.	68
7539382086	Meroë	Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century B.C.E. to the fourth century C.E. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of sub-Saharan Africa	69
7539396885	Steppe	An ecological region of grass- and shrub-covered plains that is treeless and too arid for agriculture	70
7539430627	Scythians	Term used by the ancient Greeks for the nomadic peoples living on the steppe north of the Black and Caspian Seas	71
7539458253	Sima Qian	Chief astrologer for the Han dynasty emperor Wu. He composed a monumental history of China from its legendary origins to his own time and is regarded as the Chinese father of history	72
7539481828	Herodotus	Heir to the technique of historia developed by Greeks in the late archaic period. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. He traced the antecedents and chronicled the wars between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, thus originating the Western tradition of historical writing	73
7544988960	Collective learning	One thing that makes us intellectually human; the ability to learn without experiencing something; knowledge can be passed on generation to generation and from stranger to stranger.	74
7545004725	Symbolic language	One thing that makes us intellectually human; the ability to use symbols that we can understand as abstract ideas.	75
7545012944	Cultural diffusion	The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another	76

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AP World History Period 5 Flashcards

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6217840487	Nationalism	advocacy of political independence for a particular country	0
6217842903	Mary Wollstonecraft	English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights.	1
6217845741	Olympe de Gouges	French playwright and political activist whose feminist and abolitionist writings reached a large audience	2
6217859063	Voltaire	French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church	3
6217859064	Salons	Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas	4
6217861212	Liberals	Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments.	5
6217861213	First Estate	made up of the clergy	6
6217863959	Second Estate	made up of the nobility	7
6217863960	Third Estate	made up of all the population who weren't clergy or nobility	8
6217865891	Bastille	A prison that was attacked during the french revolution. The storming of Bastille is commonly thought of as the first event in the revolution.	9
6217865892	Zionism	movement for Jews to return to the Promised Land	10
6217998681	John Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.	11
6217999958	Social Contract	A book, written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, which theorized about the best way in which to set up a political community in a commercial society	12
6218002330	Baron Montesquieu	French enlightenment thinker; wrote "The Spirit of the Laws" talking of his ideas of government like checks and balances and the threes national branches	13
6218005576	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy	14
6218007362	Seperation of Powers	the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government	15
6218009128	Checks and Balances	A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power	16
6218010935	Code Napoleon	Civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of around male citizens before law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this creating Bank of France which loyally served interests of both state and financial oligarchy.	17
6218010936	Philosophes	- for example: John Locke, Voltaire, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau - rarely challenged monarchical rule, but sought instead o make kings responsible to the people the governed - philosophical thinkers - called for freedom and equality and began to question long-standing notions of sovereignty - the intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment	18
6218014770	Napoleon Bonaparte	French general who became emperor of the French; known for shortness; lost against Russians	19
6218016669	King Louis XVI	King of France. In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.	20
6218018847	Maximilien Robespierre	one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. He largely dominated the Committee of Public Safety and was instrumental in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended with his arrest and execution in 1794.	21
6218022683	Toussaint L'Ouverture	Led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S.	22
6218027505	Miguel Hidalgo	led a group of peasants in a revolt against the dominant Peninsulars under the banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe. After clashes with the Creole people and other townspeople, the group disbanded. captured on 21 March 1811, and executed on 30 July. rebellion was the beginning of what would become the Mexican War of Independence	23
6218149733	Jose de San Martin	South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru	24
6218149747	Simon Bolivar	1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. Founded Bolivia. Agreed to emancipation in order to draw slaves and freemen to his cause and to gain supplies from Haiti.	25
6218154057	Otto Von Bismarck	Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)	26
6218156185	Congress of Vienna	Met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power.	27
6218157613	Conservatives	a person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom	28
6218159275	Realpolitik	"realistic politics," practical politics, ends justified the means, power more important than principles	29
6218161009	Socialism	A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.	30
6218161010	Adam Smith	- Scottish philosopher - 1723- 1790 - held that society would prosper when individuals pursued their own economic interests - most important of the early apostles of capitalism - turned his attention to economic affairs and held hat laws of supply and demand determine what happens in the marketplace	31
6218165503	Laissez-faire	A policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.	32

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AP WORLD HISTORY: UNIT 6 Flashcards

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9961966263	triple entente	france, britain, and russia in wwi	0
9961969567	central powers	germany, austria-hungary, and ottoman empire in wwi	1
9962070946	mustafa kemal (ataturk)	took over ottoman empire, secularized it, and westernized it	2
9962074649	five year plan	joseph stalin joining farms together through collectivization to turn them into state run farms that produced a lot of agriculture	3
9962275275	truman doctrine	stated that the US would aide any countries at risk of a communist takeover	4

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AP World History (Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order) Flashcards

The Newest Stage of World History: 1914- Present
Ch.28 Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order.

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6344792639	Liberty Bonds	A war bond that was sold in the United States to support the allied cause in World War I. Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financial securities to many citizens for the first time.	0
6344792640	Archduke Franz Ferdinand	The (crown prince) heir to Austrian throne from 1896: assassinated on June 28, 1914 during good-will mission in Sarajevo, Bosnia (Aus-Hung) by Serbians, sparking WWI: caused Germany and other Austro Allies to declare war on Serbia and its allies	1
6344792641	Western Front	Front established in World War I; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict.	2
6344792642	Woodrow Wilson	28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize	3
6344792643	Kaiser Wilhelm II	Was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.Dismissed Bismarck in 1890. Did not renew Bismarck's treaty with Russia and "Forced" Russia to look for another ally, France.	4
6344792644	Triple Entente	Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.	5
6344792645	Triple Alliance	Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.	6
6344792646	Dreadnought	A battleship with increased speed and power over conventional warships, developed by both Germany and Great Britain to increase their naval arsenals. Carried 10 300mm guns mounted in 5 turrets.	7
6344792647	Franco-Prussian War	Third stage in German unification. Bismark sought to unify all Germans by creating a common enemy in France. Germany defeated France easily and German unification upset the balance of power A war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of modern Germany; 1870-1871. Also contributed to WW1 because of Frances lost territory of Alsace and Lorraine.	8
6344792648	Sarajevo	Administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination there of Arch-duke Ferdinand in 1914 started World War I	9
6344792649	Mohandas Ghandi	Led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British Empire after World War I. Stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest.	10
6344792650	Blank Check	Promise of support from Germany to Austria-Hungary after Ferdinand's assassination; Austria-Hungary sought reprisals against Serbia	11
6344792651	The Schlieffen Plan	A plan given by Count Schlieffen in which the Germans invaded France using a wheel-like flanking procedure while the Russians mobilized. It was banking on the fact that Russia would take 6 weeks to mobilize. This plan failed because the Germans could not transport troops as well as their opposing forces who had a well-constructed train system.	12
6344792652	Gavriel Princip	The Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Ferdinand and his wife, his actions that were enforced by the Black Hand led directly to WWI	13
6344792653	Black Hand	The Serbian terrorist group that planned to assassinate Franz Ferdinand, part of the Pan-Slavism nationalist movement, with the intention of uniting all of the territories containing South Slav populations (Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Slovenes, etc) annexed by Austria-Hungary.	14
6344792654	Armenian Genocide	Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.	15
6344792655	Nicholas II	The last czar of Russia, he abdicated in 1917 and was murdered in 1918 along with his family. Though generally regarded as a decent man, he was an extremely weak and ineffective leader.	16
6344792656	Gallipoli	Peninsula south of Istanbul. Site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during World War I.	17
6344792657	Eastern Front	Most mobile of the fronts established during World War I; lacked trench warfare because of length of front extending from the Baltic to southern Russia; after early successes, military defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia.	18
6344792658	Adolf Hitler	Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II; responsible for attempted genocide of European Jews.	19
6344792659	Stab in the Back	Myth promoted in Germany after the war that, on the brink of victory, socialists and Jewish politicians conspired to surrender to the Allies; used by Nazis as part of their drive to power in the 1920s.	20
6344792660	Georges Clemenceau	French prime minister; nickname "the Tiger" wanted to punish germany a lot by dramatically reducing its military army and letting French troops occupy the Rhineland until Germany had paid lots of reparations.	21
6344792661	David Lloyd George	Prime minister of Great Britain who headed a coalition government through much of World War I and the turbulent years that followed., He was the British representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.	22
6344792662	Self determination	Wilson called for national independence from colonial rule before Versailles; This encouraged colonial subjects in Asia and Africa until they discovered Wilson intended his rhetoric only for Europe.	23
6344792663	League of Nations	International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member	24
6344792664	Diktat	The German term for the Treaty of Versailles which they were forced to sign without being allowed to negotiate any of the details. This was an important factor in the anti-Versailles resentment of later years.	25
6344792665	Treaty of Versailles	Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons.	26
6344792666	Tagore	A poet. He was India's first Nobel laureate(1913). Spokesman for Moral concerns of his age; set to music India's first national anthem; life mission was to promote pride in a national Indian consciousness in the face of British domination	27
6344792667	Fourteen Points	It was Wilson's peace plan. Each of the points were designed to prevent future wars. He compromised each point at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. The only point which remained was the 14th (League of Nations). Each one was appealing to a specific group in the war and each one held a specific purpose.	28
6344792668	National Congress Party	Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period.	29
6344792669	B.G Tilak	Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in India	30
6344792670	Morley-Minto Reforms	Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils.	31
6344792671	Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms	Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial number of elected Indians; passed in 1919.	32
6344792672	Rowlatt Act	Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919, Allowed the British ruling government to jail any protester without trial for a maximum of two years.	33
6344792673	Satyagraha	Literally, truth-force; strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Mohandas Gandhi and his followers in India; later deployed throughout the colonized world and in the United States	34
6344792674	Lord Cromer	British proconsul in khedival Egypt from1883 to 1907; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime	35
6344792675	effendi	Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence.	36
6344792676	Dinshawai Incident	Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement.	37
6344792677	Ataturk	Also known as Mustafa Kemal; leader of Turkish republic formed in 1923; reformed Turkish nation using Western models	38
6344792678	Hussein	Sherif of Mecca from 1908 to 1917; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in World War I; angered by Britain's failure to keep promise; died 1931.	39
6344792679	Mandates	Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain occupied these in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922.	40
6344792680	Zionists	members of a movement known as Zionism, founded to promote the establishment of an independent Jewish state	41
6344792681	Theodor Herzl	Hungarian-born, Jewish journalist. Expressed a new sense of Jewish identity. Witnessed the Dreyfus affair and all the virulent anti-Semitism it brought to the surface. This stimulated him to found the Zionist movement which sought a Palestinian homeland. The First International Jewish Congress was held in Basel in 1897.	42
6344792682	Balfour Declaration	Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.	43
6344792683	Leon Pinsker	European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land	44
6344792684	World Zionist Organization	Formed by HERZL and other prominent European Jewish leaders to promote Jewish migration to Palestine in advance of the creation of a Zionist state in Palestine	45
6344792685	Wafd Party	Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922.	46
6344792686	Alfred Dreyfus	French officer and Jew who was falsely accused of spying for Germany in the late 19th century; his mistreatment spurred Herzl and other Zionists to increase their call for a Jewish homeland.	47
6344792687	Sa'd Zaghlul	Leader of Egypts nationalist Wafd party; their negotiations w/ British led to limited Egyptian indep. in 1922, however British gov't told him to stop and was eventually exiled.	48
6344792688	Marcus Garvey	African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa.	49
6344792689	W.E.B Du Bois	First African-American to recieve a doctorate. America's foremost black intellectual at the turn of the twentieth century, and an outspoken leader of the black cause. He disagreed with Booker T. Washington's accommodationist posture and called upon blacks to insist on equal rights. He was a founder of the NAACP and editor of its journal, "The Crisis."	50
6344792690	Pan-African	Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after World War I	51
6344792691	negritude	Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements.	52
6344792692	Leopold Sedar Senghor	(1906 - 2001) One of the post-World War I writers of the negritude literary movement that urged pride in African values; president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980.	53