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AP World History Chapter 26 study Flashcards

5670877908	By 1915, the U.S. railroad network was	the largest in the world	0
5670877909	How was the ocean shipping transformed by the mid-nineteenth century?	all of these	1
5670877910	The "annihilation of time and space," extolled by the public and the press, referred especially to	submarine telegraph cables	2
5670877911	Englishman Henry Bessemer is	best known for his advances in producing steel	3
5670877912	What qualities make steel different from iron?	it is both hard and elastic	4
5670877913	The chemical dye industry hurt tropical nations such as India because	those nations grew the most indigo	5
5670877914	The development of nitroglycerin was important for	explosives	6
5670877915	Industrial chemistry was a great advantage to Germany because Germany	had the most advanced scientific institutions	7
5670877916	Despite the prosperity in the West due to the growth of world trade, economies periodically experienced	booms followed by depressions in the business cycle	8
5670877917	By 1900, the nation that controlled the majority of the world's trade and finances was	Great Britain	9
5670877918	The increase in the number of Europeans overseas was largely due to	a drop in the death rate	10
5670877919	The most important urban technological innovation was	pipes for water and sewage	11
5670877920	The middle class exhibited its wealth in	fine houses, servants, and elegant entertainment	12
5670877921	The Victorian Age refers to rules of behavior and family wherein	the home was idealized as a peaceful and loving refuge	13
5670877922	Late-nineteenth-century Victorian morality dictated that men and women belong in	"separate spheres"	14
5670877923	Families were considered middle-class only if they	employed a full-time servant	15
5670877924	When the typewriter and telephone were first used in business in the 1880's,	businessmen found that they were ideal tools for women workers	16
5670877925	Why were women considered well-suited for teaching jobs?	it was an extension of the duties of Victorian mothers	17
5670877926	Some women sought satisfaction outside of the home and became involved	all of these	18
5670877927	Urban industrial working-class women had the difficult task of	earning a living as well as keeping house and children	19
5670877928	What ideology question the sanctity of private property?	Socialism	20
5670877929	The nineteenth-century movement that defended workers against their employers was	the labor union movement	21
5670877930	Karl Marx defined "surplus value" as the	difference between wages and the value of goods	22
5670877931	The goal of International Working Man's Association was to	overthrow the bourgeoisie	23
5670877932	Workers around the world primarily sought change	by participating in the political system through voting	24
5670877933	The most influential idea of the nineteenth century was	Nationalism	25
5670877934	A revolutionary nineteenth-century idea was to realign national boundaries to fit	religious and linguistic divisions	26
5670877935	Which of the following was NOT an idea that Liberalism asserted?	equality for all peoples	27
5670877936	Who was the most famous early nineteenth-century nationalist?	Giuseppe Mazzini	28
5670877937	Bismarck's plan to unite most German-speaking people into a single state was centered on using	industry and nationalism	29
5670877938	Bismarck gave the vote all adult males in order to	weaken the influence of middle-class liberals	30
5670877939	The British nineteenth-century attitude toward Europe has been called a policy of	"splendid isolation"	31
5670877940	Why did nationalism fail to unify Russia and Austria-Hungary?	their empires included many ethnic and language groups	32
5670877941	Although Tsar Alexander II emancipated the serfs,	he failed to create a modern state based on the Western model	33
5670877942	One direct result of Russo-Japanese War in 1904-1905 was the	popular revolt that forced the creation of Duma and a new consititution	34
5670877943	In Tokugawa Japan, the political power rested in the hands of the	military leader of shogun	35
5670877944	The biggest weakness of the Tokugawa Shogunate was an inability to resist invasion; therefore	Japan closed its borders to foreigners	36
5670877945	Who demanded that Japan open its ports for refueling and trade?	Matthew Perry	37
5670877946	In 1858, the Treaty of Kanagawa	was modeled on the unequal treaties that the West had with China	38
5670877947	Leaders of Meiji Japan planned to remain free from Western imperialism by	becoming a world-class industrial power	39
5670877948	The Meiji transformed the government and incorporated	European practices in government, education, industry, and popular culture	40
5670877949	The Meiji oligarchs transformed Japan by	introducing a new army, education system, and industry	41
5670877950	Once government-owned industries in Japan became profitable,	they were sold to private investors	42
5670877951	The Boxer Uprising was a series of riots	encouraged by Chinese officials against foreign presence	43

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Chapter 6 Vocabulary - AP World History Flashcards

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7667192583	Subcontinent	The Indian _________ encompasses the modern nations of Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, and the adjacent island of Sri Lanka	0
7667193737	Monsoon	Season winds in the Indian Ocean caused by differences in temperature between the rapidly heating and cooling landmasses of Africa and Asia	1
7667196076	Vedas	Early Indian sacred "knowledge", the literal meaning of the term. Long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down	2
7667199228	Varna	The four major social division	3
7667204625	Brahmin	The class comprising of priests and scholars	4
7667205852	Kshatriya	The class consisting of warriors and officials	5
7667206553	Vaishya	The class consisting of merchants, artisans, and landowners	6
7667207355	Shudra	The class consisting of peasants and laborers	7
7667209362	Jati	Regional groups of people who have a common occupational sphere and who marry, eat, and generally interact with other members of their group.	8
7667211193	Karma	In Indian tradition, the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a "spirit" and determines what form it will assume in the next cycle	9
7667213456	Moksha	The HIndu concept of the spirit's "liberation" from the endless cycle of rebirths. These are various avenues - such as physical discipline, meditation, and acts of devotion to the gods.	10
7667214472	Buddha	An Indian Prince named Siddharta Gautama who renounce his wealth and social position to search for the truth after becoming "enlightened"	11
7667216395	Mahayana Buddhism	"Great Vehicle" branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for BUddha and for bochisattuas.	12
7667218865	Thereavada Buddhism	"Way of the Elders" branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast ASia. Thereavada remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha.	13
7667220767	Atman	Breath, separated from the body at death. Later reborn in another body, or deeds, of the atman in its previous reincarnations	14
7667222355	Reincarnation	The philosophical or religious concept that an aspect of a living being starts a new life in a different physical body	15
7667226338	Hinduism	A general term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity	16
7667234084	Mauryan Empire	The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 BCE and survived until 184 BCE.	17
7667237055	Ashoka	Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (273-232 BCE). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars.	18
7667238974	Mahabharata	A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita...	19
7667240773	Bhagavad-Gita	The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Kirshna on duty and the fate of the spirit.	20
7667242809	Nirvana	"Snuffing out the flame" the release from the cycle of reincarnations and achievement of a state of perpetual tranquility	21
7667244052	Bhakti	The devotional worship directed to the one supreme deity, usually Vishnu, or Shiva, by whose grace salvation may be attended	22
7667245190	Vishnu	The second god in the Hindu triumvirate. The triumvirate consists of three gods who are responsible for the creation, upkeep and destruction	23
7667247795	Tamil Kingdoms	The kingdoms of Southern India, inhabited primarily by Speakers of Dravidian languages which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently.	24
7667249168	Gupta Empire	A powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, on a capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent	25
7667250794	Theater-state	HIstorians' term for a state that acquires prestige and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies	26
7667252403	Malay peoples	An ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay peninsula, eastern Sumatra and coastal Borneo.	27
7667254170	Puja	A prayer ritual performed by Hindus to host, honour and worship one or more deities, or to spiritually celebrate an event.	28
7667255701	Funan	An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first and sixth centuries CE, centered in the rich rice growing region of Southern Vietnam.	29
7667257979	Srivijaya	A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra between the seventh and eleventh centuries Ce. It amassed wealth and power.	30
7667259191	Borobodur	A massive state monument on the Indonesian island of Java, erected Sailendra KIngs around 800 CE. The winding ascent through ten levels decorated with rich relief carving..	31
7667261863	Arabic Numerals	The system was adopted by Arabic mathematicians in Baghdad and passed on to the Arabs farther West.	32

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AP World History Period 5 Key concept Flashcards

Period 5: Industrialization and Global Integration, c. 1750 to c. 1900

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5146857331	How did Industrialization affect seemingly unrelated fields like social structures, culture, the economy?	-Industrialization solidified the positions of the upper and lower class - factory workers did not earn enough to better their social standings and factory owners became very wealthy. There were some exceptions such as successful entrepreneurs (such as Carnegie) but they were rare. -"Streets were paved with gold" - Immigrants came to America looking for opportunities to better their social status and financial standings -Women and children became important in bringing money for the family and as a labor source. -Steel and oil industries fueled the growth of the American economy.	0
5146857332	What combination of factors were necessary to begin the Industrial Revolution?	-labor sources from immigrants, women, and children -growth of cities (shifted from rural areas) -initial investments from entrepreneurs -new technology -reliable sources of raw materials (ex. Cotton for textiles, iron for steel) -a need for the product	1
5146857333	What "fueled" (both literally and metaphorically) the Industrial Revolution?	-competition -labor, raw materials -Same as the last question	2
5146857334	How did factories change the nature of labor itself?	-shift from agricultural labor to industrial labor -jobs became less diversified (e.g. a laborer would always do the same task in a factory) -more women and children in the workforce -decreased sanitary/ safety conditions, frequent abuse to the workers in the workplace -sometimes unfair practices were enacted (very low wages, long hours) -usually based on a strict time schedule	3
5146857335	Where did factories start, and where/how did the factory system spread?	Factories were introduced in Britain, specifically factories that specialized in textile and iron production. The factory system spread to other regions of Europe and to America. The concept of factories spread to regions that had raw materials available to them. There was also an increasing need (due to rapid population growths and increasing global trade) for certain products, so factories, places that can produce those products reliably and quickly, were necessary to meet that demand.	4
5146857336	What was the "2nd Industrial Revolution?"	The second industrial revolution (which occurred during the late 19th century) was based around the many scientific innovations that occurred during the time (Bessemer steel, electricity, internal combustion engine, new chemicals). The rapid increase in demand for these types of products caused the need for new methods of fast production - such as mass production and the assembly line. These changes occurred mostly in the United States and continental Europe.	5
5146857337	How did the Industrial Revolution affect the role of science in larger society?	Scientific methods became more accepted by factory owners. New ways and techniques to better improve production started to have a scientific framework. Accepting scientific practices slowly trickled down to the lower class. It also caused a dispute between religion and reason.	6
5146857338	How did the Industrial Revolution influence world trade overall?	It created new markets, demand was met by increased production, the importation of raw materials became more prevalent. New technology such as railroads and steam power lowered transit time (therefore, exportation of perishable food products became possible) Overall, global trade increased.	7
5146857339	What raw materials were commonly exported to industrialized areas?	Coal, iron, cotton, food (wheat or livestock for butchering purposes), labor, wood	8
5146857340	As industrial production rose, what type(s) of production declined?	Products that were made by artisans or were handmade (ex. made-by-order furniture, pottery, etc.)	9
5146857341	What "new" markets did industrialized states look for/create for their exports?	Easily exploitable natives (such as those in imperial colonies) who can monopolized by their products	10
5146857342	What role did monetary and precious metals play in the Industrial Revolution?	-Iron became an essential material for steel production -Silver, gold, and copper were exported faster due to the introduction of faster transportation (steam power and railroad) -Important raw materials, so there was an increase in exports in these materials -Gold and silver became important in developing economies (to back up paper money), so they were important exports	11
5146857343	What financial institutions facilitated industrial production?	-Banks loaned money to entrepreneurs -Governments (particularly the U.S) funded industrial developments such as railroads or canals which aided in transportation of raw materials and exports	12
5146857344	How did the Industrial Revolution affect the scale of businesses and overall economic activity?	-"Trusts" and big businesses became more prevalent -Monopolies overtook the market which made it more difficult for smaller businesses to survive -Businesses grew to a national scale -Money was concentrated with the rich	13
5146857345	How did industrialists legitimize the economic changes of the Industrial Rev?	-Social Darwinism - the big businesses deserved to survive since they were better equipped in terms of money and other investments than the smaller businesses. This also reflected their views of themselves in relation to the lower class. -"Gospel of Wealth" - God gave the rich the duty to help the poor by providing opportunities but not through charity so the poor would have to work for their own well-beings. -"Self-strengthening"- they believed that their work would develop the nation as a whole	14
5146857346	What were the important developments in transportation during the Ind. Rev?	-Steam power/ coal - powered ships and trains reliably -Railroads/trains - enabled products/ideas to be quickly transmitted to other regions of the continent	15
5146857347	How did workers respond to the Ind. Rev., and how did their vision of society compare to industrialists'?	Some accepted their status (ex. believed in Rags to Riches) but most protested against the unfair work practices enacted by big businesses. The protests led to worker unions, the later establishment of anti-trust organizations/constitutional acts.	16
5146857348	How did governments respond to the tremendous economic changes of the Industrial Revolution?	-In US, presidents/federal government did nothing to stop the overgrowth of big business -In US, the government banned slavery due to shift to industrial economy -In Japan, the government became more involved with business. -Developed more massive armies due to increase of wealth -Competition between industrial nations, which resulted in more conflicts	17
5146857349	How and why did some governments reform their practices because of the Industrial Revolution?	-As big businesses grew there became a need to mediate between employers and workers. -Initially, the US government favored big businesses in the court. Later, however, the government was somewhat against big business and several anti-monopoly acts were passed (e.g. Sherman Anti-Trust) -The US government had to also deal with protesters (particularly those working under factory conditions). -Some governments, such as China, actively pursued industrial activities to strengthen the state (i.e., self-strengthening) by adopting western technology (which was considered to be shameful in the past). They did not, however, truly became an industrial nation as their "self-strengthening" was a reaction to the recent rise of Western dominance.	18
5146857350	How did the Industrial Revolution affect social and demographic characteristics?	-In industrial nations, cities were population centers -Initially, mortality rates/instances of illnesses increased to the unsanitary conditions of factories and cities -famines and food shortages were common as food had to be brought into cities -population increased dramatically	19
5146857351	What are the similarities & differences between colonialism and imperialism?	Similarities: Both involve the acquisition of land, the control of another nation Differences: · Colonialism: This refers to the immigration of people to a new territory who still abide by the laws and customs of the mother country. Colonies tend to be more permanent than imperial satellite nations. · Imperialism: Focused more on monetary goals rather than permanent settlement. Primary workforce comes from natives of that territory rather than immigrants/settlers from the mother country.	20
5146857352	How did imperialism affect Europe's influence around the world?	* Increases due to the greater presence of European colonies throughout the world * Spread of westernization (the West started to out produce China and Japan) * European culture (language, religion, etc.) spread	21
5146857353	Which states increased their influence and control over their pre-existing colonies, and which saw their influence decrease?	* Great Britain increased its control over India * Spain lost control of its colonies in Latin America, as their colonies successfully fought for independence * Great Britain also lost control of its American colonies * China increased control over their empire (Manchuria, Taiwan, Vietnam, etc.) * Persia and the ottoman empires control weakened (Balkans, Romania)	22
5146857354	What methods and tactics did industrialized states use to establish and expand their empires?	* Empires offered incentives to natives (westernization, culture, protection) in exchange for their compliance * They occupied powerful roles in court and office (eg. China in Thailand) * They used military force to stabilize the empire * Indirect rule (eg. In Africa Britain ruled through the natives) * Adopting business imperialism provided a stable source of income (through the acquisition of raw materials/cash crops) which could be used to further government efforts to expand their empires	23
5146857355	How did imperialism help, hurt, or change various states?	* Overall, African countries/nations were impaired by the intervention of imperialistic European nations oThe African population was largely decimated due to an increase in disease, plague, and violence o Natives were exploited for unfair labor practices (not necessarily slavery) and raw materials were plundered by the Europeans * The court of colonized nations began to resemble that of Europe (for example the court of Sultan of Kedah resembled European practices) oTrial by jury replaced supernatural practices * Countries in South America, the Caribbean, and Latin America became predominately Spanish/Portuguese * Countries in Southeast Asia (ex. Philippines) became predominately Christian/Catholic *American colonies experienced a boom in population growth (due to British rule), which accelerated settlement and industrialization in the region	24
5146857356	How did anti-imperialism affect the Ottoman Empire's territories?	*Resistance of colonies led to the formation of independent states o Ex. Balkans, Greece, Egypt	25
5146857357	What were the effects of nationalism on various peoples and regions?	Nationalism started revolutions to gain independence from mother country o The Jamaica letter was an appeal to England to support Latin America in their fight for independence against Span o Anti-imperialism in the Ottoman Empire also thrived off of nationalism and helped to create new territories Increased racism against natives	26
5146857358	How did imperialists justify imperialism?	* Social Darwinism The belief that they were aiding natives through religious conversion and westernization o Believed it was "god's duty" Promise of new wealth achieved through greater access to raw materials	27

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AP World History Period 1 Flashcards

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9597036887	agriculture	the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock	0
9597039516	domestication	The conscious manipulation of plant and animal species by humans in order to sustain themselves.	1
9597041943	irrigation	a system that supplies dry land with water through ditches, pipes, or streams	2
9597043950	Paleolithic era	The first part of the Stone Age; when people first used stone tools	3
9597048398	Neolithic Revolution	when humans went from being nomad/hunter gatherers to settling in one place and farming	4
9597052633	patriarchy	a form of social organization in which males dominate females	5
9597057481	stratification	the uneven distribution of resources and privileges among participants in a group or culture	6
9597060668	hierarchy	the organization of people at different ranks in an administrative body	7
9597063685	nomads	people who move from place to place as a group to find food for themselves	8
9597068280	pastoralism	a strategy for food production involving the domestication of animals	9
9597069816	diffusion	the spreading of something more widely	10
9597072048	ideology	system of ideas characteristic of a group or culture	11
9597075469	city state	a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.	12
9597086217	Sumer	The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years. A group of ancient city-states in southern Mesopotamia; the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia.	13
9597092050	Babylon	the chief city of ancient Mesopotamia and capitol of the ancient kingdom of Babylonia the capital of Babylonia; a city of great wealth and luxury peak under rule of Hammurabi	14
9597099067	Ziggurat	A rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians	15
9597102330	Cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.	16
9597109356	Pharaoh	A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.	17
9597111839	Monotheism	Belief in one God	18
9597115162	Polytheism	Belief in many gods	19
9597117532	Hittites	an Indo-European people who settled in Anatolia around 2000 B.C.	20
9597121026	Demography	The scientific study of population characteristics.	21
9597126738	Code of Hammurabi	a written code of rules that guided the ancient society of Babylon; dates back to 1772 B.C. 282 laws by King Hammurabi carved into stone about family matters, taxes, debts, and more	22
9597136848	Harappa/Mohenjo-Daro	Built around 2600 BCE, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, and one of the world's earliest major urban settlements, contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Crete.	23
9597142224	Egalitarian	Characterized by belief in the equality of all people, especially in political and social life.	24

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AP World History Key Places Flashcards

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9208783146	Hagia Sophia	the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian	0
9208783147	Suez Canal	A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea	1
9253363483	Versailles Palace	royal palace built during the reign of Louis XIV which he used to enforce his power and prestige	2
9253729815	Tenochtitlan	Capital of the Aztec Empire	3
9608660225	Angkor Wat	A temple complex built in the Khmer Empire & dedicated to the Hindu God, Vishnu.	4
9608660226	Jerusalem	A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, & Jews.	5

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Chapter 31 AP world history Flashcards

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9614228516	Proxy Wars	During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants.	0
9614235749	Salvador Allende	Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973.	1
9614239798	Dirty War	War waged by the Argentine military against leftist groups.	2
9614244988	Sandinistas	Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy.	3
9614260278	Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini	Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the Shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic.	4
9614270466	Saddam Husain	President of Iraq from 1979 until overthrown by an American-led invasion in 2003.	5
9614276654	Keiretsu	Alliances of corporations and banks that dominate the Japanese economy.	6
9614280997	Neoliberalism	The term used in Latin America and other developing regions to describe free market policies.	7
9614284607	Asian Tigers	Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore - nations that became economic powers in the 1970's and 1980's.	8
9614308582	Newly industrialized economies	Rapidly growing, new industrial nations of the late 20th century, including the Asian Tigers.	9
9614314889	Deng Xiaoping	Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong.	10
9614331229	Tiananmen Square	Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989.	11
9614336390	Mikhail Gorbachev	Head of Soviet Union from 1985-1991	12
9614344181	Perestroika	Policy of "restructuring" that was the center-piece of Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts to liberalize communism in the Soviet Union.	13
9614350729	Solidarity	Polish trade union created in 1980 to protect working conditions and political repression.	14
9614355710	Ethnic cleansing	Effort to eradicate a race and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials.	15
9614363052	Thomas Malthus	18th century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations.	16
9614371435	Demographic transition	A change in the rates of population growth.	17

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AP World History Rhinehart All periods Flashcards

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6633311389	8000 BCE	Neolithic Revolution (beginning of agriculture)	0
6633311390	3000 BCE	Bronze Age (early River Valley Civilizations)	1
6633311391	6th Century BCE	foundation of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism/Life of Confucius, Buddha, Laozi	2
6633311392	5th Century BCE	Greek Golden Age of Philosophers	3
6633311393	323 BCE	Alexander the Great	4
6633311394	221 BCE	Qin Dynasty unified China	5
6633311395	32 CE	Beginning of Christianity	6
6633311396	180 CE	end of Pax Romana	7
6633311397	220 CE	end of Han Dynasty	8
6633311398	333 CE	Constantinople new capital of Roman Empire	9
6633311399	4th Century CE	Trans-Sahara trade routes established	10
6633311400	476 CE	Fall of Rome	11
6633311401	527 CE	Justinian's reign of Byzantine Empire	12
6633311402	622 CE	Founding of Islam	13
6633311403	732 CE	Battle of Tours (to end Muslims pushing into France)	14
6633311404	1054	Great Schism in Christian Church (Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox)	15
6633311405	1066	Norman Conquest of England	16
6633321978	1071	Battle of Manzikert(Seljuk Turks defeat BYZ)	17
6633311406	1095	First Crusade	18
6633311407	1258	Mongols sack Baghdad	19
6633311408	1271-1295	Marco Polo's Travels	20
6633311409	1324	Mansa Musa's pilgramage	21
6633311410	1325-1349	Ibn Battuta's travels	22
6633311411	1347-1348	Bubonic plague in Europe	23
6633311412	1433	end of Zheng He's voyage/Rise of Otttomans	24
6633311413	1453	Ottomans capture Constantinople	25
6633311414	1488	Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope	26
6633311415	1492	Columbus sails the ocean blue /Reconquista completed	27
6633311416	1502	1st slaves from Africa arrive in the Americas	28
6633311417	1517	Martin Luther/ 95 theses	29
6633311418	1521	Cortez conquers the Aztecs	30
6633311419	1533	Pizarro conquers the Inca	31
6633360835	1571	Battle of Lepanto, (naval defeat of Ottomans)	32
6633311420	1588	Defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British	33
6633311421	1600	Beginning of Sekigahara - beginning of Tokugawa	34
6633311422	1607	the foundation of Jamestown	35
6633388023	1618-1648	30 years war	36
6633389570	1683	unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna	37
6633311423	1689	Glorious Revolution/English Bill of Rights	38
6633311424	1750	Industrial Revolution	39
6633311425	1756-1763	Seven Years' War/French and Indian War	40
6633311426	1776	American Revolution/Adam Smith writes Wealth of Nations	41
6633311427	1789	French Revolution	42
6633311428	1804	Haitian Independence	43
6633311429	1815	Congress of Vienna	44
6633311430	1820s	Independence of Latin America	45
6633311431	1839	1st Opium War in China	46
6633311432	1848	European Revolutions/Karl Marx & Engels write "The Communist Manifesto"	47
6633311433	1853	Commodore Matthew Perry opens Japan for trade	48
6633311434	1857	Sepoy Mutiny	49
6633311435	1861	end of Russian serfdom/ Italian Unification	50
6633311436	1863	Emancipation Proclamation in the US	51
6633311437	1885	Berlin Conference (scramble for Africa)	52
6633311438	1898	Spanish American War US acquires phillipines, Cuba, Guam, &pueto Rico	53
6633311439	1899	Boer War (British put down rebellion by Boers in eastern South Africa)	54
6633311440	1905	Russo-Japanese War	55
6633311441	1910-1920	Mexican Revolution	56
6633311442	1911	Chinese Revolution (end of the Qing dynasty)	57
6633311443	1914	WWI begins	58
6633311444	1917	Russian revolutions	59
6633311445	1919	Treaty of Versailles (to end WWI)	60
6633311446	1929	Stock Market crash	61
6633311448	1931	Japanese invasion of Manchuria	62
6633311447	1935	Italian invasion of Ethiopia	63
6633311449	1939	Germany blizkrieg in Poland (beginning WWII in Europe)	64
6633311450	1941	Attack on Pearl Harbor and Singapore / U.S. entry into WWII	65
6633311451	1945	WWII ends	66
6633311452	1947	India partitioned & independence from Britain	67
6633311453	1948	birth of Iserael	68
6633311454	1949	Chinese Communist Party takes control of China	69
6633311455	1950-1953	Korean War	70
6633484334	1954	Vietnamese defeat French at Dien Bien Phu	71
6633311456	1956	De-Stalinization begins /Suez Canal is nationalized in Egypt	72
6633311457	1959	Cuban Revolution	73
6633311458	1962	Cuban Missile Crisis	74
6633311459	1967	6-Day War between Israel and Arab nations/C culture revolution	75
6633311460	1973	Yom Kippur War	76
6633311461	1979	Iranian Revolution	77
6633512195	1987	1st Palestine Intifada	78
6633311462	1989	Tiananmen Square protests/Fall of Berlin Wall	79
6633311463	1991	Fall of USSR/ 1st Gulf War	80
6633522351	1994	genocide in Rwanda/ 1st all-race elections in S. Africa	81

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AP World History Ch. 8: The Unification of China Flashcards

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5521393735	Confucianism	Philosophy based on the teachings of Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi (551-479 BCE) or Confucius that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation society, and reciprocity	0
5521393736	Kong Fuzi	Original name of Confucius, Chinese philosopher and teacher of ethics (551-479 CE)	1
5521395332	Junzi	Superior individuals who took a broad view of public affairs and did not allow personal interests to influence their judgement; the Confucian ideal	2
5521395333	Ren	Confucian concept of an attitude of kindness and benevolence or a sense of humanity	3
5521395334	Li	Confucian concept, a sense of propriety	4
5521395335	Xiao	Confucian concept of respect for one's parents and ancestors	5
5521397280	Mencius	Confucian disciple who believed that human nature was basically good and argued for policies that would allow it to influence society as a whole; emphasis on ren; light taxes, avoid war, support education, and encourage harmony and coopoeration	6
5521397281	Xunxi	Confucian disciple who believed that humans selfishly pursued their own interests and resisted making any contribution voluntarily to the larger society; emphasized li; advocated establishment of clear standards of conduct that would set limits on the pursuits of individual interests and punish those who neglected their obligations to society	7
5521397282	Daoism	Chinese philosophy, with origins in the Zhou dynasty; it is associated with legendary philosopher Laozi, and it called for a policy of non-competition	8
5521398531	Laozi	A sage philosopher who is accredited to founding Daoism	9
5521398532	Daodejing	Book that is the fundamental work of Daoism	10
5521398533	Dao	Key element in Chinese philosophy that means the "way of nature" or the "way of the cosmos"	11
5521399853	Wuwei	Daoist concept of a disengagement from the affairs of the world	12
5521399854	Legalism	Chinese philosophy from the Zhou dynasty that called for harsh suppression of the common people	13
5521401013	Shang Yang	Minister to the duke of Qin state in Western China, and important developer of the political philosophy of Legalism	14
5521401014	Han Feizi	A Xunxi disciple who collected Legalist views into well-argued essays on statecraft and served as an advisor to the Qin court	15
5521402544	Qin Shihuangdi	The first Qin emperor who ignored the nobility and ruled his empire through a centralized bureaucracy; divided China into administrative provinces and districts, delegated communication and implementation of policies to officers of the central government; disarmed regional military forces and destroyed fortresses; built an extensive network of roads; began construction of defensive walls	16
5521402577	Xianyang	Capital city of the Qin empire	17
5521404183	Liu Bang	A Chines commander who established order in a post-Qin China, placing himself at the helm of the new Han dynasty	18
5521406085	Early Han Dyansty	(206 BCE- 9 CE) Capital at Chang'an, the imperial family received large large landholdings, divided the empire into districts governed by administrative officials who served the emperor	19
5521406086	Xiongnu	Nomadic warriors of the Central Asian steppes	20
5521407004	Han Wudi	"The Martial Emperor," who rule from 141 - 87 BCE pursued two policies in particular: administrative centralization and imperial expansion	21
5521407005	Modu	Highly successful leader of the Xiongnu peoples of the Central Asian steppes	22
5521408290	Ban Zhao	Renowned female historian and scholar of the Han Dynasty, and author of the Book of Han (45-115 CE)	23
5521408291	Sericulture	The cultivation of silk worms for the production of silk	24
5521409599	Wang Mang	A minister who seized the throne from the child who had inherited it; called the socialist emperor because he took some land from large landholders and redistributed it among the landless; it was poorly implemented and resulted only in rebellion	25
5521409600	The Later Han Dynasty	(25- 220 CE) Capital at Luoyang; vigorous rule that mirrored that of Liu Bang and Han Wudi; centralized administration and state bureaucracy; maintained presence in central Asia and control of Silk Roads	26
5521411236	The Yellow Turban Uprising	A serious revolt that raged through China and tested the resilience of the Han state during the late second century CE, eventually weakening it	27
5521478896	Qin Dynasty	Chinese Dynasty (221- 207 BCE) that was founded by Qin Shihuangdi and was marked by the first unification of China and the early construction of defensive walls	28
5521601519	Sima Qian	A Han historian whose unpopular views drew attention	29
5521700003	Eunuchs	Castrated males, originally in charge of the harem, who grew to play major roles in government; common in China and other societies	30
5752270055	Analects	Collection of sayings and ideas contributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius and his contemporaries	31
5752270056	Prescriptive literature	Sources that tell us what educated people said about the ways culture and social relationships should be	32
5752271801	Terracotta Army	Collection of terracotta soldiers depicting the army of Emperor Qin Shiuangdi that fill his tomb	33
5752271802	Zhuangzi	One of the most important Daoist works written by Zhuangzi that provided a well-reasoned compendium of Daoist views	34

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AP World History Master List Flashcards

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8214051215	Agricultural Revolution	occurred between the Paleolithic and Neolithic era; " origins of civilizations" and technology and society experienced advancements	0
8214051216	Egalitarianism	the principle that states that all people are equal and deserving of equal treatment- experienced soley in the first wave civilizations- a form of society ended by patriarchy	1
8214051217	Shamans	"medium" that sees between the visible/material world and the spirit world- practiced magic/sorcery for neutral or good purposes (Paleolithic- part time jobs) first ideas of a religion/spiritually	2
8214051218	Great Goddess	Mother Earth, Gaia, Goddess; like neo-paganism moon phases, birth, menstruation, pregnancy, new birth, death (female religious figure in the paleolithic era)	3
8214051219	Venus figurines	figurine representation of belief in female divinity- worshipped by people in paleolithic era (represented Great Goddess)	4
8214051221	Code of Hammurabi	babylonian legal code that instated fair punishment to the public- shows change from fair government in distant past to newer times	5
8214051222	Cuneiform	world's first written language invented by the Sumerians (Middle East)- shows the developing culture of the past, and the new demands incurred in order to manage society and civilizations	6
8214051223	Mandate of Heaven	Chinese justification for rule that represented a connection between culture and state-building, a continuity for China for most eras	7
8214051226	Roman republic	Roman form of government that allowed the people to choose their representatives	8
8214051227	Roman senate	Wealthy citizens who advised officials- offered chance for the wealthy patrician class to create laws in order to benefit them rather than the plebians- hierarchy effect	9
8214051228	Octavian	Julius Caesar's nephew and heir, also known by "Augustus" His name before he became an emperor	10
8214051229	Julius Caesar	Conquered Gaul; commander, director, and as killed by senators- helped to bring Rome to some of it's glory- he was a VERY good military leader	11
8214051230	Paterfamilias	Head of household, used to have full full control over life/death in family- patriarchal values	12
8214051231	Augustus	First roman "emperor" brought Rome out of of Republic; kept forms, humble, and triggered Pax Romana- good leader and united Rome	13
8214051232	Pax romana	The peace that existed between nationalities in Rome (27 BCE-180 CE) showed the peace that the differences in cultures can manage	14
8214051233	Qin Shihuangdi	First Chinese empirer who used Legalism when ruling and reunified China after Zhou; started Qin Dynasty	15
8214051234	Han Wudi	Han dynasty emporer who started academy of training officers with Confucius teachings; started the knowledge over wealth movement	16
8214051235	Filial piety	Respect for one's parents in China- shaping factor to China's culture	17
8214051236	Dao	Way of nature and principle that governs all natural phenomena	18
8214051237	Vedas and Upanishads	Sacred Hindu texts; Vedas: Brahmin priests compiled and told of old societies, Upandishads: philosophical texts compiled by anonymous thinkers	19
8214051238	Hindu doctrine	The set of beliefs held by the Hindu religion; numerous beliefs	20
8214051239	Buddhist doctrine	The main teaching of the Buddha; numerous teachings	21
8214051240	Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism	Theravada: Closer to South East Asian and closer to the original Indian form of Buddhism. Mahayana: umbrella for many schools, focused on intuition, majority as is was adapted	22
8214051241	Ashoka	Born to Mauryan empire and founded the Maurya dynasty- he was a really good military leader and helped to spread Buddhism. Was religiously tolerant.	23
8214051242	Scholar-gentry	Civilian uprising in China that rebelled against inequality of poverty/wealthy. Authority challenged	24
8214051243	Yellow Turban Rebellion	Civilian uprising in China that rebelled against inequality of poverty/wealthy. Authority challenged	25
8214051244	Varnas and Jatis	Social castes in India that were determined by birth and supported by karma and dharma; Jati: subcaste with occupation stated; Varna: main caste with tiered levels stating level of divine power	26
8214051245	Latifundia	large land estate worked by slaves in Ancient Rome, Spain, and Latin America- organized agriculture	27
8214051246	Spartacus	escaped slave (gladiator) who led a rebellion against the Roman Republic-showed internal turmoil of the empire.	28
8214051247	Patricians and Plebeians	Wealthy vs poor and showed the inequality between the two social classes	29
8214051248	Coptic Christianity	Egyptian Christianity that exists in a Muslim majority- The great schism relation	30
8214051249	Xiongnu	Confederation of nomadic people in Han dynasty; outside pressuring force to the dynasty government- helped to trigger the fall of dynasties in China as an external force	31
8214051250	Silk Roads	Trade routes across Eurasia that facilitated the trade of goods, knowledge, and culture- served to connect the world of Afroeurasia.	32
8214051251	Roman Empire	ancient Roman civilization following the Roman Republic- was the most influential Western civilization at its time. Eventually fell due to external forces and internal turmoil.	33
8214051252	Buddhism	Religion originating in India, starting with the Buddha, who reached a state of enlightenment, and then it therefore spread as a practice first, then later as a religion. First not to exist as a way to worship an individual person, god, or idea-but as a way of life	34
8214051253	Dunhuang	Chinese city near that worked on the Silk road and held Buddhist beliefs. Helped to control trade with China.	35
8214051254	Monsoons	Natural marine phenomena that was used to travel on the sea in order to trade	36
8214051255	Neo Confucianism	Revitalized Confucianism in the Tang Dynasty that stablilized power once again	37
8214051256	Censorate	supervising agency in China that managed the emperor's power. First instated during Qin dynasty, then later in the Yuan dynasty. Important because it was a centralized goverment.	38
8214051257	Tribute system	Chinese system in the Tang Dynasty that placed China "above" its surrounding civilizations through the use of agreements and offering of goods- functioned to make China appear as a bigger force than it actually was	39
8214051258	Foot binding	First seen in the Tang Dynasty and was used to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller and more "beautiful" left women hurt and was a way to physically enforce patriarchy	40
8214051259	Champa rice	Drought tolerant type of rice originated in Vietnam and spread to China through trade; helped both trade and to grow the population	41
8214051260	Kowtow	form of bowing in Chinese custom-used to show deep respect for another.	42
8214051261	Silla	Korean Dynasty that worked with Tang Dynasty, took ideas from China and started the idea of just "borrowing"	43
8214051262	Shinto/kami	Sacred spirits associated with ancestors and natural phenomena (Japan) was supported by the imperial family- important cultural aspect	44
8214051263	Hangul/ chu Nom	Phoentic alphabet for writing the Korean language- Vietnamese variation on Chinese writing	45
8214051264	The Tale of Genji	Written by Murasaki Shikibu and was about the intrigues and romances of court life- revealed some of the issues with aristocracy	46
8214051265	Pillars of Islam	5 basic acts of Islam and the foundation for Muslim life; Faith, Prayer, Fasting, Almsgiving, and Pilgrimmage	47
8214051266	Jihad	Personal effort/struggle in devotion to Islam (internal force) and holy war (external)	48
8214051267	Sharia	Law governing Islamic faith (religious from Quran- path to life is water)	49
8214051268	Battle of Talas River	1751; fight between Tang China and Abassid Arabs that fixed boundary issue between the two	50
8214051269	Dhimmi	Non-Islamic person living in the Muslim ruled area- kept religion and were protected (they had to pay jizya)	51
8214051270	Sunni vs. Shia	Sunni-followers of Abu Bakr;tribe of prophet;traditional: Shia-God picks representative(Ali); temporary marriage available; fought with each other for control and dominance	52
8214051271	Umayyad Caliphate	1st Muslim dynasty after prophet Muhammad died (after other 4 caliphate died/lost power) instated a new capital, military aristocracy, and non-Arab Muslims were 2nd class citizens	53
8214051272	Abbasid Caliphate	2nd Muslim Caliphate (Sunni) they were overthrown in 750- abassids ruled, capital in Baghdad, and fractured into sutanes	54
8214051273	Quran and Hadith	Words of God to prophet:words of prophet (extra info) interpretation of sayings; allowed varying methods of worship within the Islamic religion	55
8214051274	Guru Nanak	Founder of Sikhism	56
8214051275	Ibn Battuta	Moroccan scholar who traveled (sometimes to Africa) and wrote about his experiences	57
8214051276	Timbuktu	Regional trade center in West African Mali; helped the gold and silver trade that was mainly exported from Africa, therefore new goods and cultural contact were recieved	58
8214051277	Ulama and Madrassas	Ulama: international elite who educated and opened the Madrassas: schools; religious/secular schools that educated more of the population	59
8214051278	Sufi popularity	Teachings spread and sought more divine connection; another varying viewpoint of the practicing of Islam	60
8214051279	House of Wisdom	Places in Baghdad where scholars met, discussed, and created; where some of the most influential technology was developed- helped trigger Greek rational thoughts after texts were translated	61
8214051280	Constantinople	Capital of Byzantine empire and then Ottoman; center for Eastern Orthodox Church- trade and money: really wealthy and tried to recreate Rome	62
8214051281	The Great Schism	Divide between Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic, 1054; both Popes exiled each other and this created a large cultural division between the religions for a very long time	63
8214051282	Caeseropapism	Relationship between state and church- emperor had COMPLETE control over the church and the state; allowed religion to govern the morals of law and gave the church more power than necessary, which led to immoral happenings	64
8214051283	Kievan Rus	State in Byzantine area that traded and was important in the expansion of Orthodox Christianity	65
8214051284	Roman Catholicism	Christianity based religion of a part of the Roman empire and of western europe. Roman Catholic Church- hierarchy valued and remained mostly independent from the state	66
8214051285	Pastoralism	The branch of agriculture concerned with livestock	67
8214051286	Karakorum	Capital of Mongol empire between 1235-1260 and helped trade along the Silk Road; connected Mongol goods to the wider public	68
8214051287	Yuan dynasty	Established by Mongol Khubilai Khan 1271 (China); Nomadic pastoralist led dynasty of the Mongols- allowed a pastoralist society to take control of a civilization and showed their power	69
8214051288	Khubilai Khan	5th Khagan of Mongol Empire ruled 1260-1294-Yuan	70
8214051289	Golden Horde	Mongol-Turkicized Khanate in 13th century North-West Mongol Europe	71
8214051290	Pax Mongolica	describes the relatively peaceful era of Mongol conquests where the cultural and social toils put on captured areas were diminished	72
8214051291	Black Death	The Plague-spread from China to Europe and other areas with disastrous consequences in Europe that resulted in a lot of death and sickness	73
8214051292	Marco Polo	Venetian merchant traveler who described the wealth and size of China and other areas	74
8214051293	Zheng He	Court eunuch who was physically large and traveled to being all of Afroeurasian history together	75
8214051294	Yongle	3rd emperor of Ming dynasty and restored China to former glory after the Mongol's destruction. Reestablished irrigation and agriculture, confucian teaching, tribute system, and a centralized government	76
8214051295	Malacca	Small town on the coast in Malaysia, trading post and fort. Used by Zheng He to defend China. Later colonized and the British East India Company used it to spread influence. Allowed trade and functioned as a puppet state.	77
8214051296	Mexica	Aztec culture in the post-classical era	78
8214051297	Tenochtitlan	large Mexica city-state with floating islands- later conquered by Hernan Cortes, but existed as a major residential area	79
8214051298	Triple Alliance	alliance between Nahua (altepetl) states; Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan	80
8214051299	Chinampas - "Floating gardens"	Aztec agriculture method that involved the use of man made islands to grow more crops to feed a civilization; showed the high-level technology that allowed for a more efficient society	81
8214051300	Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador who led an expedition to destroy the Aztec empire. He won Mexico for Spain; triggered the end of the Aztec empire	82
8214051301	Huitzilopochtli	God of the sun/war- supported the idea that warriors killed in battle returned as hummingbirds	83
8214051302	Quecha	language used primarily in the Incan empire-Incan culture	84
8214051303	Gender parallelism	Incan social belief that divided the jobs between men and women equally(complimentary job enforcement0- doesn't necessarily mean egalitarian	85
8214051304	Sikhism	religion created by blending Hinduism and Islam; created by Guru Nanak	86
8214051305	Jizya	tax paid by non-Muslims in Islam-controlled areas; represents hierarchy of the time and some of the physical/social limitations placed on people because of prejudice	87
8214051306	Mercantilism	national policy created to maximize trade; mostly to earn gold/silver. Used in Europe.	88
8214051307	Encomienda and repartimiento	Encomienda: labor from natives to Spanish in exchange for "protection" and instruction in Christianity. Repartimiento: allowed colonists to recruit native help/labor. Both terms worked together	89
8214051308	Hacienda system	large land estates (plantation-like) with workers (mostly natives); shows suffocating control of the Spaniards and how they took advantage of conquered peoples and areas	90
8214051309	Peninsulares, creoles, and mestizos	Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain. Creoles: Spaniards born in the Americas. Mestizos: mixed-race population	91
8214051310	Castas	divisions of mixed race people depending on heritage and skin color; prejudice and racism	92
8214051311	Catherine the Great	Europeanized under her rule; opened her thoughts to make Russia better, she also operated slightly against the church, making sure it did not gain too much power.	93
8214051312	Peter the Great	Europeanized Russia as well as strengthening the military control. Operated to maintain control over the church.	94
8214051313	Qing dynasty - Manchu rule	last Chinese dynasty, was ruled by nomadic pastorals. Reached areas like Mongolia, Tibet, and Xinjiang during their expansion. Multi-cultural empire	95
8214051314	Akbar	reforms to create religious tolerance-cosmopolitan-stopped jizya; good SOCIAL and CULTURAL stage of India	96
8214051315	Aurangzeb	religiously intolerant-banned fun things-stressed Islam in a Hindu majority-reinstated jizya; good STATE-BUILDING stage of India	97
8214051316	Devshirme	young christian boys forced to train and enter the army- Ottoman empire; control of the empire over cultures and cross-cultural conflict	98
8214051317	Trading Post Empire	empires created in order to control trade routes- first created by the Portuguese in the Early Modern Era; widespread significance of trade to the economies of areas	99
8214051318	Cartaz	naval trade license issued by the Portuguese in order to control trade- occurred during the time where the Portuguese empire existed and paralleled the British trade policies	100
8214051319	British East India Company (EIC) and Dutch East India Company (VOC)	EIC: private company with trade monopoly with the East Indes, resulting in some control over India. VOC: trading company in Dutch republic that protected trade in the Indian Ocean and helped free the Netherlands from Spain.	101
8214051320	Tokugawa Shogunate	Japanese Empire with a military-based government, hierarchy, and European/Dutch learning; very driven era of Japan's history where the country was united	102
8214051321	Manila	capital of the Philippines and important trade center between Asia and the Americas; under Spanish control during the Early Modern Era.	103
8214051322	Potosi	mining town located in Mexico that provided a large sum of silver for the global silver trade.	104
8214051323	Martin Luther	German professor who rebelled against Roman Catholic Church, posted the 95 Theses, and started the Protestant reformation.	105
8214051324	Society of Jesus	Scholar-religious congregation of the Catholic Church formed in the Early Modern Era in Spain. Focused on spreading knowledge rather than faith.	106
8214051325	Taki Onqoy movement	religious revival of local/native gods and religions in the Andes and worked against Spanish colonization	107
8214051326	Virgin of Guadalupe	combined mesoamerican and spanish notions of divine motherhood- proof of the blending of Christianity and hybridity	108
8214051327	Vodun	West African mystical religion that celebrated spirits of the dead and nature; cultural significance of mystical religions	109
8214051328	Matteo Ricci	Italian Jesuit priest that relayed European exploration to East Asia. Spread Christianity to East Asia.	110
8214051329	Shinto	ethnic religion of Japan that involved ritual to connect present and past- representative of the strength of Japanese culture	111
8214051330	Shogun	military governor of Japan with real political power, mostly during the Early Modern Era; represents the figurehead idea of the emperors	112
8214051331	Samurai	military nobility in early Japan, however they lost their stature in the Tokugawa Shogunate; shows the power and nobility associated with being in the military in Japan	113
8214051332	Daimyo	powerful landholding lords in the Tokugawa Shogunate. Operated second hand to the Shogun and functioned to control land.	114
8214051333	Native and Dutch learning	spread of technology, religion, and culture to Japan by the Dutch and Jesuits; cross-cultural interactions and spread of knowledge	115
8214051334	Little Ice Age	1645-1715 where there was low solar activity, and therefore was much colder-which made people rethink farming and relocate.	116
8214051335	Bhakti movement	spiritual devotional trend in old Hinduism and later in Sikhism	117
8214051336	The Enlightenment	intellectual and philosophical movement in 18th century Europe that helped bring technological advancements, and thus make Europe significant in intellectual circles.	118
8214051337	Hybridity	cross between cultures and other things, an example of this includes the Virgin of Guadaloupe	119
8214051338	Syncretism	blending of two or more things to create a new thing, such as Sikhism, which is a cross between Hinduism and Islam	120
8214051339	Diaspora	The dispersion of a Jewish population beyond Israel, which caused the religion to spread	121
9360040533	Popular Sovereignty	The notion that people decide and control the government rather than God. This inspired and fueled the Atlantic revolutions. Big idea for American Revolution.	122
9360040534	John Locke	English man who supported popular sovereignty by defending the social contract between ruler and ruled should last as long as it serves the people well- liberal philosopher for enlightenment.	123
9360041301	Social Contract	Philosophical theory that question societies Origins and complete authority of State over people. Sparks debate and fueled revolutions.	124
9360041302	Ideas of the Enlightenment	Popular sovereignty, natural rights, and the consent of the governed; you served as a code for the Atlantic revolutions as these liberal and Progressive thoughts were pushed. Very modern Outlook - modern social/ politics	125
9360043170	Declaration of Independence	Written in 1776 and helped launch the American Revolution - space the freedoms of the people and symbol of new nation. Serves to claim Enlightenment ideas.	126
9360043171	Creoles	Native-born elites of the Spanish colonies led the Spanish American revolutions with enlightenment ideas in order to claim their power and stake ground. Mostly scattered protests.	127
9360045289	Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos	Two Mexican priest who led a peasant Revolt because of tax, food prices, and land. This movement was eventually crushed by Creole landowners. Shows the struggle.	128
9360046444	Simón Bolivar	Creole independence fighter who encouraged minorities and ethnic groups with Enlightenment ideas. A hero to the people.	129
9360047987	Eurocentrism		130
9360047988	Agency		131
9360047997	Rebellion		132
9360048807	Imperialism		133
9360048808	Industrialization		134
9360052886	Atlantic Revolutions	American Revolution, Latin American Revolution, French Revolution, and Haitian revolution.	135
9360060546	Scientific Revolution	First thinkers who work outside of the state and church; free and secular thinking	136
9360063430	The General Will (Jean-Jacques Rousseau)	Government must do the will of the people (majority rules)	137
9360067575	Separation of Powers (Baron de Montesquieu)	Absolute power corrupts absolutely, therefore three branches is the best	138
9360068493	Natural Human Rights	Humans have rights that government cannot violate/ take away	139
9360072473	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	American Social activist and feminist and leader of women's rights movement - organized Seneca Falls Convention - spoke about issues Beyond suffrage (domestic rights, employment, and birth control)	140
9360075244	Reign of Terror	Between 1793 - 1794. 30,000 Aristocrats and others guillotine in France	141
9360077206	Napoleon Bonaparte	1799 - 1815; the general who took power and named himself Emperor for life. He tried to conquer all of Europe and took away rights from woman while reinstating slavery	142
9360079574	Free Market		143
9360080888	Social Darwinism	Social theory originating in Europe and North America that justified imperialism, racism, i'm conservatism favored Elites white men. Significant as it supported superiority complex	144
9360080889	Scramble for Africa	1880 - WWI; european colonization of Africa that functioned as a "race" between European powers. Involved the violent Invasion and gentrification of the African culture	145
9360086925	Battle of Adowa	1896; battle between Ethiopia and Italy where Ethiopia prevailed and secured sovereignty: major victory for African culture and pride - resistance to imperialism	146
9360087996	The Indian Rebellion of 1857-58	India's independence Wars threatened trade companies power - social rights movement - resistance to imperialism	147
9360103190	Mangal Pandey	Indian sepoy who fought against colonialism and oppression	148
9360104491	female circumcision in colonial Kenya	Act of removing the clitoris and surrounding tissue in order to control female sexuality. This controversial issue divided Converts and missionaries and other Africans as they decided if this was morally corrupt or not	149
9360105731	Swami Vivekenada	Indian monk at the Forefront movement to establish Hinduism as a world religion - help to define a Hindu culture identity. Influential spiritual leader in India	150
9360108689	U.S. Steel Corporation	Company that dealt with the harvesting, processing, and exporting of Steel. This was significant because it was intense industrialization and Technology. Abused power to use laborers with unfair wages.	151
9360110874	Henry Ford, Andrew Carnegie, and John Rockefellar	Innovators and industrialists who supported technological development and help to create corporations. Significant because it helped motivate the Industrial Revolution.	152
9360111736	Crimean War	1854 - 1856; military conflict where the Russian Empire lost to an Alliance of European States - religious conflict over Holy Land - strengthened Europe but weakend Russia	153
9360112324	Emancipation of Russian Serfs	1861; manifesto signed that abolished serfdom, more social equality as serfs became full citizens. Significant because socialist	154
9360113418	Sergei Witte	Influential political leader - supported industrialization; sort of cool because he helped political stability, important because he was largely unbiased in social issues	155
9360113419	Taiping Uprising	1850 - 1864; revolutionary "civil rights" movement towards Christianity, more equal land, women's rights. Because this failed and Qing rule was restored, industrialization was largely delayed, this meant China was really behind economically and socially	156
9360114679	Hong Xiuquan	1814 - 1864; helps lead the Taiping Rebellion, "religious prophet" - attempted to have a new Dynasty with his Christianity; influence Chinese social norms	157
9360114680	Treaty of Nanjing	"Treaty of peace" between queen of Britain and Ireland and the Emperor of China. Helped and first Opium War but left British Traders privileged in their trading and with unequal economic power	158
9360115486	Self-Strengthening Movement	Rehabilitation of traditional Chinese beliefs with Western influence - quest to modernize, this pushed China to industrialize (conservative modernization)	159
9360116420	Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists	Secret Chinese society that triggered Boxer Rebellion. Violent xenophobia; somewhat spiritual. Supported anti-industrialization	160
9360117031	Meiji Restoration		161
9360119428	Communism	Economic system that supports the idea that everyone gives as much as possible to society but takes only what they need	162
9360119429	Capitalism		163
9360121180	Socialism		164
9360129444	Karl Marx	Self-proclaimed philosopher and historian that suggested communism	165
9360129445	Genocide of Armenians		166
9360130424	League of Nations		167
9360131204	Triple Alliance	Secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in 1882 and decided they would support each other in war - however in WWI, italy joined the Allies instead. This was a defensive Pact	168
9360131205	Triple Entente	Informal agreement between Great Britain, France, and Russia to counter the triple alliances threat. Terminated when Bolsheviks controlled Russia (1917)	169
9360132227	Balance of Power	1914; issue that determined the protagonist held the balance of power, therefore they were equally powerful and there was no reason to wage war	170
9360132228	Franz Ferdinand	Archduke of Austria-Este and heir to Austro-Hungarian throne. Is murder sparked WWI	171
9360133381	4 Main Causes of WWI	Militarism, alliance System, imperial tension, and nationalism	172
9360137721	Import Substitution Industrialization	Economic policy that supports replacing Foreign imports with domestic production. Promotes idea that countries should be self-sufficient. This means a relatively limited World Market	173
9360138983	Getulio Vargas and Lazaro Cardevas	GV: Brazilian lawyer and politician who is president. LC: General in constitutionalist army during Mexican Revolution. He tried for his social and economic aims during the revolution	174
9360138984	John Maynard Keynes	British Economist whose ideas change the theory of macroeconomics about unemployment. He suggested New Economic strategies	175
9360140002	Benito Mussolini	Italian politician who led the Nationalist fascist party. He was in power during World War 1 and supported fascism.	176
9360140003	Weimar Republic	Unofficial historical designate for the German states from 1919 - 1933. It was a political experiment where its ambitious democracy eventually gave in to Nazis	177
9360141035	Kristallnacht	"Night of the broken glass" was a pogrom against Jews in Nazi Germany that was very violent	178
9360141712	Treaty of Versailles	Was signed to end World War 1: Forced Germany to take responsibility and to pay reparations	179
9360145511	The New Deal		180
9360146291	Deficit Spending	Economic system known as the cycle of economic depression	181
9360148739	Facism	Extreme nationalism and extreme militarism that holds pride in Tradition; the leader is the personification of state and there is total control on all aspects of society and economy where state Welfare is supreme to individual rights and war is glorified	182
9360151416	Manchuko	Japanese puppet State in China from 1932 - 1945 stats annoyed Europeans. It was a republic then turned to a constitutional monarchy and it had a role in the start of the war	183
9360151417	Asia for the Asians	Nationalist ideas that supported Asian countries controlling other Asian countries	184
9360152759	Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor	Surprise military strike by Japanese on u.s. Naval Base that increased tensions and contributed to World War II	185
9360152760	Rape of Nanjing	1937 - 1938; mass murder and rape by Japanese troops against Nanjing, occurred during WW2	186
9360153843	Greater Japan Women's Society	Enrolled woman who laid aside luxuries in order to support the war effort, somewhat forced	187
9360153844	Nazi "Final Solution"	Hitler's plan to rid the Jewish population in Poland and the Soviet Union through death camps, as well as other "inferior races"	188
9360154446	United Nations	1945; outcome of WW2 that made powerful members agreed to resolve post-war things - especially Soviet/American hostility during the Cold War	189
9360156217	Centralized Economies/Centrally Planned Economies	state controls when and how and what happens, people want freedom	190
9360160486	Total War	War that abandons all rules of warfare	191
9360168390	Invasion of Manchuria	1931; Japanese invasion of Chinese Manchuria	192
9360170878	Russian Bolshevik Revolution	pair of revolutions that broke down the tsarist autocracy and gave rise to the soviet union	193
9360172009	Joseph Stalin	dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign.	194
9360172010	Mao Zedong	Chinese communist revolutionary, poet, political theorist and founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he ruled as the Chairman of the Communist Party of China- pretty rough dude	195
9360172637	Collectivization	process of taking private property and making it public	196
9360175727	NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization - military alliance between North America and Western European countries	197
9360175728	Warsaw Pact	Collective defense among the Soviet Union and surrounding states - opposite of NATO	198
9360176290	Korean and Vietnam Wars	War related to the cold war that took place in Vietnam and Korea. Communist versus anti-communist	199
9377143664	Korean War	The first Hot War of the Cold War it occurred from 1950 to 1953 and it is example of the U.S. policy of containment- citizens took the most damage in this war	200
9360176291	Cuban Missile Crisis	9 Day face off between the US and the Soviet Union where nuclear weaponry was threatened by the SU to attack Cuba	201
9360177395	Non-Alignment	Movement where States consider themselves not aligned with any major power during war	202
9360178191	Military Industrial Complex	A country's military establishment and these industries producing arms or other military materials	203
9360178192	Cold War	1945-1991; War between the Soviet Union and the US where nuclear weaponry was threatened but never actually was launched	204
9360181047	Indian National Congress (INC)	1885; association of English educated Indians from prominent High-caste families who sought inclusion in political Affairs for the better welfare of India. It's succeeded in gaining a peasant following then Gandhi became leader of it and it turned into an organization	205
9360182076	Mohandas Gandhi	English educated lawyer who turned into a nationalist and freedom fighter and then lead political movements. His movement was interesting because he worked to morally transform the lowest caste's standing, he promoted somewhat traditional ideas through nonviolent tactics	206
9360182100	All-India Muslim League	1906; contradiction to INC, demanded separate from Muslim demographics in an effort to preserve their voice in a Hindu majority fought for separate political status	207
9360183169	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	Leader of Muslim League who promoted a separate political status for the Muslim demographic, this resulted in the division of India and the creation of Pakistan and East Pakistan (bangladesh)	208
9360183170	Afrikaner	politically dominant whites in South Africa - struggle existed between them and black South Africans in political and social sphere	209
9360183978	Nelson Mandela	Leader of the ANC during the 1950's and implemented nonviolent civil disobedience in an effort to lessen or end racial segregation. Was arrested as a political prisoner, when Powers address political and racial segregation he was freed and became the country's first black African president	210
9360183979	Apartheid	South African policy or system of discrimination based on race	211
9360185285	African National Congress	1912; led by male, educated Africans who appealed to political powers in an effort to protest apartheid. When Nelson Mandela took over, more radicalism began and therefore change and ensued	212
9360187742	Black Conciousness Movement	Movement towards the empowerment of black Africans during the 1970s to 80s	213
9360192672	Jawaharlal Nehru	leader of INC, caught in the middle of the Gandhi vs Jinnah, first sighted with Gandhi and then later with Jinnah	214
9360192673	Partition		215
9360195006	Salvador Allende and Augusto Pinochet	SA: First Marxist president of Latin American country. AP: Dictator of Chile	216
9360195710	The Brazilian Miracle	period of National Economic growth during rule of Brazilian government	217
9360196475	Mustaga Kermal Ataturk	Turkish army officer and founder of Republic Turkey	218
9360197201	Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlari	Overthrown by Iranian Revolution and tried to westernize	219
9360199133	Augustollah Ruhollah Vhomeini	Iranian Shia Muslim leader and politician	220
9360200864	Anthropocene	Age of man - period where human activity became the major influencer on climate and environment	221
9360200865	Green Revolution	Large increase in Crop Production in developing countries using fertilizers and high yield crops as well as new technology	222
9360201377	Global Warming	Increase in Earth's temperature due to greenhouse gases	223
9360201378	Environmentalism	Movement towards the preservation of the Earth's natural phase	224
9360202884	Rachel Carson- Silent Spring	American biologist and conservationist who wrote Silent Spring and was a key player in the advancement of environmentalism	225
9360202885	Kyoto Protocol	International environmentalist treaty that managed climate changed and the output of greenhouse gases in many countries	226
9360203775	Globalization	Process by which businesses and organizations develop International influence or operation on International scale	227
9360203776	International Monetary Fund	(IMF) Organization headquartered in DC to Foster Global economics - they secured Financial stability and reduced poverty	228
9360204554	Transnational Corporations	(TNC) Enterprises and affiliates foreign powers that control other countries assets	229
9360205324	World Trade Organization	(WTO) Regulates global trade and is a non-governmental organization	230
9360206070	Neo-Colonialism	Occurred in Latin America and was the notion that they were politically free but economically dependent on foreigners such as the US	231
9360207389	Corporate Populism	Government pushes for industrialization through private companies	232
9360208448	Asian Tigers	Affiliation between Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea that made cheap export manufacturers to export goods because they did not have farmland or natural resources available	233
9360208449	Feminsim	Movement that supports women's equal rights and social treatment	234
9360209241	Betty Friedan- Feminine Mystique	Leading advocate for the women's movement and founded NOW and wrote the Feminine Mystique	235
9360209242	Fundementalism	Form of religion that believes in strict rules and the most pure form - opposes modernity	236
9360210569	Wahhabism/Salafism	Islamic Doctrine and movement founded by Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhah as an austere or fundamental movements- opposes idolatry. It is a sect of Islam and has fundamentalist views	237
9360210570	intersectionality	Recognizes that there are multiple pieces of people's Persona and therefore multiple pieces to be oppressed	238

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