| 8468432615 | Hagia Sofia | 1. first one built by Constantine the Great and burnt down during riots due to the exile of John Chrysostom
2.Theodosius II rebuilt it and then it was burnt down again by the Nika revolt
3. Justinian came and suppressed the riots and built a third church ( went through lots of earthquakes and fires nut always rebuilt)
4. Muhammad, had prophesied that the first Muslim to pray in Hagia Sophia would go to paradise. Since then, it was a great ambition for Muslim leaders to get Hagia Sophia. Mehmet II conquered Constantinople and ordered it be converted to a mosque. | | 0 |
| 8468432616 | Justinian's reason to build the Hagia Sofia | he built it to glorify God and strengthen his authority as a ruler
(ruled Byzantine/East Rome) | | 1 |
| 8468432617 | Influences on Byzantine architecture | mainly inspired by Rome, when Justinian rebuilt it and named it Constantinople. Its official language at the time was Latin (rome's main language). Also partly influenced by Greek. Later on influenced by Sassanian and Islamic. | | 2 |
| 8468432618 | Al- andalus | Muslim Spain | | 3 |
| 8468432619 | Rule of Muslim over Spain | 711 muslim forces invaded and conquered Iberian Peninsula. Peaceful civilization. The heartland of Muslim rule was Southern Spain or Andulusia. The name Andalusia comes from the term Al-Andalus used by the Arabs, derived from the Vandals who had been settled in the region. Cordoba | | 4 |
| 8468432620 | Muslim's Spain Influence on Europe | During the high medieval period, the Islamic world was at its cultural peak, supplying information and ideas to Europe, via Andalusia, Sicily and the Crusader kingdoms in the Levant. These included Latin translations of the Greek Classics and of Arabic texts in astronomy, mathematics, science, and medicine. Other contributions included technological and scientific innovations via the Silk Road, including Chinese inventions | | 5 |
| 8468432621 | China's influence in Japan | adopted Chinese script. a strong appeal for both Buddhism and Confucianism, the art of building permanent shrines and temples came from the Chinese approach to Buddhism. Imperial Court form of government in the past, the Japanese Emperor adopted many aspects of the Chinese bureaucracy, including their versions of various titles, ranks and official functions, painting and sculpture was developed to display Buddhist concepts, and that impacted the overall art scene. Paintings done on fine paper in Chinese ink were very popular during the Nara period, including many forms of decorative scrolls. The practice of calligraphy as an art medium also came to Japan. | | 6 |
| 8468432622 | Confucian influence on Chinese life | Basically they just valued education (that's on the test) | | 7 |
| 8468432623 | Chinese trading cities | Long street of trading squares, everyone was welcome like Hindus and Europianz | | 8 |
| 8468432624 | How Europeans obtained Chinese products before Marco Polo | They used Christian missionaries and monks to spread their religion/ or as spies | | 9 |
| 8468432625 | Products coming from China | they received horses, different crops from west (grains), tapestries, blankets and other woven goods from Central Asia and East Mediterranean became popular luxury items. From India, China imported spices, dyes, fabrics and ivory and sent back to the world Chinese paper, bronze ornaments and tea. Animals like sheep, hunting dogs, lions and leopards were also traded | | 10 |
| 8468432626 | Foot binding during the Song Dynasty | binding young girls feet to make them smaller, was a sign of beauty in the upper class. Spread to all social classes later on. Made the patriarchal system grow stronger especially among aristocrats | | 11 |
| 8468432627 | Post classical period gender relations in China and Sub Saharan Africa | eastern europe: women sometimes held higher positioned roles but were still inferior to men. Southeast asia before and during han: women were supposed to be subordinate under their father, husband and eldest son if husband passed away, however, many deviated and joined the workforce in the textile industry: Making silk, porcelain, some became singers, dancers and sorceress. After han: women had higher chances of inheriting property and larger dowries which lead to more controlling of properties. (there was foot binding). In India (hindu) women had an okay place in society because some of their gods were female.During the post-classical period, gender relations in China and the societies of Sub-Saharan Africa were different because some societies in Sub-Saharan Africa were matrilineal and women there were not as restricted as women | | 12 |
| 8468432628 | Spread of Islam in sub Saharan Africa | began in the 7th to 9th century, brought to North Africa initially under the Umayyad Dynasty. Extensive trade networks throughout North and West Africa created a medium through which Islam spread peacefully, initially through the merchant class.early contact of Islam with Africa began during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. | | 13 |
| 8468432629 | How did the elite increase wealth through commercial trading: | traded with other countries and wealthy products such as silk | | 14 |
| 8468432630 | Catholic church rule all over Europe | Very strong rule, monasteries and convents dotted all regions. Pilgrims donated to saints and large cathedrals were built. However there was a decline in the Catholic Church after the Black Death lead to the decline of the feudal system. | | 15 |
| 8468432631 | Thomas Aquinas | medieval scholar, Italian priest, catholic, natural theology | | 16 |
| 8468432632 | William the Conqueror | Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England. | | 17 |
| 8468432633 | Sunni-Shia Split | Shia (majority of Muslims 90% today) believed that Muhammad's decedents should rule
Sunni believe someone should earn the spot off of their characteristics not bloodline | | 18 |
| 8468432634 | Geography of the Arabian Peninsula | Unlikely for the first civilization. Very desert like and very rocky. Not good for agriculture. Mostly for the bedouins and nomads. | | 19 |
| 8468432635 | Significance of the Crusades | :Historians have traditionally bracketed these campaigns between the years 1095, when Pope Urban II preached the First Crusade, and 1291, when the Mamelukes, a caste of Muslim slave soldiers, conquered the city of Acre (Israel), bringing to an end any significant European Christian presence in the Holy Land. Christians fought Muslims for control of jerusalem. | | 20 |
| 8468432636 | Advancements by China | The Four Great Inventions - the compass, gunpowder, papermaking, and printing - were among the most important technological advances, only known to Europe by the end of the Middle Ages 1000 years later. The Tang Dynasty (AD 618-906) in particular, was a time of great innovation. | | 21 |
| 8468432637 | Classical Period influence of Byzantine Empire | Orthodox Christianity, Spread its cultural and political influence to new civilizations in the Balkans and western Russia, Merchants became more important since the eastern Mediterranean had high levels of commerce/trade compare to Rome. | | 22 |
| 8468432638 | Characteristics of split between Orthodox and Latin Church | Roman Catholic- in Latin
Eastern Orthodox- in Greek/local language
RC- Pope=supreme power over bishops & emperors/kings
EO-Patriarch & bishops=group that ruled church, emperor= supreme authority over group
RC- Pope=supreme power over bishops & emperors/kings
EO-Patriarch & bishops=group that ruled church, emperor= supreme authority over group | | 23 |
| 8468432639 | Gender rolls in Christendom | -marriage among non-elites led to smaller and nuclear families
-less harsh discipline of children, more affection btw family members
-women were a common target of witchcraft hysteria | | 24 |
| 8468432640 | Characteristics of Kievan Rus | Contained small slavic groups
Bulgarians adopted slavic culture
Slavs used iron
Animistic religion
Center of trade | | 25 |
| 8468432641 | Effects of Crusades | EURO
- increased trade and economy.
- European merchants and traders decided to travel to Middle East and trade tea, coffee, sugar, spices, silk, cotton, tobacco, and porcelain, among other goods.
-European economy got stronger and stabilized
-undermining of feudalism
ARAB
-further undermined the long tradition of tolerance in the Muslim world
-suffered | | 26 |
| 8468432642 | Life prior to Agricultural Revolution | Each band of hunter-foragers had specific duties assigned to a group of people to make what they needed for survival. However, exchanges in items and ideas between these groups were common. | | 27 |
| 8468432643 | Characteristics of Greek and Mesopotamian city-states | -Each of these city states were fiercly independent and with conflict in neighmors. but they chad common stuff like language. Olympic games in 776 BCE
-Each of these city states were fiercly independent and with conflict in neighmors. but they chad common stuff like language. Olympic games in 776 BCE | | 28 |
| 8468432644 | Initial Writing Systems of all Early Civilizations | Written language, however, does not emerge until its invention in Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, c. 3500 -3000 BCE. This early writing was called cuneiform and consisted of making specific marks in wet clay with a reed implement. The writing system of the Egyptians was already in use before the rise of the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150 BCE) and is thought to have developed from Mesopotamian cuneiform (though this theory is disputed) and came to be known as heiroglyphics. | | 29 |
| 8468432645 | Classical vs Postclassical: How did rulers justify governance? | CLASSICAL
-Leaders who adopted religions were able to use certain codes of that religion to advance their personal agendas, such as justifying wars
-Leaders who adopted religions were able to use certain codes of that religion to advance their personal agendas, such as justifying wars
POST CLASSICAL
-more centralized government | | 30 |
| 8468432646 | Indus Valley Trade | -pottery, dying, metalworking in bronze/copper, bead making
-Jade from himalayas, lapis lazuli from afghanistan, turquoise from Persia.
Made toys and stone sculpture | | 31 |
| 8468432647 | Characteristics of the Caste System | caste system may have developed to establish relationships between Aryan conquerors & indigenous people. Aryan social classes (varnas) enforced divisions famil¬iar in agricultural societies. >> warrior or gov¬erning class- Kshatriyas & priestly class -Brahmans = top of social pyramid, fol¬lowed by traders / farmers -Vaisyas & common laborers- Sudras. A 5th group gradu¬ally evolved, later called untouchables, who were confined to unclean jobs. Gradually five social groups became hereditary, with mar¬riage between castes forbidden & punishable by death; basic castes divided into smaller subgroups, called jati, each with distinctive occupations & each tied to its social station by birth. | | 32 |
| 8468432648 | Compare Confucianism and Hinduism | CONFUCIANISM
-Political and Social philosophy, not a religion
-Family Based (patriarchal: males have higher status)
-Others before you
-Peace (non-agressive fighting)
-Junzi - superior individuals that looked over public affairs but would not allow personal influence
-Ren, Li, Xiao (confucian values)
-Someone is always ranked higher
-Ren - Respectful and loyal
-Li - Treat all humans with courtesy and more respect to elders
-Xiao - Respect family always
-Tolerant
HINDUISM
-Spirituality
-Religious and Social system
-Darma, Karma, Sansera
Darma - Obedience to religious symbols or laws
Karma - Sum of good or bad determines persons next place in life
Sansera - Term of soul migration (incarnation)
-Bhagavad Gita - Book on salvation
-Artha - Pursuit of economical being prosperity
-Kama - Enjoyment of social, physical, and sexual pleasure
-Moksha - Salvation of the soul acheived by meeting caste responsibilities
-Soul cycle
-Caste system: Brahins, Kshatryas, Vaishyas, Shurdras, Untouchables
Brahma - the creator
Life goal of a Hindu is to merge with the Brahma
Vishnu - Preserver of the world (God)
Shiva - God of Fertility and Destruction
-Many cults | | 33 |
| 8468432649 | Confucianism vs Hinduism Simularites | Both Hinduism and Confucianism look into life's meaning and the actions of the people within a society as well as the social structure. Both philosophical systems deal with the aspect of a supreme being and a similar social hierarchy. Both Hinduism and Confucianism look to bettering the lives of the people within them. They look for the common good that will help enforce peace and brotherhood. Both of these belief systems go on a basis of making the people act accordingly helping to run government and set a stable mindset for its people. Both had strict policies of education and life and their social standing. Hinduism was based on it's caste system and hereditary in which the only way to better one's social position is to die with good karma. Confucianism's social hierarchy was based on the educational system and work ethic when it comes to determining a person's positon. | | 34 |
| 8468432650 | Syrian civilization social and cultural practices | Neolithic Era- Syria is part of the Fertile Crescent, and since approximately 10,000 BCE it was one of the centers of Neolithic culture (PPNA) where agriculture and cattle breeding appeared for the first time in the world.
Persian Syria-In 539 BCE, Cyrus the Great, King of Achaemenid Persians, took Syria as part of his empire. Due to Syria's location on the Eastern Mediterranean coast, its navy fleet, and abundant forests; Persians showed great interest in easing control while governing the region. Thus, the indigenous Phoenicians paid a much lesser annual tribute which was only 350 talent compared to Egypt's tribute of 700 talents.
Medieval Era-In 634-640, Syria was conquered by the Muslim Arabs in the form of the Rashidun army led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, resulting in the region becoming part of the Islamic empire. In the mid-7th century, the Umayyad dynasty, then rulers of the empire, placed the capital of the empire in Damascus. Syria was divided into four districts: Damascus, Homs, Palestine and Jordan. The Islamic empire expanded rapidly and at its height stretched from Spain to India and parts of Central Asia; thus Syria prospered economically, being the centre of the empire. | | 35 |
| 8468432651 | Hinduism Social Systems | Caste systems labeled were people were in social and class standings, leaders at the top, and the untouchables at the bottom | | 36 |
| 8468432652 | Buddhism Social Systems | No caste system, instead a egalitarian society, There are only two religiously important social groups: the monks, who have dedicated their lives to full time pursuit of religious goals, and everyone else. The monks, as a group, are called the sangha (sometimes spelled samgha). The non-monks are referred to as the lay people, or, the laity, for short. | | 37 |
| 8468432653 | Christianity Social System | males reinterpret Bible to placerestrictions on women | | 38 |
| 8468432654 | Judaism Social Systems | Judaism is not hierarchical. The local synagogue is at the heart of Jewish religious activity, led by a rabbi (teacher). ... Rabbis carry considerable authority within their stream of Judaism | | 39 |
| 8468432655 | Islam Social Systems | All man created equal, importance of family | | 40 |
| 8468432656 | Vedic religions | oldest stratum of religious activity in India for which there exist written materials. It was one of the major traditions that shaped Hinduism | | 41 |
| 8468432657 | Daoism | Daoism, also spelled Taoism, indigenous religio-philosophical tradition that has shaped Chinese life for more than 2,000 years. In the broadest sense, a Daoist attitude toward life can be seen in the accepting and yielding, the joyful and carefree sides of the Chinese character, an attitude that offsets and complements the moral and duty-conscious, austere and purposeful character ascribed to Confucianism. Daoism is also characterized by a positive, active attitude toward the occult and the metaphysical (theories on the nature of reality), whereas the agnostic, pragmatic Confucian tradition considers these issues of only marginal importance, although the reality of such issues is, by most Confucians, not denied.
More Info- | | 42 |
| 8468432658 | Economic system in Western Europe during medieval times | :Manorialism- also called manorial system, seignorialism, or seigneurial system, political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord. Its basic unit was the manor, a self-sufficient landed estate, or fief, that was under the control of a lord who enjoyed a variety of rights over it and the peasants attached to it by means of serfdom. The manorial system was the most convenient device for organizing the estates of the aristocracy and the clergy in the Middle Ages in Europe, and it made feudalism possible. Under other names the manorial system was found not only in France, England, Germany, Italy, and Spain but also in varying degrees in the Byzantine Empire, Russia, Japan, and elsewhere. The manorial system importance as an institution varied in different parts of Europe at different times. In western Europe it was flourishing by the 8th century and had begun to decline by the 13th century, while in eastern Europe it achieved its greatest strength after the 15th century. | | 43 |
| 8468432659 | Difference between Western Europe and Byzantium empire | Compare-1. Among the major similarities between Byzantine Empire and the medieval society in Europe was the existence of a dominant religion which was Christianity. At the time of the rule of the Romans, Christianity was legalized by Emperor Constantine. This outlawed torment and punishments for those who acknowledged Christianity as their faith. Through this legalization, Christianity spread at a very fast rate across the society of Europe.By the time when Constantine died and the Roman Empire collapsed, people believed in the existence of one God and Christian faith became a dominant religion among the European society in the medieval times and within the Byzantine Empire. Christianity had a vital role to play in the definition of the Byzantine government as well as the European society in the medieval times. Patriarchs influenced governance directly in Byzantine Empire. The Pope in Medieval Europe was considered as the highest religious authority with powers and influence in matters of politics (Cooper, 2008).2. The medieval society in Europe as well as the Byzantine Empire saw themselves as the Romans. Citizens in these empires called themselves Romans. Latin was instituted by their governments as their official language. In terms of culture, hippodrome was the circuses of both entities. They were also characterized by horse races and gladiatorial fights. Additionally, Byzantine emperors as well as the emperors of the other medieval faction in Europe had Caesar as their title. The noble class was not recognized in the empires before the introduction of the feudal system within the medieval Europe although the distinction of this class was clear in these societies (Cooper, 2008)
Contrast-1.In regards to governance, Byzantine Empire had a centralized system. The empire was ruled by an Emperor with authority that came from God. A religious ceremony was held to crown this leader. This implies that the religious and political powers of the emperor were unconditional. Contrary to a centralized governance in the Byzantine Empire, the society of the medieval Europe formed several and different regional kingdoms after the decline of the Roman Empire. Although the leaders of these kingdoms were their ultimate rulers, their political power was shared with powerful nobles. Additionally, the religious powers of the pope reigned over these kingdoms. Pope also had political influence because it was claimed that his ruling authority came from God. Therefore, the Pope was responsible for bestowing authority to the secular rulers (Spielvogel, 2009).2.In terms of daily operations, the empire had trained bureaucrats who were appointed on meritocracy basis. These assisted in governance. The systems of the medieval kingdoms were relatively decentralized with local authorities' leadership. These authorities comprised of the nobles who claimed authority on the basis of the ownership of land. Therefore, the nobles performed duties that included initiating projects, taxation and formulating laws. People acquired these positions on the basis of nobility titles, privileges and birth places. There were times when kings' authority was not recognized by the nobles. In Byzantine Empire, regions were known as theme. The military under the Emperor's instructions governed them (Spielvogel, 2009).3.Although the Europe society during the medieval times and Byzantine Empire were mostly Christian societies, the religion also divided these societies. The Patriarch and the Pope clashed on issues of who possessed the greatest authority and power in interpreting religious practices within the church. The clash led to Great Schism which split the church. Catholic Church was retained by the medieval society in Europe and the Byzantine Empire formed the Orthodox Church (Spielvogel, 2009).4.There were different economies for the medieval society in Europe as well as the Byzantine Empire. Manorialism was practiced by the medieval society. This included economies that were based on agriculture and this minimized trade outside Europe. The Byzantine Empire possessed the bridge that linked Europe to the other parts of the globe. This created an avenue for international trade which was transacted via the bridge. This made Byzantine Empire the richest in Europe (Holmes, 2001). | | 44 |
| 8468432660 | Justinian's biggest accomplishments | Hagia Sophia, Justinian codified Roman Law. He unified law in order to organize the empire. | | 45 |
| 8468432661 | Importance of cities for Islam | Cities started out as military stations but grew and urbanized into centers for Muslim cultural activities. This urban growth also affected the countryside by expanding the consumer market. Science and technology also grew. | | 46 |
| 8468432662 | How Africa contributed to Indian Ocean trade | The peoples of Sudanic West Africa; metals were traded for gold, cotton textiles, and a variety of food products AND IVORY | | 47 |
| 8468432663 | Cultural similarities within Africa | because: based on linguistic evidence, the Bantu migrated across sub- Saharan Africa. | | 48 |
| 8468432664 | Ghana versus Mali similarities | The economiv basis of society was agriculture, and was combined with active trade in many products, and, like Ghana, Mali depended on its access to gold-produsing areas to the south | | 49 |
| 8468432665 | Spread of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa | gradual conversion in various parts of Africa | | 50 |
| 8468432666 | Exchange between Vietnam and Tang China | Vietnam adopted Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism; exams art, and literature styles from China. Vietnam participates in the tribute system | | 51 |
