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Contemporary Era AP World History Set 3 (Cards 25-33) Flashcards

7090560511	Cold War	-Post WWII struggle/competition between the communist and democratic nations after World War II, the tension between the US and its western European allies (North Atlantic Treaty Org.) and the Soviet Union and its eastern European satellite states (Warsaw Pact). -saw massive spending in the military-industrial complex on both sides, creating economic issues & debt -Nonproliferation: the prevention of an increase or spread of something, especially the number of countries possessing nuclear weapons. -Berlin Wall: In 1961, the Soviet Union barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989. -Détente: relaxation of tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the early 1970s; limiting of nuclear weapons, expanded trade with the Soviet Union, and President Nixon's trips to China and Russia.	0
7100699452	Marshall Plan	-US program of economic aid designed to promote the recovery of war-torn Europe while also preventing the spread of Soviet influence; part of the Truman Doctrine (providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology) and the US policy of containment (designed to contain or block the spread of Soviet policy) -increased American political and economic influence in Western and Southern Europe; Greece and Turkey were the first nations to be spared Soviet control as a result.	1
7100725724	United Nations	-organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security; replaced the weaker League of Nations. -U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights: passed in 1948; promotes personal rights & freedoms; condemns harsh treatment and limits imposed on individual liberties	2
7100734193	Space Race	-competition of space exploration between the US and USSR; continuation of arms race; -began when USSR launched first satellite, "Sputnik", in 1957 -Apollo 11: program of manned space flights led to this 1st mission to land on the Moon, 1969	3
7100742278	Proxy Wars	-during the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants.	4
7100745969	Korean War (1950-1953)	-conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea, the United Nations (led by the US) helped South Korea; ended in stalemate with the peninsula divided at the 38th parallel (Soviet Union occupied the north and United States occupied the south, during the Cold War); demilitarized zone: N & S separated by a buffer zone where no military forces or weapons are allowed -US investment in S Korea made it an economic powerhouse	5
7100859981	Vietnam War (1954-1975)	-began as a rebellion against French rule in the 1940s -civil war between the communist armies of North Vietnam (led by Ho Chi Minh) who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the US; On April 30, 1975 the N. Vietnamese unified the state under a communist regime; the U.S. sustained its first loss to communism in Vietnam and to this day the state remains under the same communist regime.; led to massive emigration; destabilized much of SE Asia -Thich Quang Duc: a Vietnamese Buddhist monk who fought against the persecution of Buddhist in South Vietnam; his act of lighting himself a blaze increased internal pressure of leader Ngo Dinh Diem and led to nation wide raids resulting in Diem's assassination (1963)	6
7100894414	Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)	-Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba. -Cuba permitted USSR to build nuclear missile bases in Cuba. 90 miles away from the U.S.A. -US demanded removal of nuclear weapons from Cuba and set up a naval blockade that cut off Cuba from the Soviet Union -Soviets agreed on two conditions—the United States would remove missiles from Turkey within six months and would not invade Cuba	7
7100906165	Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)	-nine-year conflict involving Soviet forces supporting the Marxist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan government against the Mujahideen resistance (backed by the US and others) -Détente with the US deteriorated as a result -Soviet withdrawal, 1989; contributed to the collapse of the USSR -the Taliban gained control of Afghanistan in 1994	8

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AP world history chap 2-3 test Flashcards

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4838451030	Planned cities and standardized weights and measures suggest that Harrapan civilization was this	Centralized and structured	0
4838451031	Control over trade in these was essential to Harrapan economic power	Gemstones	1
4838451032	Because it was less prone to monsoon flooding, Harrapan civilizations formed along this river	Indus	2
4838451033	China idealized rule by these	Sage kings	3
4838451034	The lack of _________ indicates a major indifference between Harrapan social structures, and those of other civilizations	Palaces	4
4838451035	Pastoralists relied on this kind of society for food and goods	Urban	5
4838451036	What caused pastoralists to migrate into river valley population centers?	Climate change	6
4838451037	The Vedic people were able to conquer the Indus Valley largely due to these two technologies	Chariots and iron weapons	7
4838451038	The settlements of Austronesia and the Aegean shared these characteristics	Islands and isolation	8
4838451039	Austronesian settlements were characterized by	Pottery, stone tools, and domesticated pigs	9
4838451040	A cause for the emergence of states in Mesopotamia in Egypt may have been the need to grant rulers authority over this	Irrigation	10
4838451041	Scribes in both Mesopotamia and Egypt had this status	High (powerful)	11
4838451042	Egypt, unlike Mesopotamia, lacked this	Fertile hinderland	12
4838451043	Mesopotamian families were	Patriarchal	13
4838451044	Writing systems such as cuneiform and hieroglyphics had this effect on the power of urban elites	They enhanced it	14
4838451045	Cities relied on hinterlands for these	Raw materials	15
4838451046	The use of the plough and wheeled vehicles formed the basis of a common culture in this region	Northern Europe	16
4838451047	China's Shang Dynasty encouraged agriculture with these policies	Draaining low-lying lands and clearing forests	17
4838451048	While cities did not emerge in the Americas and Sub- Saharan Africa, both experienced this	Population growth	18
4838451049	Urban development was slow in this region because geographic obstacles led to scattered settlements	Aegean	19
4838451050	Bronze metallurgy was introduced to China by this kind of society	Pastoralist	20
4838451051	Unlike most territorial states, Shang China lacked these	Clearly defined borders and a capital	21
4838451052	Territorial states developed these to rule over distant hinterlands	Bureacracies and legal codes	22
4838451053	Because it was easy to smelt and shape, artisans especially valued this metal	Copper	23
4838451054	This was a defining characteristic of the Code of Hammurabi	Punishment reflecting the severity of the crime	24
4838451055	Why were many Afro- Eurasian cities founded in river valleys?	Being close to a source of water is important for agriculture	25
4838451056	What effect did agricultural surpluses have on labor?	Greater devisions of labor such as pottery and textile weaving	26
4838451057	Why was copper an especially valued commodity in early Afro- Eurasian cities?	It is easily smeted and shaped and becane the meatl of choice for charms, sculptures, and valued commodities	27
4838451058	What are pastoralists?	Nomadic animal hearders who lived in pastoral communities	28
4838451059	What was the relationship between pastoralists and city dwellers?	They lived longside eachother. Pastoralists bartered animal products and meats for pottery, grains, and tools produced in agritarian communities	29
4838451060	Describe the links between early cities and rural areas	Both wys of life were independant and remained linked through family ties, trade, politics, and religion	30
4838451061	Describe Mesopotamian social hierarchies	Ruling groups secured their privelaged acess to economic and political resouces by erecting systems of bureacracies	31
4838451062	Describe the woman's role in the family in Mesopotamia	- the family consisted of the husband and wife bounded by contract - wife would provide children ( preferably male) - daughters would receive dowries necessary for succesful marriages into other families	32
4838451063	What effect did the development of cuneiform have on the power of Mesopotamian elites?	Enhanced the urban elite's ability to trade goods, control property, and transmit ideas through literature, historical records, and sacred texts	33
4838451064	How was Egypt similar to Mesopotamia?	densely populated areas whose inhabitants depended on irrigation, bulit monumental agriculture, gave their rulers immence authority, and created a complex social ordrer based on commercial and developemental centers	34
4838451065	Describe the geography of the Nile river valley. How did it affect Egypt's development?	- sluggish river that cuts through the saharan desert and stretches 4238 miles - good land for agriculture of silt - annual floods gave regular moisture and enriched the soil.	35
4838451066	What was an important difference between Mesopotamian and Egyptian rulers?	- in egypt the kind is a pharoh who is semi divine - in mesopotamia the king is a priest at the top of the class pyramid	36
4838451067	What were the similarities between scribal culture in Egypt and Mesopotamia?	Writing emerged in response to economic news, so people soon grasped its utility for commemorative and religious purposes. As soon as literacy took hold, they both were drafting historical records and literary compositions	37
4838451068	Why did civilizations in South Asia emerge in the Indus River valley and not in the Ganges?	The melting snows in the Himilayas watered the semitropical Indus Valley ensuring vegitation. The region did not suffer the yearly monsoon downpours that flooded the Ganges plain	38
4838451069	What is a citadel?	Likely centers of political and rural activites	39
4838451070	What characteristics of the Indus Valley cities lead scholars to theorize that Harrapan civilization was centralized and structured?	There was enough water, land, and tools for vegetation. Researchers also found evidence of furrows, probably made by plowing. This suggests farmers were cultivating harvests that yeilded surplus that allowed many inhabitants to specialize in other activities	40
4838451071	What valuable South Asian commodity did Harrapan civilization's trade highly rely on?	Their imperitive access to the sea and invaluable raw materials	41
4838451072	How were Harrapan cities different from Mesopotamian and Egyptian cities?	Harrapans did not have king lists and may not have had kings at all. They also didn't build palaces or grand royal tombs.	42
4838451073	How did bronze metallurgy first arrive in China?	The nomads brought innovations including bronze to China	43
4838451074	What did China's social and political system idealize?	Past tradition represented by sage kings which later ages emulated	44
4838451075	What were the elements of northern Europe's common material culture?	Based on agriculture, the hearding of cattle for meat, the use of plough, and the use of wheeled vehicles and metal tools and weapons mainly of copper	45
4838451076	What demographic trends characterized both sub- Saharan Africa and the Americas at the time civilizations were emerging in Afro- Eurasia?	The population grew but did not concentrate in urban communities	46
4838451077	How did climate change affect the relationship between pastoral people's and civilizations?	It caused a constant need for water. The pastoral peoples set out to the main cities in search of better land, but they ended up challenging the religious leaders from these cities. They introduced the cities to chariots for war, so the cities copied them	47
4838451078	What is a hinterland?	The outlying area of a city surrounding its borders	48
4838451079	What features distinguished territorial states from city states?	- defined borders - bureacracy - capital	49
4838451080	What principal did Hammurabi's code reflect?	Early beliefs of revenge and apparent " equality"	50
4838451081	What is the name of the pastoralist invaders of the Indus River valley?	Aryans; Vedic people	51
4838451082	Why were the Aryans able to conquer the Indus River valley?	Chariots and iron weapons	52
4838451083	How was the Shang state different from states in Mesopotamia and Egypt?	Fertile hinterlands	53
4838451084	What agricultural activities did Shang elites promote?	Farmers cleared land and drained swamps for more crops	54
4838451085	Define divination	Seeking predictions or answers for supernatural means	55
4838461330	What dominated social development in Europe	Warfare	56

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AP WORLD HISTORY UNIT 4 Flashcards

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8189665813	Colombian Exchange	widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World	0
8189668111	Merchantislim	national economic policy designed to maximize the trade of a nation and, historically, to maximize the accumulation of gold and silver.	1
8189673518	Encomienda	Spanish ruler choose certain Spanish people to give a certain amount of Native Americans to	2
8189683482	Repartimiento	more power to Spanish crown (ruler) and their officials	3
8189686909	Hacienda	owners of large estates employee native workers	4
8189730925	peninsulares	Spaniard's born in Spain	5
8189725470	Creoles	Spaniard's born in Americans	6
8189737675	Mestizos and Mestizas	Indian and Spainard	7
8189742941	castas	system of race classification in Hispanic America	8
8447359500	Catherine the Great	empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796 the country's longest-ruling female leader	9
8447364575	Peter the Great	ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May 1682	10
8447367186	Treaty of Nerchinsk	peace settlement between Russia and the Manchu Chinese empire that checked Russia's eastward expansion by removing its outposts from the Amur River basin.	11
8447367187	Akbar	third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605	12
8447370357	Aurangzeb	sixth Mughal emperor. His reign lasted for 49 years from 1658 until his death in 1707	13
8447372674	devshirme	sultan would collect Christian boys from the Balkans and turn them into his slaves.	14
8447376817	Trading Post Empire	establishment where the trading of goods took place;	15
8447376818	Cartaz	naval trade license or pass issued by the Portuguese in the Indian ocean during the sixteenth century	16
8447383111	British East India Company EIC	an English and later British formed to pursue trade in the West Indies	17
8447386784	Dutch and India Company (VOC)	founded in 1621 mainly to carry on economic warfare against Spain and Portugal by striking at their colonies in the West Indies and South America and on the west coast of Africa.	18
8447389659	Tokugawa Shogunate	was the last feudal Japanese military government, which existed between 1600 and 1868. The head of government was the shogun, and each was a member of the Tokugawa clan	19
8447397665	Manila	the capital of the Philippines	20
8447397666	Potosi	a mountain and working silver mine south of the city	21
8447400291	Middle Passage	the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.	22
8447403052	African disapora	refers to the communities throughout the world that have resulted by descent from the movement in historic times of peoples from Africa	23
8447406733	Origin of the Word "slave"	comes from slavic	24
8447410380	Cowie shells	were used for Chines currency	25
8447444686	Queen Nzunga	17th-century queen of the Ndongo and Matamba Kingdoms of the Mbundu people in Angola	26
8447449864	Suleiman Diallo	Muslim who was a victim of the Atlantic slave trade.	27
8447456371	Martin Luther	German, and wrote the Ninety Five Theses and nailed it on to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church.	28
8447456372	Huguenots	is a group of French Protestants who follow the Reformed traditio	29
8447467229	Peace of Westphalia	was a series of peace treaties effectively ending the European wars of religion	30
8447469600	Council of Trent	an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation	31
8447474931	Society of Jesus	scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain.	32
8447478729	Taki Onqoy movement	was a millenarian indigenous movement of political, religious and cultural dimensions which arose in the Peruvian Andes during the 16th century	33
8447480983	Virigin of Guadalupe	a Catholic title of the Blessed Virgin Mar	34
8447483144	Matteo Ricci	an Italian Jesuit priest and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China missions.	35
8447486731	Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab	a religious leader and theologian from Najd in central Arabia who founded the movement now called Wahhabism	36
8447491130	Muhhammad Ibn Saud	he founder of the First Saudi State and the Saud dynasty,	37
8447494387	Kaozheng	a school and approach to study and research in China from about 1600 to 1850.	38
8447497612	Bhakti movement	theistic devotional trend that emerged in medieval Hinduism	39

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Ap World History Chapter 13 Flashcards

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7401406601	Renissance	Rebirth; refers to a period that followed the middle ages. (1300-1570)	0
7401406602	guilds	An association of people who gather for some common purpose, usually economic. Formed in order to protect and further the members' professional interests and for mutual aid.	1
7401406603	Hanseatic League	established in 1358, it controlled trade throughout much of northern Europe.	2
7401406604	Putting out system	employers provide employees with raw materials and the orders for turning them into finished products.	3
7401406605	Ghetto	The part of a city to which a particular group is confined for its living space. Named from an area across from an iron foundry in the sixteenth century.	4
7401406606	St. Thomas Aquinas	one of the greatest theologians that lived in the 1200's. helped develop scholastic theology, wrote 5 proofs of existence	5
7401406607	Black Death	A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351	6
7401473929	Medieval	Another name for the Middle Ages.	7
7401479212	Giovanni Boccaccio	man who tells the stories of 10 people during the Plague in Italy called the Decameron	8
7401481151	Ciompi	the lowest class of workers in Florence that revolted and ultimately were defeated	9
7401483268	Humanism	Cultural movement initiated in western Europe in the 14th century deriving from the rediscovery and study of greek and roman literary texts.	10
7401489291	Giovanni Pico della Mirandola	A humanist from Florence that wrote the important of the human mind.	11
7401489292	Masaccio	He used light and dark imagery to illustrate different feelings and emotions	12
7401493503	Jan van Eyck	Flemish painter who focused on landscapes and everyday life	13
7401497073	Medici	Banking family, controlled Republic of Florence	14
7435419478	Michelangelo	the renaissance artist (1475-1564), painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel	15
7435437907	Leonardo da Vinci	the renaissance artist (1452-1519), Painted the Mona Lisa	16
7435452150	Niccolò Machiavelli	(1469-1527) Author of The Prince.	17
7435480752	Caravel	a small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries.	18
7435484957	Astrolabe	An instrument for determining the positions and movements of heavenly bodies	19
7435489433	Ptolemy	Egyptian scientist who believed in geocentric theory	20
7435496023	Johannes Gutenberg	(1390-1486) German inventor who invented the movable type printing press	21
7435505409	Double-entry bookkeeping	recorded as two separate entries to maintain balance shown in the accounting equation	22
7435514529	Prince Henry the Navigator	Sponsor of voyages along West African coasts 1418. (1394-1460)	23
7435518449	Bartolomeu Dias	a Portuguese explorer, first to sail around the southern tip of Africa. (1450-1500)	24
7435521018	Christopher Columbus	He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India. (1451-1506)	25
7435526100	Amerigo Vespucci	Florentine navigator who explored the coast of South America (1454-1512)	26
7435529680	Martin Waldseemüller	German cartographer. credited with the first recorded usage of the word America, on the 1507 map Universalis Cosmographia in honour of the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci. (1470-1520)	27
7435550328	Gerardus Mercator	published map with north and south america as 2 separate continents. (1512-1594)	28
7435550424	Vasco Núñez de Balboa	Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513 (1479-1519)	29
7435574433	Ferdinand Megellan	-Reached Asia by circumnavigating the globe (1480-1521)	30

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Chapter 24 (AP World History) Flashcards

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9283288738	Abstract painting	a painting that avoids concrete shapes and instead focuses on lines and colors	0
9283292249	Anti-Semitism	A mindset that people of Jewish heritage were inferior to other races	1
9283295480	Anticlericalism	Opposition to church leaders for their alleged influence in political and social affairs	2
9283295481	Cubism	A style of art in which the subject matter is portrayed by geometric forms, especially cubes	3
9283297435	Economic imperialism	One country controls key aspects of another country's economy	4
9283300065	Impressionism	a style of art where painters try to catch visual impressions made by color, light, and shadows	5
9283302196	Modernism	A trend that emphasized science and secular values over traditional ideas about religion	6
9283304234	New imperialism	The late-nineteenth-century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad.	7
9283307176	Pogroms	Organized acts of persecution or massacre of a specific group of people, particularly the Jews	8
9283312353	Psychoanalysis	A method of studying how the mind works and treating mental disorders; developed by Sigmund Freud	9
9283314258	Relativity theory	According to relativity theory, neither time nor space is absolute but relative to the observer.	10
9283318236	Samurai	Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.	11
9283320043	Shogun	A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name	12
9283322661	Social Darwinism	The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.	13
9283331834	Transformism	The theory that societies evolve gradually	14
9283335232	Volkish thought	A combination of folklore, occultism, romanticism, and ethnic nationalism; could be considered the cornerstone of the ideological foundation of the National Socialist German Workers' Party under Adolf Hitler	15
9283347737	Zionism	A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.	16

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AP World History: Benchmark Part II Flashcards

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8791622073	Explain why sailing in the Indian Ocean was much easier and safer than sailing across the Atlantic Ocean.	The Indian Ocean was easier to sail due to its seasonal winds such as the Monsoon winds.	0
8791622074	Identify the Asian vessels that sailed in the Indian Ocean.	Junks were the Asian vessels that sailed in the Indian Ocean.	1
8791622075	Identify the two European nations that initiated a maritime revolution.	Portugal and Spain were the two European nations.	2
8791622076	Identify the factors that contributed to the motivation for Latin European expansion to the New World.	European conquest of the New World was motivated by European nation-states' need to gain increasingly scarce resources.	3
8791622077	Identify the two factors that contributed to the emergence of Spain as one of the most powerful European states in the 16th century.	Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castile and Christopher Columbus voyaging to the Americas were the two factors that contributed to the emergence of Spain.	4
8791622078	Explain why Italian states did not lead European exploration.	The Italian states had a treaty with the muslims that allowed them to be able to trade my land. The Italian ships were also ill suited for the Atlantic hurricanes.	5
8791622079	Identify an example of early motivation for Portuguese maritime exploration.	To get to India in order to set a trade route for the spice trade.	6
8791622080	After initial explorations of Africa, identify the eventual goal of Portuguese explorers.	Gain access to the Sub-Saharan gold trade.	7
8791622081	Identify the technologies and intellectual breakthroughs that contributed to European exploration.	The technologies and intellectual breakthroughs were compasses, better maps, and improved ships.	8
8791622082	Prince Henry the Navigator	Explored Africa's West Coast	9
8791622083	Vasco de Gama	the first European to reach India by sea.	10
8791622084	Christopher Columbus	the first European to reach the Americas	11
8791622085	Hernan Cortes	a Spanish Conquistador and led to the fall of the Aztec Empire.	12
8791622086	Bartolomeu Dias	a portuguese explorer to tried to sail to the India but failed halfway.	13
8791622087	Explain the significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas.	The Treaty of Tordesillas re-established the line 370 leagues (1,770 km) west of the Cape Verde Islands. It was evident that little exploration had taken place at the time the treaty was signed because Spain was granted a much larger portion of land. Portugal was only given possession of Brazil.	14
8791622088	Explain the results of Portuguese domination of Indian Ocean trade routes.	Considerable Portuguese profit, that they charged a lower price for pepper then venice or genoa,that more spices and luxury goods were shipped to europe and little impact on the african and asian mainlands	15
8791622089	Contrast the patterns of Spanish and Portuguese expansion.	The Spanish Empire was a territorial Empire while the Portuguese empire was a trading Empire. Portuguese had colonies in Africa, Asia and parts of the new world. From conquest and trade in these regions the Portuguese became a major trading nation. Spanish expeditions took control over vast amounts of land in the Americas including Peru, Mexico, the Caribbean, and parts of southern US. From conquering the natives in the Americas, Conquistadors found gold, treasure, chocolate, spices, slave labor, wine, tobacco, and sugar.	16
8791622090	Identify the causes of the Columbian Exchange.	The Columbian Exchange took place as a result of the European colonization of the Americas. The transfer of culture and biology between the Old and New World that characterizes the exchange began when Christopher Columbus arrived in the Caribbean Islands in 1492.	17
8791622091	Identify and explain the environmental and demographic effects of the Columbian Exchange.	Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life. Beginning after Columbus' discovery in 1492 the exchange lasted throughout the years of expansion and discovery. The Columbian Exchange impacted the social and cultural makeup of both sides of the Atlantic.	18
8791622092	Describe the purpose of the Enlightenment movement and its relationship to the Scientific Revolution.	European politics, philosophy, science and communications were radically reoriented during the course of the "long 18th century" (1685-1815) as part of a movement referred to by its participants as the Age of Reason, or simply the Enlightenment. ... The Enlightenment ultimately gave way to 19th-century Romanticism. Enlightenment stressed looking at things from a scientific perspective. The scientific revolution allowed enlightenists to use their senses to discover new things about the world around them, and was the introduction of the scientific method to solve problems.	19
8791622093	Explain the role of women in the Enlightenment.	Although the role of women in the Enlightenment has long been debated, there are still constants that many agree on. Salons were new for the time with women socializing and discussing enlightenment ideas, furthering their roles in society and creating stepping stones for future progress.	20
8791622094	Briefly describe John Locke's views on the source of power within a government.	He argued that people have rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property, that have a foundation independent of the laws of any particular society. Locke used the claim that men are naturally free and equal as part of the justification for understanding legitimate political government as the result of a social contract where people in the state of nature conditionally transfer some of their rights to the government in order to better ensure the stable, comfortable enjoyment of their lives, liberty, and property. Since governments exist by the consent of the people in order to protect the rights of the people and promote the public good, governments that fail to do so can be resisted and replaced with new governments.	21
8791622095	Identify the factors that influenced the development of Enlightenment thought.	The Enlightenment influenced society in the areas of politics, philosophy, religion and the arts. Both the American and French Revolutions were based on Enlightenment ideals.	22
8791622096	Explain the relationship between absolutism and the divine right of kings.	Absolutism is a system in which one person (the monarch) personally holds all governmental power. There are no checks on the monarch's power as there would be in a constitutional monarchy or in a feudal system (where the king's rule depends to some extent on the consensus of his barons). People often refer to Louis XIV and the Russian tsars as absolute monarchs. The divine right of kings is the belief that the monarch rules "by the grace of God." Thus, he is not just the ruler because of accident of birth or because of military might but because he was elected by God to rule as king. You can see how these would be related. The latter doctrine (divine right of kings) can be used to justify the former (a system where the king holds absolute power).	23
8791622097	Identify the factor that led to the English Civil War.	Religion was a major cause of the English Civil War. It was part of a Europe wide conflict between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. At the start of his reign (1625) King Charles I had married the Roman Catholic Henrietta Maria of France.	24
8791622098	Explain the significance of Oliver Cromwell.	Born in 1599, a member of the lesser gentry who later became a leading figure in the English Civil War and in the non-monarchic government that replaced the regime of the beheaded King Charles I. He was Lord Protector of England from 1653 until his death in September 1658.	25
8791622099	Explain the relationship between the Glorious Revolution and the English Bill of Rights.	The English Bill of Rights moved the English people from being subjects under the rule of one king to free people with rights under the government. The Bill of Rights was the first step towards what would come to be known as the English Constitution. The bill was passed after James II abandoned the throne during the Revolution of 1688, which occurred due to his abuse of power. The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III, Prince of Orange.	26
8791622100	Explain the significance of the Versailles palace in France.	The Palace of Versailles is the central part of a complex that housed the French government, most notably its royalty, during the reigns of Louis XIV (France's famed "Sun King"), Louis XV and Louis XVI. After the French Revolution in 1789, it ceased to be a permanent royal residence.	27
8791622101	Identify the economic problems Russia faced during the time of Mongol domination.	The impact of the Mongol rule in Russia was that the Russian people turned into a highly monastic people, the country was divided and made weaker, it was protected from powerful neighbors such as Hungary and Poland and was kept from western Europe influences such as the Renaissance. The highly monastic people were a direct result of the crushing severity of the Mongol rule that led people to look within themselves for a divine purpose for their suffering.	28
8791622102	Describe the state of the Russian economy following the expulsion of the Mongols.	Russia had become a more purely agricultural economy, dependent on peasant labor.	29
8791622103	Evaluate the extent of westernization reforms made by Peter the Great and Catherine the Great.	It expanded their empire without becoming a Western society. During the reign of Peter the Great, Russia imitated the way the west ran from economy to culture. She patronized the art, architecture, and even brought the idea of the French Enlightenment.	30
8791622104	Describe the relationship between the following: the Tsar, Nobility, and the Serfs.	During 17th and 18th c. power of nobility over serfs increases steadily. The people in charge of the noble were the Tsar following expulsion of Tatars, Russian peasants fall into debt must accept servile status Retained access to land, but not ownership Government encouraged this process as a way to satisfy nobility	31
8791622105	Explain why the Russian government played a greater role in economic development when compared to Western governments.	Because of the absence of a merchant class, the Russian government played a greater role than was common in Western states.	32
8791622106	Identify the factors motivated Russia's territorial expansion.	to find a path of "least resistance" to expand and get more resources--in this case Siberia had lots of animals with profitable fur to sell	33

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AP World History Quarter 3 Flashcards

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9154862602	What crises was Eurasia recovering from in the 1400's?	the black plauge	0
9154865294	Who was Zheng He and why did his expeditions stop?	- he went on voyages in the Indian Ocean Basin and liberally dispensed gifts of Chinese silk, porcelain, and other goods. In return, he received, for example, African zebras and giraffes - the Chinese stopped supporting Zheng He's voyages because they wanted their expenses to be devoted to agriculture	1
9154871869	European state building?	the smaller European states began to centralize	2
9154871870	What was the Renaissance?	it was a time that represented a "rebirth" in Western Europe - trade - population - learning - emphasis on classics	3
9154878706	What is humanism?	a movement that focused on the achievements of mankind and celebrated their abilities and triumphs as signs of their connections with God	4
9154882744	What were the motivations for European maritime exploration?	- wealth, new land, new foods, and more goods (leads to wealth) - spread of Christianity - sailing is cheaper because you don't have to pay the person whose land you are traveling though	5
9154886782	Compare and contrast Spanish and Portuguese exploration	the Spanish went west to Asia (believing that the earth was round) and the Portuguese went around Africa (believing that the earth was flat	6
9154888368	What direction did Portuguese exploration go in?	south around Africa and then east to the Indian Ocean	7
9154892179	What did Vasco da Gama and Bartolomeu Diaz do?	they went on voyages and were able to discover/create new trade routes which introduced societies to foreign products	8
9154895429	What were Volta do Mar's?	monsoons that helped people further understand wind patterns which improved maritime voyages	9
9154898328	Who was Christopher Columbus and what did he do?	- discovered America while on the search for a western trade route to Asia - he suggested that sailing west would be more profitable than sailing east	10
9154900922	Who was Ferdinand Magellan?	on his voyage, he was able to complete the first circumnavigation around the world	11
9154903246	How was Russian exploration different from other European countries?	rather than focusing on exploring the seas, Russia (who was landlocked and missed out on the Renaissance thanks to the Mongols so they didn't have as much technology) focused on exploring lands near them and expanding their borders	12
9155425076	Who was the "second wave" of European Explorers ie: what two countries followed Spain and Portugal in the exploration game?	the English, the Dutch, and France	13
9155428339	How was the use of trading posts a strategy for effectively controlling/managing trade empires?	they oversaw shipping between the South China Sea and Indian Ocean	14
9159419775	What are joint stock companies?	- they are independent but work close with the government - companies are starting to gain power and influence and beginning to be the drivers of the economy	15
9159422039	What are the two main examples of joint stock companies?	1. English East India Trading Company 2. Dutch East India Trading Company	16
9159424391	Who won the Seven Years War?	There was no clear "victor", but the British emerged as the strongest imperial power in the world	17
9159425915	What was the Columbian Exchange?		18
9159425916	Which crops went from the Americas to Europe?	- tomatoes - potatoes - tobacco - avacados - squash - pumpkins - turkeys - peanuts - corn - sweet potatoes - peppers - pineapples - cacao - beans - vanilla	19
9159432214	Which crops went from Europe to the Americas?	- disease - bananas - honey bees - coffee beans - sugar cane - grapes - citrus fruits - onions - olives - turnips - peaches - pears - grains - livestock	20
9159435866	What were some good and bad population effects on the Americas, Europe, Africa, and the Dar al-Islam?	- the disease small pox decimated Native American population - improved diets increased population almost everywhere - the African Slave Trade caused millions of people to go from Africa to the Americas - animals (livestock) caused populations to rise	21
9159436908	What are some environmental effects of Columbian Exchange?	- plants were being planted and traded in new regions - animals (livestock) were taken to new places - hunting for sport or business caused animal populations to drop	22
9159448121	What is mercantilism?	states that a nations true power comes from its wealth and trade	23
9159449309	What is capitalism?	- an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state - individual ownership of wealth and trade (private ownership)	24
9159459444	What was early capitalism's effects on government?	- capitalism had huge support from the governments who saw the system as the best way to increase wealth - laws were passed that favored merchants and protected their financial interests - governments chartered joint stock companies to establish trade around the world - tax policy started to be used as a tool to generate economic activity/success	25
9159461776	What is the putting out system?	it sidestepped urban guilds by sending raw materials to rural households who would then make the finished product	26
9159464428	Who did the putting out system hurt?	guilds (artisans or merchants who oversaw the practice of their craft in a particular town)	27
9159465537	Who was Adam Smith?	the biggest apologist for capitalism and cited still today in its defense	28
9159472070	What were some ethical challenges of capitalism?	critics of capitalism claimed that it led to greed of individuals at the expense of the community, they also pointed out that it was a system of some winners but many losers	29
9159476061	What were some of the issues facing the Church?	- different cultures - greed and corruption - the Church's attempt to eliminate pre-Christian traditions and alternative kinds of spirituality - the printing press	30
9159478674	Who was Martin Luther?	he began the Protestant reformation by publicly criticizing the Catholic Church (the printing press helped spread his beliefs)	31
9159506329	Who is Henry VIII?	King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife but the pope would not let him to do so Henry's response was to sever relations with the Roman Church and make himself Supreme Head of the Angelican Church (an English Pope)	32
9159508868	Who is John Calvin?	he started his own Church called Calvanism and had a controversial idea called predestination (Protestants and Catholics objected)	33
9159510725	What is the Council of Trent?	- highpoint of the Catholic reformation (the Catholic Church fixing themselves) - where all the Church leaders made decisions of that they were going to change	34
9159514900	Who is Saint Ignatius/Jesuits?	founder of the Society of Jesus	35
9159516544	What was the Thirty Years War?	- the most devastating religious based conflict in Europe, the last war of religion - after the Thirty Years War, the states either drifted towards Absolutism or constitutional Monarchies - the last major religious war	36
9159520643	Who was Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire?	- Charles attempted to build a European empire, however, this failed - Charles V became emperor of the Hapsburg Empire	37
9159522324	What is the English Civil War?	England was turning to a constitutionaly based monarchy which only really happened because of the English Civil War	38
9159523408	What is the Glorious Revolution?	English Civil War established a new constitutional monarchy and the glorious revolution was trying to keep a constitutional monarchy	39
9159527950	What is the Dutch Republic?	the Dutch fought and won their independence from Spain with the help of the English	40
9159530824	What is Absolutism/Divine Right?	- absolutism was a theory that kings derived their authority from God and served as "God's lieutenants upon earth" - the divine right theory reflected efforts at royal centralization - kings had absolute power	41
9159533330	Who is Louis XIV and how does he exemplify Absolutism?	- he built the Palace of Versailles - he provided nobles with endless entertainment in exchange for absolute rule - he was called "The Sun King"	42
9159536337	Who is Peter I and how did he reform Russia?	- he reformed Russia's army by offering better pay and drafting peasants who served for life as professional soldiers, he ordered aristocrats to study mathematics and geometry so they could calculate how to aim cannons properly - he traveled throughout Europe and saw what England, France, Spain, and Italy were doing and decided to Westernize Europe - his reforms were aimed at making Russia more like Western Europe	43
9159538633	What is the Peace of Westphalia?	- the end of the Thirty Years War - this laid the foundation for a system of independent, competing states - almost all of the European states participated in drafting the Peace of Westphalia and by the treaty's terms the regarded one another as sovereign and equal and they were allowed to organize their own domestic affairs (including religious affairs) - rather than envisioning supreme authority, this peace entrusted political and diplomatic affairs to states acting in their own interests - this did not bring an end to war but helped bring more peace	44
9159542601	What was the balance of power in Europe and how was it achieved?	statesmen prevented the building of empires and ensured that Europe would be a land of independent, sovereign, competing states	45
9159547345	Compare Europe's military situation and the Asian empires in India/China/Dar al-Islam	Europeans were way ahead in terms of military strategy and weapon technology because they were constantly at a race to be the strongest	46
9159549163	How did Russia's situation vary from Western Europe?	- it had little trade or manufacturing and was sparsely populated - Western Europe was more advanced	47
9159550930	What were the new ideas about the universe?	Copurnicus stated that the sun was the center of the universe (heliocentric) and Galileo proved Copurnicus's theory	48
9159552282	What were Galileo's contributions?	he proved Copurnicus' theory	49
9159555558	What were Isaac Newton's contributions?	- he had 3 laws of motion - he created the theory of gravity	50
9159557804	What was the Enlightenment?	when European thinkers and scholars were rethinking and reassessing societeies, especially religion society and social expectation	51
9159559675	What is Deism?	- people who believed in a God, but denied the supernatural teachings of Christianity, such as Jesus' virgin birth and resurrection - they were people who like the social teachings of Jesus but not the supernatural teachings of Christianity	52
9159563248	What is the theory of progress?	the idea that mankind needs to be constantly improving itself and working towards perfection	53
9159566147	What were the Taino and Spanish interactions?	- even though the Taino's resisted, the Spanish established a colony on Hispaniola - the Taino were forced to mine gold in the encomienda system - the Taino's were forced to work on plantations that grew cash crops - the Columbian exchange caused the spread of small pox to the Americas and the Taino were the first victims of this epidemic and completely died out by the mid 1500's - Taino words such as barbeque, hammock, tobacco, and hurricane still remain in this culture today	54
9159569258	What is the Encomienda System?	a system where Spanish settlers 'provided' for Taino laborers and converted them to Christianity	55
9159573301	What advantages did Hernan Cortez and Francisco Pizzaro have?	weapons such as horses, steel, and gunpowder and a military	56
9159576078	How did British and French Colonial Administration differ from Spanish Colonial Administration?	- the British and French were less centralized, the king still had control, but there was a lot more local power and freedom given to the governments than the Spanish - the Spanish king took a very direct and strong approach to his control and used audenciences to keep an eye on the viceroys	57
9159580824	How did British and French relationships with Natives differed from Spanish/Portuguese?	- the British and French never tried to force the Natives into slavery but they wanted to force them off of the land that they wanted to use - the Spanish wanted to use the Natives as slaves	58
9160433177	how were the population numbers of the Natives impacted by European encounters?	small pox decimated the Natives	59
9160445057	What was the social hierarchy in New Spain?	- the peninsulares were on top and were whites who were born in Spain/Portugal (lived in isolasted communities) - the criollos were second and were whites who were born in the Americas (lived in isolasted communities) - the mestizos (white/native) and mulattoes (white/African) were third - natives and Africans were fourth	60
9160448979	What were the gender relations in colonial New Spain?	- woman in white communities (higher class) had strict expectations while mestizo woman (lower class) were more likely to work in the community - indigenous and African woman were at the bottom of the patriarchal system	61
9160459979	Why was there was little 'mixing' of races in English colonies?	they had more males and females so they did not need to marry and have children with people outside of their community, unlike the Spanish who mainly brought men	62
9160462509	What was silver's effect on the global economy?	- the influx of silver made Spain the wealthiest nation in the world - with the wealth that is received from silver, Spain created a military, European nations/countries were able to advance and thrive, and silver was able to travel all over the world thanks to merchants and well established maritime trade routes (most silver went to Asia to buy items such as silk, spices, and porcelain which is mostly why Europeans explored the New World in the first place)	63
9160476111	What was the main product grown in Brazil?	engenho (sugar mill)	64
9160479330	Why did the Portuguese have issues with labor in Brazil?	the Portuguese found small migratory groups (nomadic) of people to work for them who were not good at agricultural labor, as a result, the Portuguese needed to import slaves from Africa to work for them	65
9160482962	What was the main cash crop in the English colonies?	tobacco	66
9160485139	What was indentured labor in the English colonies?	they were white people who owed money and instead of going to jail, they worked to pay of their monetary debt/crime	67
9160488794	What are some examples of religious blending in New Spain?	the Spanish looked at it as a big part of their mission to convert Natives to Christianity	68
9160491322	What were the differences in missionary work between the Spanish and the British/French?	the Spanish were very active and actually declared it a goal to confer as many natives as possible to Catholicism and the British were more focused on keeping the white settlers Christian than by spreading Christianity	69
9160514187	Who mapped out the british settlement of Australia and what kind of people were brought to it?	James Cook mapped out the first British settlement of Australia which was mostly made up of convicts	70
9160515988	What was the nature of original Spanish exploration/trade in the Pacific?	the Spanish established the Manilla Galleon trade route so that they would have a way to get Spanish silver from the Americas to Asia	71
9160520213	What were similarities between the experience of Guam and the Americas with Spanish contact?	the encombienda system and disease	72
9160538894	What was the Portuguese's role in the development and changes in Kingdom of Kongo?	they Christianized it and were very successful in spreading Christianity to the people of Kongo, they also strengthened Kongo for a little bit, but once their relationship weakened the kingdom of Kongo was destroyed	73
9160570984	How did the Antonian Movement exemplify syncretic religion in Sub-Saharan Africa?	an African queen heard about Christianity and blended St. Anthony's story and blended it with African beliefs	74
9160573789	What was slavery in Africa like prior to European contact? (African & Islamic slave trade)	at first, Islamic forces went to Africa to buy slaves, but then they began capturing them on their own	75
9160580060	Why did the Spanish & Portuguese need the African Slave Trade?	it widened maritime trade, the slaves worked in agriculture, and slaves were forced to work for the government such as mining	76
9160582385	Who took part in triangular trade?	- the Americas - Africa - Europe	77
9160588671	What was the Middle Passage?	a dangerous journey that African slaves had to go through where overcrowded ships and disease that killed 20% of slaves before they even reached the new world	78
9160592792	How did gender differences in Slave Trade affect the needs of slaves in various regions of the Americas?	- 2/3 of the slaves taken to the Americas were male which led to more importations - in North America, more women slaves were brought which explains lower totals of slaves taken to the USA - In Africa, because so many males were taken from their population, the practice of polygamy occurred (having more than 1 wife)	79
9160601211	What were political effects of slave trade on Western Africa?	- the growth of the slave trade continued conflicts such as war and some African states benefitted from the slave trade because they were the ones that sold the salves - guns were also being traded for slaves which shifted the balance of power between states	80
9160607264	What were some forms of slave resistance against slavery?	slaves slowed down their job, ran away, sabotaged plantation equipment, and revolted in an attempt to resist slavery	81
9160614233	What were some economic reasons for the decline in slavery?	- it was expensive to prevent slave revolts - Europe and Asia started to create factories (slavery did not translate to factory work)	82
9160618483	The end of the slave trade vs end of slavery	- first, they outlawed the transportation of slaves from Africa - countries began to end slavery decades after the end of the slave trade	83
9167645519	What were the goals of the Ming Dynasty?	to restore native rule and drive the Mongols out of China	84
9167667288	What was the cause of the Ming Collapse?	- pirates and smugglers along the coast caused disruptions and were stronger than the Ming navy and coastal defences (which were ineffective) - emperors and Eunuchs ignored government affairs, and corruption/inefficiency spread throughout the Ming state - famine struck, peasants revolted, and Manchus invaded. - Confucian scholar bureaucrats worked against the Ming because they despised eunuchs who dominated the imperial court	85
9167674900	What was the Qing/Manchu Dynasty?	- Manchus (nomads) turned to agriculture and settled after conquering the Ming dynasty. Nurhaci unified manchu tribes into a centralized state, created a code of laws, and organized a military force - establishment of the Qing dynasty was due partly to manchu military prowess and Chinese support for the Manchus - Kangxi, Confucian scholar and enlightened ruler, consolidated the Manchus hold on China	86
9167683996	What was the Son of Heaven?	the emperor of China was not quite a god so he was called "the son of heaven"	87
9167686506	What was the return of Civil Service Exams and Scholar-Bureaucrats?	civil service exams were taken to see what kind of job would fit a person the best	88
9167693491	How were civil service exams 'fair' and 'unfair' at the same time?	the exam concentrated on Confucian writing to make sure that only the Confucians could get government positions	89
9167695574	What was filial Piety and how did it applied to larger Chinese society?	Filial Piety implied that children not only had to be loyal to their fathers, but they also had duties to the emperor	90
9170242794	What was the cause of population growth in China?	increase in agriculture	91
9170246830	How did global trade effect Chinese society?	they used all the arable land to use for new crops they received from trade	92
9170258207	What was the role that China's government played in technology?	the government favored social and political stability over technological innovation	93
9170265932	Who is Matteo Ricci and what did he do?	he worked to strengthen Roman Catholic Christianity in China	94
9170277973	What was Christianity like in China?	The missionaries returned to spread Christianity in China	95
9170284332	What was Tokugawa Leyasu's centralization of Japan?	he established a military government to centralize Japan	96
9170289457	What was Tokugawa's reaction to foreign contact?	foregn contact was forbidden in Japan	97
9170295525	What was the Floating Worlds?	the center for Tokugawa entertainment	98
9170405732	What was Japan's reaction to Christianity?	they did not support Christianity	99
9170427621	How did the Ottoman empire expand? at whose expense?	the Ottoman empire expanded due to the Holy War and at the Byzantine Empire's expense	100
9170429642	Who is Suleyman the Magnificent and what did he do?	caused the Ottomans to become a major naval empire	101
9170441024	Why did having steppe traditions lead to issues with political administration?	it led to many new laws created which lead to the people not liking some of these laws which caused conflict to arise	102
9170446895	What was Mughal 'ancestry'?	Babur claimed to be the ancestor of the Mongols	103
9170450990	What was Akbar's empire building like?	he overthrew Adam Khan and took control of the Mughal government and army	104
9170454427	Compare reactions to foreign trade in all three Islamic Empires	Ottoman: were not very interested in trading themselves Safavid: were not very interested in trading themselves Mughal: were unique and opened their doors to that the Europeans could use their ports to trade	105
9170454428	What was religious diversity in the Islamic Empires?	there were some missionaries that came to India and the Ottoman Empire dealt with Christians. Akbar proclaimed himself a god and the "god of wisdom"	106
9170582069	How did the Islamic Empires handle religious minorities?	the minorities were forced to pay an extra tax	107
9171154091	What were gender standards like in the Muslim Empires?	the Ottoman empire had relatively fair gender standards	108
9171159129	What was the cause for economic decline in the Islamic Empires?	the cost of running a large empire was too much	109
9171165796	What was the cause for military decline in the Islamic Empires?	they did not seek actively to improve their military technologies	110
9171172082	How did cultural conservatism lead to the decline of the Dar al-Islam?	they refused to culturally adapt	111
9171187902	***How did Enlightenment ideals motivate Atlantic Revolutions, even though they often weren't fully implemented?	- In America, the Declaration of Independence was the idea that everyone is created equal; however, there were still slaves and women were not given full rights - In Latin America, race defined society; this did not change, even after the Latin American Revolution	112
9171336871	***What was the common cause for American, Haitian, South American, and Mexican Revolutions?	they were colonies that who fought for their independence against a European country	113
9171341481	Why was France 'ripe for revolution'?	because most of the people did not feel like the government was representing them, they had economic issues, and they felt like they did not have equal rights	114
9171346214	What were the short and longterm effects of the French Revolution?	shortterm: Napolean (his downfall was when the other kingdoms of Europe ganged up against him longterm: more rights were gained, for the next century the French had tons more revolutions	115
9171349496	Who was Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna?	its purpose was to maintain a balance of power and prevent future revolutions in Europe	116
9171364800	***How did Spanish colonial social structure cause Latin American Revolutions but also affect their longterm success?	cause: the creoles wanted more rights and so they fought against the peninsulares longterm: once the creoles got rid of the peninsulares, whites still dominated a largely black society	117
9171368046	What were the unique aspects of the Haitian Revolution and what was one of its positive effects?	it was a slave revolt that inspired other abolition movements	118
9197500031	What was the reformation?	the reformation of the Catholic Church, new churches formed as people broke away from Catholicism	119
9197500032	What was the enlightenment?	when European thinkers and scholars were rethinking and reassessing scores	120
9197502857	What was the renaissance?	a period of rebirth and new ideas in Western Europe	121
9197509644	What was the scientific revolution?	the breakthrough in math and new scientific ideas about the universe	122

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AP World History - Unit Three Test Flashcards

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8234525231	analogous	partially similar or parallel	0
8234525232	duty	tax on imported goods	1
8234525233	emulate	to imitate or surpass someone	2
8234525234	piety	religious devotion	3
8234525235	stagnate	showing no activity; dull or sluggish	4
8234525236	steppe	a level, grassy, unforested plain, especially in southeastern europe or siberia	5
8234525237	primogeniture	the right of succession belonging to the first born, especially the feudal rule by which the whole estate passes to the eldest son	6
8234525238	divine right of kings	the god given right to rule	7
8234525239	Why is money better than the barter system?	Constant prices and more stable economy	8
8234525240	Nobles in Feudal Europe	Granted some power in exchange for military service and loyalty to the king	9
8234525241	Feudal Hierarchy - Japan	Shogun Daimyo Samurai Peasants	10
8234525242	What was the appeal of the Crusades?	Empire and wealth	11
8234525243	What did the Crusades lead to?	Interaction between Muslims and West European Christians (culture mixing) Western Europe rediscovered aspects of the ancient past which was being preserved by Byzantine and Islamic Empires	12
8234525244	Stuff that caused 600 BCE trade routes	-expansion of Empires -changes in transportation (caravaans, ships) -technology, navigation, mapmaking, tools -geographic features -diffusion	13
8234525245	Tang Dynasty	Imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907; noted for its openness to foreign cultural influences. "China's Golden Age"	14
8234525246	Song Dynasty	Imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279; noted for art and literature and philosophical acheivements	15
8234525247	Abbasid Dynasty	The "golden age" of the Muslim Empire; capital in Baghdad; trading and learning; replaced Umayyads, and were replaced by the Mongols	16
8234525248	Sunni	ruler should be elected from the people. agree with umayyads	17
8234525249	Shi'a	rule by bloodline. (mohammed's son in law, ali) disagreed with umayyads	18
8234525250	Umayyad Dynasty	Capital in Damascus; expanded empire to greatest size; spread Islam and Arabic. Conquered by the Abbasids	19
8234525252	Byzantine Empire	Society that developed in the eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the western Roman Empire	20
8234525253	Mansa Musa	Mali ruler who created a large kingdom with capital at Timbuktu and adopted Islam. Known for his extravagant pilgrimage to Mecca	21
8234525254	Samurai	Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.	22
8234525255	What did the followers of Islam believe?	Muslims believed that Allah (God) transmitted his words to the faithful through Muhammad	23
8234525259	Five Pillars of Islam	Confession of faith; prayer five times a day; charity to the needy; fasting during the holy month of Ramadan; pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one's lifetime (hajj)	24
8234525260	Split of Islam	The split occurred over a disagreement over who should succeed Muhammad as the leader of the faith	25
8234525263	Abu Bakr	When Muhammed died in 632, Abu Bakr became Caliph	26
8234525264	Caliph	The head of state, military commander, chief judge, and religious leader	27
8234525265	Caliphate	Theocratic Islamic Empire ruled by Abu Bakr	28
8234525266	Which dynasty enlarged the Islamic Empire?	The Umayyed Dynasty	29
8234525267	Effects of the Umayyed Dynasty	Arabic became the official language; gold and silver coins became the standard monetary unit; conquered subjects were "encouraged" to convert	30
8234525268	Where did the Umayyed Dynasty spread Islam to?	North Africa and Spain	31
8234525269	Which dynasty was the Umayyed Dynasty replaced by?	Abbasid Dynasty around 750 in all areas except Spain	32
8234525270	What trade item did merchants introduce to the Islamic Empire?	Credit; freed them of the burden-and danger- of carrying coins; they also developed a system of itemized receipts and bills	33
8234525271	The Vikings	Merchants and fishermen and developed some of the earliest commercial fisheries in northern Europe	34
8234525272	What was an effect of Viking fisheries and raids?	Led to settlements as diverse as new found land in Canada around 1000 CE, inland Russia, and northern France	35
8234525273	William (Viking)	French viking who conquered Anglo-Saxon England in 1066	36
8234525274	Advancements during the Tang and Song dynasties in China	Art, architecture, science, philosophy, porcelain, silk weaving, construction of transportation systems	37
8234525275	Main reason for stability during the Tang and Song dynasties	The bureaucratic system that was based on merit through the use of the civil service examinations	38
8234525276	Civil Service exam during the Tang and Song dynasties	The Tang and Song rulers continued to modify the exam, but kept it focused on Confucian principles, which created a large core of educated, talented, and loyal government workers	39
8234525277	Business Practices in Tang and Song China	Introduction of paper money and letters of credit, which led to increased trade and cultural diffusion	40
8234525278	Effect of moveable-type printing	Resulted in an increase of literacy in bureaucrats from the lower classes; printed books also spread agricultural and technological knowledge	41
8234525279	Militaristic Technology in Song China	Gun powder, the magnetic compass, water-tight bulk heads, and sternpost rutters	42
8234525280	Incan Advancements	they were able to record census data and keep an accounting of their harvests on quipu, a set of knotted strings	43
8234525281	How was the eastern coast of Africa linked to India and Southeast Asia?	Through the shipping lanes of the indian ocean trade	44
8234525282	Who dominated the Indian Ocean Trade?	The Persians and the Arabs	45
8234525283	Persian and Arabic Trade Routes	Connected ports in western India to ports in the Persian Gulf, which in turn were connected to ports in eastern Africa	46
8234525284	Cultural Diffusion of Sailors	Cultures started to intermix as many sailors took foreign wives home and created bilingual and bicultural families	47
8234525285	Who populated the east coast of Africa (Swahili Coast)?	Bantu speaking peoples who settled into lives of farmers, merchants, and fisherman	48
8234525286	Swahili Trade	Trade with the Muslims began in the early 10th century as Swahili traders brought gold, slaves, ivory, and other exotic products to the coast.	49
8234525287	How were stories transmitted in African culture?	Oral literature and story telling	50
8234525288	The Hanseatic League	A collection of city-states in the Baltic and North Sea regions of Europe that banded together in 1241 to establish common trade practices, fight off pirates and foreign governments, and establish a trade monopoly from that region to the rest of the world	51
8234525289	Result of the Hanseatic League (2)	-It resulted in a substantial "middle class" in northern Europe -It set a precedent for large, European trade operations that affected the Dutch and English	52
8234525290	Effects of Population Growth (2)	-Led to huge movements of people such as Germanic tribes into Southern Europe -More crowded conditions in the manor (estate) or small towns	53
8234525291	Religious Pilgrimages	-Rome and Constantinople attracted thousands to their cathedrals -The Islamic duty to travel to Mecca	54
8234525292	Buddhist Missionaries Effect on Japan	In 522, Buddhist missionaries went to Japan and brought Chinese cultures	55
8234525293	Effect of the mix of Shinto and Buddhism in Japan	Most Japanese adopted Buddhism while also hanging onto their Shinto beliefs; they followed both religions simultaneously	56
8234525294	Taika Reforms	Prince Shotoku borrowed the bureaucratic and legal reforms from China, which were modeled on the successes of the Tang Dynasty	57
8234525295	New Japanese Capital (8th Century)	Modeled after the Tang capital; largely rejected Confucianism, as well as the idea of the civil service exam	58
8234525296	how did Japan hold the status of education?	Education wasn't nearly as important as birth; noble classes were hereditary, not earned	59
8234525297	How did China's dynastic leaders expand?	By trade and force	60
8234525298	How did China influence Korea?	Korea had its own independent and powerful dynasty	61
8234525299	How did Korea maintain the appearance of cordial relations with China?	Korea became a vassal-state of the Tang	62
8234525300	Vassal State	Smaller nations that pay tribute to a bigger state to avoid conquest and occupation	63
8234525301	Effect of Korean gift-giving and exchanges to China	Resulted in Korean schools and the imperial court being organized like those of the Chinese	64
8234525302	Effect of the power of the royal houses and nobility in Korea	Prevented the development of a true bureaucracy based merit	65
8234525303	Chinese influence on Korean religion	The tribute relationship was also responsible for the spread of both Confucianism and Chan Buddhism to Korea	66
8234525304	How did Vietnam feel about a tribute relationship with China>	The Viet people of southeast Asia were much less willing to accept even the appearance of a tribute relationship with China, and resisted the Tang armies	67
8234525305	What was the effect of the eventually established tribute relationship in Vietnam? (3)	Confucian education was accepted, an active trade relationship existed between Vietnam and China, the Vietnamese maintained local traditions and continued to actively revolt against Tang authorities	68
8234525306	Islamic influence in India	After defeating the disorganized Hindus, the Islamic invaders moved to Delhi under their leader the Sultan; Resulted in the kingdom known as the Delhi Sultanate	69
8234525307	Sultans effect on Hindu beliefs in India	While many Hindus held on to their religious beliefs, individual sultans were offended by Hinduism's polytheistic ways and did their best to convert them	70
8234525308	What caused Hindus in northern India to convert to Islam?	Non-Muslims under the sultans in India had to pay a tax	71
8234525309	Progress caused by sultans in India	Colleges were founded and irrigation systems were improved	72
8234525310	Islamic Empire's effect on African Kingdoms	When the Islamic Empire spread across North Africa in the 7th and 8th centuries, African Kingdoms began trading with a larger Mediterranean economy	73
8234525311	Effect of African search for salt	When they encountered Islamic traders along the salt road, they traded for more than salt, and created an explosion of trade	74
8234525312	Major Resource in Ghana and Mali!!!!!	GOLD	75
8234525313	Effect of traders bringing Islam to West Africa	-Ghana fought against the muslims in a Holy War, and even though they won, the empire declined -By the time Mali came to power, the region had converted to Islam	76
8234525316	Bantu Migration and Disease	Malaria was common in West Africa, where Bantu speakers may have immunity due to exposure, but the people they met when they migrated had no such immunity, thus spreading the disease	77
8234525317	Where did the Black Death originate?	China, but spread rapidly through Europe in the mid-14th century	78
8234525318	Spread of the Bubonic Plague	Asian silk roads increased the interaction between Europe and Asia	79
8234525319	What conditions lead to the rapid spread of the plague?	Crowded conditions and lack of adequate sanitation and medical knowledge	80
8234525320	Impact of the plague on feudal society	Quickened the decline of feudal society because many manors weren't able to function: -Wage raise for peasants -Shift toward a commercial economy, more individual freedoms, and development of new industries	81
8234525321	Spreading agriculture in Africa	-Bantu speakers brought the cultivation of yams and oil palms as well as grains such as millet ans sorghum -Indonesian seafarers traveling across the Indian Ocean introduced bananas to sub-saharan Africa	82
8234525332	Middle Ages	The period after the fall of Rome and before the Renaissance	83
8234525333	Eastern Roman Empire during the Middle Ages	Still centered in Constantinople, became the highly centralized Byzantine Empire	84
8234525334	Europe structure during the Byzantine Empire	Much of Europe was fragmented in small feudal kingdoms with few cultural and intellectual developement	85
8234525335	Why was the Byzantine Empire significantly different?	-Emperors ruled by absolute authority, especially over the economy -Used coined money	86
8234525336	What is the period of Justinian (r. 527-565) known for? (3)	-The Justinian's Code -The flourishing of the arts and sciences: construction of buildings and churches, especially the Hagia Sophia -An ambitious plan to reconquer the losed provinces of the western half of the Roman Empire	87
8234525338	The Great Schism (1054)	The separation of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church (1054 CE)	88
8234525339	The Pope of Western Europe	Roman Catholic emperors of the West regarded the Pope as the leader of the see of Rome -Basing his claims on his succession from St Peter, the Pope asserted his direct jurisdiction over the entire church- east, as well as west	89
8234525340	How did the Byzantines view their church?	In the context of the imperial system; their sources of law were ecumenical councils and the emperor, whom God had placed over all things, spiritual and temporal	90
8234525341	How did Byzantine Emperors disagree?	They disagreed over the sacrament of communication, whether priests should be allowed to marry, and the use of local languages in church	91
8234525342	Overall Effect of the Great Schism	The church of Constantinople (AKA Eastern Orthodoxy) influenced the East, and Roman Catholicism continued to influence the West	92
8234525344	High Middle Ages	1000 to 1300 CE	93
8234525345	Late Middle Ages	1300 to 1450 CE	94
8234525346	Impact of Orthodoxy on Russia	In the 9th Century, the Slavic peoples of Southeastern Europe were converted to Christianity by St. Cyril	95
8234525347	St. Cyril	An orthodox Christian who used the Greek alphabet to create a slavic alphabet known as Cyrillic Alphabet	96
8234525348	Why did Prince Vladimir choose Eastern Orthodoxy?	It had no restrictions about what he could or could not eat, among other things	97
8234525349	Mongol Expansion	Spanned from the pacific ocean to Eastern Europ	98
8234525350	Death of Genghis Khan	His followers split off into groups, known as hordes	99
8234525351	The Mongols	Destroyed cities and were ruthless warriors on the path to expansion	100
8234525353	Kush Empire in Southern Egypt	Kush developed around 750 BCE; after the Kush decline around 200 CE, Axum rose to powere	101
8234525354	Axum Empire in Southern Egypt	Modern day Ethiopia; In the 4th century, Axum converted to Christianity; In the 7th century, many converted to Islam due to trade	102
8234525355	The Aztecs	Arrived in Central Mexico in the mid 1200's and built their capital at Tenochtitlan (modern-day Mexico City)	103
8234525356	Aztec Religious System	Tied to the military: Military obtained victims for human sacrifice	104
8234525357	The Inca	Controlled their vast territory using a professional army, and established bureaucracy (manned by nobility)/ a unified language, and a complex system of roads and tunnels	105
8234525358	Incan Religion	Polytheistic, but the sun God was most important -Practiced human sacrifice -had a strong moral quality	106
8234525359	Concept of Private Property in Incan Society	The ruler was viewed as having descended from the sun and owning everything on earth, therefore there was no concept of private property because the ruler owns everything	107
8234525360	What was surprising about the Mongols?	Their empire was one of territory, infrastructure, and conquest, but not one of "culture"	108
8234525361	Mongols Effect on Religion	-stifled cultural growth rather than contributing to it -yet, their superior infrastructure allowed for the exchange and spreading of ideas	109
8234525362	Kublai Khan in China	Dismissed Confucian scholars, forbade marriage between Mongols and Chinese, and wouldn't allow the Chinese to learn the Mongol language	110
8234525363	Mongol Decline	By 1450, as the Mongol Empire was well into its decline, the world would never again be disconnected	111
8234525364	Charles Martel (686-741)	A Frankish leader, stopped the muslim advance into Spain, so the Islamic Empire never flourished in Europe beyond Spain	112
8234525367	The Sufis	Islamic Mystics; Were effective missionaries by stressing a personal relationship with Allah	113
8234525368	Decline of the Abbasids	-A new Shia dynasty in northern Iran and constant threats from the Seljuk Turks, a nomadic Sunni group -In 1258, the Mongols overran the Islamic Empire and destroyed Baghdad	114
8234525369	Ottoman Turks	After the fall of the Abbasids, the Ottoman Turks would reunite Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in a new Islamic state, which would last until 1918	115
8234525370	The Vikings: Raids from the North	Beginning around 800 CE, the vikings used their multi-oared boats to raid well beyond their borders	116
8234525371	The Crusades	The Christians felt threatened by the expansion of the Muslims, especially as Islam moved into areas that Christians identified with historically	117
8234525372	Result of the Crusades	Through the year 1204, a total of four crusades failed to produce results and the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church separated even further.	118
8234525373	Global Interaction through Conquest (The Crusades)	-Besides religion, the Crusades were also initiated through the lure of empire and wealth -Religion, when combined with conquest and feelings of superiority, can be very bloody	119
8234525374	Crusades impact on World History	-They led to the interaction between cultures that might not otherwise interact -Western Europe rediscovered aspects of the ancient past which was being preserved by the Byzantine and Islamic Empires	120
8234525376	European Feudalism	1. Top: Kings 2. Nobles 3. Vassals(knights) 4. Peasants	121
8234525377	Nobles	In exchange for military services and loyalty to the king were granted power over sections of the kingdom	122
8234525378	Vassals	The nobles divided their land into smaller sections under the control of lesser lords (vassals)	123
8234525379	The Manor	Economic part of feudalism; the estates granted to vassals were called fiefs, later known as manors	124
8234525380	Peasant exchange withe Lords	The peasants worked the land on behalf of the lord in exchange for a place to live and protection	125
8234525381	Three-Field System	Rotation of three fields: One for fall harvest, one for spring harvest, and one left fallow to replenish nutrients	126
8234525383	Emergence of a Middle Class	As many of the peasants became skilled in trades other than farming, and Western Europe began trading with the rest of the world, some of these skilled crafts people began to earn extra income	127
8234525384	Gothic Cathedrals	Pointed arches, thinner walls, larger windows, tall: soaring into the heavens	128
8234525385	Women and Islam	In Arabia, women traditionally did not have property rights, or inheritance rights; rather, women were essentially viewed as property themselves	129
8234525386	Chinese Women under the Tang and Song Dynasties	Highly patriarchal, Chinese men considered women inferior, and like European men of the middle ages, the considered a woman's beauty and feminity as virtues worth protection	130
8234525387	Changes in the Role of Women	Restrictions on women's freedoms depended on which caste or class they belonged	131
8234525388	Women in African Societies	Women commanded a bride-price rather than having to give a dowry and were considered a valuable source of wealth	132
8234525389	Dar-Al-Islam	Formed through conquest, a predominantly muslim region of land that stretched from the Iberian Peninsula to China	133
8234525390	New Crops of Dar-Al-Islam	New crops in dar-al-Islam consisted of sugarcane, rice, wheat, oranges, lemons, etc.	134
8234525391	Sui Dynasty	a short-lived imperial dynasty of China of pivotal significance. The Sui unified the Northern and Southern dynasties and reinstalled the rule of ethnic Han Chinese in the entirety of China proper	135
8234525392	The Grand Canal	longest artificial river in the world	136
8234525393	The Tang Dynasty	an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period	137
8234525394	Tang Taizong	second emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China	138
8234525399	Swahili	A mix of the bantu and arabic languages, spoken on the east coast of Africa	139
8234525401	Indian Ocean Trade	it remained closely tied to environmental conditions, namely the monsoon winds that merchants had to consider while scheduling their departures. This meant that the port cities along the rim of the Indian Ocean at any given time had large numbers of non-citizens waiting for changes in the monsoon winds	140
8234525402	Hanseatic League	An association of trading cities stretching from novgorod to london and embracing all the significant commercial centers of poland, northern germany, and Scandinavia	141
8234525403	Buddhism	a religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha and resulting interpreted philosophies	142
8234525404	Daoism	a religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao.	143
8234525405	Pilgrimage to India	In Hindu religion and spirituality, the pilgrimage has great significance. Members of the faith participate in the following types of pilgrimage. The pilgrimage to each sacred site has its own religious significance. These sites include the Ganges River and Mt. Kailas	144
8234525406	Hostility Towards Buddhism	The principle of non-violence is central to Buddhist teachings, but in Sri Lanka some Buddhist monks are being accused of stirring up hostility towards other faiths and ethnic minorities. Their hard line is causing increasing concern. ... The peaceful precepts for which Buddhism is widely known barely figure in his words	145
8234525407	Persecution of Buddhists	The Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution initiated by Tang Emperor Wuzong reached its height in the year 845 AD. Among its purposes were to appropriate war funds and to cleanse China of foreign influences	146
8234525408	Neo Confucianism	a moral, ethical, and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, and originated with Han Yu and Li Ao in the Tang Dynasty, and became prominent during the Song and Ming dynasties	147
8234525409	Confucianism and Buddhism	two differing principles/religious of the East Asian peoples that can be practiced at once, the former emphasizes respect and filial piety and the latter seeks nirvana	148
8234525410	Zhu Xi	courtesy name is Yuanhui, or Zhonghui, self-titled Huian. He was a Chinese philosopher, politician, and writer of the Song dynasty	149
8234525411	What did the Viet people adopt from the Chinese? Reject?	The Viet people adopted Confucianism and revolted against Tang authorities	150
8234525412	Nara Japan	a city on S Honshu, in central Japan: chief Buddhist center of ancient Japan; first capital of Japan a.d. 710-84. 2. a period of Japanese history, a.d. 710-784, characterized by the adoption of Chinese culture and forms of government	151
8234525413	Shintoism	the ethnic religion of Japan that focuses on ritual practices to be carried out diligently in order to establish a connection between present-day Japan and its ancient past, a blend of Buddhism and indigenous Japanese religions	152
8234525414	Fujiwara family	descending from the Nakatomi clan and through them Ame-no-Koyane-no-Mikoto, was a powerful family of regents in Japan. They dominated the Japanese politics of Heian period (794-1185) through the monopoly of regent positions, sesshō and kampaku	153
8234525415	Cultural similarities with China and Vietnam	Both are strongly loyal and Confucian	154
8234525416	Tale of Genji	a classic work of Japanese literature written by the noblewoman and lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu in the early years of the 11th century in "concertina" or "orihon" style made of several sheets of paper pasted together and folded alternately in one direction	155
8234525417	Axum	an ancient kingdom located in present-day Eritrea and the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Ruled by the Aksumites, it existed from approximately 100 AD to 940 AD	156
8234525421	Devotional Cults	originated in the Hindu religion. They were identified with certain local spirits or deities. They emphasized the salvation elements of Hinduism and tried to localize practices associating structures or local deities with Hinduism. They meditated, venerated, and made food sacrifices in attempts to achieve a mystical union with their god	157
8234525422	Shankara	an early 8th century Indian philosopher and theologian who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta. He is credited with unifying and establishing the main currents of thought in Hinduism	158
8234525423	Ramanuja	a Hindu theologian, philosopher, and one of the most important exponents of the Sri Vaishnavism tradition within Hinduism. He was born in a Tamil Brāhmin family in the village of Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu	159
8234525425	Appeal of Islam	completion of Abrahamic faiths ,personal benefits, Arabian power=social benefits	160
8234525426	Conversion of Islam	Through war and conquest, Islamic emperors created dar-Al-Islam, a predominantly muslim region of land stretching from the Iberian Peninsula all the way to China	161
8234525427	Sufis	mystical Islamic belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God	162
8234525428	Bhakti Movement	the spiritual devotional trend that emerged in old-fashioned Hinduism and later reformed in Sikhism. It started in the eighth-century south India (now parts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala), and spread northwards	163
8234525429	Funan	the name given by Chinese cartographers, geographers and writers to an ancient Indianised state—or, rather a loose network of states (Mandala)—located in mainland Southeast Asia centered on the Mekong Delta that existed from the first to sixth century CE	164
8234525430	Srivijaya	dominant thalassocratic Malay city-state based on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. Srivijaya was an important centre for the expansion of Buddhism from the 8th to the 12th century	165
8234525431	Angkor	the capital city of the Khmer Empire, which also recognized as Yasodharapura and flourished from approximately the 9th to 15th centuries. Angkor was a megacity supporting at least 0.1% of the global population during 1010-1220	166
8234525432	Ghana	African kingdom that was located in the same place that Mali was, 200 years before	167
8234525433	Gold Trade	Mali had an abundance of gold and used this new found length to trade for other natural resources such as salt and other spices	168
8234525435	Ibn Battuta	One of the greatest Moroccan trader of all time, logged more than 117000 km throughout all of his journies	169
8234525436	Islam in West Africa	spread primarily through trade, conversion of elites and syncretism	170
8234525437	Maya	a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples, and noted for its hieroglyphic script—the only known fully developed writing system of the pre-Columbian Americas—as well as for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system	171
8234525438	Teotihuacan	a vast Mexican archaeological complex northeast of Mexico City.	172
8234525439	Mayan Society and Religion	the Maya would often combine aspects of warfare and religion. Typically, this was in the form of taking prisoners for sacrifice	173
8234525440	The Umayyad Dynasty	the first great Muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the Caliphate (661-750 ce)	174
8234525443	Islam	Major world religion having its origins in 610 C.E. in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad.	175
8234525444	India, and Greece: Persian, Indian, and Greek influences on Islam	persian traditions deeply influenced Islamic political and cultural leaders. Persian influence is most noticeable in literary works from the Abbasid dynasty. While Arabic served as the language of religion, theology, philosophy, and law, Persian was the principal language of literature, poetry, history, and political reflection.	176
8234525445	Sultanate of Delhi	The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim sultanate based mostly in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years.	177
8234525446	The Chola Kingdom	The Chola dynasty was one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of southern India.	178
8234525447	Early Byzantine Empire	During the late 10th and early 11th centuries, under the rule of the Macedonian dynasty founded by Michael III's successor, Basil, the Byzantine Empire enjoyed a golden age	179
8234525448	Constantinople	capital of the byzantine empire	180
8234525449	Caesaropapism	a political theory in which the head of state, notably the emperor ("Caesar", by extension a "superior" king), is also the supreme head of the church (papa, pope or analogous religious leader)	181
8234525450	Justinian and Theodora	Emperor of the Byzantine empire and his wife	182
8234525451	Justinian's Code	the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Eastern Roman Emperor	183
8234525452	Muslim Conquests	The muslims of the Arabian peninsula fought many wars of conquest with other countries to create the Dar-al-Islam, a predominantly islamic region of land stretching from the Iberian peninsula to China	184
8234525453	The Aztec Empire	The Aztec Empire, or the Triple Alliance, began as an alliance of three Nahua "altepetl" city-states: Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan	185
8234525454	Iroquois	A group of tribes speaking related languages in the eastern Great Lakes region of upper New York.	186
8234525455	Cahokia	Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans	187
8234525456	Mound Builders	Used earth for religious, ceremonial, burial purposes; great lakes, ohio river valley	188
8234525457	Maori	New Zealand indigenous culture established around 800 CE	189
8234525458	Jizya	a per capita yearly tax historically levied by Islamic states on certain non-Muslim subjects—dhimmis—permanently residing in Muslim lands under Islamic law.	190
8234525459	Umayyad Decline	had to adapt to new life, not governed well, no same privileges, conquest slowed causing economic tension, and criticizing of the court	191
8234525460	Abu al-Abbas	Muhammad's uncle from whom the Abbasid Dynasty takes its name	192
8234525461	Abbasid Administration	The Islamic Golden Age was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from Damascus to Baghdad	193
8234525462	Harun al-Rashid	5th abbasid caliph	194
8234525463	Abbasid decline: reasons	Difficulty of moving armies across the great distances of the empire, retention of regional identities by the population, and difficulty of compelling local administrators to obey (no city collapse)	195
8234525464	The Franks	a collection of Germanic peoples that originated in the lands between the Lower and Middle Rhine in the 3rd century AD and eventually formed a large empire dominating much of western and central Europe during the Middle Ages	196
8234525465	Charles Martel	frankish statesman and military leader who as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death	197
8234525466	Charlemagne	king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor	198
8234525467	Louis the Pious	the King of the Franks and co-Emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813. He was also King of Aquitaine from 781	199
8234525468	Vikings	raided and traded from their Northern European homelands across wide areas of northern, central, eastern and western Europe, during the late 8th to late 11th centuries	200
8234525469	Chinggis Khan	the Great Khan and founder of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.	201
8234525470	Mongol Arms	relied on superior tactics and speed, and was like one massive well-disciplined cavalry which moved rapidly, adapted quickly to changing situations and followed complex battle strategies	202
8234525471	Mongol conquests: China and Persia	Began in the North in 1209 and overall lasted only a little over a century. (China), Mongol rule here was a disaster on a grand scale, as towns and villages were massacred, heavy taxes were collected, peasants were pushed off their land, and agricultural land was reduced to waste. (Persia)	203
8234525472	Kubilai Khan	Grandson of Genghis Khan, ruled the empire from China	204
8234525473	Golden Horde	Group of Mongols overran Russia between 1237 and 1241; Further overran Poland, Hungary, and eastern Germany, 1241-1242; Maintained hegemony in Russia until the mid-fifteenth century	205
8234525474	Mongols and Trade	Mongols supplemented their economy by trade and raiding. They never developed a merchant class. On a regular basis the Mongols traded animals, fur, and hides for grain, tea, silk, cloth, and manufactured items with Chinese and Russian trading companies	206
8234525475	Tamerlane and his conquests	founder of the Timurid Empire in Persia and Central Asia he became the first ruler in the Timurid dynasty	207
8234525477	Urban II	declared the start of the crusades	208
8234525478	Saladin	the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty	209
8234525481	Population Growth	equipped with the abundance of food during this time period, many countries' population more than doubled	210
8234525482	The Three Estates	The First Estate (clergy); the Second Estate (nobility); and the Third Estate (commoners). The king was considered part of no estate	211
8234525484	troubadours	a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages	212
8234525485	Eleanor of Aquitaine	Queen of France and England, she was one of the most powerful women in Europe in the Middle Ages	213
8234525486	guilds	Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests	214
8234525487	urban women	worked as domestic servants, laundresses, and seamstresses	215
8234525488	cathedral schools	schools run by secular clergy	216
8234525489	Scholasticism	A medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason	217
8234525490	St. Thomas Aquinas	developed five proofs for the existence of God	218
8234525491	sacraments	Sacred rituals of the Roman Catholic Church	219
8234525492	Dominicans	monastic group that emphasized preaching	220
8234525493	Franciscans	founded by St. Francis; order stressed vows of poverty and gentleness to all creatures	221
8234525494	heresy	the crime of holding a belief that goes against established doctrine	222
8234525495	Question: The observations seen in the excerpt are best seen as evidence for which of the following in Youn China?	Policies of religious toleration	223
8234525496	Question: Which of the following conclusions about the period 600-1450 CE is most directly supported by the passage?	The empires of the steppe nomads united trade links across Eurasia	224
8234525497	Question: Compared to the observations expressed in the excerpt, Mongol administrations of its Russian domains in the period 600-1950 CE differed that is--	Relied heavily on tribute from Russian principles, Mongols in China had Chinese Bureaucracy	225
8234525498	Question: What is the impact of improvement of saddles in spreading Islam to sub Saharan Africa?	Contributed to increased transaharan trade	226
8234525499	Question: Information on camel saddles is an example of--	People adopted technology based on their needs	227
8234525500	SAQ#1: SOURCE: Anonymous collection of stories about VIKRAMA in South Asia between 11th and 13th centuries Wives should follow their husbands and shall purify 3 families -- their mother's, father's and marital household's. Otherwise they are as usless as a banyan tree in a cemetery. SATI-- women burned themselves in the funeral pyre if their husbands died "Women are completely useless without their husbands Metaphors imply that men are essential to the survival of women-- they are dependent on their husbands QUESTION: One type of evidence: women were not considered equals of men in 12th century south asia 2 examples of how women in SE or SW asia enjoyed greater gender equaluty than women in S. ASIAN between 600 and 1450.	In southwest asia (arabia), the status of women in society was changing. They enjoyed rights not accorded to women in many other lands. They could legally inherit property, Divorce husbands on their own initiative, engage in business ventures. In southeast asia (Vietnam) women dominated local and regional marketa for centuries and participated actively in business ventures closed to women in areas like China.	228
8234525501	SAQ #2: QUESTION: identify and explain 3 ways in which improved transportation technology led to cultural diffusion during the period of 600CE to 1450 CE. Use specific examples from one or more civilizations. EXAMPLES: Religions: Islam Christianity Judaism Hinduism buddhism	buddhism Hinduism and buddhism both spread on the silk road. Indian ocean trade roites led to urbanized ciries Islam specifically-- umayyad and abbasid empires mintained roads, led to increase of muslim missionaries on trade routes subsaharan -- built religious centers along the trade routes Jewish Diaspora: moved to places that did not have jews , did not convert, but influenced with culture Technology/Goods Printing- printing of books Gunpowder Paper Compass from china, used by arabs	229
8234525502	SAQ #3: Identify and explain 3 ways in which rulers legitimized or consolatized their power during 600-1450. Use specific examples	-Incan Empires and worship of ruler who acted like an intermediary between man and God -Prince Vladimir of kiev and choosing a religion for Russia -Mali, Mansa Musa and pilgrimages to Mecca(using wealth) -Charlemagne(holy Roman emperor) -Mongols (Kublai Khan in China) legitimized through terrorizing -Vikings -Dar-Al-Islam (Islamic conquest); Islamic Empire- Delhi Sultanate -Chinese Empires (Tang and Song)	230
8234525503	a. Analyze the role geography played in the development of imperial city of Constantinople b. One specific example of influence Byzantine Empire had on another civilization	a. Trade routes/ports straight connects the mediterranian to the black sea, Constantinople, etc. b. Russian religion- Eastern orthodoxy (power and wealth) Prince Vladimir and kiev shopping for religions	231
8234807777	consolidate	to combine into a whole; to strengthen	232
8237280777	Abbasid Empire (geography)		233
8237281726	Umayyad Empire (geography)		234
8237316026	Mayan (geography)		235
8237316982	Aztec (geography)		236
8237322509	Incan (geography)		237
8237324052	Tang Dynasty (geography)		238
8237329167	Song Dynasty (geography)		239
8237332021	Byzantine Empire (geography)		240
8237334555	Mongols (geography)		241
8237337611	Islam (geography)		242
8237605294	Hanseatic League (geography)		243

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AP World History Chapter 12 Vocab Flashcards

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5382465478	Igbo (4)	People whose lands were east of the Niger River (1) in what is now southern Nigeria in West Africa (1); they build a complex society (1) that rejected kingship and centralized statehood (1).	0
5382477234	Fulbe (3)	West Africa's (1) largest pastoral society (1), whose members gradually adopted Islam (1).	1
5382483749	Ming dynasty (4)	Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) (1) that succeeded the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols; noted for its return to traditional Chinese ways (1) and restoration of the land (1) after the destructiveness of the Mongols (1).	2
5382497145	Renaissance, European (6)	A "rebirth" (1) of classical learning (1) that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy in the period 1350-1500 (1) and that included not just a rediscovery of Greek learning (1) but also major developments in art (1), as well as growing secularism (1) in society.	3
5382519403	Seizure of Constantinople (3)	The capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire (1) fell to the army of the Ottomans in 1453(1), marked the end of Christian Byzantium (1).	4
5382546648	Safavid Empire (3)	Major Turkic empire of Persia (1) founded in the early sixteenth century (1), notable for it s efforts to convert its populace to Shia Islam (1).	5
5382557387	Timbuktu (4)	Great trading city (1) of West Africa (1) noted int he fourteenth-sixteenth centuries (1) as a center of Islamic scholarship (1).	6
5382566676	Aztec Empire (3)	Major state that developed in what is now Mexico (1) in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries (1); dominated by the semi nomadic Mexica (1) who had migrated into the region from Northern Mexico.	7
5382579305	Inca Empire (5)	The Western Hemisphere's largest imperial state (1) in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries (1); built by a relatively small community of Quechua-speaking people (1) the empire stretched some 2,500 miles along the Andes Mountains (1), which ran nearly the entire length of the west coast of South America, and contained 10 million subjects (1).	8
5382598729	Mit'a (3)	Mandatory public service (1) int he society of the Inca Empire (1). A form of coerced labor (1).	9
5382603054	Zheng He (3)	Great Chinese admiral (1) who commanded a fleet of more than 300 ships in a series of voyages of contact and exploration to enhance Chinese prestige (1). Began in 1405 (1).	10

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AP World History Ch. 16 Flashcards

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8024109254	Buzurg ibn Shahriyar (pg.405) Time Period: 10th century Theme: Cultural	He was a ship master from Siraf who wrote the "Book of the Wonders of India"	0
8024109255	Harsha (pg. 406) Time Period: 606-648 Theme: Political	He was an emperor who ruled most of Northern India, seeking to revive imperial authority after the fall of the Gupta	1
8024109256	Mahmud of Ghazni (pg. 408) Time Period: 1001-1027 Theme: Political	He was a leader of the Turks in Afghanistan who demolished hundreds of Hindu and Buddhist sites	2
8024109257	Harihara and Bukka (pg. 410) Time Period: 1336 Theme: Political	They were brothers who represented the sultan and implement court policies in the south. They also renounced Islam and returned to the original Hindu faith.	3
8024109258	Shankara (pg. 420) Time Period: 9th century Theme: Cultural	A brahmin philosopher credited with establishing modern Hinduism thought	4
8024109259	Ramanuja (pg. 420) Time Period: 11-12th century Theme: Cultural	A brahmin philosopher and devotee of Vishnu who challenged Shankara's uncompromising insistence of logic	5
8024109260	Guru Kabir (pg. 423) Time Period: 1440-1518 Theme: Cultural	A blind weaver who was one of the most famous Bhakti teachers	6
8024109261	Sind (pg. 408) Time Period: 711 Theme: Cultural	A city that was conquered by the Islamic States; Islam reached India through the Indus River Valley	7
8024109262	Sultanate of Delhi (pg. 408) Time Period: 1206-1526 Theme: Political	Mahmud's successor who conquered most of the Hindu kingdoms and established Islamic state	8
8024109263	Chola Kingdom (pg. 409) Time Period: 850-1267 Theme: Political	Reigned in the Deep South, Coromandel coast	9
8024109264	Vijayanagar (pg. 410) Time Period: 1336 Theme: Political	The second kingdom in southern India	10
8024109265	Monsoons (pg. 411) Time Period: 850 Theme: Economics, interaction	Massive storms; agriculture depended on the flooding during spring and summer	11
8024109266	Dhows (pg. 413) Time Period: 500-1000 Theme: Economics	A large ship favored by Indian, Persian, and Arab sailors	12
8024109267	Junks (pg. 413) Time Period: 500-1000 Theme: economics	An asian ship which could carry 1000 tons of cargo	13
8024109268	Kingdom of Axum (pg. 416) Time Period: 1st century Theme: Political	Small kingdoms whose merchants traded from Adulis	14
8024109269	Vishnu (pg. 419) Time Period: 1st millennium Theme: Cultural	The second god in the Hindu triumvirate, as well as the preserver of the world	15
8024109270	Shiva (pg. 419) Time Period: 1st millennium Theme: Cultural	The god of fertility and destructive deity.	16
8024109271	Sufis (pg. 422) Time Period: 850 Theme: Cultural	They encouraged personal, emotional, and a devotional approach to India	17
8024109272	Bhakti (pg. 423) Time Period: 12th century Theme: Cultural	A movement where a cult of love and devotion sought to ease the distinction between Hinduism and Islam	18
8024109273	Ramayana (pg. 425) Time Period: 600 Theme: Cultural	Indian literature which promoted Hindu values	19
8024109274	Funan (pg. 425) Time Period: 1st-6th centuries Theme: Political	The first state known to have reflected Indian literature	20
8024109275	Srivijaya (pg. 426) Time Period: 670-1025 Theme: Political	Political leadership passed down from Funan	21
8024109276	Angkor (pg. 427) Time Period: 889-1431 Theme: Political	One of the three kingdoms who gained power after the decline of the Srivijaya	22
8024109277	Melaka (pg. 428) Time Period: 15th century Theme: Political	Powerful state due to an extensive marine force which sponsored the faith of Islam throughout the region	23

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