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AP World History - Strayer Chapter 6 Flashcards

8424268505	Maya	Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. (Height from 200-900 CE)	0
8424268506	Moche	A civilization of the north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. Farmed maize, beans, and squash adopted from Mesoamerica.	1
8424268507	Meroe	Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the 300 BCE to 100 CE. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of sub-Saharan Africa. Deforestation contributed to its decline.	2
8424268508	Axum	An African empire located in what is now Eritrea & Ethiopia c. 50 CE that was a naval and trading power; Christianity became the kingdom's religion. Brought down by environmental problems.	3
8424268509	Bantu	A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.	4
8424268510	Ezana	King who ruled Axum and converted to Christianity in the fourth century CE about the same time as Constantine. Christianity persists in the region down to today.	5
8424268511	Jenne-jeno	One of the first urbanized centers in western Africa. A walled community home to approximately 50,000 people at its height. Evidence suggests domestication of agriculture and trade with nearby regions.	6
8424268512	Batwa	Forest-dwelling people of Central Africa who adopted some of the ways of their Bantu neighbors while retaining distinctive features of their own culture; also known as "Pygmies."	7
8424268513	Khoikhoi	A people of South Africa who adopted cattle and sheep herding (as well as iron working) as they came in contact with Bantu-speaking people from West Africa.	8
8424268514	Continuous Revelation	A Bantu notion of religious belief in which, contrary to the Bible or the Muslim Quran, the people believed in the possibility of constantly receiving new messages from the world beyond.	9
8424268515	Mesoamerican Agriculture	Agriculture in Central American primarily focused around maize, beans, chili peppers, and squash.	10
8424268516	Mesoamerican Trade	Back as far as the Olmecs, Central America peoples traded things like jade, serpentine, obsidian tools, ceramic pottery, shell ornaments, stingray spines, and turtle shells.	11
8424268517	Maya Writing	The Mayans wrote on stone, bark paper, and on deerskin.	12
8424268518	Tikal	The largest ancient Mayan city in the northern part of what is today Guatemala; traded items were jade, gold, shells, feathers, and cacao (as well as food like maize, beans, and squash).	13
8424268519	Teotihuacan	The first major metropolis in Mesoamerica in what is today Mexico; collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".	14
8424268520	Monte Alban	A major Zapotec city; engaged in diplomacy with Teotihuacan.	15
8424268521	Chavin	The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 BCE). Its capital was located high in the Andes Mountains of what is today called Peru.	16
8424268522	Chavin de Huantar	A center for a major religious movement in the Andes c. 900 BCE dedicated to jaguar, crocodie, and snake deities that helped to unify coastal and highland Peru.	17
8424268523	Lords of Sipan	A gravesite was discovered of Moche leaders dating to about 290 CE. Archaeologists referred to them as this.	18
8424268524	Tiwanaku	Name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375-1000 C.E.).	19
8424268525	Anasazi	Important culture of what is now the southwest of the US (700- 1100 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado; they built multistory residences and worshiped in subterranean buildings called kivas.	20
8424268526	Pueblo Bonito	Important great house in Chaco canyon; trade networks linked together various pueblos that traded things like buffalo hides, copper, turquoise, seashells, macaw feathers, and coiled baskets.	21
8424268527	Mound Builders	Native american civilizations of the eastern region of north america that created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places.	22
8424268528	Cahokia	A commercial center for regional and long-distance trade in North America located near modern St. Louis. Its hinterlands produced staples for urban consumers. In return, its crafts were exported inland by porters and to North American markets in canoes.	23

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AP World History Period 4 #2 Flashcards

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5639132729	Akbar	The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion.	0
5639132730	Columbian Exchange	The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization.	1
5639132731	Conquistadores	Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires.	2
5639132732	Constantinople, 1453	The capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror," an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.	3
5639132733	Creoles	Spaniards born in the Americas.	4
5639132734	Devshirme	The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.	5
5639132735	Fixed Winds	The prevailing winds of the Atlantic, which blow steadily in the same direction; an understanding of these winds made European exploration and colonization of the Americas possible.	6
5639132736	The Great Dying	Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas.	7
5639132737	Jizya	Special tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states; the Mughal Empire was notable for abolishing it for a time.	8
5639132738	Mercantilism	An economic theory that argues that governments best serve their states' economic interests by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion.	9
5639132739	Mestizo	Literally, "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas.	10
5639132740	Mughal Empire	One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims.	11
5639132741	Mulatto	Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.	12
5639132742	Ottoman Empire	Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa.	13
5639132743	Peninsulare	In the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas.	14
5639132744	Plantation complex	Agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America.	15
5639132745	Qing Dynasty	Ruling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912; these rulers were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China.	16
5639132746	Settler colonies	Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America.	17
5639132747	Siberia	Russia's great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals.	18
5639132748	Yasak	Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia, most often in the form of furs.	19
5639132749	African diaspora	Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade.	20
5639132750	Banda Islands	Infamous case of the Dutch forcibly taking control of the spice trade; nearly the entire population of these nutmeg-producing islands was killed or enslaved and then replaced with Dutch planters.	21
5639132751	Benin	West African kingdom (in what is now Nigeria) whose strong kings sharply limited engagement with the slave trade.	22
5639132752	British/Dutch East India companies	Private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples.	23
5639132753	Cartaz	A pass that the Portuguese required of all merchant vessels attempting to trade in the Indian Ocean.	24
5639132754	Dahomey	West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers' exploitation of the slave trade.	25
5639132755	Daimyo	Feudal lords of Japan who ruled with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors.	26
5639132756	Hurons	Native American people of northeastern North America who were heavily involved in the fur trade.	27
5639132757	Indian Ocean Commercial Network	The massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered on the Indian Ocean (including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around 1500.	28
5639132758	Little Ice Age	A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era.	29
5639132759	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese mariner who commanded the first European (Spanish) fleet to circumnavigate the globe (1519-1521).	30
5639132760	Manila	Capital of the Spanish Philippines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600.	31
5639132761	Middle Passage	Name commonly given to the journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas.	32
5639132762	Piece of Eight	Standard Spanish coin that became a medium of exchange in North America, Europe, India, Russia, and West Africa as well as in the Spanish Empire; so called because it was worth 8 reales.	33
5639132763	Potosi	City that developed high in the Andes (in present-day Bolivia) at the site of the world's largest silver mine and that became the largest city in the Americas, with a population of some 160,000 in the 1570s.	34
5639132764	Samurai	The warrior elite of medieval Japan.	35
5639132765	Shogun	In Japan, a supreme military commander.	36
5639132766	Silver drain	Term often used, along with "specie drain," to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the East, a process exacerbated by the fact that Europe had few trade goods that were desirable in Eastern markets; eventually, the bulk of the world's silver supply made its way to China.	37
5639132767	Soft gold	Nickname used in the early modern period for animal furs, highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status; in several regions, the fur trade generated massive wealth for those engaged in it.	38
5639132768	Spanish Phillipines	An archipelago of Pacific islands colonized by Spain in a relatively bloodless process that extended for the century or so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization	39
5639132769	Tokugawa Shogunate	Military rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japan politically by the early seventeenth century and established a "closed door" policy toward European encroachments.	40
5639132770	Trading post empire	Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples.	41
5639132771	Catholic Counter-Reformation	An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.	42
5639132772	Condorcet and the idea of progress	French philosopher and political scientist who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improvability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept away by the triumph of reason.	43
5639132773	Copernicus	Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos.	44
5639132774	Council of Trent	The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses.	45
5639132775	Charles Darwin	Highly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth.	46
5639132776	Deism	Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly in human affairs.	47
5639132777	Edict of Nantes	1598 edict issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars of Religion.	48
5639132778	European Enlightenment	European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.	49
5639132779	Galileo	Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church.	50
5639132780	Huacas	Local gods of the Andes.	51
5639132781	Huguenots	The Protestant minority in France.	52
5639132782	Jesuits in China	Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success	53
5639132783	Kaozheng	Literally, "research based on evidence"; Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents.	54
5639132784	Martin Luther	German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe.	55
5639132785	Isaac Newton	English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution.	56
5639132786	Ninety-Five Theses	List of debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity.	57
5639132787	Protestant Reformation	Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone."	58
5639132788	Matteo Ricci	The most famous Jesuit missionary in China in the early modern period; active in China from 1582 to 1610.	59
5639132789	Scientific Revolution	Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method.	60
5639132790	Sikhism	Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women.	61
5639132791	Society of Jesus	Also called "Jesuits," this Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon became a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the borders of Europe.	62
5639132792	Thirty Year's War	Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648).	63
5639132793	Voltaire	Pen name of the French philosopher François-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning of traditional values and attitudes; noted for his deism and his criticism of traditional religion.	64
5639132794	Wahhabi Islam	Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia (Islamic law).	65
5639132795	Early Modern Period	period from 1450 to 1750; characterized by the beginning of globalization; features elements of distinctly modern societies and a growing European presence in world affairs	66
5639132796	Renaissance Man	a cultured man of the Renaissance who was knowledgeable, educated, or proficient in a wide range of fields	67
5639132797	absolute monarchy	type of government in which kings ruled by "divine right" and could legitimately claim sole and uncontested authority	68
5639132798	Absolutism	a political theory holding that all power should be held by one ruler; divine right to rule given to monarchs from God; dominant political theory of Europe in 16th and 17th centuries; best exemplified by King Louis XIV of France with his palace of Versailles	69
5639132799	African diaspora	the global spread of African peoples; facilitated by the African Slave Trade; introduced elements of African culture into the making of American cultures	70
5639132800	Akbar	ruled the Mughal Empire from 1556 to 1695; recognized the division of religion and deliberately tried to accommodate the Hindu majority; conquered the Hindu Rajputs of northwestern India; married several of their princesses but did require them to convert; incorporated a large number of Hindus into the political-military elite of the empire; supported the construction of Hindu temples and Muslim mosques, as well as temples and forts; softened some Hindu restrictions on women (discouraged child marriages and sati); imposed a policy of toleration (restrained the ulama and removed the jizya); presided over the House of Worship, where representatives of many religions met and discussed; created his own state cult, emphasizing his rule	71
5639132801	Astrolabe	Technology used by sailors to determine latitude	72
5639132802	Atahualpa	lived 1497 to 1533; last Inca emperor of the Inca Empire before the Spanish conquest; used by Francisco Pizarro to control the empire	73
5639132803	Atlantic Slave Trade	An extensive trade in Africans who were forced to work in the Americas; 11 million were enslaved and made the Middle Passage across the Atlantic; majority were sent to Caribbean and Brazil	74
5639132804	Babur	lived from 1483 to 1530; conqueror from Central Asia succeeded in laying the foundation for the Mughal dynasty; became the first Mughal emperor	75
5639132805	Benin	West African country bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north; formerly known as Dahomey; has a small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean; Porto-Novo (capital); (kingdom of) successfully avoided deep involvement in slave trade while diversifying exports with which it purchased from Europeans	76
5639132806	Capitalism	an economic system in which trade, industry and manufacturing are privately owned and take part in a market economy	77
5639132807	Caravel	a small, fast, maneuverable ship that had a large cargo hold and usually three masts with lateen sails; made long voyages of exploration possible and lowered the cost of transport; used triangular or lateen sails which allowed it to sail against the wind	78
5639132808	Cash crop	an agricultural crop which is grown for the sole purpose of sale to gain profit	79
5639132809	Catholic Reformation	a.k.a. Counter Reformation; the Church's response to the Protestant Reformation; in the Council of Trent, Catholics clarified and reaffirmed doctrines and practices, sought to correct abuse and corruption, cracked down on dissidents, renewed attention given to individual spirituality and personal piety, and established new religious orders, such as the Society of Jesus	80
5639132810	Christopher Columbus	Genoese mariner; lived from 1451 to 1506; severely underestimated the circumference of the Earth by 8,000 miles; proposed to sail to Asia by a western route; sponsored by Spain; departed in August of 1492, landed in October 12, 1492 on San Salvador Island in the Bahamas; thought he reached the West Indies, called the native Taino people "Indians"; sailed for three months looking for gold and sent a delegation to seek the emperor of China upon arriving in Cuba; upon returning he still believed he had reached the islands just off of Asia	81
5639132811	Columbian Exchange	the enormous network of communication, migration, trade, disease, and the transfer of plants and animals between Europeans and the Americas; benefits of this exchange unequal in favor of the Europeans. New foods led to population increase in Eastern Hemisphere.	82
5639132812	Conquistador	a leader in the Spanish conquest of America	83
5639132813	Creole	Spanish term for Spaniards born in the Americas	84
5639132814	Daimyo	"great names"; the head of noble families in Japan who controlled vast landed estates and relied on samurai for protection	85
5639132815	Devshirme	"the collecting" or "the gathering"; Ottoman law which required Balkan Christian communities to hand over a quota of young boys, who were removed from their families, required to learn Turkish and usually converted to Islam, and trained for either civil administration or military service	86
5639132816	Divine right	belief in which kings derive their right to rule directly from God; gives the king absolute authority	87
5639132817	Encomienda	a legal system in which the Spanish crown granted to particular Spanish settlers a number of local native people from whom they could require labor, gold, or agricultural produce and to whom they owed "protection" and instruction in Christianity; eventually became an exploitative regime and was replaced by a similar system, repartimiento, with slightly more control by the crown and Spanish officials	88
5639132818	Enlightenment	Known as the Age of Reason; philosophers began to reject traditional ideas about politics and absolutism and developed new ideas about how best to govern people	89
5639132819	Gunpowder Empires	nickname for the English and Dutch Indian Ocean territories, which used their military advancements, such as gunpowder, to establish their authority in the region	90
5639132820	Henry the Navigator	nickname of Prince Henry of Portugal; lived from 1394 to 1460; conquered the Moroccan port of Ceuta; sponsored a series of voyages down the West African coast	91
5639132821	King Henry VIII	English King who established the Church of England (Anglican) in order to void the authority of the Pope in England; gained control of the church's wealth	92
5639132822	Humanism	an intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of the humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history	93
5639132823	Imam	Shia Islam leader, which held religious authority that the caliphs lacked, allowing them to interpret divine revelation and law	94
5639132824	Indentured Labor	A system in which people from Europe promised to work for a certain amount of time in exchange for their paid passage to the New Word; popular in North America.	95
5639132825	Isaac Newton	lived from 1642 to 1727; Englishman who formulated the modern laws of motion and mechanics; core of thinking was the concept of universal gravitation	96
5639132826	Ivan III	aka Ivan the Great; lived from 1440 to 1505; Russian ruler who overthrew the Mongol Golden Horde in 1480, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state	97
5639132827	Ivan IV	also known as Ivan the Terrible; lived from 1530 to 1584; succeeded Ivan III; ruler of Muscovy; recognized as the legitimate ruler and czar of Russia by the Orthodox Church	98
5639132828	Janissary	a member of an elite infantry unit that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and bodyguards; known for their strict discipline, many were young Christian boys taken from the Balkan region and forced to convert to Islam	99
5639132829	Jesuit	a member of the Society of Jesus; completed a rigorous and advanced education in theology, philosophy, languages, history, literature, and science; acquired a reputation for discipline and determination; served as counselors to kings and other rulers; attracted converts in India, China, Japan, the Philippines, and the Americas	100
5639132830	Johannes Gutenberg	lived from c. 1395 to 1468; a German printer and publisher who introduced printing to Europe; invented printing using the mechanical movable type; influenced the development of the Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment	101
5639132831	John Locke	lived from 1632 to 1704; English philosopher who offered principles for constructing a constitutional government, in which a contract between rulers and ruled that was created by human ingenuity rather than divinely prescribed	102
5639132832	Joint-stock company	a company which is publicly owned by shareholders; privately held, with government support; two of the most profitable were the Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company	103
5639132833	Kabuki	a classical Japanese dance-drama; known for its stylization of drama and the elaborate make-up worn by some of its performers	104
5639132834	Kangxi	lived from 1654 to 1722; ruled from 1661 to 1722; fourth Qing Dynasty emperor; initiated a vast imperial project extending Chinese control deep into Inner Asia	105
5639132835	Kingdom of Kongo	an African kingdom located in west-central Africa (modern-day northern Angola, the Republic and Democratic Republic of the Congo, and south Gabon); was an independent state from c. 1390 to 1891 until became a vassal state of Portugal until 1914; in this kingdom, female slaves provided a source of dependent laborers for the plantations which sustained urban elites; women also held lower level administrative positions and served on the council that advised the monarch	106
5639132836	King Louis XIV	Known as the Sun King, he asserted his divine right to rule over France. Built the Palace of Versailles to reflect his absolute authorities.	107
5639132837	Kowtow	a Chinese ritual which consisted of a series of bowings and prostrations; used to show subservience and tribute	108
5639132838	Lateen sails	From Chinese merchant ships, allowed ships to sail in any direction	109
5639132839	Leonardo da Vinci	lived from 1452 to 1519; model "Renaissance man;" an Italian artist, scientist, inventor, and visionary; mastered the art of realistic painting; dissected human bodies to better understand their workings; wanted to create idealized forms that captured the perfection of nature in the individual	110
5639132840	Louis XIV	ruled France from 1643 to 1715; adopted absolutism; wrote "L'etat, c'est moi" ("I am the state"), which summed up the absolutist ideal	111
5639132841	Magnetic compass	Invented by the Chinese, used to aid navigation during the Age of Exploration	112
5639132842	Martin Luther	lived from 1483 to 1546; leader of the Protestant Reformation; a German writer and monk; denounced the church's sale of indulgences in The Ninety-five Theses; excommunicated by Pope Leo X in 1520; summoned by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521 and demanded he recant his views; benefited from the recent appearance of the printing press; advocated the closure of monasteries, translation of the Bible from Latin to vernacular, and end priestly and pope's authority; argued that humans could only be saved through faith in the promises of God	113
5639132843	Mercantilism	an economic theory which held that European governments served their countries' economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals like silver and gold), which were believed to be the source of national prosperity, European countries depended on raw materials from their colonies, which were also viewed as markets for finished goods	114
5639132844	Mestizo	colonial Spanish American class of mixed race, typically the union of Spanish men and Native women; rooted in sexual imbalance among Spanish immigrants (a lot more men than women); became the majority of the population in Mexico during the 19th Century; divided into dozens of separate groups known as castas (castes) based on racial heritage and skin color; largely Hispanic in culture; regarded as illegitimate for many not being born of "proper" marriages; men became artisans, clerks, supervisors of labor gangs, and lower-level officials in church and state bureaucracies; women worked as domestic servants or in husband's shops, wove cloth, manufactured candles and cigars	115
5639132845	Michelangelo	lived from 1475 to 1564; an Italian painter, sculptor, and architect; famous for his mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, which depicts an ideal type of human being with perfect proportions	116
5639132846	Middle Passage	the journey taken across the Atlantic Ocean by boat; 14.4% of African slaves perished along this sea route	117
5639132847	Millet System	in the Ottoman Empire these were legally protected religious communities of non-Muslims; permitted to maintain their own traditional religious beliefs; Jews, Greeks, etc.	118
5639132848	Ming Dynasty	Chinese dynasty which lasted from 1368 to 1644; China recovers from the plague, attempts to rid of foreign rule, and reverts to Confucian learning and orthodox gender roles; completed the Great Wall; undertook a large maritime expedition which sought to acquire distant states into the Chinese system of tribute; abruptly ended after the death of Emperor Yongle	119
5639132849	Mita	Incan labor service which required conquered peoples to work for the empire; some labored on large state farms; others herded, mined, served in the military, or public work projects. Later used by Spain where they forced native Indians to work several months a year on Spanish-owned plantations, in mines, or public work projects.	120
5639132850	Mughal Empire	Islamic empire which lasted from 1526 to 1707 and brought India a rare period of relative political unity; established by Central Asian Turkic warriors; rulers such as Akbar sought to alleviate and Hindu-Muslim tensions, while rulers such as Aurangzeb enforced Islam onto the Hindu majority; Hindu resistance to Muslim rule brought about conquest by the British	121
5639132851	Niccolo Machiavelli	lived from 1469 to 1527; Italian writer famous for his novel The Prince, which was written as a job application for a government position under the Medici family	122
5639132852	Nicolaus Copernicus	lived from 1473 to 1543; Polish mathematician and astronomer; known for his novel On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, published in 1543; argued that the sun was at the center and the earth and other planets revolved around it	123
5639132853	Osman I	lived from 1258 to 1326; the leader of the Ottoman Turks; the founder of the dynasty that established and ruled the Ottoman Empire	124
5639132854	Ottoman Empire	lasted from 14th century to the early 20th century; created by one of many Turkic groups which settled in Anatolia; claimed the legacy of the earlier Abbasid Empire; sought to renew unity in the Islamic world; conquered the Byzantine Empire with the capture of Constantinople in 1453; the "Muslim threat" of early modern era Europe	125
5639132855	Peninsulares	Spanish term for Iberian-born Spaniards living in the Americas	126
5639132856	Peter the Great	ruled from 1689 to 1725; undertook vast administrative changes; enlarged and modernized Russian military forces; established a new educational system for the sons of noblemen; established dozens of manufacturing enterprises; sought to "Westernize" Russia; newly created capital of St. Petersburg was to be Russia's "window on the West"	127
5639132857	Printing Press	mechanical device invented in the 15th century in Europe by Gutenberg; led to the mass production of books; allowed for the spread of new ideas from reformers such as Martin Luther	128
5639132858	Protestant Reformation	movement during the Renaissance based on the teachings of Erasmus and Martin Luther; protested the church's use of indulgences for the forgiveness of sins; core belief was "justification by faith alone"; spread using newly available technology such as the printing press; spread from Germany to Switzerland, the Low Countries, England, and France	129
5639132859	Qinglong	lived from 1711 to 1799; sixth emperor of the Qing Dynasty; conducted a series of military campaigns which eliminated Turkic and Mongol threats, enlarged the empire, and reinforced Chinese authority	130
5639132860	Qing Dynasty	lasted from 1644 to 1912; from Manchuria, which was seen as foreign rule; sought to maintain their ethnic distinctiveness while trying to legitimize themselves through the adoption of Confucianism and highly centralized system of scholar-bureaucrats; undertook an eighty-year military effort which brought large portions of Mongolia (1697), Xinjiang (1750s), and Tibet (1720) under Chinese control	131
5639132861	Romanov family	the second and last imperial dynasty to rule over Russia; reigned from 1613 to 1917; included Ivan, Peter and Catherine the Great.	132
5639132862	Safavid Empire	Islamic empire which developed in the late 15th and early 16th Centuries; Turkic in descent; emerged from a Sufi religious order founded by Safi-al-Din; forcibly imposed Shia Islam as the official religion; caused division between Persia and its neighbors, as they were mostly Sunni; periodic military conflict erupted between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires	133
5639132863	Scientific Revolution	a vast intellectual and cultural transformation which took place in Europe between the Mid-16th to Early 18th Centuries; knowledge acquired through careful observation, controlled experiments, and the formulation of general laws expressed mathematically; founders of this revolution include Copernicus from Poland, Galileo from Italy, Descartes from France, and Newton from England; fundamentally altered ideas about humankind's place in the universe and challenged the teachings and authority of the Church; substantially eroded religious belief and practice in the West, especially among the well-educated; challenged ancient hierarchies and political systems; also was used to legitimize racial and gender inequalities	134
5639132864	Serfdom	Laborers who were tied to the land, not slaves, but could be sold. Provided labor force for the agrarian-based economy of Russia.	135
5639132865	Shah Abbas I	lived from 1571 to 1629; well-known ruler from the Safavid Empire; reduced foreign influence on the Safavid Empire and reclaimed recently lost territories from the Mughals, Ottomans, Portuguese, and Uzbeks	136
5639132866	Sikhism	an Indian religion which was founded in the Punjab region of northern India; founded by Guru Nanak; believed that God is universal, doesn't matter if you're Hindu or Muslim; teachings ignored caste distinctions and untouchability and ended seclusion of women; drew converts from Punjabi peasants and merchants; developed own sacred book, Guru Granth (teacher book); created central place of worship and pilgrimage in the Golden Temple of Amritsar (Harmandir Sahib); prescribed certain dress requirements for men; encountered hostility from Mughal Empire and Hindu neighbors in the 17th Century; caused Sikhism to evolve into a militant community, whose military skills were valued by the British when they took over India in the late 18th Century	137
5639132867	Haciendas	Large agricultural estates in colonial Latin America	138
5639132868	Suleiman I	ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566; reign regarded as the Ottoman Golden Age, in regards to culture and economy and law giving; known for his religious toleration	139
5639132869	Single Whip Tax	Policy put forth by the Ming in 1570s, requiring that all takes be paid in the form of silver. Led to the development of the first global trade network.	140
5639132870	Taj Mahal	white marble mausoleum located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India; built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in the mid 1600's in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal; combined elements from Islamic, Persian, Ottoman and Indian architectural styles	141
5639132871	Thirty Years War	war which lasted from 1618 to 1648; sparked by Catholic-Protestant tensions in Germany; conflict arose when the Holy Roman emperor attempted to force Bohemian subjects to return to Roman Catholicism; by the end of the war, Spanish, Dutch, French, German, Swedish, Danish, Polish, Bohemian, and Russian forces had taken part; ended through the Treaty of Westphalia; severely damaged European economies and led to the deaths of 1/3 of the German population	142
5639132872	Tokugawa Ieyasu	lived from 1543 to 1616; the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan	143
5639132873	Tokugawa Shogunate	Japanese shogunate which lasted from 1600 to 1868; from 1650 to 1850 closed off European commerce to Japan; shoguns used silver-generated profits to defeat rival feudal lords and unify the country; shoguns allied with the Japanese merchant class to develop a market-based economy and invest in agricultural and industrial enterprises; protected and renewed Japan's dwindling forests; slowed Japanese population growth; created the foundations for Japan's Industrial Revolution	144
5639132874	Trading Post Empires	Built to establish commercial relations; Portuguese were first to create along both coasts of Africa and throughout Asia; English and Dutch soon followed in India and South Africa and SE Asia	145
5639132875	Vasco da Gama	From Portugal, rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1497 and continued to voyage up east coast of Africa, eventually making his way to India, gave Europeans access to the Asian spice market without having to cross the traditional land routes controlled by Muslims	146
5639132876	Viceroyal	a regal official who runs a country, colony, or city province in the name of and as representative of a monarch	147
5639132877	Viceroyalty	the governing area in the Spanish Americas ruled over by a representative of a monarch	148
5639132878	Vizier	a high government official in Muslim governments, in which advised the caliph during council meetings	149
5639132879	Voltaire	lived from 1694 to 1778; French writer who reflected on the outlook of the Scientific Revolution in his Treatise on Toleration; commented sarcastically on religious intolerance; practiced deism	150
5639132880	William Shakespeare	lived from 1564 to 1616; English poet, playwright, and actor; author of numerous histories, comedies, and tragedies	151
5639132881	Zheng He	lived from 1371 to 1433; Chinese eunuch, mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral during the Ming Dynasty; practiced Islam; undertook numerous expeditions along the Indian Ocean basin to incorporate states from Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa into the Chinese tribute system	152

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AP World History Chapter 25 Flashcards

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8405238256	Mataram	Kingdom that controlled the interior regions of Java in 17th Century; Dutch East India Company paid tribute	0
8405238257	Sepoys	Troops that served the British East India Company; recruited mainly from various warlike peoples of India	1
8405238258	British Raj	British political establishment in India; developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britain in India	2
8405238259	Battle of Plassey	Battle in 1757 between troops of the British East India Company and an Indian Army under the ruler of Bengal; Marked the rise of the British control over Northern India	3
8405238260	Robert Clive	Architect of the British Victory at Plassey; established the British Raj in northern India	4
8405308317	Presidencies	Three districts that made up the bulk of the directly ruled British territories in India (Madras, Calcutta, Bombay)	5
8405308318	Princely States	Domains of Indian princes allied with the British Raj; made up of 1/3rd of the British Indian Empire	6
8405308319	Nabobs	Name given to British representatives of the East India Company who went briefly to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation	7
8405340082	Lord Charles Cornwallis	Reformer of the East India Compay administration of India in the 1790s; checked widespread corruption; reduced power of the British Raj	8
8405385376	Ram Mohun Roy	Western educated Indian leader; cooperated with the British to outlaw sati	9
8405440336	Isandhlwana	Location of battle fought in 1879 between the British and Zulu armies in South Africa; resulted in defeat of British; one of the few victories of African forces	10
8405440337	Tropical dependencies	Colonies with substantial indigenous population tht are ruled by small European political and military minorities with the assistance of colonized bureaucrats, soldiers, clerks, and servants	11
8405506630	Settlement colonies	Areas conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made colonized areas permanent homes and dispersed and decimated the indigenous people	12
8405530845	White Dominions	Colonies in which European settlers made up the overwhelming majority of the population; native population is reduced by disease and wars of conquest	13
8405573578	White Racial Supremacy	Belief in the inherent mental and moral and cultural superiority of whites; peaked in acceptance in decades before WWI; supported by social darwinists	14
8405629452	Natal	British colony in South Africa; developed after Boer trek north from Cape Colony; major commercial outpost at Durban	15
8405757335	Boer Republics	Transvaal and Orange Free State in Southern Africa; established to assert independence of Boers from British Colonial government	16
8405757336	Cecil Rhodes	British entrepreneur in South Africa around 1900; manipulated the political situation in South Africa to gain entry to resources of Boer Republics	17
8405757337	Anglo-Boer War	Fought over the continued Independence of Boer republics; resulted in a British Victory but began the process of decolonization for whites in South Africa	18
8405757338	Captain James Cook	Made voyages in Hawaii resulting in opening of islands to the west; convinced Kamehameha to establish unified Kingdoms in the islands	19

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AP World History Midterm Flashcards

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8496820408	Why was the discovery of the remains of humanlike creatures initially upsetting?	it challenged accepted beliefs about human origins	0
8496820409	Current archaeological theory supports Louis and Mary Leakey/s discovery that the cradle of humanity is where?	tropical habitat of the African apes	1
8496820410	What traits do humans possess that distinguish them from other primates?	bipedalism (walking upright on two legs), a very large brain, location of the human larynx (much lower in the neck)	2
8496820411	How did the Great Ice Age affect plants and animals?	there was increase that transformed the Middle East into fertile grasslands and there was an abundance of plant and animal food	3
8496820412	The success of Homo erectus over a span of one million years was due in large part to their what?	brains a third larger than those of Homo habilis	4
8496820413	Define culture	ideas passed along within societies; learned patterns of action and expression; material objects, clothes, tools, crafts, beliefs, languages	5
8496820414	What caused many species of large mammals to disappear between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago?	Homo sapiens (humans) that hunted	6
8496820415	Where were the most permanent shelters constructed by Stone Age humans built?	in fishing villages along lakes and rivers	7
8496820416	The food supply of early farmers, compared with that of hunting and gathering peoples was	more secure but their diet was less varied and nutritious	8
8496820417	What occurred as a result of the growth of settled agricultural communities?	towns, which were centers of trade and craft specialization	9
8496820418	Why was Mesopotamia sometimes a dangerous place to live?	-weather could be unpredictable such as sudden and violent floods that were badly timed -also rivers changing course that cut off fields and population centers from water supplies and communication	10
8496820419	What is Babylonian leader Hammurabi best known for?	his Law Code that provided judges with a lengthy set of examples illustrating the principles they were to employ when deciding cases	11
8496820420	Why did women in Mesopotamian society have a lower status than in a hunter-gatherer society?	the provision of food for the community depended on the physical work of dragging around a plow and digging irrigation channels, which was normally done by men	12
8496820421	Early societies developed civilizations in the floodplains of great rivers because the rivers and floodplains provided	benefits-- deposits of fertile silt and water for agriculture	13
8496820422	The Egyptian creation myth presents the universe as orderly and benevolent. This is due to	the remarkable stability to this landscape; they were endowed with natural resources	14
8496820423	The Mesopotamian law code is famous. Why didn't Egypt have a similar code of law?	The Egyptians had conception of a divine king who was the source of law and justice	15
8496820424	How were slaves used in ancient Egypt?	found in country estates or in the household of the king and wealthy families; treated relatively human and were given freedom	16
8496820425	Why is the Egyptian death ritual complex?	they believed in the reality of afterlife and made extensive preparations for the safe passage to the next world and a comfortable existence once arrived	17
8496820426	What do Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley civilizations all have in common?	all centered on a great river valley/fertile floodplain	18
8496820427	What do the architecture and layout of Indus Valley cities indicate?	the architecture and layout indicate that civilizations carefully thought about where to settle and used the environment to their advantage	19
8496820428	In East Asia the development of complex societies arose	in the Middle East and Indus Valley	20
8496820429	What is the Mandate of Heaven?	the chief deity was referred to as "Heaven", the monarch was called the "Son of Heaven" and his rule was the "Mandate of Heaven" -a way to legitimize the Zhou rulers rule	21
8496820430	How does Confucian philosophy attempt to create societal harmony?	teachings emphasized benevolence, nonviolence, justice rationalism, loyalty, and dignity -also unified all of China	22
8496820431	What is the fundamental idea behind Daoism?	accepting the world as you find it, avoiding futile struggles, and deviating as little as possible from the "path"	23
8496820432	Explain the concept of the yin and the yang	-represents differences in male and female -balance of the natural order -men and women play complimentary roles	24
8496820433	The era of the New Kingdom in Egypt is characterized by restoration of Egyptian rule and	innovation	25
8496820434	Why is the pharaoh Tutankhamun famous?	his is the only royal tomb found by archaeologists that had not been pillaged by tomb robbers	26
8496820435	How did the Egyptian government treat the Nubian people?	-Egypt extensively exploited the mines of Nubia at considerable human cost -fatalities were high among native workers	27
8496820436	The myths and literary practices of the Mycenaeans may be traced through what source?	The Minoan civilization on Crete	28
8496820437	Early Greek cultural unity can best be explained by	extensive contacts and commerce between the various Greek kingdoms	29
8496820438	How long did the Americas remain isolated from the rest of the world?	at least 15,000 years	30
8496820439	What is a distinctive feature of Celtic military activity?	-warriors fought naked and eagerly -made trophies of the heads of defeated enemies	31
8496820440	How did the Assyrians governed their empire?	used iron weapons and terror tactics to discourage resistance rebellion	32
8496820441	Why were the Assyrians were able to conquer vast territories?	superior military organization and technology	33
8496820442	The stories of Cain and Abel and Sodom and Gomorrah reflect what?	the Israelites view of their ancestors as nomadic side of the equation	34
8496820443	The basic tenets of Jewish belief and practice prohibit what?	-murder -adultery -theft -lying -envy	35
8496820444	When the Ark of the Covenant was brought to Jerusalem, how did it transform the city?	it made the city as religious and political center of the religion	36
8496820445	What happened to the Jews after the conquest of Israel and Judah?	-this was the origin of the Jewish Diaspora -a dispersal still occurring today	37
8496820446	The Phoenicians developed a system of writing based on what?	cuneiform and hieroglyphics	38
8496820447	What was the principal reason for the fall of the Assyrian Empire?	-a resurgent Babylonia and the kingdom of the	39
8496820448	What caused the economic decline in the Persian Empire?	increased tax burden and official corruption	40
8496820449	Under King Darius' central body of law, how was the subject people in Persian territories treated?	he allowed people to live in accordance with their own traditions and ordinances	41
8496820450	Explain the basic concepts behind Zoroastrianism?	world created by Ahuramazda and threatened by Ahgra Mainya and demos, struggle of good and evil	42
8496820451	How did the Phoenician alphabetic writing system benefit the Greeks?	Greeks utilized Phoenician symbols without equivalent sound in Greek language	43
8496820452	Why did the polis or city-states develop in Greece?	to bring order, protection, and communication since Greek geography was separated by mountains	44
8496820453	Describe Spartan society	focused on military and training, boys trained from age 7	45
8496820454	What was the result of the Persian Wars?	the Greeks were attacked twice then they drove Persians out from Greece; the Delian League (Greek states) defeated the Persians	46
8496820455	How does the Peloponnesian War reveal an inherent flaw in Greek society?	independent polis fostered rivalry, fear, and mistrust among communities	47
8496820456	What happen to the empire of Alexander the Great after his death?	broke into 3 kingdoms (Seleucid, Ptolemaic, Antigonid)	48
8496820457	The Hellenistic Age refers to the	political and cultural influence of Greek over foreign subjects in northeastern Africa and western Asia	49
8496820458	Describe the Roman democracy	-hardly a democracy -elite male votes counted more than poor male votes -ruled by a council of wealthy male citizens	50
8496820459	What happened as a result of defeating the Carthaginians?	Roman was a master of W. Med. and acquired it first overseas provinces in Sicily, Sardinia, and Spain	51
8496820460	How did the Romans treat the people they conquered?	granted them political, legal, and economic privileges of Roman citizenship	52
8496820461	A critical factor contributing to the Senates loss of authority was	a change in the composition of the Roman army	53
8496820462	What was one of the most enduring consequences of the Roman Empire?	Romanization- the spread of Latin language and Roman way of life	54
8496820463	Which Roman emperor was the first to convert to Christianity?	Constantine	55
8496820464	Because of the influence of Confucian ethics, Chinese values emphasized	hierarchy in families as a natural aspect of human society	56
8496820465	The Qin ruler took the title Shi Huangdi, which meant what?	first emperor	57
8496820466	The Qin emperor was committed to standardization of coinage, weights and measures, the law code, and writing. This shows a commitment to	a commitment to creating a unified Chines civilization	58
8496820467	Why is the development of the scholar gentry a significant development during the Han period?	the government was run more efficiently	59
8496820468	Why was the Varna system developed?	was just one of the mechanisms that Indian society developed to regulate relations between different groups	60
8496820469	How is the class and the caste systems in India connected?	belief in reincarnation	61
8496820470	What is the underlying message of the cycle of reincarnation?	you are where you deserved to be and the only way to improve you a lot in the next cycle of existence is to accept your current station and its attending duties	62
8496820471	What does the literature of the Vedic Age reveal about the role of women?	intelligent young women are valued in society	63
8496820472	Explain the cycle reincarnation	when you die, if you have done good then you will be rewarded in the next life and vice versa	64
8496820473	Siddhartha Gautama articulated the Four Noble Truths, which taught that	all suffering came from desire	65
8496820474	What is the ultimate spiritual reward in Buddhism?	Nirvana	66
8496820475	What does the religion of Hinduism emphasize?	worshipped personal devotion	67
8496820476	After converting to Buddhism, the Mauryan leader Ashoka became a unique leader because	of his brutality	68
8496820477	How did Southeast Asia first rise to prominence?	its intermediate role in the trade exchange between Southern and Eastern Asia	69
8496820478	What is the most enduring effect of the Silk Road?	spread of ideas, products, and customs	70
8496820479	What military technologies did the Silk Road spread?	stirrup	71
8496820480	Why is the monsoon important to the Indian Ocean Trade?	the winds facilitate sailing across the Indian Ocean	72
8496820481	What is the difference between the Indian Ocean trade and the Mediterranean trade?	the Greeks and Phoenicians had control of the trade	73
8496820482	Why was trade across the Sahara accelerated?	the want for salt and gold	74
8496820483	The West African kingdom of Ghana was established because of the trade in	500	75
8496820484	The African network of cultural exchange can be described as	done through trade	76
8496820485	Describe the most common African form of agriculture	-North Africa= farm animal and crop -South Africa= sweet potatoes and no farm animals	77
8496820486	How is the custom of eating pork an example of spreading ideas?	the Egyptians spreading the idea of no pork to the Israelites	78
8496820487	The Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade fostered the spread of which religion?	Buddhism	79
8496820488	How is Manichaeism similar to Zoroastrianism?	Mani, the founder of Manichaeism, preached dualist faith a struggle between God and Evil-theologically derived from Zoroastranism	80
8496820489	Why is Mecca an important city?	Mecca rapidly achieved a measure of prosperity, partly because it was too far from the Byzantine Syria, Sasanian Iraq, and Ethiopian controlled Yemen for them to attack it -also a cult center where the Ka' ba a cubical shrine for Islam is located	81
8496820490	How did Muhammad conceive Islam?	was meditating in the mountains and the angel Gabriel spoke to him and he believed that they were the words of God	82
8496820491	Muhammad's teachings seem to be in agreement with what two main religions?	Judaism and Christianity	83
8496820492	What happened to the Muslim community after Muhammad's death?	-split into three sects: Sunni, Shiite, and Sufis -Shiite believed Ali was the rightful successor to Muhammad -Sunni believed that the first 3 caliphs after Muhammad were correctly picked	84
8496820493	Under the leadership of the caliphs, an enormous expansion was completed, including territory in	Syria, Egypt, Spain, Tunisia	85
8496820494	What is one of the false assumptions about Muslim rule over foreign lands?	that the Arabs sought to force their faith on the people the conquered	86
8496820495	Why is the Abbasid rule considered a golden age?	many currents of theology and law were translated into Arabic and other languages, their coins were highly valued and they intellectually developed	87
8496820496	How did Umayyad Spain develop a distinctive Islamic culture?	cut off from the rest of the Islamic world by the Strait of Gibraltar and, from 740 onward, by independent city-states in Morocco and Algeria, Umayyad Spain developed a distinctive Islamic vulture blending Roman, Germanic, and Jewish traditions with those of the Arabs and berbers	88
8496820497	Under Islamic leadership, the Jewish people of Spain	some of the greatest writers and thinkers in Jewish history worked in Muslim Spain in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, sometimes writing in Arabic, sometimes writing in Hebrew	89
8496820498	What happened to the Western Roman Empire after the fall of Rome in the fifth century? (252)	it fragmented into a handful of kingdoms under Germanic rulers-- the Franks, Visigoths, Saxon, Angles	90
8496820499	Why is the traditional description of Europe from 300 to 1200 as feudal an oversimplification?	relations between landowners and serfs or between lords and vassals varied a good deal from region to region and over the course of time -yet military security was a constant concern in most parts of Europe	91
8496820500	Feudal society was a specifically European response to	-landholding and military obligation; each increase in armor for Knights and horses entailed a greater financial outlay -since land was the basis of all wealth, it rapidly became impossible for anyone to serve as a knight who didn't have financial support from land revenues -accordingly, many kings began to awards armed services with grants of land from their own property -nobles did the same thing to build up their own military	92
8496820501	What sole institution claimed jurisdiction over a large segment of the European population?	Christian church	93
8496820502	Secular rulers such as Charlemagne upheld papal rights in return for what?	in return for religious legitimization of his rule	94
8496820503	What are some practices connected with monasticism?	Celibacy, continual devotion to prayer, and living apart from society	95
8496820504	Define caesaropapism	Eastern emperors inherited Roman law intact and, exercising an authority known as caesaropapism, combining both the imperial and the papal, made a comfortable transition into the role of all-powerful Christian monarchs	96
8496820505	How did the Byzantines differ from their western counterparts?	Roman emperors in the East retained many imperial traditions and outlooks that disappeared in the west	97
8496820506	Why is the Byzantine Corpus Juris Civilis important in the late eleventh century?	late eleventh century, it began to be studied at the University of Bologna and became the basis for the civil law in western Europe as well	98
8496820507	Although the Crusades are viewed as a religious campaign, they were actually motivated by what?	Muslims taking over the religious holy land of Jerusalem which the Christians believed was their, desire for trade in Muslim land	99
8496820508	Which empire reunited China in the sixth century?	Sui	100
8496820509	Why is the Tang Empire considered cosmopolitan?	its "breadth and diversity"	101
8496820510	Explain the tributary system	it was a practice beginning in Han times in which independent countries acknowledged the supreme power in China and paid tribute to the capital in order to remain culturally independent	102
8496820511	The Tang court gave women permission to	...exercise greater influence in the management of property, of arts, and politics	103
8496820512	Who did the Tang blame most for growing instability in the Empire?	Buddhism and its followers	104
8496820513	When the Tibetan government attempted to eradicate monasteries, Tibetan Buddhists responded by	assassinating the king and the control of the Tibetan Royalty was passed into the lands of religious leaders	105
8496820514	Why did the Song institute the civil service examinations for entrance into the government bureaucracy?	given the continuous military peril and vigor of the Song, their responses to military action needed some civil intellectual men to make decisions	106
8496820515	The development of movable type and the availability of printed material had what impact on China?	It lead to cheaper printing which lead to mass production of civil service exam preparation books	107
8496820516	On the basis of present evidence, most scholars believe that the first unification of central Japan occurred when	horse riding Korean warriors united the small countries of Japan under a central government in 4th or 5th century CE	108
8496820517	What evidence show that women enjoyed greater status in Korea and Vietnam?	they helped in wet rice cultivation and led resistance invading Hans in Vietnam	109
8496820518	Define Chinampas	A type of Mesoamerican agriculture which used small, rectangular areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico	110
8496820519	How did the Maya's build their monuments?	Masses of men and women aided only by levelers and stone tools cut and carried construction materials and lifted them into place	111
8496820520	What was the role of Maya women?	Maintained essential garden plots and weaving and management of family life	112
8496820521	How did the Aztecs meet the challenges of feeding a growing population?	By efficiently organizing the labor of clans and additional laborers sent by defeated peoples to expand agricultural land	113
8496820522	The twin temples of Tenochtitlan symbolize the two bases of what Aztec economy?	It symbolized the two bases of the Aztec economy: war and agriculture	114
8496820523	As sacrificial victims, Aztecs preferred	war victims	115
8496820524	Inca prosperity and military strength depended on what?	Vast herds of llamas and alpacas for food and transportation	116
8496820525	How did the Inca ensure the loyalty of defeated regions?	the rulers of defeated regions were required to send their heirs to live at the Inca royal court in Cuzco	117
8496820526	Inca's greatest accomplishment is the construction of what?	roads	118
8496820527	Who or what were the acllas?	young virgin girl selected by representatives of the Inca ruler to serve the cult of the Sun or be given as marriage partners	119
8496820528	What were the advantages of Mongol rule?	The mongols unified much of the Eurasian land mass. The promoted the movement of people and ideas from one end of Eurasia to the other. Specialized skill developed. Trade routes improved. Marinets expanded. Silk road reappeared	120
8496820529	Describe what Mongol warriors were well known for	Mongols = nomads -superb riders -could shoot arrows from a moving horse -moved w families and possessions -if disagreed w a decision they would go off on their own	121
8496820530	Why were the Mongols able to defeat the armies they faced?	(not large) had extraordinary abilities on horseback and special properties of their bows	122
8496820531	What effects did the Mongol expansion have on trade?	it widened the flow of goods, knowledge, and disease	123
8496820532	Define Tax farming	-government sold tax-collecting contracts to small corporations (mostly owned by merchants) -the winners of the contracts generate revenue for the government and the groups could collect the money and whatever way they'd like along with keep the leftovers	124
8496820533	Who was the last great Central Asian conqueror?	Timur (1370-1408)	125
8496820534	The sharing of artistic trends and political ideas between Iran and China led to	an illusion in the eye of the Europeans that the east of the Mediterranean shore was an "orient" that was uniform in its tastes and political cultures	126
8496820535	The Mongols took what action against Russia's Orthodox church?	granted great privileges to them which helped reconcile the Russian people to their distant Mongol masters	127
8496820536	Describe the setup of the Mongol army	Teutonic knights colonized their conquered territories commanders = mongols	128
8496820537	What did the Europeans learn from the Mongols?	-Europeans gave their first systematic knowledge of Eurasian geography, cultural patterns, natural resources, and commerce -learned about diplomatic passports, mining/ uses of coal , gunpowder, cannons, movable type, high-temp metallurgy, enumeration and math	129
8496820538	How did Khubilai Khan acknowledge the advantages of Chinese traditions	Confucianism helped him gain power so he would often utilize it in public speeches/ family upbringing (son)	130
8496820539	At the time of the Mongol conquest, much of China was controlled by regional regimes, and the Mongols	-destroyed the regional regimes and encouraged the restoration/ preservation of many features of Chinese government/society creating a reunited China	131
8496820540	How did the Mongol's create central control over China?	-created a coinage -encouraged restoration/preservation of gov/culture -cultural tolerance/diffusion -practice of medicine/knowledge -moved capital to Beijing	132
8496820541	To demonstrate their rejection of the Mongols, the Ming emperor	moved capital to Nanjing, severed relations with the Middle East and Central Asia and closed the borders to foreigners	133
8496820542	How did Emperor Yongle restore commercial links with the Middle East?	sought to establish a connection by sea	134
8496820543	Why did technological development slow down in the Ming period?	a shift in the career patterns of educated men because they reactivated the civil service exam	135
8496820544	Why did the Chinese rigorously censor information to foreigners?	due to a fear of technology transfer	136
8496820545	What influence did the Mongols have on Korea?	-had a revitalized interest in the vernacular language and history -created new advancements and brought new knowledge -military techniques	137
8496820546	What led to the rise of literacy in Korea?	-a movable type printing technology -legibility improved and the printing was more rapid	138
8496820547	What prevented the Mongols from invading Japan?	-weather on Hanata Bay (a storm prevented establishment of a base) -the creation of wall fortifications	139
8496820548	The spread of Islam to lands south of the Sahara came about through	gradual and peaceful conversion	140
8496820549	What purpose did Mansa Musa's famous pilgrimage serve	-to fulfill his personal duty as a Muslim -to show off the exceptional wealth of his empire	141
8496820550	The Turkish conquest of northern India was aided by what?	-a wish to spread their islamic faith -advanced weaponry/ united front	142
8496820551	Sultan Iltutmish passed his empire to Raziya, his what?	daughter	143
8496820552	How did the Delhi Sultans control their empire in India?	harsh military reprisals and high taxes	144
8496820553	The Indian Ocean trade was decentralized and cooperative and it was united by	commercial interest	145
8496820554	The cultural blending associated with the expansion and spread of Islam from 1200 to 1500 can be seen by examining	the many changes in the social and cultural life of the tropical peoples	146
8496820555	What did the spread of Islam between 1200 and 1500 encourage?	education, literacy, paper making, memorization/recitation	147
8496820556	How did Islam spread in Africa and Asia?	-result of conquest, missionaries, merchants -by example and persuasion rather than force -along regional trade routes -through marriage	148
8496820557	What was the impact of Islam on women in the tropical regions?	difficult to judge how the spread affected the status , did much of the farm work, spinning etc.	149
8496820558	Describe the life of serfs	-serfs were obligated to till the soil on large estates owned by the nobility -in return for the use of a portion of their lord's land, serfs had to give their lord share of harvests and preform numerous labor services -they worked hard for meager returns -suffered from effects of famine, epidemics, warfare, and social exploitation	150
8496820559	How many people did the Black Death kill?	1/3 of population	151
8496820560	What was the social result of the Black Death epidemic?	-skilled and manual laborers who survived demanded higher pay -peasants rose up against wealthy nobles and church men -serfdom disappeared in western Europe as peasants bought their freedom or ran away -welfare of rural masses generally improved -gap between rich and poor remained	152
8496820561	In 1492, the Jews and Muslims of Spain were	-expelled in the name of religious and ethnic purity -subject to violent religious persecutions like expulsion during the Black Death	153
8496820562	Which of the following is most true of guilds?	-an association of craft specialists that regulated the business practices of its members and the prices they charges -trained apprentices; kept interests of families that were already members and perpetuated male dominance of most skilled jobs	154
8496820563	The Latin Church condemned usury, which was the practice of what?	charging interest	155
8496820564	Define Scholasticism	efforts to synthesize reason and faith-theologians sought to synthesize rediscovered philosophical ones of Aristotle and commentaries by Avicenna which revealed the truth of the Bible	156
8496820565	In 1215, King John of England signed the Magna Carta, which entailed	-affirmed that monarchs were subject to established law -confirmed the independence of the church and the city of London -guaranteed nobles' hereditary rights	157
8496820566	Who is Joan of Arc?	-young peasant French woman who believed she was instructed by God to save France during the Hundred Years War -rallied the French troops stopping the English that was close conquering France-turning point for France in war and continued to win after she was burned at stake by English	158
8496820567	What powers did the English Parliament possess by 1500?	-had become a permanent check on royal power: the house of Lords contained all the great nobles and English Church officials -House of Commons represented the towns and leading citizens of the counties	159
8496820568	Why was Sailing in the Indian Ocean less difficult and dangerous than other places?	-others has sailed it since ancient times and land masses of SE Asia and E Africa provided coasts that seafarers might safely follow and coves for protection -monsoons (seasonal winds) were stable and steady	160
8496820569	How did the rise of Medieval Islam give trade in the Indian Ocean an important boost?	-the great Muslim cities of M.E. provided demand for valuable commodities -Muslims traders created networks that tied the region together and Muslim traders shared a common language, ethic, and law that spread their religion and distant trading cities	161
8496820570	Why did the Ming court suspend the voyages of Zheng He?	high chinese officials opposed increased contact with peoples who they regarded as barbarians with no contribution to China and they focused their attention on internal matters in China left by the Mongols	162
8496820571	What two nations began a maritime revolution that profoundly altered the course of world history?	portugal and spain	163
8496820572	An important addition to the maritime revolution was	-learning how to return speedily to Portugal by sailing northwest into the Atlantic to the latitude of the Azores -ships could pick up prevailing winds that could blow them back- the knowledge on ocean winds helped explorers discover many other ocean routes	164
8496820573	Who was the first Portuguese explorer to reach the southern tip of Africa and view the Indian Ocean?	Bartolomeo Dias	165
8496820574	What was Magellan's westward voyage intended to do?	complete Columbus's interrupted west-ward voyage by sailing around the Americas and across the Pacific	166
8496820575	What is the difference between the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire?	-spanish = vast territorial land empire -portuguese = trading sea based empires in Africa and Asia	167
8496820576	Spanish capture of the Aztec capital was assisted by what?	cavalry charges and steel swords and gaining the support of thousands of Amerindian allies from among the unhappy subjects of the Aztecs- also disease (small pox)	168
8496820577	How did Francisco Pizarro defeat the Inca Empire?	-captured and held Inca emperor Atahualpa and used their cannon to create confusion while their swords sliced the emperor's retainers and servants -killed the emperor and continued to conquer and loot the rest of the empire	169

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AP World History Unit 1 1st Quarterly Flashcards

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5304153544	Sumer	first known civilization which existed in the southern half of mesopatamia	0
5304153545	Sumerian City-States	cities which became states to prevent conflicts and and oversee and control their agriculture	1
5304153546	Sargon of Akkad	The creator of empire in Mesopatamia. ( a city near Kish and Babylon)	2
5304153547	Hammurabi and the Babylonian Empire	Leader (1792-1750 B.C.E.) who further organized the government by implementing laws and taxes	3
5304153548	Hammurabi's Laws	A complete set of laws compiled from those of previous rulers	4
5304153549	The Assyrian Empire	The empire proceeding the Babylonian Empire which was in northern Mesopotamia that used newly invented iron weapons	5
5304153550	Nebuchadnezzar and the New Babylonian Empire	Next king of the Babylonian Empire who lavished wealth in his capital city	6
5304153551	Bronze Metallurgy	An advancement of metalworking by Mesopotamian metalworkers in order to create stronger tools and weapons (400 B.C.E.)	7
5304153552	Iron Metallurgy	The further advancement of metalworking by creating stronger tools using iron	8
5304153553	The Wheel	This invention brought the advancement of transportation on land	9
5304153554	Shipbuilding	This technology/craft improved marine transportation to increase long distance trade	10
5304153555	Trade Networks	Routes, at the time usually traveled by donkey caravan used to trade items or send messages over long or even short, local distances	11
5304153556	Social Classes	This was primarily developed based on one's wealth even in the neolithic time period	12
5304153557	Temple Communities	These were inhabited by priests and priestesses who received offerings such as food, drinks, and clothing for their interaction with the gods and goddesses	13
5304153558	Slaves	These were mainly prisoners of war, men or women who were in debt and criminals. They mostly served as house servants but some worked in fields and temple communities	14
5304153559	Patriarchal Society	Because of this most men in Mesopotamia ruled above all women. They were in charge of all important matters and were always in charge of their family	15
5304153560	Women's Roles	Although they weren't stripped entirely of all power, women still served important roles in their society such as advising kings becoming priestesses, working as scribes but very rarely having great power	16
5304153561	Cuneiform Writing	A a picture based writing system; used by Sumerians	17
5304153562	Education	Unlike today education in Mesopotamia was based on a specific craft the individual wanted to pursue such as architecture. The system was almost entirely vocal and had little written instruction	18
5304153563	Astronomy and Mathematics	This helped create accurate calendars and improve agricultural cylcles	19
5304153564	The Epic of Gilgamesh	Literature of Mesopotamia about a greedy king and a companion	20
5304153565	The Early Hebrews	nomads who inhabited land between Mesopotamia and egypt	21
5304153566	Moses and Monotheism	Moses believed that there was only one god named Yaweh and all other gods were just figments of their imaginations	22
5304153567	The Early Phoenicians	Existed solely as small city-states along the Mediterranean coast	23
5304153568	Phoenician Trade Networks	At the time trade was primarily what they were known for. Early on they traded with neighbors through land but then added maritime trading to their main sources of income and fuel of their economy	24
5304153569	Alphabetic Writing	The Phoenicians developed a 22 character based system that made written communication much easier compared with cuneiform writing	25
5304153570	Horses	Were first used as a source of food but after domesticated they were used for riding/travel	26
5304153571	The Nature of Indo-European Migrations	expanded very far out throughout the continent with the help of horses allowing quick transportation and diffusion of culture	27
5304153572	The Hittites	A group of ancient Indo-Europeans who took over Anatolia	28
5304153573	War Chariots	A technological advancement to make battle easier developed by Hittites	29
5304153574	Iron Metallurgy	The refinement of metalworking by the Hitittes	30
5304153575	The Nile River Valley	A river that runs through East Africa that has served greatly in the development of several cultures and the trade of goods	31
5304153576	Early Agriculture in the Nile Valley	grains; animals included donkeys and cattle	32
5304153577	Menes	An Egyptian conqueror/ruler	33
5304153578	Cities of the Nile Valley	In the Nile Valley, popultation clustered mostly in agricultural villages to trade with neighbors up and down the river. Cities emerged	34
5304153579	Patriarchal Society	Vested authority over public and private affairs in their men	35
5304153580	Bronze Metallurgy	Hyhsos relied on bronze weapons to impose their authority on the Nile Delta	36
5304153581	Iron Metallurgy	Southern Nile societies mad up for their lack of bronze with the large scale production of iron	37
5304153582	Transportation	Current take boats upper to lower Egypt on the Nile, while the winds can take boats from lower to upper Egypt	38
5304153583	Trade Networks	Efficient Transport = long distance trade	39
5304153584	Hieroglyphic Writing	Egyptians supplemented pictographs with symbols representing sounds and ideas	40
5304153585	Mummification	The yearning for immortality explains the Egytian practice of mummifying the dead	41
5304153586	The Bantu	Among the most influential people of Saharan Africa in ancient time were those who spoke Bantu languages	42
5304153587	Bantu Migrations	By 3000 B.C.E. they were slowly spreading south into the west African forest, and after 2000 B.C.E. the expanded rapidly to the south toward the Congo River Basin and East toward the Great Lakes	43
5304153588	Iron and Migration	After about 1000 B.C.E., the pace of Bantu migrations quickened, as Bantu people began to produce iron tools weapons	44
5304153589	The Indus River	Water form rain & melted snow carried silt unpredictable agriculture suppliment to the harrapan society	45
5304153590	Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro	Two main cities societies that were well structured and advanced	46
5304153591	Specialized Labor & Trade	Agriculture economy traded domestic and foreign pottery, tools, decorations, god,silver, copper traded by ships	47
5304153592	The Vedas	Numerous Poems collection of religious works that spoke of the Aryan gods	48
5304153593	Vedic Age	Mainly a term that identifies a time period where Aryans were in conflict with many indigenous Indian societies	49
5304153594	Caste & Varna	identities developed gradually as the Aryans established settlements throughout India. Varna means color to refer to the major social classes	50
5304153595	Social Distinctions in the Late Vedic Age	The 4 main varnas are priests, warriors, artisans and merchants, landless peasants and serfs	51
5304153596	Subcastes and Jati	The subcastes that you are put in depending on your occupation.	52
5304153597	Caste and Social Mobility	The social mobility in the caste system means that it is flexible .	53
5304153598	Aryan Gods	Many gods for different natural environmental factors such as fire, dawn, the sky and the sun	54
5304153599	Brahman, The Universal Soul	Foundation for all things that exist	55
5304153600	Teachings of Upanishads	Souls temporarily go to heaven and are then reincarnated	56
5304153601	Religion and Vedic Society	Just as Brahman theories about the origins of varna distinctions reflected Aryan society about 1000 B.C.E.	57
5304153602	The Yellow River	river that begins in east china that carries yellow silt. It has been a very influential river in the development of Chinese dynasties and civilizations.	58

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AP World History Chapter 19 Flashcards

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9142003086	Taiping Uprising	Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on millenarian teachings.	0
9142023366	Opium Wars	Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially opium; China lost both wars and was forced to amke major concessions.	1
9142060350	Boxer Rebellion	Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed.	2
9142080570	Tanzimat reforms	Reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839.	3
9142091456	Young Ottomans	Group of reformers in mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire; they urged Westernizing reforms to the political system.	4
9142110391	Young Turks	Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire.	5
9142129576	Meiji restoration	The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power to the emperor Meiji.	6
9142159882	Russo-Japanese War	1904-1905 Japanese victory established them as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and led the Russian Revolution of 1905.	7
9142180841	social Darwinism	An application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the nineteenth century.	8

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AP World History - Unit I - Key Concepts Flashcards

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5766821473	Neolithic Revolution	the emergence of permanent agricultural villages	0
5766821474	Locations of independent neolithic revolutions include	Mesopotamia, Nile River Valley, Sub-Saharan Africa, Indus River Valley, Yellow (Huang He) River Valley, Papua New Guinea, Mesoamerica, and the Andes	1
5766821475	Pastoralism	the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas, and sheep	2
5766821476	Overgrazing	negative impact on the environment by pastoralists	3
5766821477	Examples of how agricultural communities impact their environment	clearing land and creating water control (irrigation) systems	4
5766821478	Agricultural Revolution (aka Neolithic Revolution) led to	more abundant and reliable food supplies	5
5766821479	Reliable and abundant food supplies led to	increased population which led to specialization of labor, including new classes of artisans and warriors, and the development of elites	6
5766821480	Examples of innovations in technology that improved food production, trade, and transportation	pottery, plows, woven textiles, wheels, and metalurgy	7
5766821481	Patriarchy	a system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line.	8
5766821482	Social system that developed in pastoralist and agraian societies	patriarchal	9
5766821483	A power that early states undertook was	mobilization of surplus labor and other resources	10
5766821484	Early rulers often claimed this as a source of authority	connection to the gods (divine)	11
5766821485	This group occupied the region of Anatolia (also known as Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey) prior to 1700 BCE, and expanded their territories into an empire which rivaled, and threatened, the established nation of Egypt.	Hitties	12
5766821486	New weapon developed by pastoralists that contributed to the transformation of ancient warfare.	ancient composite bow	13
5766821487	Modes of transportation that transformed ancient warfare and transportation itself	horseback riding and chariots	14
5766821488	Examples of developments in architecture and urban planning of early cities	streets and roads, sewage and water systems, and defensive walls	15
5766821489	Ziggurat	an ancient temple that was common in Mesopotamia (or present-day Iraq and western Iran) during the the civilizations of Sumer, Babylon and Assyria.	16
5766821490	Pyramid	ancient Egyptians built these as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens.	17
5766821491	Cuneiform	a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500-3000 BCE.	18
5766821492	Hieroglyphics	the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt. It combined logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements, with a total of some 1,000 distinct characters	19
5766821493	Quipu	a device consisting of a cord with knotted strings of various colors attached, used by the ancient Peruvians (Andean South America) for recording events, keeping accounts, etc. in the region of .	20
5766821494	Code of Hammurabi	the longest surviving text (written law) from the Old Babylonian period. Does not attempt to cover all possible legal situations. In its epilogue, described as "laws of Justice" intended to clarify the rights of any "oppressed man."	21
5766821495	Examples of Hammurabi's Code	If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out. [ An eye for an eye ] If he break another man's bone, his bone shall be broken. If he put out the eye of a freed man, or break the bone of a freed man, he shall pay one gold mina.	22
5766821496	Code of Ur-Nammu	the oldest known law code surviving today. It is from Mesopotamia and is written on tablets, in the Sumerian language c. 2100-2050 BCE.	23
5766821497	Systems of record keeping	cuneiform, hieroglyphs, pictographs, alphabets, quipu	24
5766821498	Vedic	the ancient religion of the Aryan peoples who entered northwestern India from Persia circa 2000-1200 BCE. It was the precursor of Hinduism, and its beliefs and practices are contained in the Vedas.	25
5766821499	Zoroastrianism	one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.	26
5766821500	Polytheism	belief in many gods	27
5766821501	Montheism	belief in one god	28
5766821502	Examples of interregional trade	Mesopotamia and Egypt Mesopotamia and Indus valley Egypt and Nubia	29
5766821503	Hebrew	this form of monotheism began in the biblical lands of Judah and the Northern Kingdom sometime between 1,000 and 586 B.C.E. The idea of a single god was imparted to Abraham at the biblical Mount Sinai.	30
5766821504	Ahura Mazda	the creator and sole God of Zoroastrianism	31

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AP World History Ch. 18 Flashcards

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8105976801	Yurt (pg. 462) Time period: 1st-2nd centuries CE Theme: culture	These were large tents the Mongols live in, made of wool	0
8105976802	Shamans (pg. 464) Time period: 1st century CE Theme: culture	The earliest religion of the Turkish and Mongolians; religious specialists possessed supernatural powers and communicated with gods and nature spirits	1
8105976803	Temüjin (pg. 467) Time period: 1167 Theme: political	This was the unifier of the Mongols, otherwise known as Genghis Khan.	2
8105976804	Khubilai Khan (pg. 470) Time period: 1260 Theme: political	This was one of Genghis Khan's grandsons who ruled Mongol empire and extended rule to all to China, founding the Yuan dynasty	3
8105976805	Ilkhanate (pg. 472) Time period: 1258 Theme: political	This was a khanate established in Persia after the Mongols took over the Abbasid empire	4
8105976806	Yuan (pg. 471) Time period: 1279 Theme: political	The dynasty ruled by Khubilai Khan; they ruled China until 1368	5
8105976807	Tamerlane (pg. 476) Time period: 15th centuries Theme: political	Turkish conqueror who built central Asian empire that rivaled Chinggis Khan's, although it was more barbaric.	6
8105976808	Battle of Manzikert (pg. 480) Time period: 1071 Theme: political	Occurred between the Byzantine and Saljuq empire near Manzikert	7
8105976809	Seljuks (pg. 481) Time period: 1037 Theme: political	Turko-persian empire which originated from the Oghuz Turks	8
8105976810	Khanbaliq (pg. 470) Time period: 1211 Theme: political	The Mongol capital in china	9
8105976811	Golden Horde (pg. 472) Time period: 13th century Theme: political	The Mongol group that overran Russia until the Moscow prince rejected authority. They survived until the 18th century.	10
8105976812	Hulegu Time period: 12th century Theme: political	A Mongol ruler that ruled over Western Asia, and the grandson of Genghis Khan	11
8105976813	Marco Polo (pg. 469) Time period: 1260 Theme: culture	A venetian traveler who lived almost two decades in Khubilai's court	12
8105976814	Ming Hongwu Time period: 1368 Theme: political	This was the founder and first emperor of the Ming dynasty	13
8105976815	Ming Yongle Time period: 1402 Theme: political	The 3rd emperor of the Ming dynasty and 4th son of Hongwu	14

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