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AP World History Revolutions test Flashcards

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6315528894Declaration of the Rights of WomenIn 1791, Olympe de Gouges published this declaration which claimed the same rights for women that revolutionary leaders had granted to men such as the right to vote, and the right to speak your mind.0
6315556385Popular Sovereigntythe notion that legitimate political authority resides not in kings but, rather, in the people who make up a society.1
6315560909The Social Contractan influential book written by Jean-Jacques Rosseau, who argues that members of a society were collectively the sovereign, not just the elite and wealthy.2
6315567804American RevolutionWhen colonists were unhappy with British rule, they went through this change. They Boycotted British products, attacked British officials, and did protests like the Boston Tea Party. They wrote the Declaration of Independence and then fought for their independence, which they won.3
6315576906Continental Congressa group that coordinated the colonies' resistance to British policies.4
6315583265"no taxation without representation"the slogan used by the colonists when they were unhappy with the taxes that Britain was unfairly making them pay.5
6315587203The Declaration of Independencea document written by the Continental Congress that drew inspiration from Enlightenment political thought in justifying the colonies' quest for independence. It asserted that "all men are created equal" and "the right to life, liberty, and property". It stated that the government should rule with the consent of the governed, and if the governed were not happy, the people should be able to institute a new government.6
6315595516Peace of Paris (1783)a document? In which the British government formally recognized American independence.7
6315604327Ancien regime"old order"- the existing French society during the French revolution. There were 3 estates, or political classes. The 1st consisted of Roman Catholic clergy, the 2nd included nobles, and the 3rd included the rest of the population (serfs, free peasants, and urban residents).8
6315609525French RevolutionA more radical affair than the American revolution- French Revolutionary leaders wanted nothing to do with existing society and sought to replace it with new political, social, and cultural structures, but they lacked experience with self-government9
6315614883Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizenarticulated the guiding principles of the broad program of political and social form, undertook by the National Assembly. It proclaimed the equality of all men, declared that sovereignty resided in the people, and asserted individual rights to liberty, property, and security.10
6315623674"liberty, equality, and fraternity"the goals of the new French society, reconfigured by the National Assembly between 1789 and 1791. The Assembly abolished the old social order and many fees and labor services that peasants owed to their landlords. It altered the role of the Church in French society by seizing church lands, abolishing the first estate, defining clergy as citizens, and requiring clergy to take an oath of loyalty to the state. Also made the king the chief executive official, but deprived him of legislative authority. France became a constitutional monarchy in which men who owned property had the right to vote in elections to choose legislators11
6315627130Waterloowhere a British army defeated Napoleon in Beligium.12
6315633851Gens de couleurFrench for "people of color", 28,000 on Haiti, most were mulattoes and some were black. They were artisans, domestic servants, or overseers. About 500 of them were sent to fight in the American was of independence and returned to Saint-Dominique with the intent of reforming their society.13
6315639778Central American Federationa group formed by the southern regions of the Mexican empire after they declared their own independence, until they split into Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.14
6315647969A Vindication of the Rights of Womenan essay written by Mary Wollstonecraft that argues that women have all the rights that Locke had granted to men.15
6315654311Volksgeistthe popular soul or spirit or essence of the nationalists community ?16
6315665101Zionisma political movement that holds the Jewish people constitute a nation and have the rights to their own national homeland. Although it arose in response to exclusive nationalism in Europe, it provoked a resentful nationalism among Palestinian Arabs displaced by Jewish settlers. Conflicts between Jews and Palestinians still continue today.17
6315671541Congress of Viennarepresentatives of the "great powers" that defeated Napoleon (Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia) met and attempted to restore the prerevolutionary order. the Congress dismantled Napoleon's empire, returned sovereignty to Europe's royal families, restored them to the thrones they had lost during Napoleonic era, and created a diplomatic order based on a balance of power that prevented and one state from dominating the others18
6315676660"blood and iron"included in Otto von Bismarck's first speech as prime minister. Refers to the three wars he intentionally provoked with Denmark, Austria, and France, all of which Prussia was victourious in19
6315683240Olympe de Gougesa French butcher's daughter who was self-educated and won fame as a journalist, actress, and playwright. She was a strong advocate of women's rights. She wrote a Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, which attracted little support. She was then executed in 1793 because of her love for Marie Antoinette and her fight for women's rights.20
6315692736John Lockean English philosopher who formulated one of the most influential theories of contractual government. In his Second Treatise of civil Government, he said that because individuals voluntarily formed society and established government, rulers derived their authority from the consent of those whom they governed.21
6315695572Voltairea philosopher whose real name was Francois-Marie Arouet, but wrote under this pen name. He epitomized the spirit of the Enlightenment. He championed individual freedom and attacked any institution sponsoring intolerant or oppressive policies22
6315705116Jean-Jacques Rosseaua French-Swiss thinker who wrote the social contract23
6315710364George Washingtonan American leader who provided strong and imaginative military leadership for the colonial army.24
6315718420Louis XVIa French king who was unable to raise more revenue from the overturned peasantry, so he sought to increase taxes on the French nobility, which had long been exempt from taxes. This caused issues and eventually led to the formation of the National Assembly25
6315725595Maximilien Robespierrea lawyer who emerged during the revolution as a ruthless but popular radical known as "the Incorruptible". He dominated the Committee of Public Safety, the executive authority of the Republic. He also dominated the convention with the Jacobin party. In July 1794, he and his allies were arrested by the Convention, convicted of tyranny, and sent to the guillotine.26
6315735171Napoleon Bonapartestudied at French military schools and became an officer in the army of King Louis XVI. He overthrew the Directory in France and established the Consulate and crowned himself emperor.27
6315743465Bourkmana Voudu priest who organized a slave revolt on Saint-Dominigue. Slaves began killing white settlers, burning their homes, and destroying their plantations. He died while fighting, shortly after starting the revolt.28
6315751817Francois-Dominique Toussaint(called himself "Louverture" from the French l'ouverture mening "the opening) He was a son of slaves and learned to read and write from a Catholic priest. He was very smart and rose to the position of livestock overseer. He wanted a Constitution that granted equality and citizenship to all residents of Saint-Dominigue. He was the leader of the slaves, but was arrested, sent to France, and died in jail.29
6315762199Miguel de Hidalgoa parish priest who led a peasant rebellion in Mexico. He rallied indigenous people and mestizos against colonial rule. He was captured by Conservative creoles and executed, but his rebellion continued for three years after his death. He became the symbol of Mexican independence.30
6315766116Augustin de Iturbidea creole general who ended colonial rule and declared Mexican independence from Spain. The next year, he named himself emperor of Mexico, but his empire didn't last long because he was an incompetent administrator and was overthrown by creole elites, who then established a republic.31
6315789502Simon Bolivara creole elite in South America who led the movement for independence. He was born in Caracas(modern day Venezuela) and was a republican steeped in Enlightenment ideas of popular sovereignty. He assembled an army that crushed the Spanish army in Colombia. He then campaigned in Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru. His goal was to make the former Spanish colonies of South America into a great confederate like the United States. Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador formed a republic called Gran Colombia, which he attempted to being Peru and Bolivia into, but he then pronounced South America "ungovernable" and died of tuberculosis32
6315797415Bernando O'Higgensa creole leader who worked with Simon Bolivar in Chile to fight for independence.33
6315803222Jose de San Martina creole leader who worked with Simon Bolivar in Argentina to fight for independence34
6315806034Pedro Ideclared Brazil's independence and accepted appointment as Emperor after he was left as the regent by his king father.35
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AP WORLD HISTORY: UNIT 1 Flashcards

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9883626990pastoralistsfirst to domesticate animals0
9883875070king menesbuilt ancient egyptian capital in memphis and united the river valley1
9883893840zigguratsmesopotamian temples to appease the gods2
9884008234brahmansthe priest class in aryan society3
9884034859aryansnomadic tribes that defeated the indus river valley4
9884375214bantuwestern african tribe5
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Chapter 16 (AP World History) Flashcards

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8585498179Cartesian dualismDescartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.0
8585500540EmpiricismThe premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.1
8585505207Geocentric conceptionThe idea that the earth is the center of the universe2
8585507230Heliocentric theorythe idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.3
8585507234Hermeticisma study of the ancient "occult" sciences (astrology, alchemy); A religious and philosophical tradition based on the writings of Hermes Trismegistus4
8585522129Querelles des femmesA new debate emerged over the role of women in society5
8585522132Rationalismbelief in reason and logic as the primary source of knowledge6
8585523878Scientific methodA logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem7
8585527340Scientific revolutionA series of major advances in science during the 1500s and 1600s8
8585527342World machineNewton's conception of the universe as one huge, regulated, and uniform machine that operated according to natural laws in absolute time, space, and motion9
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CH.15 AP World History Flashcards

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8811080499Protestant Reformationa schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other early Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe. Timing most commonly used for this period is from 15170
8811080500Martin LutherGerman professor of theology, composer, priest, monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.1
8811080501Protestant denominationsa generic term for a distinct religious body identified by traits such as a common name, structure, leadership and doctrine in at least self-identified adherence to the teachings of Jesus Christ2
8811080502Huguenotswas used frequently to describe members of the French Reformed Church until the beginning of the 19th century. The term has its origin in 16th-century France. Huguenots were French Protestants who were inspired by the writings of John Calvin and endorsed the Reformed tradition of Protestantism, contrary to the largely German Lutheran population3
8811080503Edict of Nantessigned probably on 32 April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time. In the edict, Henry aimed primarily to promote civil unity.4
8811080504Catholic Counter-Reformationthe period of Catholic resurgence created in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648). 1Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration 2Religious orders 3Spiritual movements 4Political dimensions5
8811080505Jesuitmale religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in Spain. The members are called Jesuits. founded by ignatious6
8811080506Taki Onqoymillenarian indigenous movement of political, religious and cultural dimensions which arose in the Peruvian Andes during the 16th century (c. 1564 - c. 1572) in opposition to the recent Spanish invasion.7
8811080507Huacasan object that represents something revered, typically a monument of some kind. The term huaca can refer to natural locations, such as immense rocks. Some huacas have been associated with veneration and ritual.8
8811080508Cofradiasreligious charitable organizations were begun to give greater opportunity and meaning to their religious devotion. Each cofradia had its own unique mission as shown by its patron saint. Men and women of the rural village of Garganta la Olla had a positive religious, social and economic impact on society through membership in cofradias. Likewise, the religiosity of the members and their desire for a personal reward in the afterlife were reflected in cofradia activities9
8811080509Emperor Kangzifourth emperor of the Qing dynasty, the first to be born on Chinese soil south of the Shanhai Pass near Beijing, and the second Qing emperor to rule over that part of China, from 1661 to 172210
8811080510AurangzebCauser of conflict against Muslims and Hindus. He puts tax on Hindus. Declines the political system11
8811080511Ibn Abd ad-WahhabArabian religion reformer from Najd in central Arabia who founded the movement now called Wahhabism. He rejected certain common Muslim practices which he regarded as amounting to either religious innovation or polytheism12
8811080512Wang YangmingChinese idealist Neo-Confucian philosopher, official, educationist, calligraphist and general during the Ming dynasty. After Zhu Xi, he is regarded as the most important Neo-Confucian thinker, with interpretations of Confucianism that denied the rationalist dualism of the orthodox philosophy of Zhu Xi13
8811080513Kaozhengschool and approach to study and research in China from about 1600 to 1850 in the qing dynasty14
8811080514Bhakti movementmovement has traditionally been considered as an influential social reformation in Hinduism, and provided an individual-focussed alternative path to spirituality regardless of one's caste of birth or gender15
8811080515Mirabaia 16th-century Hindu mystic poet and devotee of Krishna. She is celebrated as a poet and has been claimed by the North Indian Hindu tradition of Bhakti saints16
8811080516Satian obsolete Hindu funeral custom where a widow immolates herself on her husband's pyre or commits suicide in another fashion shortly after her husband's death17
8811080517Gurua Sanskrit term that connotes someone who is a "teacher, guide, expert, or master" of certain knowledge or field18
8811080518Krishnamajor Hindu deity worshiped in a variety of different perspectives. Krishna is recognized as the Svayam Bhagavan in his own right or as the absolute incarnation of Lord Vishnu. Krishna is one of the most widely worshiped and popular of all Hindu deities19
8811080519Guru Nanak(15 April 1469 - 22 September 1539) was the founder of Sikhism and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus. Guru Nanak has been called "one of the greatest religious innovators of all time" He travelled far and wide teaching people the message of one God who dwells in every one of His creations and constitutes the eternal Truth. He set up a unique spiritual, social, and political platform based on equality, fraternal love, goodness, and virtue.20
8811080520Sikhismpanentheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent during the 15th century. It is one of the youngest of the major world religions. The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in the sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib, include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, unity of all humankind, engaging in selfless service, striving for social justice for the benefit and prosperity of all, and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life21
8811080521European Universitiesall universities that existed in the early modern age (1501-1800) in Europe. It also includes short-lived foundations and educational institutions22
8811080522CopernicusRenaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe23
8811080523Ptolemya Greek writer, known as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in the city of Alexandria; Ptolemy wrote several scientific treatises, three of which were of importance to later Byzantine, Islamic and European science24
8811080524Enlightenmentintellectual movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy, and came to advance ideals like liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state25
8811080525Voltairea French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state26
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AP World History | Global Interactions Flashcards

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9898944305Nomads, Polynesians, Celts, BantusSimple Early Migrations0
9898946228Bantustraveled throughout Africa and spread their language, language became modern-day Swahili1
9898951327Aryansmigrated from Central Asia to India - leads to Hinduism and Caste System based upon skin color2
9898954388Hunsmove from Central Asia because of environmental conditions - displace Germanic peoples3
9898956449Germanic tribesmove west into Roman Empire - causes instability in empire4
9898960047Persian Empireconquered Mesopotamia and Mediterranean areas; tries to conquer Greece - leads to Persian Wars5
9898962124Alexander the Greatconquered Mediterranean and Middle Eastern World; spread Greek culture6
9898964298Han Empireexpands in China7
9898965225CrusadesEuropean Christians and Muslims over Holy Land8
9898966705World War Iincluded Europe, Asia, Middle East and Africa; led to fall of the Ottoman Empire and Austrian Empire; increased power for the United States; Middle East placed under Mandate System and "controlled" after war9
9898968239World War IIWar that involved Europe, Asia, and Africa10
9898971900Hundred Years' WarFrench and English11
9898971901Roman Empireconquers most of Mediterranean World and Western Europe; spread of Latin; spread of Roman legal system; spread of Christianity12
9898977246Ottomansconquer modern day Middle East; unites Turks; controls trade routes; efforts to take Eastern Europe stopped by Charles V during the Siege of Vienna - end of Islamic hopes of conquering Europe13
9898977247Seven Years' Warwar between England and France on three continents; leads to French giving up many claims in North America and Great Britain gaining India14
9898980737Opium Warscould Great Britain sell opium in China; leads to increased control of China by Great Britain15
9898982738Silk Roadconnected China with Central Asia and into Middle East and Mediterranean World; spread of religions and technology16
9898982739Indian Ocean Tradeconnected the same areas in addition to Africa along water routes17
9898984378Saharan Tradecamels from Arab world allowed for trade across desert conditions18
9898987028Eastern Europecreates trade routes along rivers; Russia develops from traders from Scandinavia moving along water routes19
9898989961Greeceset up colonies to deal with population growth and sets up the early spread of Greek culture20
9898991457Colonizationled to control of Latin America by Spanish and Portuguese; North America by Spanish, French, and British21
9898993035Dutchset up colonies in Southeast Asia and South Africa22
9898994038Sub-Saharan Africatrade across Africa to Eastern ports and on to Indian Ocean trade; slaves were often included in "cargo"23
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AP World History Chapter 34 Flashcards

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9308355935Indira GandhiIndian PM from 1966 to 1984. Treid to feed the people and improve th eliving standards of one of the poorest and most populous nations on earth. Found a way to balance the US and Soviet Superpwoers.0
9308362470Leaders in Africa and Asia, what they promised vs what actually happenedPromised jobs, civil rights, and equality once independence was one. Nurtured idea of post independence utopia, but post-independenc erealities ade it impossible for them to fulfill expectations aroused.1
9308396023Separation of East and W pakistanContrasts of topography and culture led to violence and secession of the area that became Bangladesh. Recurring problems of famine and pervasive malnutrition stemmed from human conflicts and natural disasters.2
9308398542Increase of pop in 3rd world countriesFood crops from the New World contributed to the rapid increase of pop in China, India, and Java, also helped sustain high levels of pop in places like Niger dleta and West Afria. Colonial rule reinforced upward trends, ending local warfare that caused pop losses and promoted spread of epidemic disease and famine. Railroad and steamship links also fostered the spread of the market economy. Death rates declined, birth rates remained the same.3
9308422580Drastic increases in Africa's populaitonBegan with low pop levels relative to large land area, very high birth rates and diminished mortality rates= huge pop increass. Emerging nations found it dificult to draw food and mineral resources from the rest of the world to feed growing population.4
9308427866Africa and Asia, resistance to birth controlResistance to birth control efforts aimed at controlling pop growth. Some of resistance linked to deeply entrenched social patterns and religious beliefs, and procreation is a sign of male virility.5
9308432971Lineage, children in AfricaChildren are seen as the extended network of relatives that makes up the core social group over much of the subcontinent. As in India, sons are essential for continuing the roles played by women in agricultural production.6
9308438817High rates of stillbirths and infant mortality, before th 20th centuryThere would be many of the children who get killed. Forstered the convcition that it was needed to have many children to ensure some owuld outlive parents. In socieites where welfare systems and old age pensions were meager or unknwon, surviving children took on special urgency bc they were the only ones who would care for parents who could no longer work for themselves.7
9308446058Excessive population increase, birth controlIncreasingly clear that too much pop makes econa dvance impossible, so leaders are now in favor of birth control. However, leaders often find they lack sufficent resources andeducated ppl to make programs efffective.8
9308452687Crowding of the citiesAmbitious youth and rurla poor have crowded the cities. However, there are few jobs and heavy comp for them ensures wages would remain low for hem.9
9308459461Urban poor, volatile factor in the poli struggles of the eliteForm the crowds willing for a price to cheer on one contender or jeer down another and are ready to riot and oot in times of gov crisis.10
9308463844Cities,'parasitic'Shanties= now starting to have electrical and sanitayr systems. SLums often provide the only housing urban dwellers will find for some time to come. Burdened with postcolonial socs with parasticic cities, meaning they are heavily dependent for survival on food and resources from their countryside or abroad. No manufacturing abse to generate growth in regions or nation. Take from countryside.11
9308469314Rural depletion in developing nationsResulted in deforestation, cutting trees for fuel or clear land for farming and livestock grazing. Logging firms are also doing this to hardwood trees in Africa. Produces further soil depletion and erosion and encourage desertification. Poachers also kill wildlife.12
9308480735Industrial pollution in 3rd world nationsWaste runoff and spills from mines and oil fields that is pervasive in both developed countries and emerging nations. Polllution= proportionallly greater than in developed world bc they can't afford antipollution tech introduced in 1st world countries.13
9308490674Benazir BhuttoPM of Pakistan14
9308492375Corazon AquinoPres of Phillipines.15
9308498750Women in politics, 3rd world nationsHave been at best relegated to peripheral poli positions and at worst allowed no participation in poli process.16
9308501551Women, anxiety about adequate nutritionPresence of male-centric customs directly affects the health and life expectancy of women. Indian tradition that states women first serve hurbands and sons then eat leftovers=measn that quantity and nutritional content of leftovers is lower than original meals, and flies and idsease insencts have fouled the food.17
9308512910Primary products, changing prices and effects on 3rd world nationsPrimary products have decline in price= created nightmares for planners in developing nations, revenue estimates from sale fo coffee or copper in years when price is high are used to plan government projects for building roads, factories, and dams. Market slumps can wipe out critical funds, retarding econ growth and throwing countries in debt.18
9308517201Neocolonial economyGlobal economy that has been dominated by industrialized nations.19
9308522911Corruption in 3rd world countriesUsed their positions to enrich themselves and their rleatives at the expense of society. Inability and refusal of many regimes to carry out key social reforms like land redistribution ahs contributed to persistence of patterns.20
9308546206Int'l assistance to 3rd world nationsHave ganed some resources this way, but the industrialized nations have demanded major concessions in return for their aid. These have ranged from commitments to buy the products of lending countries to allowing bases on thier territory.21
9308559062Int'l assistance- economic regulations that determine how money is to be invested and repaidOften include promises to make major changes in economy, like a commitment to remove or reduce state subsidies on food and other important cons items. These reductions ahve led to social unrest, riots, and collapse or near collapse of post colonial regimes.22
9308569729Kwame NkrumahLead ghana's independence movement. Moved to initiate programs that would translate his high aspirations for his ppl into relaity, but rival poli parties repeatedly challenged his initatives and tried to block efforts to carry out plans. leftist leanings won support from Soviet bloc but frightened W investors and led to growing hostility from noncommie countries. Cocoa also fell sharply hitting the ghanaian coca farmers, so he became very dictatorial23
9308579794Nkumrah becomes dictatorialHe won't give up or cut back development plans, forcibly crushed all poli opposition by banning rival parties and jailing poli leaders. Also sought to hold onto loyalty of masses through highly staged events and manipulation of invented symbols and traditions said to be derived from Ghana's past. Made many enemies, and he died in exile in 1872.24
9308587507Military takeovers in 3rd world countriesIt happens quite a bit. They have imposed varying degrees of repression, and have been notorious for official corruption adn for killing dissidents.25
9308592522Gamal abdel NasserTook power in 1952, egypt.26
9308597403Free officers movementEvolved from a secret org established in Egyptian army in the 30s. Founded by young officers of Egyptian descent, they were also allied to Muslim Brutherhood.27
9308599539Founding of Free officers mvtFounded by Hasan al-Banna, a school techer who studied in this youth with Muhammad Abduh. Founded muslim brotherhood. Committed to revivalist approcah to Islam, and on a program of social uplift and sweeping reforms. Involved in promoting trade unions and building medical clinics for women, pushing for land reform.28
9308605733Destruction of the Khedival and parliamentary regimeAnger over egypti's humiliating defeats in the Arab-Israeli War of 48 and a clash in the Suez canal. Smash the monarchy in Egypt and Nasser is established. He became the head of a military gov, became dictator.29
9308612084Nasser tries to developp econLand reform and redistribution, state financed education made available to egyptians, state subsidies to lower price of basic food staples, state controlled development schemes.30
9308619131Nasser establishes Egyptian econ independenceStiff restriction on foreign investment and seizes foreign properties and does interventionist FP to smash Israel, forge Arab unity, and foment socialist revs.31
9308621078Backfiring of Nasser's initativesLand reform efforts frustrated by bureacratic corruption and clever landlords, the Aswan Dam project was a complete failure.32
9308634292Anwar SadatDismantled the massive state appartus made and favored private rather thans tate initatives. Middle class became a powerful force. Sadat also ended confrontation with israel and Egyptian support for rev mvts in Arab world. expelled Russians, opened Egypt to investment from the W. Hosni Mubarak furthered these directions.33
9308637938Hosni MubarakSuccesor of Sadat, furthered his policies.34
9308647992India, good development compared to other nationsIndia is still a functioning democracy. Civil liberties ahve been upheld.35
9308649288Nehru, economic ideasUsed state and private initatives. Pushed state intervention in some sectors and econouraged foreign investment from countries in rival blocs in cold war. The nation has been able to build on intiatil advantages in industrial infrastructure and skilled mangerial and labor endowment. Big capitalist esctor encouraged ambitious farer to invest in the green rev.36
9308652982Green RevIntro of improved seed strains, fertilizers, irrigation to make higher crop yields. Has generated revenue to promote literacy and village development, family pallnning, improvement projects.37
9308655418India, socioecon divideThere is several cities really wealthy, but 50 percent of India's ppl gained little from development plans adn econ growht.38
9308670107South Africa, minority ruleThe whites in SA did apartheid.39
9308675270Ayatollah KhominiThrowback to the religious fervor of anticolonial mvts in the 180s. Wanted to smash W backed governments. Sought to build a lasting state on Islamic precedents.40
9308678784Khomeini's rev, successOwed to seizing power in a unique set of cicumstances. Reduced to a sphere of infromal influence,s o no bureacratic or coms infrastructures that accompanied colonial takeovers were highly developed there, and no big W ed middle class emerge, so ipetus for modernization was from the Phalvi shahs.41
9308684382Shah of IranImposed econ development and soc change. Advances happened but he alienated the Iranians, and he was very repressive and offended the emerging middle classes. Flaunted Islamic conventions and neglect of Islamic worhsip enraged ayatollahs and mullahs.42
9308690350Khomeini comes to powerEstablishes a radical Islamic state. Distanced the nation from atheistic commies and the W. Got rid of women's rights, stoning for womena nd amputation of limbs for theft. Also drew up schemes for land reform, relgious ed, econ development.43
9308693995Iran Iraq WarStarted up and swallowed huge amounts of Iranian energies. Determination to smash Saddam caused heavy losses and untold suffering to the iranian ppl. US soon began supplying both sides, and hundreds of thousands of poorly armed ppl died before Khomeini agreed to an armistice in 88. More elections have happened, although these trends have been reversed by US hostility, which has strengthened the hand of religious hardliners and opened the way for repression of moderate pro-democracy forces through poli repression.44
9308702675S Africa ApartheidS africa= largest and most populous area. White settlers had won control of S africa and dominated all aspects of S african life. Imposed a system of extreme segregation all races of S Africa.45
9308710399Homelands in S AfricaDesignated for main ehtnolinguistic or tribal groups in the black African pop. Would have left blacks with small portion of the poorest land in S africa. White minority = guaranteed a ready supply of black labor.46
9308717701Regime tries to capitalize on personal and ethnic divisions in black majority communityFavoritism to some leaders and groups to keep them from uniting. Many advocates of black majority rule in a multiracial society became guerilla resistance,s o the S A gov responded w/ state of emergency and smashed up the guerillas.47
9308722206FW De KlerkModerateAfriakner leaders pushed for refoms that began to dismantle the sys of apartheid. Release of key blacks = white majority was ready to negotiate abt future of S African polis and soc.48
9308725122The ANC comes to powerLed by Mandela. Proved to be highly skillful and respected and great moderating force in S A arena.49
9308729510SA"s further challenges.Bitter interethnic rivalries in the blackmajrity community have yet to be resolved, like the Zulus and Xhosas, hard line white supremacists continue, and the way to reform institutions adn redistribute wealth of S Africa difficult.50
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AP World History - Unit 3 - The Americas Flashcards

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5656509022Location of the Mayarain forests in the Yucatan Peninsula, present day Mexico0
5656524665Mayan Governmentcity - states: ruled by the noble class of warriors, hereditary priests. Did not have a centralized rule until about 750 CE, where tyrant monarchs came to power.1
5656537461Mayan Societyagrarian: domesticated maize. Had minor classes of artisans, traders, builders, and scientists. It is considered the most advanced American civilization. Were also one of the first peoples to use drugs. Often got high and drunk.2
5657839702Mit'amandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire3
5656552294Mayan Agriculturemain crop was maize from teosinte "zea". Used a slash-and-burn farming technique clearing rain forests to plant, as well as digging channels in swamps4
5656569781Mayan Technologieswriting system: glyphs. independently invented writing for the Americas. Had extremely advanced mathematics and had a zero calendar based on advanced astronomy.5
5656582598Mesoamerican Religioninvolved several aspects of nature, astronomy and rituals. Most Gods represented a form in nature.6
5656600393Mayan Ritualsconsisted of bloody human sacrifices and bloodletting to please the Gods. Monarchs sacrificed blood from their tongue and genitals.7
5656718123Classical Mayastarted in 750 CE deserted in 850 C.E, had a population of 40,000. It was the size of Manhattan.8
5656776976Location of the Aztecshad a capital city of Teotihuacan (present day Mexico City), which was an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco. Empire covered most of central and southern Mexico.9
5656790954Aztec Governmentwas similar to a monarchy where an Emperor or King was the primary ruler. They called their ruler the Huey Tlatoani. The Huey Tlatoani was the ultimate power in the land. They felt that he was appointed by the gods and had the divine right to rule.10
5656802687Aztec Societywas hierarchical and divided into clearly defined classes. The nobility dominated the key positions in the military, state administration, judiciary, and priesthood. While traders could become extremely wealthy and powerful, even their prosperity was based on their class, and most citizens remained simple farmers11
5656831836Aztec Agricultureused chinampas "floating gardens": plots of farming land in the middle of a body of water. they also used a terracing method, and their main crops were maize, squash and cocoa beans.12
5656871507Aztec Technologieshad a borrowed writing system from the Maya, along with less advanced mathematics.13
5656875701Aztec RitualsMANY human sacrifices. Said sacrifices were prisoners from war, and they would take hearts out of living bodies. Bloodletting was also practiced14
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Ap world history note cards Flashcards

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7995560522XuanzangTime period:Tang dynasty 602-664 Theme: Buddhism Xuanzang was a Chinese Buddhist monk scholar traveler and translator who described the interaction between Chinese Buddhism and Indian Buddhism in the early tang dynasty0
7995756319Yang JianTime period:589-618 Theme: Prince/ruler Yang Jian, courtesy name Shiku, nickname Ahai, was an imperial prince of the Chinese Sui Dynasty. During the reign of his father Emperor Yang, he carried the title of Prince of Qi. When his father was killed in a coup led by the general Yuwen Huaji in 618, Yang Jian and his sons were also killed.1
7995864147Sui YangdiTime period: 603-618 Theme: Emperor Emperor Yang of Sui, personal name Yang Guang, alternative name Ying, nickname Amo, Sui Yang Di or Yang Di known as Emperor Ming during the brief reign of his grandson Yang Tong, was the second son of Emperor Wen of Sui, and the second emperor of China's Sui dynasty.2
7995897205Tan TaizongTime period 627-649 Theme: emperor Taizong, Wade-Giles romanization T'ai-tsung, personal name (xingming) Li Shimin (born 598, China—died 649, China), temple name (miaohao) of the second emperor (reigned 626-649) of the Tang dynasty (618-907) of China.• Li Shimin was the second son of the dynastic founder, the Gaozu emperor.3
7995942200An lushanTime period: 755 ce Theme: Rebellion An Lushan was a general in the Tang dynasty and is primarily known for instigating the An Lushan Rebellion. An Lushan was of Sogdian and Göktürk origin, at least by adoption. He rose to military prominence by defending the northeastern Tang frontier from the Khitans and other threats. He was summoned to Chang'an, the Tang capital, several times and managed to gain favor with Chancellor Li Linfu and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang. This allowed An Lushan to amass significant military power in northeast China. After the death of Li Linfu, his rivalry with General Geshu Han and Chancellor Yang Guozhong created military tensions within the empire.4
7995943731Huang ChaoTime period: 875-884 Theme: rebel, soldier, smuggler Huang Chao was a Chinese smuggler, soldier, and rebel, and is most well known for being the leader of a major rebellion that severely weakened the Tang dynasty. Huang was a salt smuggler before joining Wang Xianzhi's rebellion in the mid-870s. After splitting with Wang, his army pillaged and committed the Guangzhou massacre. In 881, his troops captured the capital Chang'an, forcing Emperor Xizong of Tang to flee. Huang proclaimed himself the Qi emperor, but was defeated by the Tang army led by the Shatuo chieftain Li Keyong in 883 and forced to desert Chang'an. Following successive defeats, including to former subordinates Zhu Wen and Shang Rang who surrendered to Tang, Huang was killed by his nephew Lin Yan.5
7995945983Du FuTime period: 712-770 ce Theme: poet Du Fu was a prominent Chinese poet of the Tang dynasty. Along with Li Bai, he is frequently called the greatest of the Chinese poets. His greatest ambition was to serve his country as a successful civil servant, but he proved unable to make the necessary accommodations. His life, like the whole country, was devastated by the An Lushan Rebellion of 755, and his last 15 years were a time of almost constant unrest.6
7995945984Song TaizuTime period: 960-976 Theme: emperor Emperor Taizu of Song, personal name Zhao Kuangyin, courtesy name Yuanlang, was the founder and first emperor of the Song dynasty in China. He reigned from 960 until his death in 976. Formerly a distinguished military general of the Later Zhou dynasty, Emperor Taizu came to power after staging a coup d'état and forcing Emperor Gong, the last Later Zhou ruler, to abdicate the throne in his favour7
7995949242Li BaiTime period:701-761 Theme: Poet Li Bai, also known as Li Bo, was a Chinese poet acclaimed from his own day to the present as a genius and a romantic figure who took traditional poetic forms to new heights. He and his friend Du Fu were the two most prominent figures in the flourishing of Chinese poetry in the Tang dynasty, which is often called the "Golden Age of Chinese Poetry". The expression "Three Wonders" referred to Li Bai's poetry, Pei Min's swordplay, and Zhang Xu's calligraphy.8
7995949243Zhu XiTime period:1130-1200 Theme: Scholar Zhu Xihis courtesy name is Yuanhui, or Zhonghui, self-titled Huian. He was a Chinese philosopher, politician, and writer of the Song dynasty. He was a Confucian scholar who was the leading figure of the School of Principle and the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China. His contributions to Chinese philosophy including his assigning special significance to the Analects, the Mencius, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean, his emphasis on the investigation of things, and the synthesis of all fundamental Confucian concepts, formed the basis of Chinese bureaucracy and government for over 700 years. He has been called the second most influential thinker in Chinese history, after Confucius himself.9
7995952929Muraski ShikibuTime period: 1000-1012 Theme: poet Murasaki Shikibu was a Japanese novelist, poet and lady-in-waiting at the Imperial court during the Heian period. She is best known as the author of The Tale of Genji, written in Japanese between about 1000 and 1012. Murasaki Shikibu is a descriptive name; her personal name is unknown, but she may have been Fujiwara no Takako, who was mentioned in a 1007 court diary as an imperial lady-in-waiting.10
7995957160Grand canalTime period:614-618 Theme: Waterworks The grand canal was one of the world's largest waterworks projects before modern times. It was used by the second emperor Sui Yangdi to facilitate trade between southern and northern china particularly abundant supplies of rice and other food crops11
7995958249Chang'anTime period:614 Theme: Capital Chang'an was an ancient capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history, today known as Xi'an. Chang'an means "Perpetual Peace" in Classical Chinese since it was a capital that was repeatedly used by new Chinese rulers. During the short-lived Xin dynasty, the city was renamed "Constant Peace"; yet after its fall in AD 23, the old name was restored. By the time of the Ming dynasty, the name was again changed to Xi'an, meaning "Western Peace", which has remained its name to the present day.12
7995967962Khitana seminomadic people from Manchuria; from the early tenth through the early twelfth century, they ruled a vast empire stretching from northern Korea to Mongolia; during the first half of the Song dynasty, they demanded and received large tribute payments of silk and silver from the Song state to the south; caused external pressure on the Song Dynasty; in the early 12th century the nomadic Jurchen conquered the Khitan13
7995971661Jurchenthe nomadic Jurchan conquered the Khitan, overran northern China, captured the Song capital at Kaifeng, and proclaimed establishment of the Jin empire (early 12th century); thereafter, the Song dynasty moved its capital to the prosperous port city of Hangzhou and survived only in southern China14
7995972973Foot bindinggained popularity among the privileged classes during the Song era; the tight wrapping of young girls' feet with strips of cloth that prevented natural growth of the bones and resulted in tiny, malformed, curved feet; women with bound feet couldn't walk easily or naturally; sometimes servants carried them around in litters; wealthy families often bound the feet of their daughters to enhance their attractiveness, display their high social standing, and gain increased control over the girls' behavior15
7995975684Dunhuanga city on the silk road that transmitted Mahayana Buddhism to China; by the fourth century C.E., a sizable Buddhist community had emerged at Dunhuang in western China; Buddhists built hundreds of cave temples in the vicinity of Dunhuang and decorated them with murals depicting events in the lives of the Buddha and the boddhisatvas; missions supported by establishments such as those at Dunhuang helped Buddhism to establish a foothold in China16
7995978953Sillanative dynasty of Korea that agreed to a political compromise with invading Tang authorities to avoid a long and costly conflict17
7995980226Tale of Genjibest reflected the Heian court life; composed by Murasaki Shikibu; relates the experiences of a fictitious imperial prince named Genji18
7995984686Minamotoengaged in outright war with the Taira in the mid-12th century and were victorious; claimed to rule the land in the name of the emperor; dominated political life in Japan for four centuries19
7995986214Kamakuraearly medieval period of Japan that ran from 1185 to 1333 CE20
7995988238Muromachilater medieval period of Japan that ran from 1336 - 1573 CE; during the two periods, Japan developed a decentralized political order21
7996360894Equal field systemChinese system during the Han dynasty in which the goal was to ensure an equitable distribution of land22
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Chapter 22 and 23 AP World History Vocabulary Flashcards

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6107586281decolonization (3)Process in which many African and Asian states won their independence from Western colonial rue (1), in most cases by negotiated settlement (1) with gradual political reforms (1) and a program of investment rather than through military confrontation0
6608924121Indian National Congress (3)Organization established in 1885 (1) by Western-educated elite Indians (1) in an effort to win a voice in the governance of India; the INC became a major popular movement that won India's independence from Britain (1).1
6608928280Muslim League (3)Created in 1906, was a response to the Indian National Congress (1) in India's struggle for independence from Britain; the League's leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1), argued that regions of India with a Muslim majority should form a separate state called Pakistan (1).2
6608935925African National Congress (3)South African political party established in 1912 (1) by elite Africans who sought to win full acceptance in colonial society (1); it gradually became a popular movement that came to control the government in 1994 (1).3
6608940132Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal (3)Founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey (1881-1938) (1); as military commander and leader of the Turkish national movement (1), he made Turkey into a secular state (1).4
6608944040second-wave feminism (4)Women's rights movement that revived in the 1960s (1); demanded equal rights for women in employment and education (1), women's right to control their own bodies (1), and the end of the patriarchal domination (1).5
6608947751fundamentalism (3)Occurring within all the major world religions (1), fundamentalism is a self-proclaimed return to the "fundamentals" (1) of a religion and is marked by a militant piety (1).6
6608949923environmentalism (3)Twentieth-century movement (1) to preserve the natural world (1) in the face of spiraling human ability to alter the world environment (1)7
6608952338globalization (3)The massive growth (1) in the international economic transactions (1) from around 1950 to the present (1).8
6608954212World Trade Organization (3)International body representing 149 nations (1) that negotiates the rules for global commerce (1) and is dedicated to the promotion of free trade (1)9
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AP World History: Song, Sui, and Tang Dynasties Flashcards

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5918301979A religion has spread throughout ChinaBuddhism0
5918308714Prominent member northern Chinese family in --- -- -------- ~~ _____Era of Division Wendi1
5918328854Northern nomadic peoples founded --- ------- in ___Sui Dynasty 5812
5918342798Supported by ________ _____ & _________ for ____ ______lowering taxes granaries;food supply3
5918360703Second Sui ruler and Wendi's sonYangdi4
5918377445Yangdi restored --------- examination system, constructed ----- ----- system, conquering -----, defeated by ------ ------ from Central Asia, and assassinated in ___ __Confucian grand canal Korea Turkic nomads 618 CE5
5918412901Grand Canal joined the ------ River: ------- -----, where _______ peasant people toiled 5 years from digging ____ mile waterway with 1/2 dyingYellow Yangtze basin million 10006
5918444261"Land Equalization System"Land redistribution7
5918456118Grand Canal System connected to the ______empire8
5918463084First Tang emperor and a general under Sui dynasty ~~ -- ----Li Yuan9
5918478369Who told Li Yuan to lead a revolt? __-____-___ ________16-year-old LiShimin10
5918496963LiShimin compelled his father and got the throne with naming himself~~ -----------TangTaizong11
5918506573Who and what did TangTaizong do?brilliant general government reformer historian master of calligraphy12
5918531216---------, -------, -----, and -----(-----) became _________ ______Manchuria, Vietnam, Tibet, and Korea(Silla) tributary states13
5918547904___ __~~ Muslim armies defeated the Chinese in ------ -- -----751 CE Battle of Talas14
5918553713Achievements of Tang Dynasty:a) poor peasants given land for taxes b) advanced infrastructure c) education, arts, science, literature, and trade d) control of southern coast allowed to be in Indian Ocean Trade Network e) Silk Road trading with Middle East f) trade gives population in China g) tea from Southeast Asia15
5918711117Who were the 3 best known Tang poets in history? ~~ ____ ___(699-761), __ __(701-762), and __ __(721-770)Wang Wei Li Bo Du Fu16
5918742894First Empress and ruled for 30 years~~ ------- --Empress Wu17
5918753305____________: dominant ideology of Chinese civilization from 9th to 20th centuryConfucianism18
5918762961Treatment of women --1) Female children as less desirable than male children 2) Female infants would be killed during famines 3) Marriage 4) Women became part of male's family 5) Her family must provide a dowry19
5918819564-----------: wearing corsets in Europe and painting face white in Japan as middle class fashion statementFootbinding20
5918885756Group of ------ speaking people from Central Asia who were hired as soldiers ~~ _______Turkic Uighurs21
5918972357Weakness of Tang Dynasty seen by Uighurs and overthrew them in ___ __More bureaucratic skills (pencils) than strong military forces (swords) 907 CE22
5919024521___ __~~ scholarly general reunited China and established ---- -------; ruled ___ years with less territory than Tang Dynasty963 CE Song Dynasty 31923
59191223451100s~~ ------- people had arisen in _________ and set up their own empireJurchen Manchuria24
59191630821127~~ Song rulers are forced ----- and built new capital at --------; lasted from 1127-____South Hangzhou 127925
5919218378------: fast-ripening rice, which allows two crops per year and began the fertile fields of southern China to expand food supplyChampa26
5919270526What did Champa contribute with agriculture during the Song Dynasty?Helped iron plows and harnessed oxen (or water buffaloes), enriched soil with manure and composted organic matter, extensive irrigation systems, and reservoirs, dikes, dams, pumps, and water wheels27
5919729673Accomplishments of Sui,Tang, and Song Dynastiesa) Engineering (great canal and irrigation) b) Trade expanded rapidly during Tang and Song dynasties, which copper coin shortages developed c) Issuing letters of credit ("flying cash"-- paper money) as alternative d) Merchants deposited goods/money at a location and draw equal money/merchandise in a place (Banks) e) Mathematics-- developed use of negative numbers f) Gunpowder for fireworks and weapons with grenades, bombs, flamethrowers, poisonous gas, and rocket-launchers g) Chairs, tea, and abacus ("an oblong frame with rows of wires/grooves, where the beads are slid") h) Porcelain i) Mechanical clock j) Printing press using movable print k) Magnetic compass28
5920201859Chinese ----- are best ships in the world with Arab ----, which dominated Asian seasJunks Dhows29
5920219723What had spread of the Chinese civilization to Japan, Korea, and Vietnam?1) Buddhism-- key force in the civilization that influenced the countries 2) Sinification: extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions 3) Japan-- "borrowed" heavily from China during 5th & 6th centuries30
5920259703#33 ??? continued...4) Buddhism supplied key links between Korea and China 5) Korea-- its proximity to China was more influenced over longer period of time than others 6) Vietnam-- own culture (remained distinct from Sinification)-- prepared to receive benefits of Chinese civilization but not lose their identity; Chinese techniques made Vietnamese agriculture (most productive) in Southeast Asia31
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