| 7960664546 | Kingdom of Ghana | West African empire from 700s to 1076, grew wealthy and powerful by controlling gold-salt trade. | | 0 |
| 7960664547 | Kingdom of Mali | a huge territorial empire that flourished in west Africa during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Its capital was Timbuktu, which became a center of Islamic learning (see Islam). The empire controlled trade routes that stretched from the edge of the Sahara in the north to forests in the south and that carried gold and other luxuries | | 1 |
| 7960664548 | Kingdom of Songhai | last and final great empire of West Africa. a very big trading city back then where many people would trade things like gold for salt | | 2 |
| 7960664549 | Sunni Ali | created Sunni Dynasty; rule lasted 30 years; many military campaigns/victories; conquered Timbuktu and Djenne, which gave Songhai control of trade; focus on trading empire | | 3 |
| 7960664550 | Trans-Saharan Trade | route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading | | 4 |
| 7960664551 | Gold-Salt-Slaves | major commodities in medieval Africa | | 5 |
| 7960664552 | Timbuktu | City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, it became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning | | 6 |
| 7960664553 | Mansa Musa | Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East. | | 7 |
| 7960664554 | Swahili Coast | East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning "shores." | | 8 |
| 7960664555 | Indian Ocean Basin | The most important maritime trade network during the postclassical period. It involved trade between Arab, Persian, Turkish, Indian, African, Chinese, and Europe merchants. | | 9 |
| 7960664556 | Monsoons | warm, moisture-laden winds from the southwest that bring most of India's rainfall during the spring and summer. | | 10 |
| 7960664557 | Animism | A local religion, mostly from Africa and the Americas, in which the world is seen as being infused with spiritual and even supernatural powers. | | 11 |
| 7960664558 | Nomads | Cattle-and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies | | 12 |
| 7960664559 | Bantu Migration | The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000 | | 13 |
| 7960664560 | City-States | Cities with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside; found in Aztec society | | 14 |
| 7960664561 | Tenochtitlan | An ancient Aztec capital on the site of present-day Mexico City. Founded c. 1325, it was destroyed by the Spanish in 1521. | | 15 |
| 7960664562 | Tribute System | A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. | | 16 |
| 7960664563 | Human Sacrifice | Killing of humans for a purpose like worshiping a god, practiced widely by the Aztecs and a little by the Incas | | 17 |
| 7960664564 | Chinampas | Artificial gardens on floating islands/farms that surrounded Tenochtitlan. Built because of lack of available farmland | | 18 |
| 7960664565 | Mexica | Nahua language spoken, indigenous people in the valley of Mexico known today as the rulers of the Aztec empire | | 19 |
| 7960664566 | Xocolatl/Cacao | Chocolate as used by the Azecs was called_____________ and was made from _____ beans; used as currency in Aztec civilization | | 20 |
| 7960664567 | Obsidian | rock used in tools in Toletc and Mayans | | 21 |
| 7960664568 | Quetzalcoatl | Aztec nature god, feathered serpent, his disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes | | 22 |
| 7960664569 | Huizilopochtli | a sun god, and the patron of the city of Tenochtitlan. He was also the national god of the Mexicas of Tenochtitlan. | | 23 |
| 7960664570 | Andes | A large system of mountain ranges located along the Pacific coast of Central and South America | | 24 |
| 7960664571 | Mita | In the Incan empire, the requirement that all able-bodied subjects work for the state a certain number of days each year. | | 25 |
| 7960664572 | Terraces | found in Inca and Aztec civilizations; A new form of agriculture in Aksum where stepped ridges constructed on mountain slopes help retain water and reduce erosion | | 26 |
| 7960664573 | Potatoes | first grown in Inca; A starchy plant tuber that is one of the most important food crops, cooked and eaten as a vegetable. | | 27 |
| 7960664574 | Machu Pichu | a city built by the Inca people on a mountaintop in the Andes Mountains in present-day Peru--- Means "great peak" | | 28 |
| 7960664575 | Charlemange (ch. 17) | King of the Franks 768 to 814 from the Carolingian line. Ruled over 40 years. Most important leader of the Franks because he unified nearly all Christian lands of Europe into a single empire. | | 29 |
| 7960664576 | Crusades | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. | | 30 |
| 7960664577 | Salvation | The forgiveness of sins and restoration of friendship with God, which can be done by God alone. | | 31 |
| 7960664578 | Feudalism vs Manoralism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land vs paying money to the lord in exchange for protection and the use of his land to live on and farm. | | 32 |
| 7960664579 | Fiefdom | The estate or domain of a feudal lord; something over which one dominant person or group exercises control. | | 33 |
| 7960664580 | Vassal | (in the feudal system) a person granted the use of land, in return for rendering homage, fealty, and usually military service or its equivalent to a lord or other superior; feudal tenant. | | 34 |
| 7960664581 | Holy Roman Empire | A Germanic empire located chiefly in central Europe that began with the coronation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor in a.d. 800 (or, according to some historians, with the coronation of Otto the Great, king of Germany, in a.d. 962) and ended with the renunciation of the Roman imperial title by Francis II in 1806, and was regarded theoretically as the continuation of the Western Empire and as the temporal form of a universal dominion whose spiritual head was the pope. | | 35 |
| 7960664582 | Franks | A Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul (roughly the area now occupied by France) and restored order after the collapse of the Roman empire by establishing their own centralized state (empire) | | 36 |
| 7960664583 | Anglo-Saxons | A united kingdom of the German Saxons and Angles (both of which had invaded England in the early 5th century); had been united under King Alfred the Great in the late 9th century; invaded by King William of Normandy in 1066, defeating King Harold (Battle of Hastings); intermarriage between the French Normans and Anglo Saxon nobles soon began. | | 37 |
| 7960664584 | Battle of Hastings (1066) | led by William the conquerer, the Normands invaded and conquered England | | 38 |
| 7960664585 | Pope | Bishop of Rome who claimed authority over all other bishop; Becomes head of the Roman Catholic Church; Very powerful during the Middle Ages; | | 39 |
| 7960664586 | Archbishop | A bishop of the highest, heading an archdiocese or province | | 40 |
| 7960664587 | Bishop | A successor of the Apostles who has received the fullness of Christ's priesthood | | 41 |
| 7960664588 | Clergy | A strong organization made up of different levels of officials that the church had built in the late years of the Roman Empire. Anyone who's a member of the church is in this | | 42 |
| 7960664589 | Priest | A member of the order of priesthood; co-workers with their bishops that form a unique sacerdotal college or presbyterium dedicated to assist their bishops in priestly service to the People of God. | | 43 |
| 7960664590 | Monasticism | A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith | | 44 |
| 7960664591 | (Christian) Monks | Christian men who gave up there private possessions and devoted their lives to serving God in Monasteries. | | 45 |
| 7960664592 | Vikings | Came from Scandanavia, also called Northmen or Norsemen, and Danes. Sea warriors, they built amazing ships that held 300 warriors, could hold 30 tons. Raided villages and monastaries. Also traded and farmed. Journeyed to Russia and Constantinople. | | 46 |
| 7960664593 | Longboats | Boats with shallow bows and trademark dragons or scary faces on the tip of the ship that were used by the Vikings | | 47 |
| 7960664594 | Newfoundland | An island of Canada that is off the east coast of mainland Canada; first explored by Lief Ericson (Viking) | | 48 |
| 7960664595 | Eric the Red | Sailed west to Iceland; thrown out of viking group;sailed to Greenland,cold;called Greenland to make it sound like a nice place so people from Iceland would come over | | 49 |
| 7960664596 | Lief Ericson | Was Eric the Red's Son sailed to North America North America in about 1000 and explored what is what is today called Newfoundland. | | 50 |
| 7960664597 | Chivalry | Code of conduct for knight and nobles during European feudalism. | | 51 |
| 7960664598 | Magna Carta | (1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of Englad was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom | | 52 |
| 7960664599 | Parliament | A governing body during the Middle Ages that represented the privileged groups including the nobles and the church was called ____. | | 53 |
| 7960664600 | Hundred Years' War | (1337-1453) Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. | | 54 |
| 7960664601 | Scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. | | 55 |
| 7960664602 | Vernacular Language | The common speech of the masses. They were the alternative to Latin, the language of the learned. The late Middle Ages saw the rise of this form of literature which began to flourish in the 14th century as is exemplified by the works of Petrarch (1304-74), Boccaccio (1313-75). and Chaucer (1342-1400). Though Latin remained the universal tongue of scholarship, politics, and the Church in Western Europe until after the Middle Ages and the Reformation. | | 56 |
| 7960664603 | Guild System | A system for specialized workers in the medieval times. It would set regulations for price and other factors to eliminate competition in the town, kept the number of people in a specific job limited, had to go through apprenticeship -> journey man ->master | | 57 |
| 7960664604 | Middle Class | A social and economic level between the wealthy and the poor. | | 58 |
| 7960664605 | Anti-Semitism | Discrimination against Jews; found in Europe during Middle Ages | | 59 |
| 7960664606 | Black Death | A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351; Bubonic Plague | | 60 |
| 7960664607 | Khan | Mongol ruler | | 61 |
| 7960664608 | Khanate | four divisions of the Mongol world - Chaghadai, Persia, Kipchak (Golden Horde), and Yuan dynasty in China | | 62 |
| 7960664609 | Chenggis (Ghengis) Khan | established the Mongol Empire and is considered one of the greatest warriors of all time. Loyalty was extremely important to him, to the point where he would execute men that betrayed their lords thinking they would get on his good side; created the Ih Zasag, known as the Great Law. | | 63 |
| 7960664610 | Nomads | (of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently (MONGOLS) | | 64 |
| 7960664611 | Steppes | Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to Mongol military | | 65 |
| 7960664612 | Turkic tribes | Nomadic group that set up 3 Islamic states of the 15th century | | 66 |
| 7960664613 | Silk Road | An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay. | | 67 |
| 7960664614 | Yuan Dynasty | 1271-1368 CE. Established when the Mongols conquered the Chinese Song Dynasty. Mongol reign short-lived, ending when the Mongols were driven from China in the 1300s. | | 68 |
| 7960664615 | Pax Mongolica | "Mongol Peace" from mid-1200's through mid-1300's imposed stability and law and order across Eurasia. Guaranteed safe passage for trade caravans, travelers, and missionaries from one end of empire to other. | | 69 |
| 7960664616 | Khanate of the Golden Horde | The official name for the Mongolian empire over Russia. Kiev fell to the Mongols and then they controlled southern Russia for 200 years. The capitol of the area was in Sarai. Western most part of the Mongol Empire | | 70 |
| 7960664617 | Central Asia | the core region of the Asian Continent and stretches from the Caspian Sea in the West to China in the East and from Afghanistan in the South to Russia in the North; w/ Muslims, poeple from here ranked just below Mongols in Yuan Dynasty |  | 71 |
| 7960664618 | Meritocracy | A system in which the talented are chosen and moved ahead on the basis of their achievement; Mongols used when brought talanted to capital | | 72 |
| 7960664619 | Religious Tolerance | Willingness to let others practice their own beliefs; practiced by Mongols | | 73 |
| 7960664620 | Buddhism | the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth; mahayana, pure land school (nembutsu, mappo) in Japan | | 74 |
| 7960664621 | Confucianism | A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct; spread to Japan | | 75 |
| 7960664622 | Shintoism (ch. 15) | An ancient, indigenous religion native to Japan, characterized by veneration of nature spirits and ancestors and by a lack of formal dogma. | | 76 |
| 7960664623 | Shogun | a military governor who ruled in place of the Japanese emperor. The emperor was the symbolic head, but real power lied in the hands of the Shogun. | | 77 |
| 7960664624 | Medieval Japan | A middle era falling between the Nara and Heian periods and the Tokugawa dynasty of the Modern Age. | | 78 |
| 7960664625 | Heian Period | (794 - 1100) The Emperor of Japan moves the capital to Heian; 300 years of developing a new culture; growth of large estates; arts and literature of china flourished; elaborate court life; personal diaries (pillow book and the take of genji); moved away from chinese culture | | 79 |
| 7960664626 | Feudalism (Japan) | Four class system laid down with marriage restrictions and to members of the same class. 1-emporer and shogun. 2- dayimo. 3- samurai 4- artisans, commoners, merchants | | 80 |
| 7960664627 | Bushido | Samurai moral code based on loyalty, chivalry, martial arts, and honor until the death | | 81 |
| 7960664628 | Samurai | Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land. | | 82 |
| 7960664629 | flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency | | 83 |
| 7960664630 | Neo-Confucianism | term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the Tang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism | | 84 |
| 7960664631 | Sui Dynasty | (589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north. | | 85 |
| 7960664632 | Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. | | 86 |
| 7960664633 | Tang Dynasty | (618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system. | | 87 |
| 7960664634 | Land distribution (China) | Policy where land is taken from people with plenty of land and given to people with little or no land, used in post-classical China | | 88 |
| 7960664635 | Song Dynasty | (960-1279 C.E.) Did not last long due to a large expensive bureaucracy and a weak military. Will fall to the Mongols in 1279. | | 89 |
| 7960664636 | Five Pillars | true Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah, pray 5 times a day, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime | | 90 |
| 7960664637 | Umma | "Community of the faithful" (All followers of Islam) | | 91 |
| 7960664638 | dar al-Islam | An Arabic term that means "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule | | 92 |
| 7960664639 | Hajj | A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims | | 93 |
| 7960664640 | Hijra | Muhammad's flight (migration) from Mecca to Medina | | 94 |
| 7960664641 | jihad | "struggle" against ignorance and unbelief by spreading the word of Islam | | 95 |
| 7960664642 | Qur'an | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. | | 96 |
| 7960664643 | Shari'ah | All-encompassing system of laws, regulations and advice that tell a Muslim how to live his or her life. Deals with a person's obligations to God. A blue print for righteous living. Implemented by the Caliphs. Influenced was gradually reduced by Western rulers and powers, Eventually disposed of and replaced with concepts from Europe. Both Iran and Saudi Arabia practice it to this day, | | 97 |
| 7960664644 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian Peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats. | | 98 |
| 7960664645 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. | | 99 |
| 7960664646 | Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca | | 100 |
| 7960664647 | Muslim | "One who has submitted"; followers of Islam | | 101 |
| 7960664648 | Islam | means "submission," signifying obedience to the rule and will of Allah. | | 102 |
| 7960664649 | Muhammad | Arab prophet and founder of Islam. In c.610, in Mecca, he received the first of a series of revelations that, as the Qur'an, became the doctrinal and legislative basis of Islam | | 103 |
| 7960664650 | "People of the Book" | the name for Jews and Christians for whom the Muslims had religious tolerance; called this because each religion had a holy book with teachings similar to that of the Qur'an | | 104 |
| 7960664651 | Caliphs | "Successor to the Prophet"; Islamic head of state (both political and religious leader) | | 105 |
| 7960664652 | Sunni | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad | | 106 |
| 7960664653 | Sufism | An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin. | | 107 |
| 7960664654 | Shi'a | a Muslim group (sect) that accepts only the descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law, Ali, as the true rulers of Islam | | 108 |
| 7960664655 | Abbasid Caliphate | (750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Muslim could be a part of. | | 109 |
| 7960664656 | Umayyad Caliphate | First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India. | | 110 |
| 7960664657 | Córdoba | capital of Muslim Spain, an economic center, hundreds of workshops, culture and learning flourished there | | 111 |
| 7960664658 | Damascus | An ancient city (widely regarded as the world's oldest) and present capital and largest city of Syria. It was the capital during the Umayyad dynasty. | | 112 |
| 7960664659 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon | | 113 |
| 7960664660 | Jerusalem | A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews. | | 114 |
| 7960664661 | Sultan | Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country | | 115 |
| 7960664662 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly | | 116 |
| 7960664663 | Mosque | A Muslim place of worship | | 117 |
| 7960664664 | Madrasa | A school for the study of Muslim law and religious science | | 118 |
| 7960664665 | Caligraphy | the art of beautiful handwriting which was thought to be the only handwriting worthy of the word of god that could be used on the Qur'an. It was the only type of handwriting allowed to write the Qur'an | | 119 |
| 7960664666 | Slavs | Ancient cultures from around 500 AD that came to Northern Russia. Many lived in Novgorod and Kiev | | 120 |
| 7960664667 | Kievan Rus | State that emerged around the city of Kiev in the Ninth century CE; a culturally diverse region that included Vikings as well as Finnic and Baltic peoples. The conversion of Vladimir, the grand price of Kiev, to Orthodox Christianity in 988 had long-term implications for Russia | | 121 |
| 7960664668 | Novgorod | Rurik founded city; first important Russian city; modern day Estonia | | 122 |
| 7960664669 | Grand Prince of Kiev | Vladimir | | 123 |
| 7960664670 | Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land | | 124 |
| 7960664671 | Serf | A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times | | 125 |
| 7960664672 | Russian Orthodox Church | The religion adopted by the Russian Princes in Kiev. Moscow will become known as the Third Rome, the cultural and religious guide of Christianity (after fall of Rome and Constantinople) | | 126 |
| 7960664673 | Ottoman Empire | Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I. | | 127 |
| 7960664674 | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | A branch of Christianity that developed in the Byzantine Empire and that did not recognize the pope as it's supreme leader; brought to Russia by Grand Prince Vladimir | | 128 |
| 7960664675 | Constantinople | A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul | | 129 |
| 7960664676 | Justinian (ch. 13) | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code | | 130 |
| 7960664677 | Theodora | Byzantine empress; she was married to Justinian and exerted a great influnece over him and over the political and religious events of the empire. | | 131 |
| 7960664678 | Caesaropapism | Emperor not only ruled as a secular lord but also played an active and prominent role in ecclesiastical affairs | | 132 |
| 7960664679 | Hagia Sophia | Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. | | 133 |
| 7960664680 | Justinian's Code | A law code created by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian about 530 CE. It was a revision of the old Roman law system. | | 134 |
| 7960664681 | Greek fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals (petroleum, quicklime, sulfur) that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople | | 135 |
| 7960664682 | Eastern Orthodox Church | Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia | | 136 |
| 7960664683 | Great Schism- 1054 C.E. | split between Eastern and Western Christian Churches turning into the Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Churches | | 137 |
| 7960664684 | icons | During the Middle Ages, the two branches of Christianity drew farther apart. A dispute over the use of _____, or holy images, contributed to the split. Many Byzantine Christians used images of Jesus, Mary, and the saints in their worship. However, one Byzantine emperor outlawed the veneration of icons, saying it violated God's commandment against worshiping "graven images." | | 138 |
| 7960664685 | Mosaics | colored cubes in plaster to form a picture (developed from Roman tradition) | | 139 |
| 7960664686 | Patriarch | Head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, compared to the Pope is head of the Catholic Church. | | 140 |
