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World History AP Test Flashcards

9092192515	At the End of the English Civil War, the monarch was executed and replaced by...	Oliver Cromwell	0
9092199899	The scientist who asserts that mathematical laws governed the univers was...	Issac Newton	1
9092216750	Early Portuguese explorations focused on Africa, however, the eventual explicit goal of Portuguese explorers was to...	Find passage to India	2
9092237548	John Calvin denied human faith could merit salvation, instead, he preached that salvation has granted by God to those...	Who are predestined	3
9092250376	Cortes had which advantages in conquering	All of the above; firearms and horses, the Aztecs had only recently established their empire at the expense of other tribes; smallpox	4
9092271094	The empires of Mali in West Africa and of Delhi in South Asia both utilized	Islamic administration	5
9092335244	The largest and most powerful Andean empire before the Europenas arrived was the...	Inka (Inca)	6
9092348448	One of the most important developments of the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation was when Ignatius of Loyola founded the ...	Society of Jesus (the Jesuits)	7
9092372614	Christopher Columbus was a Ganoese mariner employed by...	Spain	8
9092380001	The Glorious Revolution of 1688 brought about what in England?	A constitution and a bill of rights	9
9092386815	What was the overarching significance of the Versailles palace?	The gigantic palace symbolized the French monarch's triumph of the rights of the nobility	10
9092407481	The business practice of selling shares to individuals to raise money for trading enterprises and to share the risk and profits was termed...	Joint stock company	11
9092416334	What new crops helped the rural poor of Europe avoid starvation?	Potatoes and corn	12
9092484010	The English Reformation led by Henry VIII differed from what Martin Luther had started because the king...	All of these( and more); Wanted an annulment from his Catholic wife, seized the land of monasteries and churches to give to his supporters, challenged the pops authority in England	13
9092520925	Martin Luther insisted that the only way to salvation was through...	Religious faith	14
9092525845	Columbus insisted that he had reached...	The Indian Ocean	15
9092546481	Early 16th century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru were the...	Conquistadors	16
9092557003	What was the primary form of administrative record-keeping in the Inka Empire?	khipus	17
9092607265	By 1450, daring mariners had explored many regions of the world, but none had traversed the entire expanse of...	All of the Above; The Pacific Ocean, The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean, The North Sea	18
9092625002	The movement that began with Martin Luther's denunciation of indulgences and led to the rejection of the pope's authority was the...	Protestant Reformation	19
9092636301	The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided the New World between...	Spain and Portugal	20
9092646573	The Holy Roman Empire was ruled by Charles V, a member of this dynasty, during the Counter Reformation...	Habsburgs	21
9092658109	Why did the peoples of the New World lack immunity to the diseases of the Europeans?	Their long isolation from other countries	22
9092669785	The scientific Revolution demonstrated that the workings of the universe could be explained by applying which of the following?	All of the Above; Experimentation, Careful observation, Mathematical calculations, Rational inquiry	23
9092692209	The second leg of the Atlantic Circuit, transporting slaves across the Atlantic to plantation colonies, was known as	The Middle passage	24
9092706146	The most significant challenge posed by early modern astronomers was that of the heliocentric universe, first argued by...	Nicholas Copernicus	25
9092714235	Th most profitable and strongest colonization by Europe was in ...	The Americas	26
9092719628	To promote his ideas, Luther used...	The printing press	27

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AP World History- Unit 2 Greece/Persia Vocab Flashcards

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4786291472	Cyrus the Great	Persian ruler who conquered most of the lands from the Aegean Sea to the borders of India	0
4786294459	Delian League	An alliance that Athens formed with other city-states, so Athens could gain money	1
4786307497	Cambyses	Son of Cyrus who conquered Egypt and parts of Southeast Europe and formed the Achaemenid Empire (Persian Empire)	2
4786320251	Darius I	A ruler of Persia who helped fund major projects to help Persia like the Royal Road	3
4786326878	Xerses	Ruler of Persia who led Persia to war against Greece	4
4786329552	Peloponnesian League	A league formed between Sparta and its allies to attack Athens	5
4786332995	Philip II	Macedonian leader who conquered Greece and Asia Minor	6
4786336271	Alexander the Great	Macedonian leader who conquered from Greece to India and spread Greek culture	7
4786342342	Solon	A wise ruler of Athens who helped free many enslaved for debt and limiting the amount of land any one man could own	8
4786353497	Pericles	Athenian ruler who gained lots of money for Athens by forming the Delian League; lots of artwork and architecture was constructed during his rule	9
4786358818	Ptolemies	The chief rulers in Egypt after Alexander died and Macedonia split apart	10
4786374695	Poleis (Polis)	City-states	11
4786375886	Monarchy	A government where a king rules the state	12
4786381865	Aristocracy	A government where nobles rule	13
4786382838	Oligarchy	A government where a few wealthy landowners and merchants ruled	14
4786387943	Tyrants	Leaders who seized power with the people's support	15
4786392263	Democracy	A government where all citizens participate	16
4786393480	Direct Democracy	A government in which all citizens can vote directly on laws and other issues in a large assembly	17
4786397209	Representative Democracy	A government where citizens elect leaders to represent them and give those leaders powers to make laws and govern	18
4786398835	Crete	An island in the Aegean Sea where the Minoans lived	19
4786401254	Knossos	A city on Crete that was the wealthiest city on the Aegean for a while	20
4786404191	Minoan Civilization	A civilization on Crete that relied on trade and were very wealthy; their language has not yet been deciphered	21
4786411033	Mycenae	On the mainland of Greece; contains many revealing artifacts about the Minoans	22
4786422811	Syracuse and Agrigentum	Two of the largest Greek colonies that were located on the island of Sicily	23
4786438848	Persian Wars	War between Persia and Greece after Persian tried to take over Greece	24
4786440133	Marathon	City where an outnumbered Athenian army defeated the Persian forces	25
4786443960	Battle of Thermopylae	Battle where the Persians defeated (slaughtered) a few hundred Spartans and their allies; this gave way to Athens becoming the dominant power	26
4786455844	Battle of Salamis	Battle over sea where the Athenians beat the Persians which caused the Persians to flee	27
4786458578	Persians	The people of the giant empire that were destroyed by the Greeks	28
4786471179	Achaemenid Empire	Also called the First Persian Empire; united Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India	29
4786475775	Selecuids	Rulers of Persia who encouraged Greeks and Macedonians to settle as colonists there but were taken over by the Romans	30
4786484807	Parthians	Ruled over what is now Iraq, Iran, and land bordering India; prevented the Roman Empire from expanding past Syria; defeated by the Sassanids	31
4786492532	Sassanids	Government promoted Zoroastrianism and persecuted Christians; large but not as large as the Parthian Empire	32
4786497712	Athens	A Greek city-state who was known for its political and intellectual achievements; created democracy and became one of the two most powerful city-states	33
4786503727	Sparta	One of the two most powerful city-states; known for its military society	34
4786505781	Alexandria	City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great which became a center of Hellenistic culture and a major seaport	35
4786510631	Hellenistic Period	The period of Greek culture being spread	36
4786523105	Caravenserai	Combinations of inns and markets for people traveling the Royal Road by camel caravan; instituted by Darius	37
4786528002	Common Currency	A currency that was accepted across the entire Persian empire; this made trade simpler and helped unite the empire under Darius	38
4786532576	Royal Road	A road in the Persian Empire that spanned across the empire to encourage trade under Darius	39
4786537886	Herodotus	Author of "The Histories", and the first great Greek historian	40
4786541366	"The Histories"	Written by Herodotus about the Persian Wars	41
4786544536	Homer	The Greek poet who wrote the "Iliad" and "Odyssey"	42
4786549846	The "Iliad" and "Odyssey"	Epic poems that Greeks believed as history but are now considered myths; written by Homer	43
4786552480	Plato	Student of Socrates who taught students to question everything and wrote dialogues about philosophy; had a school called the Academy	44
4786555577	"The Republic"	Dialogue by Plato describing an ideal society ruled by a government that rested upon a concept of justice and ethical values	45
4786558774	Aristotle	One of Plato's students who became a famous Athenian philosopher; believed in the Golden Mean as well as empiricism and logic	46
4786565895	"Poetics"	Work by Aristotle which set down definitions of tragedy and comedy in theater	47
4786571405	"Avestas"	A collection of written texts based on Zarathustra's beliefs which helped spread Zoroastrianism	48
4786576082	Aristophanes	The most prolific author of comedies in Greece	49
4786585564	"The Trojan Women"	Tragedy by Euripides that describes how Athenians slaughtered people they captured in the Trojan War	50
4786589104	Euripides and Sophocles	Famous Greek playwrights	51
4786590698	Parthenon	A great temple in Athens that had been destroyed in war with Persia but was rebuilt	52
4786603506	Peresopolis	The capital city of Persia that featured an impressive royal palace	53
4786608896	Knossos Palace	A palace in Knossos that exemplified in frescoes, statuettes, jewelry, and even indoor plumbing	54
4786613220	Socrates	Influential Greek philosopher who created the Socratic Method but was put to death by the Athenian government for questioning the state religion	55
4786618147	Socratic Method	Socrates' belief on continually asking questions to systematically clarify another person's idea and to identify the core of them	56
4786621657	Academy	Plato's school that taught philosophy	57
4786623117	Golden Mean	Aristotle's belief on everything in moderation	58
4786625876	Logic	the science of the formal principles of reasoning; Aristotle focused on it	59
4786629067	Empiricism	Trusting what one learned from observation and evidence of the senses; Aristotle emphasized gaining knowledge through this	60
4786636294	Syncretic	Combining ideas from different sources; occurred in religion	61
4786649976	Zoroastrianism	Faith based on belief in one one god, Ahura Mazda. Religion also believed in heaven and hell and helped shape the development of Judaism and Christianity; religion started in Persia	62
4786658268	Zarathustra	Persian prophet who began teaching Zoroastrianism	63
4786659849	Hoplites	Infantry members who defended their land	64
4786679612	Archons	Nine top officials of the democratic Athenian government	65
4786681448	Helots	Slaves in Greece; did lots of farming in Sparta	66
4786683611	Satraps	A ruler of a province who was responsible to the emperor, not to the local leaders; created by Darius	67
4786690703	Aristocrats	Nobels	68
4786699745	Merchants	People who sell and trade in societies	69
4786701460	Spartan Women	Had more freedom than most Greek women; took over jobs while men were fighting	70
4786704151	Qanat	Underground canals that were used to reduce evaporation of the water as it traveled to the fields in Persia	71

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AP World History Summer Vocabulary Flashcards

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10290714241	B.C.E	Before Common Era or the year 1 C.E. (B.C.E. is also known as B.C. or Before Christ)	0
10290714242	C.E	Common Era	1
10290720980	Abdicate	To renounce the thrown (in terms of a monarch/ruler); To relinquish power	2
10290726823	Accession	The attainment of power typically pertaining to a monarch or president (or any other similar figure of power)	3
10290737087	Aesthetic	The idea/concept of what is beautiful; The appreciation of beauty or good taste	4
10290767104	Agrarian	Relating to rural matters	5
10290770318	Amenities	Things that make you comfortable and at ease; luxuries/wants or supplements	6
10290774133	Anarchy	A state of lawlessness and disorder	7
10290776204	Antiquity	A historic period proceeding the middle ages in europe; an old artifact	8
10290780324	Appeasement	The act of acceding to demands; to make peace by satisfying demands	9
10290786268	Animism	The doctrine that all natural beings have souls	10
10290792361	Aristocracy	A privileged class holding hereditary titles (dukes. duchesses. lords etc.)	11
10290795738	Asceticism	Active or rigorous self restraint/denial	12
10290797930	Assimilate	To make alike; to become suited to one's environment	13
10290809230	Authoritarian	Characteristic of an absolute ruler; one who behaves in a tyrannical manner	14
10290819023	Autocracy	A government which favors a single ruler	15
10290821399	Barbarism	A brutal or savage act, inhumane in nature	16
10290826012	Bureaucracy/Bureaucrats	A government ruled by non-elected officials; any organization in which action is obstructed by insistence on unnecessary procedures and red tap	17
10295134668	City-State	A state consisting of a sovereign city	18
10295134669	Civic	Of or relating or belonging to a city	19
10295135419	Classical	Of the most highly developed stage of an early civilization	20
10295135420	Colonial	relating to a body of people who settle far from home (colony)	21
10295135812	Commmerce	The transaction of buying goods or services	22
10295136590	Communal	For or buy a group rather than individuals (community)	23
10295137042	Concubine	A woman who has sexual relations with a high ranking man	24
10295137935	Conscription	Compulsory military service	25
10295137936	Cosmopolitan	Composed of people from many parts of the world	26
10295139093	Coup	A sudden and decisive change in government	27
10295139785	Demography/Demographic	The branch of sociology which studies the characteristics of human population	28
10295140502	Despot	A cruel and oppressive dictator	29
10295140503	Diaspora	The dispersion or spreading of something that was originally localized (as a people or language or culture); the body of Jews outside Palestine/modern Israel	30
10295141003	Dissent	A difference in opinion	31
10295141004	Dissident	A person who dissents (disagrees with) an established policy	32
10295141944	Domestic/Domesticate	Of or relating to home; to make for cultivation/service to humans	33
10295143941	Dynasty/Dynastic	A sequence of powerful leaders from the same family (such as the royal family)	34
10344095822	Edict	A formal or authoritative proclamation	35
10344104987	Egalitarian	Favoring social equality	36
10344106206	Elite	A group or class of people who have superior status/intelligence/wealth	37
10344109801	emigrate	To leave a country (immigrate is to enter)	38
10344116461	epic	A long narrative telling of a heroes deeds; very imposing or impressive	39
10344119912	Ethnocentric	Centered on a specific ethnic group (usually your own)	40
10344122330	Feudalism	The social system in which vassals were protected by lords , occuring in both Japan and Medieval Europe	41
10344130636	Genocide	The systematic killing of a racial or cultural group	42
10344134892	Gentry	The mos powerful members of a society	43
10344135708	Guild	A formal association of people wit similar interests/occupations (similar to a workers union)	44
10344137380	Hierarchy	A series of ordered grouping within a system. often referring to class	45
10344137381	Homonids	A member of a family of primate mammals related to humans	46
10344138355	Homogeneous	Of a same or similar kind	47
10348400616	Ideology	An orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation	48
10348410048	Imperial/imperialism	Relating to an empire	49
10348413700	Indigenous	Originating where it is found	50
10348418361	Infrastructure	The basic structure of a system or organization	51
10348421425	Lineage	The kinship relation between an individual and the individual's progenitors (family tree)	52
10348442834	Linguistic	Consisting or relating to language	53
10348446943	Manifest	Clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment	54
10348453291	Maritime	Relating to ships or navigation	55
10348457285	Martial	Relating to war or military life (martial law is a law imposed by the military)	56
10348464194	Matrilineal	Based on or tracing descent through the female line	57
10348469048	Mercenary	A person hired to fight for another country	58
10348473858	Monarchy	A system of government ruled by one primary leader, who's role was passed through inheritance, not election	59
10348473859	Monopoly/monopolize	Exclusive ownership of a commodity	60
10348474565	Monotheism	Belief in a single god	61
10348474883	Mystical	Beyond ordinary understanding	62
10348475718	Nation-state	A sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descen	63
10348476789	Neo	Recent or new	64
10348476790	Neolithic	The most recent era of the stone age (following mesolithic)	65
10348479302	Nomadic	Of a migratory nature	66
10352867448	Oligarchy	A government ruled by a small group of a few powerful people (usually self appointed)	67
10352944619	Pantheon	A group of people held in high esteem for their great achievements; a group of Gods	68
10352944620	Papal/Papalacy	Pertaining to the pope or Roman Catholic Church	69
10352944621	Parliament/Parliamentary System	The lawmaking body of British government	70
10352944622	Pastoral	concerning or appropriate to the giving of spiritual guidance in the Catholic Church	71
10352944623	Patriarchal	System in which men hold power in the family, economy, and government	72
10352944624	Patrilineal	Based on or tracing descent through the male line	73
10352944625	Patronage	The power to control appointments to office or the right to privileges.	74
10352944626	Peasant	People who worked the land or served the nobles	75
10352944627	Pharaoh	A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.	76
10352944628	Piety	Devotion and reverence to God	77
10352944629	Polity (n)	The form of government of a country or other organization	78
10352944630	Polygamy	The practice of having more than one wife/spouse at a time	79
10352944631	Polytheism	The belief in many gods	80
10352944632	Proselytize	To convert someone to a faith, belief, or cause	81
10352944633	Provincial	Lacking sophistication, narrow-minded	82
10352944634	Regent	A person who rules a country for someone who is unable to rule alone (normally in place of a child)	83
10352944635	Republic	A government in which citizens rule through elected representatives	84
10352944636	Rhetoric	The art of using language effectively and persuasively	85
10352944637	Sedentary	inactive	86
10352944638	Serfs	A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times	87
10352944639	Sharia	Islamic law; a combination of the Quran and the Hadith.	88
10352944640	Sinification	Extensive adoption of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.	89
10352944641	State	A politically organized body of people under a single government	90
10352944642	Steppe	A large area of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.	91
10352944643	Stratification	The uneven distribution of resources and privileges among participants in a group or culture	92
10352944644	Sub-Saharan Africa	The portion of the African continent south of the Sahara desert	93
10352944645	Subordinate	rank or order as less important or consider of less value	94
10352944646	Succession	The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time	95
10352944647	Syncretism	The blending of unibiblical ideas with Christian theology.	96
10352944648	Textiles	The first industry to be industrialized in the 18th century.	97
10352944649	Theocracy	A government controlled by religious leaders	98
10352944650	Theology	The study of religion	99
10352944651	Totalitarianism	A political system in which the government has total control over the lives of individual citizens.	100
10352944652	Tributary State	An independent state that must acknowledge its leader and pay tax to him	101
10352944653	Tyranny	Cruel and oppressive government or rule	102
10352944654	Urbanization	Movement of people from rural areas to cities	103
10352944655	Usurp	Seize and take control without authority and possibly with force	104
10352944656	Vernacular	The everyday language of people in a region or country	105

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Flashcards

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AP World History Strayer Chapter 2 Vocabulary Flashcards

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7254762815	Norte Chico/Caral	Definition: Civilization in North Central Peru that was the largest of 25 urban centers. Significance: Cities were smaller than Mesopotamia. Less evidence of economic specialization based on fishing. Shows why they weren't as advanced as Mesopotamia and Egypt. Qualities of South America.	0
7254762816	Indus Valley Civilization	Definition: Civilization that flourished in the Indus River Valley. Had elaborately planned cities. Significance: It embraced a far larger area than Egypt and Mesopotamia with elaborately planned out cities. Irrigated agriculture provided an economic base and a written language.	1
7254762817	Olmec Civilization	Definition: Civilization that took shape in South Mexico. Significance: Based on agriculture and known as the mother of civilization of mesoamerica. Their cultural patterns spread later to Maya and teotihuacan civilizations.	2
7254762818	Uruk	Definition: Ancient Mesopotamia's largest city. Significance: Largest city in Mesopotamia. Population around 50,000. City's center had a ziggurat.	3
7254762819	Mohenjo Daro/Harappa	Definition: City that flourished on the banks of the Indus River with population of about 40,000. Significance: Had housed built of 2-3 stories high. Innovative indoor plumbing. They had a complex sewer system under the city.	4
7254762820	Epic of Gilgamesh	Definition: Epic poem that described Mesopotamia's lack of belief in an afterlife and their pessimistic view of the gods. Significance: Provided us with a look into how people in Mesopotamia viewed humankind and their lived and gods.	5
7254762821	Code of Hammurabi	Definition: 282 laws enforced under Hammurabi's rule in Babylon. Significance: One of the first example of written law in ancient civilizations. It was "equal" but punishments were based on social class.	6
7254762822	Patriarchy	Definition: Social organization in which a male is the head. Significance: Developed the idea that men were superior to women through history. Allowed men to be more likely leaders. Women had to start with lower/lesser jobs and status.	7
7254762823	Rise of the State	Definition: Organized around cities or larger territories headed by Kings, advised by officials/priests. Significance: The state replaced the kinship as the basic organization of society and gave far more authority to the leaders. Allowed different types of ruling and stricter rule/laws.	8
7254762824	Egypt "the gift of the Nile"	Definition: In the spring, water ran off the Mountains causing the Nile to flood. Significance: The Nile flooded predictably and annually allowing Egyptians to flourish and have a successful harvest from the soil.	9
7254762825	Paneb	Definition: Egyptian criminal who eventually disappeared after someone reported his crimes (Uncle). Significance: Shows that Egyptians did have corruption and criminals that did many things without being "caught" because of social status.	10
7254762826	Nubia	Definition: South of Egypt, controlled by Egyptians. Significance: The 2 civilizations often traded. Helped spread each others culture around that area.	11

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AP World History Periodization Flashcards

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6773035914	Era One	12,000 BCE to 600 BCE	0
6773045647	Era Two	600 BCE to 600 CE	1
6773052012	Era Three	600 CE to 1450	2
6773055414	Era Four	1450 to 1750	3
6773057946	Era Five	1750 to 1900	4
6773061108	Era Six	1900 to Present	5
6773069601	Era One	Chapters 1-2	6
6773072415	Era Two	Chapters 3-6	7
6773074463	Era Three	Chapters 7-16	8
6773077082	Era Four	Chapters 17-23	9
6773079730	Era Five	Chapters 24-28	10
6773083396	Era Six	Chapters 29-37	11

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AP World History Study Guide #15 Flashcards

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5791454016	How was Christianity divided internally?	Internally, Christianity was seriously divided between the Roman Catholics of Western and Central Europe and the Eastern Orthodox of Eastern Europe and Russia.	0
5791455718	Externally, how would you describe Christianity to the rest of the world & why?	It was on the defensive against an expansive Islam. Muslims had ousted Christian Crusaders from their toeholds in the Holy Land by 1300, and with the Ottoman seizure of Constantinople in 1453, they had captured the prestigious capital of Eastern Orthodoxy. By 1529, the Muslim Ottomans had advanced into the heart of Central Europe with the siege of Vienna. It appeared as though Islam would soon overtake Christianity.	1
5791456067	What act launched the Protestant Reformation in 1517?	A German priest, Martin Luther, publicly invited debate about various abuses within the Roman Catholic Church by posting a document known as the Ninety-five Theses, on the door of a church in Wittenberg.	2
5791457147	What were some of the issues in the Church, of which people were critical? (3 points)	- the luxurious lifestyle of the popes - the corruption and immorality of some clergy - the Church's selling of indulgences (said to remove the penalties for sin), and other aspects of church life and practice.	3
5791458029	In what ways did Luther's understanding of his relationship with God challenge the Church's authority? (2 points)	- That salvation came through faith alone. Neither the good works of the sinner nor the sacraments of the Church had any bearing on the eternal testing of the soul, for faith was a free gift of God, graciously granted to his needy and undeserving people. - To Luther, the source of these beliefs, and of religious authority in general, was not the teaching of the Church, but the Bible alone, interpreted according to the individual's conscience.	4
5791460264	In what ways was the schism within the Catholic Church expressed politically, economically, and socially, including the role of women? (6 points)	It gave some kings and princes justification for their own independence from the Church and an opportunity to gain the lands and taxes previously held by the Church. It provided the urban middle classes a new religious legitimacy for their growing role in society. It was used by common people to express their opposition to the whole social order, especially in a series of German peasant revolts in the 1520s. The Reformation teachings and practices did not offer them a greater role in the church or society. In Protestant-dominated areas, the veneration of Mary and female saints ended, leaving the male Christ figure as the sole object of worship. Protestant opposition to celibacy and monastic life closed the convents, which had offered some women an alternative to marriage. The reading of the Bible for oneself stimulated education an literacy for women, but they were still subject to male supervision and had little opportunity to use their education outside of the home and family.	5
5791461761	To where did Reformation thinking spread, thanks to the invention of the printing press, and what was the effect of its spread?	The movement spread to France, Switzerland, England, and elsewhere, it also splintered into a variety of competing Protestant churches- Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Quaker, Anabaptist- many of which subsequently subdivided, producing a bewildering array of Protestant denominations.	6
5791464098	To what extent did the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) have on French Society?	For more than thirty years, French society was torn by violence between Catholics and the Protestant minority known as Huguenots. The war-weary French monarch, Henry IV, issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598, which granted a substantial measure of religious toleration to French Protestants, hoping they would return to the Catholic Church. Nevertheless, more European religious conflict took shape in the Thirty Years' War, a Catholic-Protestant struggle that began in the Holy Roman Empire but eventually engulfed most of Europe. This destructive war brought violence, famine, and disease, and between 15 to 30 percent of the German population perished. Finally, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) ended the conflict, with some reshuffling of boundaries and an agreement that each state was sovereign, authorized to control religious affairs within its own territory. The unity of a Catholic Europe was now broken forever.	7
5791464444	How was European imperial expansion related to the spread of Christianity? (4 points)	- Christianity motivated European imperial expansion and also benefitted from it. The Spanish and Portuguese viewed their movement overseas as a continuation of a long crusading tradition, which only recently had completed the liberation of their countries from Muslim control. - Colonial settlers and traders brought their faith with them and sought to replicate it in their newly conquered homelands. - Catholic missionaries actively spread the Christian message beyond European communities. - Potuguese missionaries took the lead in Africa and Asia; Spanish and French missionaries were most prominent in the Americas; Missionaries of the Russian Orthodox Church accommodated expansion of the Russian Empire by ministering to Russian settlers and trappers across Siberia.	8
5791465170	What were the two critical elements for the missionaries' success in Spanish America and in the Philippines?	- The overwhelming European presence, experienced variously as military conquest, colonial settlement, missionary activity, forced labor, social disruption, and disease - It must have seemed as if the old gods had been bested and that any possible future lay with the powerful religion of the European invaders. A second common factor was the absence of a literate world religion in these two regions.	9
5791466481	Why were missionary efforts to spread Christianity so much less successful in China than in Spanish America? - The political context was different... - In China, - Fundamentally,	- Although the transition between these two dynasties occasioned several decades of internal conflict, at no point was China's political independence or cultural integrity threatened by the handful of European missionaries and traders working there. This was unlike Spanish America whose population had been defeated and their societies had been disrupted. - In China, Europeans needed permission of Chinese authorities to operate in the country, whereas Spanish missionaries working in a colonial setting sought primarily to convert the masses, while in China, the Jesuits took deliberate aim at the official Chinese elite. -Fundamentally, the missionaries offered little that the Chinese really needed. Confucianism for the elites and Buddhism, Daoism, and Chinese gods and spirits for the commoners adequately supplied the spiritual needs of most Chinese.	10
5791469435	Africanized versions of Christianity emerged, such as Santeria and Vodou, in the New World. From what were these syncretic religions derived and how did the Europeans perceive these practices?	They derived from West African traditions and featured drumming, ritual dancing, animal sacrifice, and spiritual possession. Europeans frequently perceived these practices as evidence of sorcery, witchcraft, or even devil worship and tried to suppress them.	11
5791469774	What accounts for the continued spread of Islam in the early modern era?	It depended on wandering Muslim holy men, Islamic scholars, and itinerant traders, none of whom posed a threat to local rulers. In fact, they offered literacy in Arabic, established informal schools, provided protective charms containing passages from the Quran, served as advisers to local authorities and healers to the sick, often intermarried with local people, and generally did not insist that new converts give up some of their older practices. Muslims offered a connection to the wider world of Islam.	12
5791470500	What accounts for the emergence of reform or renewal movements within the Islamic world, especially in the mid-eighteenth century in Arabia?	This religious syncretism became offensive to the more orthodox, or traditional, Muslims. A young Muslim theologian, Abd al-Wahib, argued that the declining fortunes of the Islamic world were the result of a gradual process of decay that had crept in over the centuries, as Muslims allowed themselves to be drawn away from the essentials of the faith. He rejected the veneration of Sufi saints and their tombs, the adoration of natural sites, and even the respect paid to Muhammad's tomb at Mecca. He believed all of this was a dilution of the absolute monotheism of authentic Isalm.	13
5791471150	Some Chinese Buddhists sought to make their religion more accessible to ordinary people, which bore some similarity to the thinking of whom?	It was Martin Luther, who argued that individuals could seek salvation by "faith alone," without the assistance of a priestly hierarchy.	14
5791471521	Describe the popular culture that emerged in the cities among the less well educated.	Plays, paintings, short stories, and novels provided diversion and entertainment that were a step up from what could be found in teahouses and wine shops.	15
5791471885	A new cultural change was especially appealing to women. What did the bhakti movement and its practices provide for them?	It provided an avenue for social criticism. This devotional form of Hinduism sought to achieve union with one or another of India's many deities through songs, prayers, dances, poetry and rituals. Its practitioners often set aside caste distinctions and disregarded rituals of Brahmin priests in favor of direct contact with the divine. This emphasis had much in common with the mystical Sufi form of Islam and helped to blur the distinction between these two traditions in India.	16
5791472219	From what did Sikhism evolve?	It evolved from a peaceful religious movement, blending Hindu and Muslim elements, into a militant community.	17
5791472597	Who were the men that created the Scientific Revolution? (4 points)	- Copernicus from Poland - Galileo from Italy - Descartes from France - Newton from England	18
5791473539	What was the long-term significance of the Scientific Revolution and its applications to the affairs of human society?	It altered ideas about the place of humankind within the cosmos and sharply challenged both the teachings and the authority of the Church. When applied to human society, scientific ways of thinking challenged ancient social hierarchies and political systems and played a role in the revolutionary upheavals of the modern era.	19
5791475415	Why did the Scientific Revolution occur in Europe rather than in China or the Islamic world? Europe- - Europe's historical development... - Europeans had evolved... - Western Europe was in a position... - In the 16th-18th centuries,	- as a reinvigorated and fragmented civilization gave rise to conditions favorable to scientific enterprise. - including a legal system that guaranteed a measure of independence from the Church, Science was patronized by a variety of local authorities, but it occurred outside the formal system of higher education. Quranic studies and religious law held the central place, whereas philosophy and natural science were viewed with great suspicion. Chinese education focused on preparing for a rigidly defined set of civil service examinations and emphasized the humanistic and moral texts of classical Confucianism. Scientific subjects were relegated to the margins of the Chinese educational system. universities, and other professional associations. They didn't have to operate under the dictates of the Church - to draw extensively upon the knowledge of other cultures, especially that of the Islamic world. - Europeans had engaged in the Columbian Exchange and found themselves at the center of a massive new exchange of information of lands, peoples, animals, societies, and religions from around the world. These new concepts shook older ways of thinking and opened up a new way of thinking.	20
5791480023	What was revolutionary about the Scientific Revolution? - To medieval thinkers- - Johannes Kepler's theory- - Galileo Galilei developed- Sir Isaac Newton formulated-	To medieval thinkers—the earth was stationary and at the center of the universe and around it revolved the sun, moon, and stars embedded in ten spheres of transparent crystal. This coincided with the religious purpose of the Catholic Church because the entire attention of the universe was centered on the earth. Nicholas Copernicus' argument—was that "at the middle of all things lies the sun" and the earth, and other planets, revolved around it. The earth was no longer the center of God's attention. Johannes Kepler's theory—showed that planets followed elliptical orbits, undermining the ancient belief that they moved in perfect circles. Galileo Galilei developed--an improved telescope, with which he observed sunspots, or blemishes, moving across the face of the sun. This called into question the traditional notion that no change or imperfections marred the heavenly bodies. Sir Isaac Newton formulated—the modern laws of motion and mechanics. Central to Newton's thinking was the concept of universal gravitation. No longer were the heavens and the earth regarded as separate and distinct spheres, for the motion of a cannonball on earth or the falling of an apple from a tree obeyed the same natural laws that governed orbiting planets.	21
5791480285	What did Enlightenment thinkers share?	The Enlightenment thinkers shared a belief in the power of knowledge to transform human society. They also shared a satirical, critical style, a commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry, and in various degrees a hostility to established political and religious authority.	22
5791482595	How did nineteenth century developments in the sciences challenge the faith of the Enlightenment? - Darwin and Marx believed- - Sigmund Freud-	-—strongly in progress, but in their thinking, conflict and struggle rather than reason and education were the motors of progress, The image of the tranquil, rational, and autonomous individual created by the Enlightenment was fading. Individuals of all species were now viewed as caught in vast systems of biological, economic, and social conflict. - applied scientific techniques to the operation of he human mind and emotions and in doing so cast further doubt on Enlightenment conceptions of human rationality. At the core of each person, Freud argued, lay primal impulses toward sexuality and aggression, which were only barely held in check by the thin veneer of social conscience derived from civilization. These developments were a far cry from the Enlightenment conception of the human condition.	23
5791482853	In what way was European science received in Qing China?	The Chinese were interested in European astronomy and mathematics because those disciplines proved useful in predicting eclipses reforming the calendar, and making accurate maps of the empire. European medicine held little interest to Chinese physicians before the 19th century.	24
5791483027	In what way was European science received in Japan?	After 1720, Japan lifted the ban on importing Western books. Japanese read texts in medicine, astronomy, geography, and mathematics, but since it had a policy of isolation from Western influence, European science would not assume a prominent place in Japanese culture until the mid-nineteenth century.	25
5791483264	In what way was European science received in the Ottoman Empire?	The Ottoman Empire's intellectual elites saw no need for a wholesale embrace of things European. There was already a rich tradition of Muslim astronomy.	26
5791483265	Council of Trent	the main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses.	27
5791483428	Matteo Ricci	The most famous Jesuit missionary in China in the early modern period; active in China from 1582-1610.	28
5791483429	Kaozheng	Literally, "research based on evidence"; Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially historical documents.	29
5791483690	Guru Nana	The founder of Sikhism	30
5791483691	Sikhism	the religious tradition of northern India that combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women.	31

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World History AP Exam Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5670413867	Aryans	Indo-European ; hunting and herding people originally from central asia	0
5670418794	ahimsa	Jain term for the principle of nonviolence to other living things or their souls	1
5670427912	aboriginals	people native to a land	2
5670432938	Aristotle / Socrates / Plato	...	3
5670432939	Alexander the Great	invaded india, while he didn't establish a durable empire, he did allow important Indian contacts with Hellenistic culture	4
5670452262	aristocracy	one of the highest social classes in any given society that is usually associated w wealth and sometimes hierarchy titles of nobility	5
5670452263	ascetic	person who practices severe self discipline and abstention	6
5670455059	Bantu	Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages.	7
5670458248	Bhagavad Gita	The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.	8
5670481588	boddhisatvas	(Mahayana Buddhism) person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so out of compassion in order to save suffering begins	9
5670488883	Badouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.. Muhammed's tribe.	10
5670496833	brahmin	the highest of the four varnas: the priestly or sacerdotal category	11
5670499986	Brahman	single spiritual power that Hindus believe lives in everything	12
5670499987	cuneiform	Wedge-shaped writing in the form of symbols incised into clay tablets; used in Mesopotamia.	13
5670513487	caste	rigid system of social classification introduced by Aryans	14
5670513488	caliph	chief Muslim civil and religious ruler	15
5670532173	civil service examinations	recruitment and admission to the civil service	16
5670532174	civilization	stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced	17
5670544234	city-states	sovereign state that consists of a city and the dependent territories	18
5670547126	caravanserai	roadside inn where travelers could rest and recover from the day's journey	19
5670576635	Confucius	Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher	20
5670604907	dharma	the law of moral consequences	21
5670612758	Delian League	conflict between Persia and Greece	22
5670618015	dar al-Islam	religious conceptualization of the world as belonging either to Muslim or non-Muslim territory, exists within Islam significance: Allowed for expeditions from other countries to be facilitated	23
5670618016	dhow	a lateen-rigged ship with one or two masts, used in the Indian Ocean.	24
5670627577	desertification	the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture	25
5670630691	deforstation	transforming a forest into cleared land	26
5670633847	direct democracy	people decide (e.g. vote on) policy initiatives directly	27
5670633848	Daoism	religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao	28
5670673894	Edict of Milan	letter signed by the Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius, that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. The letter was issued in 313, shortly after the end of the persecution of Christians by the emperor Diocletian.	29
5670676942	Epic of Gilgamesh	The most famous extant literary work from ancient Mesopotamia, it tells the story of one man's quest for immortality.	30
5670676943	empire	large territory that includes diverse culture groups under a single supreme authority	31
5670679916	enlightenment	state of being enlightened	32
5670679917	Four Noble Truths	Part of the Dharma of Buddhism 1. All life is suffering 2. Desire is the cause of suffering 3. Removing desire removes suffering 4. This may be done through the 8-fold path	33
5725925740	Five Pillars	1. There is only one god, Allah 2. You must pray five times a day facing Mecca 3. You must pay the government Zakat 4. You must fast for Ramadan 5. You must make a Pilgrimage to Mecca sometime during your life.	34
5670695148	Fertile Cresent / Tigris & Euphrates	The Fertile Crescent, nicknamed "The Cradle of Civilization" for the fact the first civilizations started there, is a crescent-shaped region containing the comparatively moist and fertile land of otherwise arid and semi-arid Western Asia	35
5670729442	feudalism	system of decentralized gov't in which rule is help by landowners who are obligations of loyalty and military service to their superiors and protection to those under them	36
5670729443	Hammurabi	Babylonian king that came up with a system of law	37
5670731899	Hellenistic	culture derived from Greek civilization that flourished between 800 and 400 BCE	38
5670731900	helots	Slaves to the Spartans that revolted and nearly destroyed Sparta in 650 B.C.E.	39
5670731901	hajj	the fifth pillar of Islam, a pilgrimage to Mecca	40
5670734876	hijrah	The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam (islam)	41
5670734877	Huang He	river along which Chinese civilization developed ("Yellow River"), people dredged and deepened the bed to prevent flooding	42
5670739134	hieroglyphics	Ancient Egyptian writing system; literally,"sacred carvings"-so named because the Greeks saw them prominently displayed in Egyptian Temples.	43
5670751035	Indus River Valley	In south asia very fertile region. City disappeared, unknown why. Perhaps natural disaster shift of pattern of river caused collapstion, called system failure. much larger territory than mesopotamia. monsoons and and river overflows=bring fertile soil.	44
5670753636	Indo-European	Group of Asian peoples who migrated to many different places: Ex. Hittites to Turkey; Aryans to India	45
5670753637	jati	Hinduism subcaste; each class of the caste system has numerous subgroups (more than 3,000 categories)	46
5670758107	jizya	head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories	47
5670758108	jihad	Islamic holy war; Struggle often used for wars in defense of the faith	48
5670761079	karma	In Indian tradition, the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a 'spirit' and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle. Used in India to make people happy with their lot in life.	49
5670768029	kinship group	a close connection marked by community of interests or similarity in nature or character; a social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption	50
5670771183	lex talionis	The law of retaliation, whereby a punishment resembles the offense committed in kind and degree	51
5670791821	latifundia	a large landed estate or ranch in ancient Rome or more recently in Spain or Latin America, typically worked by slaves.	52
5670795033	loess	Yellowish-brown dust that makes a fertile soil	53
5670810836	moksha	release from samsara	54
5670814375	mandate of heaven / son of heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	55
5670814376	magi	a member of a priestly caste of ancient Persia	56
5670826581	madrasas	Arabic word for any type of educational institution, whether secular or religious	57
5670826582	Mecca	City located in the mountainous region along the Red Sea in the Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quarysh; place where the Ka'ba is located.	58
5670830839	monotheism / polytheism	one god / many gods	59
5670830840	Mecoamerica	A region of great geographic and climate diversity. The early and great civilizations of the olmec and chavin were in Mesoamerica.	60
5670837389	maize	corn	61
5670837390	mumification	the process of draining, disecting, and preserving of a body after death ; such as pharaohs in egypt	62
5670839701	monastery	a building or buildings occupied by a community of monks living under religious vows.	63
5670839702	monarchy	a form of government with a monarch at the head.	64
5670879003	mamelukes	Turkic group; formerly military slaves; took control of Egypt; est empire across N. Africa	65
5670879004	Muhammad	(Muslim) messenger from Allah	66
5670882112	Mecca	a city in West Saudi Arabia: birthplace of Muhammad; spiritual center of Islam	67
5670882113	nomads	people who wander from place to place	68
5670885243	nirvana	a transcendent state in which there is neither suffering, desire, nor sense of self, and the subject is released from the effects of karma and the cycle of death and rebirth. It represents the final goal of Buddhism	69
5670894129	Noble Eightfold Path	Buddha taught as the path to nirvana or enlightenment and consisting of Right View/Understanding, Right Thought, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, Right Concentration	70
5670899925	Neolithic Revolution	the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis around 8,000 BC	71
5670899926	Nile River	Central Africa and flowing north to the Mediterranean Sea, with its delta in Egypt; longest river in the world	72
5670899927	oracle bones	In Chinese civilization, animal bones that were heated and the cracks then interpreted as prophecies. The prophecies were written on the bone and provide our earliest written sources for ancient China.	73
5670913782	oligarchy	a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.	74
5670924982	Phenicians	people occupying the land above Israel, refered to as Phoenicia. Phoenicians were primarily interested in trade as a form of government, which was facilitated by the expanse of the Mediterranean to the west.	75
5670924983	paterfamilias	The head of a family or household in Roman law - always a male - and the only member to have full legal rights.	76
5670928730	patricians	wealthy class in Roman society ; landowners	77
5670928731	plebeians	ordinary roman citizens	78
5670939169	patriarchal	... ran by men	79
5670943568	papyrus	material prepared in ancient Egypt from the pithy stem of a water plant, used in sheets throughout the ancient Mediterranean world for writing or painting on and also for making rope, sandals, and boats	80
5670943569	pharaoh	Egyptian king	81
5670946513	polis	city state in ancient Greece (ideal philosophical purposes)	82
5670946514	Punic Wars	three Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome took place over nearly a century	83
5670949655	People of the Book	Jews and Christians as regarded by Muslims	84
5670952941	qanat	gently sloping underground channel or tunnel constructed to lead water from the interior of a hill to a village below	85
5670956237	Rig-Veda	1028 hymns dedicated to Aryan gods and composed by various priest	86
5670962157	Royal Road	ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the Persian king Darius the Great of the Achaemenid Empire in the 5th century BC	87
5670962158	republic	representative got; elected officials; Rome	88
5670965596	sati	former Hindu practice of a widow throwing herself onto her husband's funeral pyre	89
5670965597	samsara	cycle of death and life to which life in the material world is bound	90
5670968730	satraps	governors of the ancient Persian empire	91
5670968731	Sanskrit	first literary language of the new culture	92
5670974021	syncretic	unification of opposing ideas, religions, practices, and people	93
5670974022	Shi Huangdi	founder of the Qin dynasty	94
5670981980	Siddartha Gautama	Buddha	95
5670985570	Silk Roads	historically international trade route between china and the mediterranean	96
5670985571	sultan	leader of Seljuk Turks title reduced caliph of Abbasids to chief Sunni religious authority	97
5670989545	sharia	Islamic law prescribing both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking.	98
5670997464	Sunni / Shai / Sufi	...	99
5670997465	tyrant	leader who siezedd power w peoples support;, eventually abused power -> lost support of people	100
5670999913	tribute	payment made periodically by one state or ruler to another, especially as a sign of dependence	101
5671002505	Upanishads	collection of texts that contain some of the central philosophical concepts of Hinduism epic poem with more mystical religious flavor	102
5671002506	Vedas	large body of texts originating in the ancient Indian subcontient (the sacred books))	103
5671007420	veneration of ancestors	love and respect for the diseased	104
5671010834	varna	one of the classes of Hindu society	105
5671015866	wuwei	concept of Toaism that means action does not involve struggle or excessive effort	106
5671015867	ziggurats	form of a temple common to the Sumerians, Babylonians and Assyrians of ancient Mesopotamia	107
5671201728	Zoroastrianism / Ahura Mazda	A religion founded in ancient Persia by the Prophet of the similar name. The religion centers on the worship of a god named Ahura Mazda and it teaches that a strict dualism of good and evil operates in the world until good triumphs over evil in a final apocalypse	108

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AP World History Images Flashcards

Apworld help me plz, taking Mr. Wesney's class ;-;
I didn't include some because i could not find close to accurate pictures for it: minus 7 pics
-Alhambra, Spain //
-Gerezani Fortress (Kilwa), Tanzania //
-St. Peter's Basilica, Italy //
-Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe //
-Chartres, France //
-Mosque of Isfahan, Iran //
-Versailles, France //
-Pagan, Myanmar //
-Louvre, France //
-Montezuma Castle, USA //
-Wat Ratchaburana, Thailand //

Terms : Hide Images

9901229168	Borobodur, Indonesia	0
9901229169	Machu Picchu, Peru	1
9901229170	Petra, Jordan	2
9901229171	Hammurabi's Code, Mesopotamia	3
9901229172	Temple Of Heaven, China	4
9901229173	Summer Palace Marble Boat, China	5
9901229174	The Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt	6
9901229175	Crystal Palace, England	7
9901229176	Catal Huyuk, Mesopotamia	8
9901229177	Djenne, Mali	9
9901229178	Olmec heads, Mexico	10
9901229179	Angkor Wat, Cambodia	11
9901229180	Teotihuacan, Mexico	12
9901229181	Mycenae Lion Gate, Greece	13
9901229182	Parthenon, Greece	14
9901229183	Sanchi Stupa, India	15
9901229184	Great Wall of China, China	16
9901229185	Hagia Sophia, Turkey	17
9901229186	Mezquita, Spain	18
9901229187	Saint Basil's, Russia	19
9901229188	Taj Mahal, India	20
9901229189	Duomo, Italy	21
9901229190	St. George's Church, Ethiopia	22
9901229191	Eiffel Tower, France	23
9901229192	Petronas Tower, Malaysia	24
9901229193	United Nations, USA	25
9901229194	Burj Khalifa, UAE	26
9901229195	Dome of the Rock, Israel	27
9901229196	Golden Pavilion Temple, Japan	28
9901229197	Meenakshi Temple, India	29
9901229198	Sydney Opera House, Australia	30
9901229199	Nasca lines, Peru	31
9901229200	Ziggurat of Ur, Iraq	32
9901229201	Christ the Redeemer, Brazil	33
9901229202	Leaning Tower of Pisa, Italy	34
9901229203	Neuschwanstein Castle, Germany	35
9901229204	Stonehenge, England	36
9901229205	Brandenburg Gate, Germany	37
9901229206	Great Buddha of Kamakura, Japan	38
9901229207	Kaaba, Saudi Arabia	39
9901229208	Chichen Itza, Mexico	40
9901229209	The Great Sphinx, Egypt	41
9901229210	Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Spain	42
9901229211	Himeji Castle, Japan	43
9901229212	La Sagrada Familia, Spain	44
9901229213	Masada, Israel	45
9901229214	Moai, Easter Island	46
9901229215	Sahib Golden Temple, India	47
9901229216	Amphitheatre of El Jem, Tunisia	48

9141053132	18th century	the peak of slavery	0
9141053133	1300-1922	the Ottoman Empire	1
9141053134	1453	Mehmed II conquered Constantinople, end of Byzantine Empire.	2
9141053135	1502-1722	Safavid Empire	3
9141053136	1587-1629	The rule of the shah Abbas	4
9141053137	1525-1761	Mughal Empire	5
9141053138	1556-1605	Reign of Akbar	6
9141053139	16th century	Creation of syncretic religion	7
9141053140	1603-1868	Tokugawa Shogunate	8
9141053141	Early 17th century	Japan closed its borders to any foreign influence	9
9141053142	1368-1644	Ming Dynasty	10
9141053143	1644-1911	Qing Dynasty	11
9141053144	2nd half of 17th century-1st half of 18th century	the rule of Emperor Kangxi, one of the longest in Chinese history	12
9141053145	1689	The Treaty of Nerchinsk	13
9141053146	1613	Te beginning of Romanov	14

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