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AP World History Flashcards

8930873201	Suleyman was the Sultan of which power?	Ottoman	0
8930873202	This empire's major leader was Shah Abbas	Safavid	1
8930873203	The country of Iran developed in which empire?	Safavid	2
8930873204	Which empire killed, jailed, or put away the strongest sons, leaving the weakest to run?	All three	3
8930873205	The country of Turkey developed from which empire?	Ottoman	4
8930873206	This empire has the city of Delhi in it	Mughal	5
8930873207	Which empire allowed religious tolerance?	All three	6
8930873208	Who is the founder of the Ottoman empire?	Osman	7
8930873209	Which ruler is responsible for conquering Constantinople in 1453?	Mehmed II	8
8930873210	Which Ottoman ruler remodeled the "Dome of the Rock"?	Suleiman "Magnificent"	9
8930873211	Which empire used the process of recruiting Christian boys from Balkans into the military?	Ottomans	10
8930873212	The "advisors" to the Sultans were known as..	Viziers	11
8930873213	The Ottomans were _____ Muslims	Sunni	12
8930873214	Is located in present day Turkey	Ottoman	13
8930873215	Which empire was victorious at the Battle of Chaldiran?	Ottomans	14
8930873216	Who is the first "Shah" of the Safavid Empire?	Ismail	15
8930873217	Which empire's capital was constructed at Isfahan?	Safavid	16
8930873218	What was the title given to Safavid Religious "agents of change"?	Mullahs	17
8930873219	Who is the founder of the Mughal Empire?	Babur	18
8930873220	Which Mughal ruler pursued a policy of reconciliation between the Hindus and Muslims in India?	Akbar the Great	19
8930873221	Which Mughal emperor was a "more capable ruler" who had a famous tomb constructed for his wife?	Shah Jahan	20
8930873222	Mughal Empire tried to purify India's Islamic population by eradicating the Hindu's of India?	Aurangzeb	21
8943377479	Captial is Constantinople	Ottoman	22
8943382552	Is located in present day Iran	Safavid	23
8943386390	Captial is Isfehan	Safavid	24
8943403461	1299-1922 (623 years)	Ottoman	25
8943409248	Is the longest lasting empire in world history	Ottoman	26
8943416310	Osman is the founder	Ottoman	27
8943419221	Ismail is the founder	Safavid	28
8943425248	The most important leader is Suleyman the "Magnificent"	Ottoman	29
8943430205	The most important leader is Abba's the Great	Safavid	30
8943446144	The main religion is Sunni Islam	Ottoman	31
8943451064	The main religion is Shi'a Islam	Safavid	32
8943495139	Built coffee houses	Ottoman	33
8943507094	Had trained elite soldiers called Janissaries	Ottomans	34
8943524875	Captured youth boys from Russia	Sufavid	35
8943529992	Invited modern specialists to modernize their military	Sufavid	36
8943558465	Had a Millet System for religious tolerance	Ottoman	37
8943564615	Conquering was based on warfare and expansion	Ottoman	38
8943571771	Fixed Constantinople	Ottoman	39
8943577885	Create Shi'a identity and blend with the church	Sufavid	40
8943584423	Shi'a Muslim is part of their national identity	Sufavid	41
8943589312	Controlled Eastern Mediterranean trade	Ottoman	42
8943593880	Controlled trade in the Black Sea	Ottoman	43
8943600773	Controlled trade in the remains of the Silk Road	Ottoman	44
8943620542	Prototed economy	Sufavid	45
8943625453	Tried to revive the Silk Road	Sufavid	46
8943630158	Falls after WWI	Ottoman	47
8943643971	Falls due to corruption, inflation, diversity, difficult to maintain rebellions	Ottoman	48
8943653175	Mughal's attacked which lead to the fall of this empire	Sufavid	49
8943661009	Nomatoic tribes of Afghanistan destroyed the empire	Sufavid	50
8943688962	India is the present day country	Mughal	51
8943692630	The capital is Delhi	Mughal	52
8943695571	1526-1856	Mughal	53
8943698074	1501-1722	Sufavid	54
8943701222	Babur is the founder	Mughal	55
8943730719	Akbar is the most important leader	Mughal	56
8943737876	The main religion is Islam and Hinduism	Mughal	57
8943741372	Built the Taj Mahal	Mughal	58
8943789615	Religious tolerance	All three	59
8943793031	Followers of Islam	All three	60
8943797887	Have navys	All three	61
8943801628	Land based empire	All three	62
8943804339	Controlled the Caspian Sea	Sufavid	63

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AP World History: Chapter 12 Vocabulary Terms Flashcards

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8471038206	Bakufu	A military government established in Japan after the Gempei Wars; the emperor became a figurehead, while real power was concentrated in the military, including the samurai	0
8471038207	Shoguns	Military leaders of Japan during its feudal era and the actual powers behind the emperor	1
8471038208	Minamoto	Defeated the rival Taira family in the Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th-century Japan	2
8471038209	Emperor Kammu	Empereror during the shift from Nara to Heian period in 795. Brief assertion of autonomy and Imperial power before the Fujiwara rule. Kicked Buddhists out of the city. Stopped Taika reforms	3
8471038210	Fujiwara	Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power.	4
8471038211	Tea Ceremony	Japanese ceremony with Chinese influences symbolizing tranquility	5
8471038212	Ho Xuan Huong	Female poet whom wrote poems about the displeasing traditions of women in Confucianism	6
8471038213	Hanoi	Capital of North Vietnam during the Vietnam War	7
8471038214	Trinh	Dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533 to 1772, rivals of Nguyen family in the south	8
8471038215	Hojo	Warrior family closely allied with Minamoto, dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers who claimed to rule in the name of the Japanese emperor at Kyoto	9
8471038216	Ashikaga Shogunate	Replaced the Kamakura regime in Japan, ruled from 1336 to 1573 CE, destroyed the rival Yoshino center of imperial authority	10
8471038217	Choson	earliest Korean Kingdom; conquered by Han emperor in 109 BCE	11
8471038218	Daimyo	A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; warlord but not as powerful as a shogun.	12
8471038219	Chams	Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south.	13
8471038220	Son of Heaven	Title of the ruler of China, first known from the Zhou dynasty. It acknowledges the ruler's position as intermediary between heaven and earth.	14
8471038221	Khmers	Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; moved into Mekong River delta region at time of Vietnamese drive to the south	15
8471038222	Nguyen	Rival Vietnamese dynasty that arose in southern Vietnam to challenge traditional dynasty of Trinh in north at Hanoi; kingdom centered on Red and Mekong rivers; capital at Hue.	16
8471038223	Sinification	Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam.	17
8471038224	Le Dynasty	the longest ruling Vietnamese dynasty. Drawing on Confucian principles, its rulers increased the size and strength of the Vietnamese state and promoted agricultural productivity.	18
8471038225	Silla	Independent Korean kingdom in the southeastern part of the peninsula, defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies, submitted a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment, ruled united Korea by 668 CE	19
8471038226	Hue	The capital of Nguyen house. Far north of Mekong delta region	20
8471038227	Gumpei Wars	Waged for five years from 1180 on Honshu between the Tiara and Minamoto families; ended in the destruction of the Taira.	21
8471038228	Viets	Traded with southern China, valued independence and nuclear families, lived in villages, practiced Buddhism, few restrictions on women.	22
8471038229	Kumsong	Capital of Korea in the Medieval Era modeled after the Chinese capital of Chang'an	23
8471038230	Samurai	Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.	24
8471038231	Tribute system	Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and people's that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities required the payment of tribute --produce of value from their countries--to the Chinese emperor(although the Chinese gifts given in return were often much more valuable).	25
8471038232	Trung Sisters	Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule, revolt broke out in 39 CE, demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society	26
8471038233	Paekche	Koguryo's southern rival.	27
8471038234	Nara	First Japanese imperial capital	28
8471038235	Yi	Korean dynasty that succeeded Koryo dynasty following period of Mongol invasions; established in 1392; ruled Korea to 1910; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence.	29
8471038236	Koryo Dynasty	Korean dynasty that ruled from 935 to 1392	30
8471038237	Taira	Powerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with Minamoto family; defeated after Gempei Wars.	31
8471038238	Seppuku	Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor.	32
8471038239	Heian	Capital city of Japan under the Yamato emperors, later called Kyoto; built in order to escape influence of Buddhist monks; patterned after ancient imperial centers of China; never fully populated	33
8471038240	Bushi	"the way of the warrior"; Japanese word for the Samurai life ; Samurai moral code was based on loyalty, chivalry, martial arts, and honor until the death	34
8471038241	Taika Reforms	Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army.	35
8471038242	Zen Monasteries	Monasteries where monks practiced Zen Buddhism. Provided key points of renewed diplomatic and trade contacts with China. Appealing to warrior elites bc place of arts in an era of strife + destruction.	36
8471038243	Yoritomo	first shogun, feudalism becomes the normal political way of life	37
8471038244	Tale of Genji	story of Prince Genji and his lovers, written by Lady Murasaki Shikibu at end of 11th century, world's first full novel	38

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Ap World History Period 1 Flashcards

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4773008981	Nomad	A person who does not stay long in the same place; a wanderer.	0
4773010108	Foraging Societies	Consisted of people who had no consistently controlled source of food. They hunted and gathered; thus they remained at the mercy of nature. Men and women both spent their time searching for food. Not having a very efficient system of obtaining food, foraging societies were demographically small and gender equality. Always on the move, they did not build permanent shelters or dwellings and had few, if any, personal possessions.	1
4773011129	Pastoral Societies	Nomadic group of people who travel with a herd of domesticated animals, which they rely on for food. The word 'pastoral' comes from the Latin root word pastor, which means 'shepherd.' Someone living in a pastoral society is called a pastoralist. Desert areas or northern climates where it's difficult to grow crops are where pastoral societies have been in existence for hundreds of years, and they were formed as a means of supporting life. Since they couldn't grow crops to help them survive, they relied on the meat and dairy from their herds. The types of livestock used in pastoral societies are all herding herbivores, such as sheep, buffalo, camels, reindeer, goats, or cattle.	2
4773011130	Cuneiform	A writing system in use in the ancient Near East from around the end of the fourth millennium to the first century B.C.E. This earliest example are in Sumerian. The name derives from the wedge-shaped marks (Latin: cuneus, a wedge) made by pressing the slanted edge of a stylus into soft clay.	3
4773011798	Polytheism	the belief in or worship of more than one god.	4
4773011799	Ziggurat	A temple tower of ancient Mesopotamia, constructed of square or rectangular terraces of diminishing size, usually with a shrine on top built of blue enamel bricks, the color of the sky.	5
4773013284	Code of Hammurabi	Babylonian legal code of the 18th century b.c. or earlier, instituted by Hammurabi and dealing with criminal and civil matters.	6
4773014056	Pharaoh	A ruler in ancient Egypt. Egyptian king.	7
4773014861	Hieroglyphics	The characters in a writing system based on the use of pictograms or ideograms. In ancient Egypt, hieroglyphics were largely used for monumental inscriptions. The symbols depict people, animals, and objects, which represent words, syllables, or sounds.	8
4773014862	Mummification	To make into a mummy by embalming and drying. To cause to shrivel and dry up.	9
4773015549	Pyramids	a monumental structure with a square or triangular base and sloping sides that meet in a point at the top, especially one built of stone as a royal tomb in ancient Egypt.	10
4773016015	River Valley	The first great civilizations all grew up in river valleys. The oldest, 3300 to 2500 BCE, was along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East; the name given to that civilization, Mesopotamia, means "land between the rivers".	11
4773016661	Calendar	a chart or series of pages showing the days, weeks, and months of a particular year, or giving particular seasonal information.	12
4773017335	Hinduism	a major religious and cultural tradition of South Asia, developed from Vedic religion. The complex of beliefs, values, and customs comprising the dominant religion of India, characterized by the worship of many gods, including Brahma as supreme being, a caste system, belief in reincarnation, etc.	13
4773017336	The Vedas	the most ancient Hindu scriptures, written in early Sanskrit and containing hymns, philosophy, and guidance on ritual for the priests of Vedic religion. Believed to have been directly revealed to seers among the early Aryans in India, and preserved by oral tradition, the four chief collections are the Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, and Atharva Vada.	14
4773018386	The Upanishads	any of a class of speculative prose treatises composed between the 8th and 6th centuries b.c. and first written a.d. c1300: they represent a philosophical development beyond the Vedas, having as their principal message the unity of Brahman and Atman.	15
4773018387	Brahmans	a member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood.	16
4773019110	Patriarchy	a system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line.	17
4773020495	Mandate of Heaven	A concept in China: The ruler had moral authority so long as the heavenly powers granted it to him on the basis of his good character. A well-functioning government was evidence that the ruler possessed the Mandate of Heaven. A poorly functioning government showed that the Mandate had passed away.	18
4773021376	Bureaucracy	a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives. The officials in a bureaucracy, considered as a group or hierarchy.	19
4773021400	Migration	movement from one part of something to another.	20
4773022570	Zhou Dynasty	The longest-lasting of China's dynasties (1046-256 B.C.E). It followed the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BCE) and it finished when the army of the state of Qin captured the city of Chengzhou in 256 BCE. The imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism.	21
4773023069	Caste System	A hierarchical ordering of people into groups, fixed from birth, based on their inherited ritual status and determining whom they may marry and with whom they may eat.	22
4773023819	Neolithic Revolution	"New Stone Age," the last division of the Stone Age, immediately preceding the development of metallurgy and corresponding to the ninth to fifth millennia B.C.E. It was characterized by the increasing domestication of animals and cultivation of crops, established agricultural communities, and the appearance of such crafts as pottery and weaving.	23
4773024564	Agricultural Revolution	a significant change in agriculture that occurs when there are discoveries, inventions, or new technologies that change production.	24
4773025024	Revolution	a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system.	25
4773025025	Bronze Age	a technological stage between the Stone and Iron Ages, beginning in the Middle East about 4500 bc and lasting in Britain from about 2000 to 500 bc, during which weapons and tools were made of bronze and there was intensive trading. The beginning of the Bronze Age is generally dated before 3000 BCE in parts of Mediterranean Europe, the Middle East, and China.	26
4773026418	Mesopotamia	an ancient region in W Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. A region of western Asia, in what is now Iraq, known as the "cradle of civilization." Western writing first developed there, done with sticks on clay tablets. Agricultural organization on a large scale also began in Mesopotamia, along with work in bronze and iron ( Bronze Age and Iron Age ). Governmental systems in the region were especially advanced ( Babylon and Hammurabi ). A number of peoples lived in Mesopotamia, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Hittites, and Assyrians.	27
4773027636	Sumerian Civilization	An ancient country of southern Mesopotamia in present-day southern Iraq. Archaeological evidence dates the beginnings of Sumer to the fifth millennium bc. By 3000 a flourishing civilization existed, which gradually exerted power over the surrounding area and culminated in the Akkadian dynasty, founded c. 2300 by Sargon I. Sumer declined after 2000 and was later absorbed by Babylonia and Assyria. The Sumerians are believed to have invented the cuneiform system of writing.	28
4773028091	Ur	an ancient Sumerian city on the Euphrates, in S Iraq: extensive excavations, especially of royal tombs.	29
4773029062	Tigris and Euphrates Rivers	a river in SW Asia, rising in E Turkey and flowing southeast through Baghdad to the Euphrates in SE Iraq, forming the delta of the Shatt-al-Arab, which flows into the Persian Gulf: part of a canal and irrigation system as early as 2400 bc, with many ancient cities (including Nineveh) on its banks. Made Mesopotamia.	30
4773029063	Babylon	The capital of ancient Babylonia in Mesopotamia on the Euphrates River. Established as capital c. 1750 bc and rebuilt in regal splendor by Nebuchadnezzar II after its destruction (c. 689 bc) by the Assyrians, Babylon was the site of the Hanging Gardens, one of the Seven Wonders of the World.	31
4773030255	Hittites	a member of an ancient people who established a powerful empire in Asia Minor and Syria, dominant from about 1900 to 1200 b.c. An extinct language of the Anatolian branch of Indo-European, preserved in cuneiform inscriptions of the second millennium b.c.	32
4773031022	Assyrians	An ancient empire and civilization of western Asia in the upper valley of the Tigris River. In its zenith between the ninth and seventh centuries bc, the empire included all of Mesopotamia and the Levant. An ancient kingdom of N Mesopotamia: it established an empire that stretched from Egypt to the Persian Gulf, reaching its greatest extent between 721 and 633 bc. Its chief cities were Assur and Nineveh.	33
4773031665	Nebuchadnezzar	a king of Babylon, 605-562 bc, who conquered and destroyed Jerusalem and exiled the Jews to Babylon (II Kings 24-25).	34
4773032088	Persian Empire	An empire in western Asia in ancient times. The Persians, under the kings Darius and Xerxes, attempted to conquer Greece several times in the fifth century b.c. but were defeated in the Battle of Marathon and in several other land and sea battles.	35
4773032666	Egyptian Civilization		36
4773032667	King Menes	The Pharaoh and the Priest Alexander Glovatski. Menes was the king who succeeded in accomplishing the unification of Egypt. The World's Progress, Vol. I (of X) Various. At last the Ethiopian raids changed into permanent conquest, and a negro dynasty—the Twenty-fifth—sat on the throne of Menes.	37
4773034095	Queen Hatshepsut	Queen of Egypt (1502-1482) who on the death of her husband, Thutmose II (c. 1504), became regent for her stepson Thutmose III. She bestowed the title of pharaoh on herself and adopted all the pharaonic customs, including the wearing of a false beard. Queen of Egypt of the l8th dynasty, built a great mortuary temple at Deir el Bahri near Thebes.	38
4773034674	Akhenaten	(r. 1353-1336 BCE) was a pharaoh of Egypt of the 18th Dynasty. He is also known as `Akhenaton' or `Ikhnaton' and also `Khuenaten', all of which are translated to mean `successful for' or `of great use to' the god Aten.	39
4773034675	Indus Valley civilization	an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus River valley, from about 2500 to 1500 b.c.: extensive archaeological excavations at the main sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in Pakistan.	40
4773035663	Fertile Crescent	A region of the Middle East extending from the Levant across the northern part of the Syrian Desert to the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Climatic and ecological conditions in the Fertile Crescent favored the Neolithic development of agriculture, eventually giving rise to such civilizations as Sumer, Egypt, Babylonia, and Phoenicia.	41
4773037919	Khyber Pass	A narrow pass over the Safed Koh Range between Afghanistan and Pakistan, over which came the Persian, Greek, Tatar, Mogul, and Afghan invasions of India; scene of bitter fighting between the British and Afghans (1838-42, 1878-80). Length: about 53 km (33 miles). Highest point: 1072 m (3518 ft).	42
4773038514	Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro	The civilization of the Indus River at Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa arose at about 2500 BCE and ended with apparent destruction about 1500 BCE. It is uncertain whether this civilization had its roots in Sumer or Sumer had its roots in this civilization.	43
4773038515	Aryans	relating to or denoting a people speaking an Indo-European language who invaded northern India in the 2nd millennium BC, displacing the Dravidian and other aboriginal peoples.	44
4773039054	Shang China	A Chinese dynasty (traditionally dated 1766-1122 bc) whose second capital was present-day Anyang. The dynasty's reign was marked by a complex social structure, the development of a written language, and the use of bronze. The imperial dynasty ruling China from about the 18th to the 12th centuries BC.	45
4773040229	Bantu Migration	The Expansion of the Bantu-speaking people from Cameroon and Eastern Nigeria into East, Central, and Southern Africa. Archeologists know about it because of the shared language.	46
4773040810	Gilgamesh	A legendary king of the Sumerian city state of Uruk who is supposed to have ruled sometime during the first half of the 3rd millennium bc. He is the hero of the Babylonian epic of Gilgamesh, which recounts his exploits in an ultimately unsuccessful quest for immortality.	47
4773041419	Olmec	a member of a prehistoric people inhabiting the coast of Veracruz and western Tabasco on the Gulf of Mexico ( circa 1200-400 BC), who established what was probably the first Meso-American civilization. A people living in the same general area as the prehistoric Olmec during the 15th and 16th centuries.	48
4773041991	Sargon of Akkad	24th to 23rd century bc, semilegendary Mesopotamian ruler whose empire extended from the Gulf to the Mediterranean.	49
4774023102	Chavin	An early pre-Incan civilization that flourished in northern and central Peru from about 900 to 200 bc, known for its carved stone sculptures and boldly designed ceramics.	50

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AP World History: Iranian Empires (Unit 2) Flashcards

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7014485109	Who took Iran from the Seleucids?	Parthians	0
7014489052	What did the Parthians copy from the Persians?	military style, administration and tax structure based on satraps	1
7014493028	Who overthrew the Seleucids?	They were overthrown by the assarians and one of their own satraps.	2
7014498238	After the parthians defeated the Byzantines, where did they bring the captors and what did they make them do?	They brought them back to Ctesophon to build it as they had seen through Rome.	3
7014500138	Who did this city fall to later?	The Islamic Empire	4

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AP World History: Period 6 Must-know Vocabulary Flashcards

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6436274453	Anti-imperialism	the act of opposing imperialism and promoting a republic	0
6436277012	Anti-Semitism	the prejudice and hostility toward Jewish people	1
6436277013	Apartheid	racial segregation in South Africa between 1948 and 1991	2
6436277014	Appeasement	to please or pacify	3
6436277015	Authoritarianism/Authoritarian regimes	a strict obedience to one's government	4
6436277016	Bedouin Biafra secessionist movement	the rebellion to free Biafra from Nigeria	5
6436277017	Chemically & genetically enhanced forms of agriculture	GMO's meant to give a plant new and unnatural traits	6
6436277018	Cold War	a condition of rivalry, mistrust, and often open hostility short of violence between the U.S. and Russia	7
6436277019	Collectivization	the USSR's method of improving agriculture through the implementation of group farms called 'kolkholzes.'	8
6436277020	Communism (Five-Year Plans, Great Leap Forward)	a government system in which everything is publicly owned and people are paid according to what they do and need	9
6436277021	Consumerism	the buyers interest is reflected in what is sold and protected	10
6436277022	Containment	to prevent expansion of an aggressive country	11
6436277023	Cultural convergence	the act of cultures becoming similar to one another	12
6436277024	Cultural Identities (PanAfricanism, Pan-Arabism, pan-Slavism, Negritude)	a person's feeling of belonging to a group of people	13
6436277025	Decolonization	a nation which reverses colonialism in order to maintain imperial power and domination	14
6436277026	Deforestation	the action or process of clearing of forests	15
6436277027	Desertification	rapid depletion of plant life, and loss of topsoil due to overexploitation and droughts.	16
6436277028	Dissolution	the end of an organization or assembly	17
6436277029	Domestic (not having to do with the private home!)	to occur within one country	18
6436277030	Draft	recruitment to the military	19
6436277031	Economic liberalization	the act of a government withdrawing its control over a foreign economy	20
6436277032	Exclusionary reactions (Xenophobia, Race riots, Citizenship restrictions)	reactions to incoming people who are considered to be "other" by shunning or ostracizing in a prejudiced manner. Racism	21
6436277033	Fascism	A governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.	22
6436277034	Feminism	the theory of political, economic, and social equality of the sexes, usually achieved through organized women's rights movements.	23
6436277035	Five-Year Plans	Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state.	24
6436277036	Free market economics/policies	an economy unregulated by the government with free trade that results in a prosperous economy, favoring big businesses and individual wealth; government should have very limited/little regulation to preserve balance and order	25
6436277037	Free Trade	An economic theory or policy of the absence of restrictions or tariffs on goods imported into a country. There is no "protection" in the form of tariffs against foreign competition.	26
6436277038	Genocide	Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group	27
6436277039	Glasnost	A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.	28
6436277040	Global warming	a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.	29
6436277041	Gov't intervention in the economy (New Deal, Fascist corporatist economy, economic development, export-oriented economies)	a government or organization's action taken to affect a market economy	30
6436277042	Great Depression	(HH) , starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. S Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it	31
6436277043	Green/environmental movements (e.g. Greenpeace, Green Belt in Kenya, Earth Day)	An approach to conservation and ecological issues through politics, society, and science	32
6436277044	Green Revolution	Agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation	33
6436277045	Greenhouse gases	Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect.	34
6436277046	Holocaust	Mass slaughter of a group of people by means of fire or nuclear war	35
6436277047	Human rights (e.g. U.N. Univ. Decl. of Human Rights, Women's rights, end of the White Australia Policy)	A right that is believed to be applicable to any person	36
6436277048	Indian National Congress	A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government.	37
6436277049	intensified conflict (military dictatorship, New World Order, "military-industrial complex," arms trading)	The increased aggression in war or disagreement	38
6465632363	Imperial metropoles	The central point of economics and government in a powerful, expansive empire	39
6436277050	League of Nations	An organization created as a result of World War 1 which was meant to pacify global conflict an disagreement	40
6436277051	Mandates	An official command or action given by an organization/country with authority	41
6436277052	Medical innovations (polio vaccine, antibiotics, artificial heart)	Advancement in technologies relating to medicine and healthcare	42
6436277053	Militarized states	A state whose economy revolves around its military	43
6436277054	Mobilization of a state's resources (Gurkha, ANZAC, Military conscription)	A state's ability to acquire and use its resources such as its military	44
6436277055	Movements who challenged the war (anti-nuclear movement, self-immolation)	Social disagreement and protest toward a countries violent conflict	45
6436277056	Mujahideen/Taliban	Islamic guerilla fighters/a Sunni muslin group fighting the Afghan government	46
6436277057	Multinational/Trans-national corporations (e.g. Royal Dutch Shell, Coca-Cola, Sony)	Companies that have assets in countries other than its headquarters	47
6436277058	NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization; the counteract of Russia's Warsaw Pact, following World War 2 to make alliances between North America and Europe's democracies	48
6436277059	New economic institutions (International Monetary Fund, (IMF), World Bank, World Trade Organization (WTO))	Sought to spread the principles and practices associated with free market economics throughout the world.	49
6436277060	Nonviolence (Non-Aligned & Anti-Apartheid Mvmnts)	the use of peaceful means, not force, to bring about political or social change.	50
6436277061	nuclear weaponry	Weapons of mass destruction using the splitting of Uranium (and later hydrogen) atoms to create a chain reaction explosion of mass proportions	51
6436277062	OPEC	An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum.	52
6436277063	Pacific Rim	an economic and social region including the country's surrounding the pacific ocean, typified by rapid growth rates, expanding exports, and industrialization	53
6436277064	Perestroika	A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society	54
6436277065	Popular culture (Dada, Socialist Realism)	A basis of culture from the average person's POV	55
6436277066	Population resettlements/partition	A state's division into parts	56
6436277067	Propaganda	Ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to further one's cause or to damage an opposing cause	57
6436277068	proxy wars	During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants - but did not directly attack the other superpower.	58
6436277069	Québécois separatist movement	Late 1960s in Canada, Quebec citizens thought English-speaking Canada were responsible for all the economic hardships. Wanted to ceced from Canada and establish a French-speaking nation.	59
6436277070	Redistribute land and resources	To divide and exchange plots of land, again as a reform, and resources in more equal sections and amounts	60
6436277071	Refugee populations/displacement of peoples	A person who is forcefully removed from their home country as a result of the threat of physical harm from persecution and natural disaster	61
6436277072	Regional trade agreements or blocs (e.g. European Union, NAFTA, ASEAN)	a trade agreement between several countries located in a specific geographical region	62
6436277073	Religious fundamentalism	religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy	63
6436277074	Scientific paradigms (theory of relativity, Quantum mechanics, Big Bang theory, Psychology)	A set of ideas such as postulates, theories, methods, patterns, or standards that form an overall distinguishable concept's findings in science	64
6436277075	Segregation	Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences	65
6436277076	Self-determination	The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will;Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves	66
6436277077	soviets	A Russian council composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers.	67
6436277078	superpowers	nations with enough military, political, and economic strength to influence events worldwide	68
6436277079	tactics (trench warfare, firebombing)	A strategically planned action meant to accomplish a specific goal	69
6436277080	Technological stagnation	Technological period of no grown of very slow growth (think depression)	70
6436277081	Terrorism	Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population	71
6436277082	Third World/developing world	Countries which are less advanced in their economy and technology	72
6436277083	"total wars"/World Wars	A war that includes numerous large, powerful countries from around the warld	73
6436277084	Totalitarianism	A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)	74
6436277085	United Nations	An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.	75
6436277086	Warsaw Pact	An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO	76
6436277087	Women's emancipation/suffrage	The fight to earn the women's right to vote and remove discrimination between genders in laws, institutions, and behaviors	77
6441031694	this quizlet	made by Josephine Walk, Ana Rivera, and Erin Hobday. ur welcome	78

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AP World History Flashcards

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10405332073	B.C.E.	"Before the Common Era"	0
10405332074	C.E.	Common Era or Current Era	1
10405332075	abdicate	to give up a role in authority or office	2
10405332076	accession	the act of coming into the possession of a right, title, office, etc.	3
10405332077	aesthetic	concerned with the study of the mind and emotions in relation to the sense of beauty	4
10405332078	agrarian	any society whose economy is based on producing and maintaining crops and farmland	5
10405332079	amenities	a desirable or useful feature or facility of a building or place.	6
10405332080	anarchy	a state of disorder due to absence or nonrecognition of authority	7
10405332081	animism	the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena	8
10405332082	antiquity	the ancient past, especially the period before the Middle Ages (great age)	9
10405332083	appeasement	to make or preserve peace with a nation, group, or person by giving in to their demands	10
10405332084	aristocracy	the highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices	11
10405332085	asceticism	a strict and simple way of living that avoids physical pleasure	12
10405332086	assimilate	take in (information, ideas, or culture) and understand fully	13
10405332087	authoritarian	favoring complete obedience or subjection to authority as opposed to individual freedom	14
10405332088	autocracy	a system of government by one person with absolute power	15
10405332089	barbarism	absence of culture and civilization	16
10405332090	bureaucracy/ bureaucrats	a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives	17
10405332091	city-state	a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state	18
10405332092	civic	of or relating to a city or town, especially its administration; municipal	19
10405332093	classical	of or relating to ancient Greek or Latin literature, art, or culture	20
10405332094	colonial	characteristic of a colony or colonies	21
10405332095	commerce	activities that relate to the buying and selling of goods and services	22
10405332096	communal	conflict) between different communities, especially those having different religions or ethnic origins	23
10405332097	concubine	mistress	24
10405332098	conscription	compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service; drafting	25
10405332099	cosmopolitan	familiar with and at ease in many different countries and cultures	26
10405332100	coup	a notable or successful stroke or move	27
10405332101	demography/ demographic	demography is the study of human populations and how they change. demographic is a characteristic used to classify people for statistical purposes, such as age, race, or gender.	28
10405332102	despot	a ruler who has total power and who often uses that power in cruel and unfair ways	29
10405332103	diaspora	a large group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have since moved out to places all over the world	30
10405332104	dissent	to differ in sentiment or opinion, especially from the majority	31
10405332105	dissident	a person who opposes official policy, especially that of an authoritarian state	32
10405332106	domestic/domesticate	domesticated is tame, domestic is of or relating to the home.	33
10405332107	dynasty/dynastic	a sequence of rulers from the same family, stock, or group	34
10405332108	edict	an official order or proclamation issued by a person in authority	35
10405332109	egalitarian	the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.	36
10405332110	elite	a select part of a group that is superior to the rest in terms of ability or qualities	37
10405332111	emigrate	leave one's own country in order to settle permanently in another.	38
10405332112	epic	a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation	39
10405332113	ethnocentric	evaluating other peoples and cultures according to the standards of one's own culture	40
10405332114	feudalism	a social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return	41
10405332115	genocide	the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation	42
10405332116	gentry	people of good social position, the class of people next below the nobility in position and birth	43
10405332117	guild	associations of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a particular town	44
10405332118	hierarchy	a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority	45
10405332119	hominids	members of the family of humans, Hominidae, which consists of all species on our side of the last common ancestor of humans and living apes	46
10405332120	homogenous	of the same kind	47
10405332121	ideology	a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy	48
10405332122	imperial/imperialism	a policy or practice by which a country increases its power by gaining control over other areas of the world	49
10405332123	indigenous	native	50
10405332124	infrastructure	structures, systems, and facilities serving a country, city, or area, including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function	51
10405332125	lineage	ancestry or pedigree	52
10405332126	linguistic	scientific study of language	53
10405332127	manifest	readily perceived by the eye or the understanding; obvious	54
10405332128	maritime	connected with the sea	55
10405332129	martial	warlike	56
10405332130	matrilineal	kinship with the mother or the female line	57
10405332131	mercenary	a soldier who is paid by a foreign country to fight in its army	58
10405332132	monarchy	A system of government in which one person reigns, usually a king or queen. The authority, or crown, in a monarchy is generally inherited.	59
10405332133	monopoly/monopolize	complete control of the entire supply of goods or of a service in a certain area or market	60
10405332134	monotheism	belief that there is only one God	61
10405332135	mystical	mystics or religious mysticism	62
10405332136	nation-state	a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent	63
10405332137	neo	new	64
10405332138	Neolithic	New Stone Age	65
10405332139	nomadic	anything that involves moving around a lot	66
10405332140	oligarchy	a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution	67
10405332141	pantheon	all the gods of a people or religion collectively	68
10405332142	papal/papacy	the office or authority of the pope	69
10405332143	parliament/parliamentary system	a system of government having the real executive power vested in a cabinet composed of members of the legislature who are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature	70
10405332144	pastoral	concerning or appropriate to the giving of spiritual guidance	71
10405332145	patriarchal	characteristic of a system of society or government controlled by men	72
10405332146	patrilineal	relationship to the father or descent through the male line	73
10405332147	patronage	the support given by a patron	74
10405332148	peasant	A farmer or agricultural worker of low status	75
10405332149	pharaoh	a ruler in ancient Egypt	76
10405332150	piety/pious	Piety: the quality of being religious or reverent Pious: devoutly religious	77
10405332151	polity	any kind of political entity	78
10405332152	polygamy	the custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time	79
10405332153	polytheism	belief in more than one god	80
10405332154	proselytize	to induce someone to convert to one's faith	81
10405332155	provincial	a province of a country or empire	82
10405332156	regent	a person who governs a kingdom in the minority, absence, or disability of the sovereign	83
10405332157	republic	a government having a chief of state who is not a monarch and who in modern times is usually a president	84
10405332158	rhetoric/rhetorical	Rhetoric: the art of speaking or writing effectively Rhetorical: concerned with the art of rhetoric	85
10405332159	sedentary	tending to spend much time seated	86
10405332160	serf	an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate	87
10405332161	Sharia	the religious legal system governing the members of the Islamic faith	88
10405332162	Sinification	term used for the spread of Chinese culture	89
10405332163	state	a nation or territory	90
10405332164	steppe	a large area of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia	91
10405332165	stratification	the state of having many layers	92
10405332166	Sub-Saharan	from or forming part of the African regions south of the Sahara desert	93
10405332167	subordinate	lower in rank or position	94
10405332168	succession	a number of people or things sharing a specified characteristic and following one after the other	95
10405332169	syncretism	the combination of different forms of belief or practice	96
10405332170	textiles	a type of cloth or woven fabric	97
10405332171	theocracy	a government of a state by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided	98
10405332172	theology	he study of the nature of God and religious belief	99
10405332173	totalitarian	controlling the people of a country in a very strict way with complete power that cannot be opposed	100
10405332174	tributary state	a state that is subordinate to a more powerful neighbour	101
10405332175	tyranny	cruel and oppressive government or rule	102
10405332176	urban/urbanize	characteristic of a city or town	103
10405332177	usurp	take (a position of power or importance) illegally or by force	104
10405332178	vernacular	the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region	105

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Foundational Vocabulary for AP World History Flashcards

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10324030239	Agrarian	Based on Agriculture for survival	0
10324030240	Agriculture	the practice of farming	1
10324030241	Animism	A type of religious belief that focuses on the roles of the various god and spirits in the natural world and in human events	2
10324030242	Aristocracy	A wealthy ruling class	3
10324030244	Bias	A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.	4
10324030245	Buddhism	A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha.	5
10324030246	Bureaucracy	A system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials	6
10324030247	Capital	The seat of government for a state or nation	7
10324030248	Capitalism	An economic system based on private ownership of capital	8
10324030249	Capitulate	To surrender unconditionally or on stipulated terms	9
10324030250	Centralized	decisions made at the top; often delegate responsibility without authority	10
10324030252	Chattel	an item of personal, movable property; slave	11
10324030254	Christianity	A religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus	12
10324030255	City-State	a city that governs itself and its surrounding territory	13
10324030256	Civilization	A society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes	14
10324030257	Clergy	Church officials	15
10324030258	Coerce	To make somebody do something by force or threat	16
10324030259	Colonialism	the control and exploitation of an area by a political power from another territory.	17
10324030260	Colony	A territory ruled by another nation	18
10324030261	Communism	economic system in which all wealth and property are owned by the state	19
10324030262	Confucianism	a belief system based on the ideas of the Chinese thinker Confucius	20
10324030264	Culture	the collective beliefs, customs, and behaviors of a group	21
10324030265	Daoism	a Chinese philosophy that emphasizes living in harmony with nature	22
10324030266	Deforestation	a loss of forest cover in a region	23
10324030267	Demography	Scientific study of human populations.	24
10324030269	Diaspora	A dispersion of people from their homeland	25
10324030270	Divine	to foretell or know by inspiration	26
10324030271	Dynasty	A series of rulers from the same family	27
10324030272	Economic	the system in a country that involves making, buying, and selling goods	28
10324030273	Edict	An official order	29
10324030274	Egalitarian	promoting equal rights for all people	30
10324030275	Empire	A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler	31
10324030277	Epidemic	A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease.	32
10324030278	Equitable	fair, just, embodying principles of justice	33
10324030279	Ethnocentrism	Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.	34
10324030280	Feudalism	A system of government based on landowners and tenants	35
10324030281	Forage	to search for food or provisions	36
10324030282	Fundamental	an essential part or foundation	37
10324030283	Genocide	Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group	38
10324030284	Globalization	the increasing interdependence of citizens and nations across the world	39
10324030285	Hegemony	the domination of one state or group over its allies	40
10324030286	Hierarchy	A group organized by rank	41
10324030287	Hinduism	a major religion that developed in ancient India	42
10324030288	Ideology	System of thought and belief	43
10324030289	Imperialism	A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.	44
10324030291	Indentured Servant	men or women who sold their labor for the cost of a trip from England to the Colonies	45
10324030293	Industrial	economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	46
10324030294	Inflation	A general and progressive increase in prices	47
10324030295	Institution	an organization founded and united for a specific purpose	48
10324030297	Judaism	the Jewish religion	49
10324030299	Legitimate	lawful, rightful; reasonable, justifiable	50
10324030301	Manufacture	To make something, especially on a large scale using machinery.	51
10324030302	Maritime	A humid air mass that forms over oceans	52
10324030303	Matriarchy	A society ruled or controlled by women	53
10324030304	Medieval	of or relating to the Middle Ages	54
10324030305	Merchant	A person who makes money by selling goods	55
10324030306	Monarchy	A government ruled by a king or queen	56
10324030307	Monotheism	Belief in one God	57
10324030310	Nation	a politically organized body of people under a single government	58
10324030311	Negligible	Unimportant; insignificant	59
10324030312	Neolithic	"New Stone Age"	60
10324030313	Nobility	A high-ranking social class	61
10324030314	Nomadic	wandering from place to place	62
10324030315	Pagan	a person holding religious beliefs other than those of the main world religions	63
10324030316	Pandemic	A global outbreak of an infectious disease	64
10324030317	Papacy	the office or authority of the Pope.	65
10324030318	Pastoral	A work of literature dealing with rural life	66
10324030319	Patriarchy	a system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line.	67
10324030320	Periodization	a form or resistance training that may be defined as strategic implementation of specific training phases.	68
10324030323	Polytheism	Belief in more than one god	69
10324030324	Prehistoric	before written history	70
10324030325	Prevalent	Commonly occurring; widely accepted or practiced	71
10324030326	Primary Source	an original document containing firsthand information about a subject	72
10324030327	Prolific	Abundantly productive	73
10324030328	Protestant	a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation	74
10324030330	Rational	reasonable; logical	75
10324030331	Reform	To bring back to rightness, order, or morality	76
10324030332	Regime	A government in power	77
10324030333	Revolution	a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system.	78
10324030334	Rural	Countryside	79
10324030335	Scribe	A professional writer	80
10324030336	Secondary Source	Provides information gathered from or based on other sources	81
10324030337	Secular	Non-religious	82
10324030338	Serf	A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord	83
10324030339	Shaman	a person believed to have the power to summon spirits and heal the sick	84
10324030340	Slave	a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them.	85
10324030342	social stratification	a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy	86
10324030343	Subjective	Based on personal opinions, feelings, and attitudes; not objective	87
10324030344	Subjugate	to conquer by force, bring under complete control	88
10324030345	Surplus	more than needed	89
10324030346	Syncretic	A religion that combines several traditions	90
10324030348	Theocracy	A government controlled by religious leaders	91
10324030351	Urban	found or living in a city	92
10324030352	Veneration	great respect; reverence	93
10324030353	Xenophobic	intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries.	94
10324078090	Conservative (political)	A person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to Maxine individual freedom	95
10324078091	Diffusion	The spread of items from one place to another	96
10324078092	Domestication	the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food	97
10324078093	Eurocentrism	The process of focusing on European culture or history to the exclusion of a wider view of the world; implicitly regarding European culture as preeminent	98
10324078098	Filial Piety	a virtue of respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors	99
10324078099	irrigation	the artificial application of water to land to assist in the production of crops.	100
10324078100	Liberal	A political orientation that favors social progress by reform and by changing laws rather than by revolution	101
10324078101	Polygamy	The custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time	102
10326395768	Absolutism	A political system in which a ruler holds total power	103

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World History Enlightenment Flashcards

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8275306226	Locke	had a positive view of humans, all people have natural rights and it's the job of government to protect these, government's power comes from people	0
8275306227	Voltaire	fought for freedom of religion, tolerance, and speech	1
8275306228	Rousseau	thought direct-democracy was best, it's the free will of individuals to establish their government	2
8275306229	Montesquieu	advocated separation of power would prevent one person from gaining too much power	3
8275306230	Hobbes	believed that people are naturally evil and selfish, an absolute monarchy is necessary to keep society under control	4
8275306231	natural rights	people are born with certain rights, life, liberty, and property that no government can take from you	5
8275306232	absolute monarchy	The king has power over everyone including the economy, religion, social, and political characteristics of a country	6
8275306233	divine right	The King rules by God's will	7
8275306234	Separation of Powers	The assignment of executive, legislative, and judicial powers to different groups of official power	8
8275306235	Salon	A social gathering of intellectuals and artist, like those held in the homes of wealthy women in paris and other European cities during the enlightenment	9
8275306236	scientific method	a step-by-step process of discovery requiring the collection of accurately measured data	10
8275306237	social contract	Rousseau's proposal for an organized society in which people enter into an agreement accepting a powerful government in exchange for their freedom	11
8275306238	philosophes	French thinkers who believed that the use of reason could lead to reforms of government, law, and society	12
8275306239	What did Mary Wollstonecraft believe in?	Women's rights, equal education, equal pay	13
8275306240	The Enlightenment (define).	A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought.	14
8275306241	Effect of the Enlightenment ideas on outside groups	Helped inspire revolutions in the American colonies and France	15
8275306242	How did Enlightenment ideas spread?	Salons, pamphlets, Encyclopedie	16
8275306243	Feminist	a person who believes that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities	17
8275306244	Montesquieu	Wrote "The Spirit of the Laws"; tried to use scientific method to find natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of human beings; identified 3 types of governments: republics, despotism, and monarchies; invented separation of powers	18
8275306245	Rousseau	Believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property, wrote "The Social Contract"	19
8275306246	Voltaire	(1694-1778) French philosopher. "Father of the Enlightenment" He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. Perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. He said: "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it"	20
8275306247	Diderot	(1713-1784) The chief editor of the Encyclopedia published between 1751-1772. Said that "All things must be examined, debated, investigated without exception and without regard to one's feelings." and "We will speak against senseless laws until they are reformed; and, while we wait, we will abide by them."	21