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AP World Period 1 Mills Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins

7309726975	Hunting and Gathering	Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization	0
7309726976	Civilization	Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups	1
7309726977	Neolithic	The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished	2
7309726978	Nomads	Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies	3
7309726979	Culture	Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction	4
7309726980	Agrarian revolution	Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture	5
7309726981	Pastoralism	A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies	6
7309726982	Catal Huyuk	Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification	7
7309726983	Bronze Age	From 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing	8
7309726984	Mesopotamia	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys	9
7309726986	Sumerians	People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states	10
7309726987	Cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	11
7309726988	City-state	A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	12
7309726989	Ziggurats	Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections	13
7309726990	Babylonian Empire	Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.	14
7309726991	Hammurabi	The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law	15
7309726992	Pharaoh	The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs	16
7309726993	Pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs	17
7309726994	Hieroglyphs	Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform	18
7309726995	Kush	African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries	19
7309726996	Monotheism	The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization	20
7309726997	Phoenicians	Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean	21
7309726998	Harappa and Mohenjo Daro	Major urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	22
7309726999	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization	23
7309727000	Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin	Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China	24
7309727001	Shang	1st Chinese dynasty	25
7309727002	Oracles	Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing	26
7309727005	Paleolithic	The period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.	27
7309727006	Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic era	From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas	28
7309727007	Egalitarian	Believing in the equality of all peoples	29
7309727009	Neolithic Revolution	Global conversion to agriculture over hunter-gatherer lifestyles	30
7309727010	Patriarchy	a system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it.	31
7309727011	Permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean, possibly as a response to what?	climatic change	32

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Contemporary Era AP World History Set 2 (Cards 13-24) Flashcards

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6972152116	Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution, 1917	-Massive revolutionary upheaval in 1917 that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in Russia and ended with the seizure of power by Bolsheviks under the leadership of Lenin. - Vladimir Lenin: lead the Bolshevik Party (Communist) to victory during the Russian revolution and the civil war that followed; became 1st leader of the USSR; attempted to shape the future of the Soviet Union, warning against the unchecked power of party members o Brest-Litovsk Treaty: Treaty brokered by Lenin to get Russia out of WWI; Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. o New Economic Policy: Lenin's improvement of healthcare and schooling, made allowances for some private enterprise; helped return stability to to the USSR.	0
6972152117	Great Depression 1929-39	- International economic crisis following the First World War; began with collapse of American stock market in 1929 ("Black Tuesday"); o Causes: Inflation - prices of items go up, but value doesn't; Overproduction of farm goods - cheap prices; Reliance on US loans to Europe economic gap; protectionism - high tariffs to protect home industry o Effects: massive unemployment; failed banks; rise of radical ideologies; USSR-not a huge part of global trading world - doesn't effect them; WWII ends it o contradicted optimistic assumptions of 19th century	1
6972152118	Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945)	-U.S. President that brought America through the great Depression and World War II. o "New Deal": Roosevelt's plan that helped pull America of the Depression and employed many urban workers on public service projects; influenced by the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.	2
6972152119	Spanish Civil War (1936-39)	-war broke out in 1936, and made the new European alignment that found the Western democracies on one side and the fascist states on the other; General Francisco Franco led an army from Spanish Morocco against the republic, won control with German & Italian help. o Guernica: a Spanish town that was brutally bombed and was full of innocent civilians it was supposed to encourage fear, Picasso painted a famous painting capturing the atrocity	3
6972152120	Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)	-Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943); led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II; was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. o An uber nationalist, totalitarian political ideology; that tends to be antidemocratic, anti-marxist, anti-parliamentary, and often anti-semitic; also used to describe a number of right-wing dictatorships that arose across Europe between the wars; system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator; first found in Italy by Mussolini; Fascist regimes sought to make the world safe for the middle class, small businesses, owners of moderate amounts of property, and small farmers. o Fascist Corporatist Economy: an anti-capitalist economy where government controlled corporations and had political influence through them; found in Italy & Germany in the 1930s	4
6972152128	Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)	- Austrian, became a radical German nationalist during World War I, led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi Party-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933; led Germany into World War II o book written by Hitler, later became the basic book of Nazi goals and ideology, with basic ideas on "racial purification" o systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews and other groups deemed racially inferior o Munich Conference: 1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over part of Czechoslovakia to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further	5
6972152130	WWII (1939-1945)	-global conflict that involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis; directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries; many countries were in a state of "total war"- o caused by problems not settled at Versailles; weak German govt. replaced by totalitarian Nazi Party; China/Japan tension (Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 & China in 1937, killed thousands at the "Rape of Nanking") o US brought into the war on Dec. 7th, 1941 when japan launched a surprise attack at Pearl harbor, Hawaii o British and American fie-bombing of Dresden in World War II towards the end of the war killed at 35,000-135,000 civilians and destroyed the entire city center. o DDay: on June 6th, 1944 over a million Allied troops stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France; turning point of World War II o Hiroshima and Nagasaki: atomic bombing attacks against the Empire of Japan by the US; killed over 200, 00 people; beginning of the atomic age	6
6972152132	Joseph Stalin (1878-1953)	-dictator who transformed the Soviet Union from an agricultural company into a massive industrialized superpower through his iron will and oppression of the people via a command economy (socialist principles of centralized planning and state ownership) o Five Year Plans: economic reforms centered around heavy industry that was designed to strengthen the power of the Soviet Union; did not focus on consumer goods; and created collectives (system in which private farms were eliminated, instead, the government owned all the land while the peasants worked on it;) allowed the Soviet Union to industrialize fast	7
6972152134	Chinese Civil War (1927-36; 46-50)	-represented an ideological split between the Communist CPC and the Kuomintang's brand of Nationalism (led by Chiang-Kai Shek) -communists took control of mainland China creating the People's Republic of China, forced the Kuomintang to retreat to Taiwan	8
6972152136	Mao Zedong (1893-1976)	- communist leader who advocated the role of the peasantry in revolution; led the Communists to victory and ruled the People's Republic of China from 1949 to 1976 o Mao solidified the party and his leadership during the Long March: 6,000 mile retreat of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. o Mao implemented the Great Leap Forward (1958-62) to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern socialist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization; widely considered to have caused massive famine o Cultural Revolution (1966-76): sociopolitical movement initiated by Mao to restore his dominance over China, to instill revolutionary values in the younger generation, purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society; paralyzed China politically and negatively affected the country's economy and society	9
6972152138	Winston Churchill (1874-1965)	-great wartime leader; rallied the British with his speeches, infectious confidence, and bulldog determination; led the British during WWII; advocated strengthening ties between the United States and Britain; known for his "iron curtain" speech (symbolizes the efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the West and non-Soviet-controlled areas; on the east side of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the Soviet Union);	10
6972152140	War Conferences	-meetings between the Allied leadership discussing war strategy & the post-war world; helped start the Cold war o Tehran (1943): 1st major meeting between the Big Three (US, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war o Yalta (1945): agreed upon Soviet entry into the war against Japan, organization of the United Nations; left eastern Europe to the Soviet Union o Potsdam (July 1945): Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to discuss the future of Europe & set up zones of control in Germany; mentioned an unspecified "powerful new weapon" to Stalin	11

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AP World History Chapter 3 key terms and concepts Flashcards

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4837206551	Code of Hammurabi	A series of laws publicized at the order of King Hammurabi of Babylon (d. 1750 B.C.E.). Not actually a code, but a number of laws that proclaim the king's commitment to social order.	0
4837208159	cradle of civilization	Commonly used term for southern Mesopotamia (in present-day Iraq).	1
4837208722	cuneiform	Wedge-shaped writing in the form of symbols incised into clay tablets; used in Mesopotamia from around 3100 B.C.E. to the beginning of the Common Era.	2
4837210846	Egypt:"the gift of the Nile"	Egypt is often known as "the gift of the Nile" because the region would not have been able to support a significant human population without the Nile's annual inundation, which provided rich silt deposits and made agriculture possible.	3
4837226247	Epic of Gilgamesh	The most famous extant literary work from ancient Mesopotamia, it tells the story of one man's quest for immortality.	4
4837227821	Harappa	A major city of the Indus Valley civilization; flourished around 2000 B.C.E.	5
4837228747	Hatshepsut	Ancient Egypt's most famous queen; reigned 1472-1457 B.C.E.	6
4837229932	Hebrews	A smaller early civilization whose development of a monotheistic faith that provided the foundation of modern Judaism, Christianity, and Islam assured them a significant place in world history.	7
4837232501	hieroglyphs	Ancient Egyptian writing system; literally, "sacred carvings"—so named because the Greeks saw them prominently displayed in Egyptian temples.	8
4837233917	Hittites	An Indo-European civilization established in Anatolia in the eighteenth century B.C.E.	9
4837238975	Hyksos	A pastoral group of unknown ethnicity that invaded Egypt and ruled in the north from 1650 to 1535 B.C.E. Their dominance was based on their use of horses, chariots, and bronze technology.	10
4837241553	Indus Valley	home of a major civilization that emerged in what is now Pakistan during the third millennium B.C.E., in the valleys of the Indus and Saraswati rivers, noted for the uniformity of its elaborately planned cities over a large territory	11
4837243864	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	12
4837245179	Mesopotamia	The "land between the rivers" Tigris and Euphrates, in what is now Iraq.	13
4837260566	Minoan civilization	An advanced civilization that developed on the island of Crete around 2500 B.C.E.	14
4837261892	Mohenjo Daro	A major city of the Indus Valley civilization; flourished around 2000 B.C.E.	15
4837262672	Norte Chico/Caral	a region along the central coast of Peru, home of a civilization that developed in the period 3000-1800 B.C.E. Caral was the largest of some twenty-five urban centers that emerged in the area at that time.	16
4837263903	Nubia	A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major ironworking industry by 500 B.C.E.	17
4837264726	Olmec civilization	An early civilization that developed along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico around 1200 B.C.E.	18
4837267009	oracle bones	In Chinese civilization, animal bones that were heated and the cracks then interpreted as prophecies. The prophecies were written on the bone and provide our earliest written sources for ancient China.	19
4837267963	patriarchy	Literally "rule of the father"; a social system of male dominance.	20
4837268756	pharaoh	A king of Egypt. The term literally means "the palace" and only came into use in the New Kingdom, but it is generally employed in reference to all ancient Egyptian rulers.	21
4837270445	Phoenicians	A civilization in the area of present-day Lebanon, creators of the first alphabetic writing system.	22
4837272186	pyramid	Monumental tomb for an Egyptian pharaoh; mostly built during the Old Kingdom (2663-2195 B.C.E.). Pyramids are also found in Meroë to the south of Egypt.	23
4837273466	quipu	A series of knotted cords, used for accounting and perhaps as a form of writing in the Norte Chico civilization.	24
4837275881	rise of the state	A process of centralization that took place in the First Civilizations, growing out of the greater complexity of urban life in recognition of the need for coordination, regulation, adjudication, and military leadership.	25
4837277645	salinization	The buildup of minerals in soil, decreasing its fertility; can be caused by long-term irrigation.	26
4837279573	Sanxingdu	An ancient city of China that developed independently from the Shang dynasty.	27
4837280868	Shang dynasty	Period of Chinese history from 1766 to 1122 B.C.E.	28
4837282359	Son of Heaven	Title of the ruler of China, first known from the Zhou dynasty. It acknowledges the ruler's position as intermediary between heaven and earth.	29
4837286075	Teotihuacan	The largest city of ancient Mesoamerica; flourished around 500 C.E.	30
4837288277	Uruk	The largest city of ancient Mesopotamia.	31
4837289671	Xia dynasty	A legendary series of monarchs of early China, traditionally dated to 2200-1766 B.C.E.	32
4837292280	Zhou dynasty	Period of Chinese history from 1122 to 256 B.C.E.	33
4837293133	ziggurat	A Mesopotamian stepped pyramid. Unlike an Egyptian pyramid,it was a solid structure of baked brick, an artificial hill at the summit of which stood a temple.	34

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AP World History Vocabulary Flashcards

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10133754408	May fourth movement	a 1919 protest in China against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign influence	0
10133754409	Tehran conference	a 1943 meeting of leaders of the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union; it agreed on the opening of a second front in France	1
10133754410	Potsdam conference	a 1945 meeting of the leaders of Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union in which it was agreed that the Soviet Union would be given control of eastern Europe and that Germany would be divided into zones of occupation	2
10133754411	Geneva Conference	a 1954 conference that divided Vietnam at the seventh parallel	3
10133754412	Helsinki accords	a 1975 political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by Western European countries and the Soviet Union	4
10133754413	cultural revolution	a Chinese movement from 1966 to 1976 intended to establish an egalitarian society of peasants and workers.	5
10133754414	European Economic Community	A Common Market organized in 1958 which reduced tariffs among member nations and created a common tariff policy for other world nations	6
10133754415	Spanish civil war	a conflict from 1936-1939 that resulted in the installation of fascist dictator Francisco Franco as ruler of Spain; Franco's forces were backed by Germany and Italy, whereas the Soviet Union supported the opposing republican forces	7
10133754416	Kabuki theater	a form of Japanese theater developed in the 17th century that features colorful scenery and costumes and an exaggerated style of acting	8
10133754417	Coalition	a government based on temporary alliances of several political parties	9
10133754418	Yalta conference	a meeting of the leaders of the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the United States in 1945; the Soviet Union agreed to enter the war against Japan in exchange for influence in the Eastern European states. The Yalta Conference also made plans for the establishment of a new international organization.	10
10133754419	Iron curtain	a metaphorical description of the divide between the Communist East and Democratic Western Europe	11
10133754420	Welfare state	a nation in which the government plays an active role in providing services such as social security to its citizens	12
10133754421	British commonwealth	A political community consisting of the United Kingdom, its dependencies, and former colonies of Great Britain that are now sovereign nations; currently called the Commonwelath of Nations	13
10133754422	Fascism	a political movement that is characterized by extreme nationalism, one-party rule, and the denial of individual rights	14
10133754423	Alliance for progress	a program of economic aid for Latin America in exchange for pledge to establish democratic institutions; part of U.S. President Kennedy's international program	15
10133754424	Pan-Slavic movement	A Russian attempt to unite all Slavic nations into a commonwealth relationship under the influence of Russia.	16
10133754425	Cubism	a school of art in which persons and objects are represented by geometric forms.	17
10133754426	Al-Qaeda	a terrorist group based in Afghanistan in the late 20th and early 21st centuries	18
10133754427	Ayatollah	a traditional Muslim religious ruler	19
10133754428	Russification	a tsarist program that required non-Russians to speak only Russian and provided education only for those groups loyal to Russia	20
10133754429	Mandate	a type of colony in which the government is overseen by another nation, as in the Middle Eastern mandates placed under European control after WWI	21
10133754430	Marshall plan	a U.S. plan to support the recovery and reconstruction of Western Europe after WWII	22
10133754431	international space station	a vehicle sponsored by 16 nations that circles the earth while carrying out experiments	23
10133754432	Berlin wall	a wall, built by the East German Communist government, to separate the Democratic Western Berlin	24
10133754433	world bank	an agency of the United Nations that offers loans to countries to promote trade and economic development	25
10133754434	import substitution industrialization	an economic system that attempts to strengthen a country's industrial power by restricting foreign imports	26
10133754435	World Trad Organization	an international organization begun in 1995 to promote and organize world trade	27
10133754436	International Monetary fund	an international organization founded in 1944 to promote market economies and free trade	28
10133754437	European Union	an organization designed to reduce trade barriers and promote economic unity in Europe; it was formed in 1993 to replace the European Community.	29
10133754438	North American Free Trade Organization	an organization that prohibits tariffs and other trade barriers between Mexico, the United States, and Canada (NAFTA)	30
10133754439	Guomindang	China's Nationalist political party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1912 and based on democratic principles; in 1925, the party was taken over by Jiang Jieshi, who made it into a more authoritarian party.	31
10133754440	containment	Cold War policy of the United States whose purpose was to prevent the spread of communism	32
10133754441	government of India Act	the British law passed in 1935 which increased suffrage and turned provincial governments over to Indian leaders	33
10133754442	central powers	in WWI, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and other nations who fought with them against the Allies	34
10133754443	Allied powers	in WWI, the nations of Great Britain, France, Russia, the United States, and others that fought against the Central Powers; in WWII, the group of nations including Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States, that fought against the Axis Powers	35
10133754444	League of nations	international organization founded after WWI to promote peace and cooperation among nations	36
10133754445	service industries	occupations that provided a service rather than a manufactured or agricultural product	37
10133754446	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries	Organization formed in 1950 by oil-producing countries to regulate oil supplies and prices (OPEC)	38
10133754447	evangelical	pertaining to preaching the Gospel (the good news) or pertaining to theologically conservative Christians.	39
10133754448	five year plans	plans for industrial production first introduced in the Soviet Union in 1928 by Stalin; they succeeded in making the Soviet Union a major industrial power by the end of the 1930s	40
10133754449	Appeasement	policy of Great Britain and France of making concessions in Hitler in the 1930s	41
10133754450	Kulaks	Russian peasants who became wealthy under Lenin's New Economic Policy	42
10133754451	Afrikaners	South Africans who were descended from the Dutch who settled in south Africa in the 17th century	43
10133754452	Hubble space telescope	Telescope able to peer deep into space	44
10133754453	Treaty of Brest-Litovsk	the 1918 treaty ending WWI between Germany and the Soviet Union	45
10133754454	Treaty of Versailles	the 1919 peace treaty between Germany and the Allied nations; it blamed the war on Germany and assessed heavy reparations and large territorial losses on the part of Germany	46
10133754455	Glasnost	the 1985 policy of Mikhail Gorbachev that allowed openness of expression of ideas in the Soviet Union	47
10133754456	Persian gulf war	the 1991 war between Iraq and a U.S. led coalition to liberate Kuwait from an Iraqi invasion	48
10133754457	Deoxyribonucleic acid	the blueprint of heredity	49
10133754458	No theater	the classical Japanese drama with music and dances performed on a simple stage by elaborately dressed actors	50
10133754459	Brinkmanship	the Cold War policy of the Soviet Union and the United States of threatening to go to war at a sign of aggression on the part of either power	51
10133754460	Collectivization	the combination of several small farms into a large government controlled farm	52
10133754461	Great leap forward	the diasastrous economic policy introduced by Mao Zedong that proposed the implementation of small scale industrial projects on individual peasant communities	53
10133754462	Sputnik	the first man-made satellite, launched by the Soviet Union	54
10133754463	Anschluss	the German annexation of Austria prior to WWII	55
10133754464	United Nations	the international organization founded in 1945 to establish peace and cooperation among nations	56
10133754465	Holocaust	the Nazi program during WWII that killed 6 million Jews and other groups considered undesirable	57
10133754466	Reparations	the payment of war debts by the losing side	58
10133754467	Great depression	the severe worldwide economic downturn that began in the late 1920s and continued into the 1930s throughout many regions of the world	59
10133754468	Apartheid	the South African policy of separation of the races	60
10133754469	McDonaldization	the spread of American culture and values around the world	61
10133754470	Euro	the standard currency introduced and adopted by the majority of members of the European Union in January 2002	62
10133754471	Genocide	the systematic killing of an entire ethnic group	63
10133754472	Cold war	the tense diplomatic relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II	64
10133754473	Mass consumerism	trade in products designed to appeal to a global market	65
10133754474	National Organization For Women	U.S. organization founded in 1969 to campaign for women's rights	66
10133754475	New Deal	U.S. President Roosevelt's program to relieve the economic problems of the Great Depression; it increased government involvement in the society of the United States	67
10133754476	Cartels	Unions of independent businesses in order to regulate production, prices, and the marketing of goods	68
10133754477	Korean Conflict	Wars between Communist North Korea, aided by China, and Capitalist South Korea, aided by the United States	69
10133754478	Cuban missile crisis	When in 1962, the Soviets constructed nuclear missiles in Cuba which brought days of tense confrontation between Khrushchev and the U.S. President Kennedy. Khrushchev ultimately backed down, and the missiles were removed.	70
10133754479	Declaration of Independence	a document modeled after the political philosophies of John Locke. It altered the natural rights identified by John Locke to include "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."	71
10133754480	self-strengthening movement	a late nineteenth-century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged western investment in factories and railways	72
10133754481	Romanticism	a literary and artistic movement in nineteenth-century Europe; emphasized emotion over reason	73
10133754482	Queu	a long ponytail that Chinese men were forced to wear in order to distinguish them from Manchus	74
10133754483	Domestic System	a manufacturing method in which the stages of the manufacturing process are carried out in private homes rather than a private setting	75
10133754484	Maoris	a member of a Polynesian group that settled in New Zealand about 800CE.	76
10133754485	Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen	a statement of political rights adopted by the French National Assembly during the French Revolution	77
10133754486	Declaration of the Rights of the Women and the Female	a statement of the rights of women written by Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man.	78
10133754487	communism	an economic system in which the state controls the means of production	79
10133754488	liberalism	an Enlightenment philosophy that favored civil rights, the protection of private property, and representative government	80
10133754489	Guano	bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major trade item of Peru in the late nineteenth century	81
10133754490	Suez Canal	canal constructed by Egypt across the Isthmus of Suez in 1869	82
10133754491	Napoleonic Code	collection of laws that standardized French law under the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte	83
10133754492	Spanish-American War	conflict between the United States and Spain that began the rise of the United States as a world power. Spanish Civil War: a conflict from 1936 - 1939 that resulted in the installation of fascist dictator Francisco Franco as a ruler of Spain; Franco's forces were backed by Germany and Italy, whereas the Soviet Union supported the opposing republican forces (1898).	84
10133754493	Economic Imperialism	control of a country's economy by the business of another nation	85
10133754494	Revolutions of 1848	democratic and nationalistic revolutions, most of them unsuccessful, that swept through Europe	86
10133754495	Spheres of Influence	divisions of a country in which a particular foreign nation enjoys economic privileges	87
10133754496	Jacobins	extreme radicals during the French Revolution	88
10133754497	Theory of Relativity	idea which argued that time and space are relative to one another	89
10133754498	Theory of Natural Selection	idea, first proposed by Charles Darwin, that species survive due to favorable characteristics	90
10133754499	bourgeousie	In France, the class of merchants and artisans who were members of the Third Estate and initiators of the French Revolution; in Marxist theory, a term referring to factory owners	91
10133754500	proletarian	in Marxist theory, the class of workers in an industrial society	92
10133754501	conservatism	in nineteenth-century Europe, a movement that supported monarchies, aristocracies, and state-established churches	93
10133754502	factors of production	Land, Labor, Capital, Entrepreneurship, which existed in Britain which allowed it to lead in the Industrial Revolution	94
10133754503	zaibatsu	large industrial organization created in Japan during the industrialization of the late nineteenth century	95
10133754504	conscription	military draft	96
10133754505	Tanzimet Reforms	nineteenth century reforms by Ottoman rulers designed to make government and military more efficient	97
10133754506	Monroe Doctrine	policy issued by the United States in which it declared that the Western Hemisphere was off limits to colonization by other powers	98
10133754507	Indian National Congress	political party that became the leader of the Indian nationalist movement	99
10133754508	Congress of Vienna	restored legitimate monarchs to the thrones of Europe and to create a balance of power	100
10133754509	Boxer Rebellion	revolt against foreign residents of China	101
10133754510	Sepoy Rebellion	revolt of Indian soldiers against the British; caused by a military practice in violation of the Muslim and Hindu faiths (1857)	102
10133754511	natural rights	rights that belong to every person and that no government may take away	103
10133754512	Great Trek	slaveholding Boers, who in 1834, left the Cape Colony and moved to the interior of Africa	104
10133754513	Young Turks	society founded in 1889 in the Ottoman Empire; its goal was to restore the constitution of 1876 and reform the empire	105
10133754514	Boers	South Africans of Dutch descent	106
10133754515	Sepoys	South Asian soldiers who served in the British army in India	107
10133754516	Revolution of 1905	strikes by urban workers and peasants in Russia; prompted by shortages of food and by Russia's loss to Japan in 1905	108
10133754517	entrepreneurship	the ability to combine the factors of land, labor and capital to create factory production	109
10133754518	Social Darwinism	the application of Darwin's philosophy of natural selection to human society	110
10133754519	Separation of Powers	the division of powers among the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government	111
10133754520	estates	the divisions of society in pre-revolutionary France	112
10133754521	imperialism	the establishment of colonial empires	113
10133754522	enclosure movement	the fencing of pasture land in England beginning prior to the Industrial Revolution	114
10133754523	Bill of Rights	the first ten amendments to the constitution of the United States	115
10133754524	Qing Dynasty	The Manchurian invaders who ruled China from 1644 to the early 1900s	116
10133754525	Berlin Conference	the meeting of European imperialist powers to divide Africa among them	117
10133754526	Capital	the money and equipment needed to engage in industrialization	118
10133754527	Feminism	the movement to achieve women's rights	119
10133754528	Reign of Terror	the period of the most extreme violence during the French Revolution	120
10133754529	Manifest Destiny	the policy in the US that led to its expansion from the Atlantic to the Pacific	121
10133754530	Meiji Restoration	the restoration of the Meiji emperor in Japan in 1868 that began a program of industrialization and centralization of Japan following the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate.	122
10133754531	extraterritoriality	the right of foreigners to live under the laws of their home country rather than those of the host country	123
10133754532	duma	the Russian parliament	124
10133754533	Raj	the Sanskrit name for the British government in India	125
10133754534	Gran Columbia	the temporary union of the northern portion of South America after the independence movements led by Simon Bolivar	126
10133754535	Estates-General	the traditional legislative body of France	127
10133754536	Industrial Revolution	the transition between the domestic system of manufacturing and the mechanization of production in a factory setting	128
10133754537	Treaty of Nanking	treaty ending the Opium War that ceded Hong Kong to the British (1842)	129
10133754538	pogroms	violence against Jews in tsarist Russia	130
10133754539	Opium War	war between Great Britain and China began with the Qing dynasty's refusal to allow continued opium importation into China; British victory resulted in the Treaty of Nanking (1839-1842)	131
10133754540	Sino-Japanese War	war between Japan and China, in 1895, over control over Korea	132
10133754541	Russo-Japanese War	war between Russia and Japan over Manchurian territory; resulted in the defeat of Russia by the Japanese Navy	133
10133754542	Boer War	war between the British and the Dutch over Dutch independence in South Africa; resulted in British victory. (1899 - 1902)	134
10133754543	radicalism	Western European political philosophy during the nineteenth century; advocated democracy and reforms favoring lower classes	135
10133754544	Enlightenment	intellectual movement that applied methods of the Scientific Revolution to the study of human society (17th century)	136
10133754545	Enclosure Movement	GB: rich landowners enclosed the land and got Parliament to give them title to the commons that had previously been open to everyone to use	137
10133754546	entrepreneurs	new group in late 18th century. money came from manufacturing.	138
10133754547	laissez-faire economics	European economic policy of the 16th - 18th centuries that held that there was a limited amount of wealth available; key to the attainment of wealth was the acquisition of colonies	139
10133754548	indulgence	a document whose purchase was said to grant the bearer the forgiveness of sins	140
10133754549	scientific revolution	European intellectual movement in the 17th century that established the basis for modern science	141
10133754550	parliamentary monarchy	a govt with a king/queen whose power is limited by the power of parliament	142
10133754551	factor	an agent with trade privileges in early Russia	143
10133754552	taj mahal	white marble mausoleum built in Agra, India, by the mogul emperor shah Japan for his favorite wife	144
10133754553	mercantilism	economic concept that holds that the govt shouldn't interfere with or regulate business and industries	145
10133754554	creoles	a term used in colonial Spanish America to describe a person born in the Americas of European parents	146
10133754555	northwest passage	passage through the North America continent that was sought early by explorers to North America as a route to trade with the east	147
10133754556	enlightenment	a philosophical movement in 18th century Europe that was based on reason and the concept that education and training could improve human society	148
10133754557	viceroyalty	a political unit ruled by a viceroy that was the basis of organization of the Spanish colonies	149
10133754558	encomienda	a practice in the Spanish colonies that granted land and the labor of native Americans on that land to European colonists	150
10133754559	devshirme	practice of the Ottoman Empire to take Christian boys from their home communities to serve as janissaries	151
10133754560	caravel	small, easily steerable ship used by the Spanish and Portuguese in their explorations	152
10133754561	protestant reformation	religious movement began by matin Luther in 1517 that attempted to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church; resulted from the formation of new Christian denominations	153
10133754562	capitalism	an economic system based on private ownership and opportunity for profit making	154
10133754563	northern renaissance	extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations of Northern Europe; the northern Renaissance took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance	155
10133754564	philosophies	French enlightenment social thinkers	156
10133754565	mulatto	in Spanish and Portuguese colonies a person of mixed African and European descent	157
10133754566	divine right	the belief of absolute rulers that their right to govern is granted by god	158
10133754567	treaty of tordesillas	the 1494 treaty in which the pope divided unexplored territories between Spain and portugal	159
10133754568	sovereignty	self rule	160
10133754569	cossacks	Russians who conquered and settled Siberia in the 16th and 17th centuries	161
10133754570	boyars	Russian nobility	162
10133754571	mughal dynasty	rulers who controlled most of India in the 16th and 17th centuries	163
10133754572	absolute monarchy	rule by a king/queen who's power is not limited	164
10133754573	natural laws	principles that govern nature	165
10133754574	manchus	people from northeastern Asia who founded China's Qing dynasty	166
10133754575	Jesuits	members of the society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic missionary and educational order founded by Ignacio's of Loyola in 1534	167
10133754576	janissaries	members of the ottoman army, often slaves, who were taken from Christian lands	168
10133754577	qing dynasty	manchurian rule of China beginning in 1644 and lasting until 1914	169
10133754578	peninsulares	In the Spanish colonies, those who were born in europe	170
10133754579	mestizos	in the Spanish colonies, persons of mixed European and native descent	171
10133754580	repartamiento	in the Spanish colonies, a replacement for the encomienda system that limited the number of working hours for laborers and provided fair wages	172
10133754581	ninety-five these	work by Martin Luther where he laid out his arguments against the Roman Catholic church	173
10133754582	dutch learning	western learning embraced by some Japanese in the 18th century	174
10133754583	estates-general	the traditional legislative body of france	175
10133754584	catholic reformation	religious reform movement within the Roman Catholic church that occurred in response to the Protestant reformation. it reaffirmed catholic beliefs and promoted education.	176
10133754585	reconqista	the recapture of Muslim held lands in Spain by Christian forces; it was completed in 1492	177
10133754586	excommunication	practice of the Roman Catholic and other Christian churches of prohibiting participation in the sacraments to those who do not comply with church teachings or practices	178
10133754587	middle passage	the portion of the trans-Atlantic trade that involved the passage of africans from Africa to the americas	179
10133754588	purdah	the Hindu custom of secluding women	180
10133754589	tokugawa shogunate	the feudal rulers of japan who moved the capital to edo. ruled from 1603 -1868	181
10133754590	commercial revolution	the expansion of trade and commerce in Europe in the 16th and 17th century	182
10133754591	colombian exchange	exchange of foods, crops, disease and livestock between eastern and western hemispheres after the voyages of columbus	183
10133754592	triangular trade	the 18th century trade network between Europe, Africa and the Americas	184
10133754593	heliocentric revolution	the concept that the sun is in the center	185
10133754594	deism	the concept of God common to the scientific revolution; the God was believed to have set the world in motion and then allowed it to operate by natural laws	186
10133754595	hagia Sophia	the church in Constantinople that was converted to a mosque after the ottoman conquest	187
10133754596	glorious revolution	the bloodless overthrow of English king James and the placement of William and Mary on the English throne	188
10133754597	predestination	the belief of protestant reformer John Calvin that God had chosen some people for heaven and others for hell	189

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AP World History - middle east Flashcards

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7872424064	Islam, one, Allah	The fastest growing religion in the world...is centered around the belief in...god called...	0
7872424065	Arabian Peninsula	Where were the Bedouins living in the 6th century?	1
7872424066	Nomadic, tribal, and polytheistic	The Bedouin culture was mostly...	2
7872424067	Sheikhs	Who ruled each clan or tribe in the Bedouin culture?	3
7872424068	Polygyny	...is when a man has more than one wife at a time	4
7872424069	Polytheistic	Were the Bedouins polytheistic or monotheistic?	5
7872424070	Arabian Peninsula		6
7872424071	Mecca	City in Saudi Arabia that is considered to be a holy city	7
7872424072	Relic, word	The black stone of Mecca is a...because it has the...of God	8
7872424073	Honesty, generosity	The Bedouin tribes valued...and...	9
7872424074	Land trade, camels	The Bedouins...routes with...formed the basis of the Arabian economy	10
7872424075	Water travel	...eventually became more popular than overland routes	11
7872424076	Merchant	Muhammad was a...	12
7872424077	Caravan manager	Muhammad became a...	13
7872424078	Revelations, Allah	Muhammad experienced...that he attributed to the angel of the deity...	14
7872424079	Quran	An Islamic sacred book said to be the literal word of God	15
7872424080	Yes	Did it take long for Muhammad to gather followers of Allah?	16
7872424081	Prophet	Muhammad is the last...	17
7872424082	Medina	The city that Muhammad and his followers fled to when they were persecuted, and where the first Muslim community was:	18
7872424083	Hegira	The name of the flight of Muhammad and his followers because of persecution	19
7872424084	Ka'aba	The most important holy building of Islam	20
7872424085	Military conquest, movement	A way that Islam was spread was...and the...of people	21
7872424086	Egalitarian	Islam is an...religion	22
7872424087	Was	When Islam was spread through military conquest and they had conquered a region, Islamic rule was/wasn't tolerant of the religion	23
7872424088	Monotheistic	Was Islam polytheistic or monotheistic?	24
7872424089	Salvation and hope, Allah, Quran	Principles of Islam: The ideas of...of an afterlife, the importance of submission to the will of...and a belief in the...as the sacred book	25
7872424090	Five Pillars	Core set of obligations for Muslims	26
7872424091	God, Allah, five, alms, Ramadan, pilgrimage	Belief in one...called... Praying...times a day Giving...to the poor Fasting during the month of... Making a...to Mecca once in your life	27
7872424092	Jihad	Concept of struggle to strive in the way of Allah and to improve both oneself and society	28
7872424093	Shariah	A code of law that outlines behavioral requirements for daily life that was developed after Muhammad's death. (Based on the Quran)	29
7872424094	Ali and Abu Bakr	After Muhammad's death, who were the two people that were running to become the leader of the Islamic community?	30
7872424095	Caliph	Religious ruler	31
7872424096	Bakr	Who became the first caliph?	32
7872424097	Ali	Who became the fourth caliph?	33
7872424098	Sunnis	Supporters of Abu Bakr	34
7872424099	Shia, Shiites	Supporters of Ali became the...group, also known as...	35
7872424100	Byzantine, Persian Sassanid, taxes	When Bakr seized lands from the...Empire and the...Empire, he didn't force religious conversion. Instead the...were lower if you converted.	36
7872424101	Merchants, generals, and armies, Umayyad	When Ali was assassinated a group of...took power and founded the...Dynasty	37
7872424102	Sunni	Was the Umayyad Dynasty in Damascus and Córdoba Sunni or Shia?	38
7872424103	Damascus	Where was the Umayyad Dynasty moved to? (From Medina)	39
7872424104	Abbasids, Umayyads, Baghdad	The...conquered the...and made a new city for their capital called...	40
7872424105	Caliphate	An Islamic state	41
7872424106	Baghdad	Where were the Abbasids?	42
7872424107	Learning	Baghdad became the center of...	43
7872424108	Paper	The invention of thicker...was an achievement of Baghdad	44
7872424109	Hierarchical, bureaucracy	The Abbasids became increasingly...with a continually growing...	45
7872424110	Viziers	Prime ministers in the Abbasid Empire	46
7872424111	Assassination	Being a ruler in the Abbasid empire because you risked potential...attempts	47
7872424112	Attacks from outside groups	The Abbasid Empire suffered from...	48
7872424113	Group that defeated the Abbasids	The Mongols	49
7872424114	Economic, military	The Abbasids faced both...and...troubles	50
7872424115	Cordoba	Where did the Umayyads move their capital to after it was moved to Damascus?	51
7872424116	Islamic expansion, Western Europe	The loss of the Battle of Tours for the Islamic military marked the limit of...into...	52
7872424117	Tolerant, Abbasids	Umayyad rulers in Córdoba were...in terms of religion, like the..in Baghdad	53
7872424118	Trade	The Umayyad rulers in Córdoba promoted...	54
7872424119	Dhows	The trade that was promoted by the Umayyad rulers in Córdoba occured because of goods traveling ships called...	55
7872424120	Learning	The Islamic state in Córdoba, Spain became a center for...	56
7872424121	Aristotle, Greek	Islamic scholars saved the works of...and other...thinkers	57
7872424122	Farmers, sailors, nomads	Before Muhammad there were more...and...than pastoral...	58
7872424123	Byzantine, Islamic, Muslims, Christians, and Jews	Trade between the...and the...empires created contacts between the religious groups:...	59
7872424124	Weren't, ruler	When Islamic expansion occurred, the Islamic soldiers were/weren't allowed to own property that they took over, which allowed the people's lives to not be changed greatly. They would just be paying to a different...	60
7872424125	Merchants, European, Asian	The role of...in Islamic society was greater than in other...and...societies at the time.	61
7872424126	Did	Islam did/didn't allow slavery.	62
7872424127	No, couldn't Muslims	When slaves converted to Islam, were the owners allowed to keep them enslaved? Y/N? Because Muslims could/couldn't enslave other...	63
7872424128	Slave women,	Did slave women or wives have more independence?	64
7872424129	Markets, buy	Slave women were allowed to go to...or run errands. They could gather enough money to...their freedom.	65
7872424130	Hijab	Headscarf/veil used by women to cover their heads	66
7872424131	Raised, love, devotion, educated, business	Muhammad...the status of women by treating his wives with...and...Also Muhammad's first wife was...and owned her own...	67
7872424132	Higher	Islamic women had a...status than Christian and Jewish women	68
7872424133	Umma	A whole community of Muslims	69
7872424134	Harem	The separate part of a Muslim household for the wives, concubines, and the women's children	70
7872424135	Sufis	A new Islamic group in India and Persia	71
7872424136	Rituals, chants, God	The Sufis followed...and...to attempt to unite with...	72

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AP World History (Unit 1) Flashcards

Foundations

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8625807908	Prehistory vs. history	Prehistory was the period of time before writing had been invented while history is any time after writing had been invented where humans now know exactly what had happened rather than making assumptions	0
8625807909	Features of civilization	1: complex institutions 2: advanced technology 3: advanced city 4: written communication 5: specialization of labor	1
8625807910	Stages of hominid development	- STAGE 1 (4,000,000 BCE - 1,000,000 BCE): Hominids / Australopithecines [had apposable thumbs] / Homo Habilis ["man of skills", found in east Africa, created stone tools] - STAGE 2 (1,600,000 BCE - 30,000 BCE): Homo Erectus ["upright human being", bipedalism, larger and more varied tools, first hominid to migrate from Africa to Europe and Asia, first to use fire - 500,000 BCE] - STAGE 3 (200,000 BCE - 10,000 BCE): Homo Sapiens ["wise human being"] / Neanderthrals (200,000 BCE - 30,000 BCE) [first to bury their dead, made clothes from animal skins, lived in caves and tents] / Cro-Magnons (40,000 BCE - 10,000 BCE) [homo sapiens sapiens = "wise, wise humans", replaced Neanderthrals]	2
8625807911	"Out of Africa" thesis vs. multiregional thesis	The "Out of Africa" thesis states that Homo sapiens sapiens emerged in Africa and then migrated from there, and is the most widely accepted theory by scientists, while the multiregional thesis states homo sapiens sapiens emerged simutaneously throughtout the world and descended from earlier hominid groups that had already left Africa	3
8625807912	Paleolithic Era	- "Old Stone Age" - a long period of human development before the development of agriculture	4
8625807913	Neolithic Era	- "New Stone Age" - 10,000 - 4000 BCE - was marked by the discovery and mastery of agriculture	5
8625807914	Family units, clans, tribes	A group of people sharing common ancestry	6
8625807915	Foraging societies	- nomadic - small communities / population - no political system - economic distribution is more equal - acquire their subsistence from the resources around them, without cultivating the earth	7
8625807916	Nomadic hunters/gatherers	- a group of people who have no fixed home and move according to the seasons from place to place in search of food, water, and grazing land - normally the men would hunt and the women would be the gatherers	8
8625807917	Ice Age	A cold period marked by episodes of extensive glaciation	9
8625807918	Civilization	- literally means "living in cities" - contains five features of civilitzation: complex institutions, advanced technology, advanced city, written communcation, and specialization of labor	10
8625807919	Neolithic Revolution	- began around 8,000 BCE - it was the gradual shift from a nomadic lifestyle of hunting and gathering to a settled, stationary lifestyle with agricultural production and domestication of animals	11
8625807920	Domestication of plants and animals	- the taming of animals and plants for human use, such as work or as food - this allowed the humans to remain in one place	12
8625807921	Nomadic pastoralism	- a form of agriculture where livestock are herded either seasonally or continuously in order to find fresh pastures on which to graze - commonly practiced in regions with little arable land	13
8625807922	Migratory farmers	Farmers that continue to migrate, instead of settling, after using up the land	14
8625807923	Patrilineal/patrilocal	- patrilineal relates to a social system in which inheritance rights and family descent is traced though the father - patrilocal refers to the pattern where married couples live with or near the husband's parents/family	15
8625807924	Irrigation systems	Replacement of rainfall with water from another source (like natural ponds, lakes, streams, and wells) in order to grow crops	16
8625807925	Metalworking	The process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large scale structures	17
8625807926	Ethnocentrism	The tendency to view one's own culture and ethnic group as superior to all other cultures and ethnic groups and as the standard for judging the worth of the others foreign ways	18
8625807927	Foraging	The act of searching for food and provisions	19
8625807928	Sedentary agriculture	- farming system in which the farmer remains settled in one place - domestication of plants and animals	20
8625807929	Shifting cultivation	A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period	21
8625807930	Slash-and-burn agriculture	A form of agriculture in which an area of forest is cleared by cutting and burning and is then planted, usually for several seasons, before being left to return to forest	22
8625807931	Matrilineal	It relates to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother	23
8625807932	Cultural diffusion	A social process resulting in the transfer of beliefs, values, and social activities (like games or sports) from one society to another	24
8625807933	Independent invention	The development of the same culture trait or pattern in many different culture hearths (that developed independently of each other) as a result of comparable needs and circumstances.	25
8625807934	Specialization of labor	The specialization of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles	26
8625807935	Gender division of labor	- feature of the Stone Age society - due to basic physical differences, various food-gathering tasks and everyday activities tended to be assigned by sex. Although, this did not necessarily mean men's roles were superior to women. But over time, gender division of labor led to inequality of sexes, despite technological advances that have made physical differences less important.	27
8625807936	Metallurgy and metalworking	- metallurgy: the study of metals and their properties / the science and technology of extracting metals form their ores, refining them, and preparing them for use - metalworking: the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large scale structures	28
8625807937	Fertile Crescent	an arc of cultivable land characterized by wooded hillsides and alluvial valleys which runs northwestward along the Zagros Mountains of Iran, loops around the northern rim of the Syrian Desert, and extends southward parallel to the eastern shore of the Mediterranean - the Tigris-Euphrates and Jordan river valleys are also conventionally considered part of the Fertile Crescent - the earlist physical traces of farming settlements in the world are located in this region	29
8625807938	Gilgamesh	- ancient Sumerian king (city-state of Uruk) - ruled: 2700 BCE - credited with having been a demigod of superhuman strength who built a great city wall to defend his people from external threats - the 'Epic of Gilgamesh' is thought to be the first story	30
8625807939	Hammurabi's Law Code	- established high standards of behavior and stern punishments for violators - relied heavily on the principle of 'lex talionis' (the law of retaliation / an eye for an eye) - there was no way of escaping it.. Hammurabi had statues all over his kingdom with the laws inscribed onto it so that everyone knew what they were	31
8625807940	Egypt	- ruled by pharohs - agriculture-based society - patriarchal society - built irrigation systems / pyramids as royal tombs - hieroglyphic writing - referred to the area of the ribbon of land bordering the lower third of the Nile - the Red/Mediterranean Sea and hostile deserts discouraged foreign invaders	32
8625807941	Egyptian Book of the Dead	- a common name for the ancient Egyptian funerary texts - constituted a collection of spells, charms, passwords, numbers and magical formulas for use by the deceased in the afterlife, describing many of the basic tenets of Egyptian mythology. - intended to guide the dead through the various trials that they would encounter before reaching the underworld - knowledge of the appropriate spells was considered essential to achieving happiness after death	33
8625807942	Pyramids	- monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt - used as burial sites for pharaohs - within the pyramid was everything the deceased needed in the after life; including possessions, gold, jewels, and jars containing their vital organs that were removed during mummification - massive structure with a rectangular base and four triangular sides	34
8625807943	Hieroglyphics	- system of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts - used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt	35
8625807944	Indus valley civilization	- first society here was the Harappan - there isn't very much information on it because most Harappan physical remains are now below the water table and scholars can't decipher records - reflected a strong concern for fertility - Aryans migrated here (they had a well-defined social order) - built dams (to prevent flood), city walls, a fortified citadel, and a large granary	36
8625807945	Early China	- agriculture-based society - written communication - specialized labor - absence of organized religion of official priesthood - society based on family - patriarchal - occasionally women played prominent roles - bronze metallurgy - horse drawn chariots - pottery - East & Central Asia	37
8625807946	The Celts	The first ethnic group to establish a widespread presence in Europe - society based on close-knit tribal groups - lived north of Danube River - they remain in France, Britain and Spain - 500 BCE: began to migrate - no written language, oral tradition- myths, songs, folktales - conquered by the Romans	38
8625807947	The Hitties and iron weapons	- Indo-European migrants - introduced iron metallurgy to Mesopotamians	39
8625807948	The Assyrians and cavalary warfare	- built a powerful and intimidating army by organizing forces into standardized units under command of professional officers appointed because of merit, skill, bravery, rather than noble birth/family connections - supplemented infantry with cavalry forces and light horse-drawn chariots (borrowed from Hittites)	40
8625807949	The Persian Empire	- Ancient Middle Eastern empire comprising modern day Iran. The Persian Empire dominated the Middle East from the middle of the 6th century BCE to about the end of the 5th century BCE - later conquered by Alexander the Great.	41
8625807950	The Hebrews and monotheism	- this group was the first and only religion of the time to worship only one god - Yaweh -Abraham is considered to be the father of the Hebrews	42
8625807951	The Phoenicians and the alphabet	- this group created the alphabet in which many modern languages have evolved from - became one of the most widely used writing systems, spread by Phoenician merchants across the Mediterranean world, where it was assimilated by many other cultures and evolved - began in 1050 BC, and gradually died out during the Hellenistic period as its evolved forms replaced it	43
8625807952	The Lydians and coinage	- this group invented the coin - Greek city-states adopted coinage from this group and it is still used in modern times	44
8625807953	Greek city-states	- Ancient Greece was made up of city-states, also known as Polis - they were developed out of the political chaos of the 1100's (BCE) - each Polis was independent and so a range of political institutions developed across the Balkan Peninsula and Aegean Islands - the largest city-states were Athens and Sparta	45
8625807954	Democracy	A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	46
8625807955	Persian Wars	- conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire - ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon - chronicled by Herodotus.	47
8625807956	Peloponnesian War	The Delian League, once formed to unite the Greeks against the Persians, was increasingly dominated by the Athenians, who felt free to use its treasury to finance public building projects in their polis; this behavior by the arrogant Athenians caused much resentment among other League members and, with the involvement of Sparta, ultimately resulted in a disastorous civil conflict which is the Peloponnesian War.	48
8625807957	Alexander the Great	successor of Philip II; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures; great leader	49
8625807958	Hellenistic Era	The time between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE and the expansion of the Roman empire.	50
8625807959	Homer	Ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey	51
8625807960	Socrates and Plato	- two ancient Greek philosophers who concluded that the mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies - were rationalists (truth is reached not via our senses but via our thoughts)	52
8625807961	Aristotle	- Greek philosopher - a pupil of Plato / the tutor of Alexander the Great / the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics - he profoundly influenced Western thought - disagreed with Plato's theory / promoted a moderate democracy, order, and acceptance of roles / taught geocentrism (earth is center of universe) / defined the four elements	53
8625807962	Western scientific thought	- scientific method - basis for modern science	54
8625807963	Roman Republic	The ancient Roman state from 509 BC until Augustus assumed power in 27 BC. was governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar.	55
8625807964	Plebians and patricians	Plebians were Roman common people while patricians were Roman aristocrats and wealthy classes	56
8625807965	Punic Wars	A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.	57
8625807966	Julius Caesar	- Roman military and political leader - He was instrumental in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire - Dictator	58
8625807967	Roman Empire	The territories ruled by ancient Rome which at one time encompassed most of the Mediterranean world and parts of France, England, and Germany. The empire lasted from 27 BCE to 395 CE.	59
8625807968	Qin, Han, Tang Dynasties	- First three dynasties of China that we have recordings of. - First of 'centralized' China.	60
8625807969	Shi Huangdi	- founder of the Qin Dynasty (from 247 BC to 221 BCE), - the first emperor of a unified China	61
8625807970	Chinese tributary system	Form of conducting diplomatic and political relations with China before the fall of the Qin Dynasty	62
8625807971	The Silk Road	Ancient trade routes that extended from the Roman empire in the west to China in the east	63
8625807972	Nara and Heian Japan	Vast division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The Heian period is considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. Nara: agricultural in nature, centered around villages. Most of the villagers followed the Shinto religion, based around the worship of natural and ancestral spirits.	64
8625807973	The Fujiwara clan	dominated the Japanese politics of Heian period	65
8625807974	Lady Murasaki and "The Talke of Genji"	First novel of Japanese literature	66
8625807975	Central Asia and Mongolia	Historically been closely tied to its nomadic people and the Silk Road. As a result, it has acted as a crossroads for the movement of people, goods, and ideas between Europe, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia	67
8625807976	The Aryan invasion of India	Aryans invaded and destroyed Indus River civilization, settled, moved to Ganges River.	68
8625807977	Dravidians	One of the main groups of people in India; probably descended from the Indus River culture that flourished at the dawn of Indian civilization over 4,000 yrs. ago	69
8625807978	Indian caste system	- simple division of society into four castes: Brahmin (Priests/Priestesses), Kshatriya (Warriors), Vaishya (Skilled Workers), Shudra (Unskilled workers), with the "Untouchables" (Dalit) below everyone - arranged in a hierarchy - socially the caste system was more complicated, with many more castes and sub-castes and other divisions (like Jati)	70
8625807979	Ashoka	- third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 BCE) - he converted to Buddhism - stone edicts (the earliest surviving Indian writing) - built wells, inns, and trees on roads to facilitate trade - grandson of Chanragupta Maurya	71
8625807980	Constantinople/Byzantine Empire	Made into second capital by Constantine in attempts to help Rome turn its economy around	72
8625807981	Justinian	- Byzantine emperor in the 6th century CE - reconquered much of the territory previously ruled by Rome - initiated an ambitious building program (he built the Hagia Sofia) - known for issuing most famous compilation of Roman Law	73
8625807982	Early Medieval Europe "Dark Ages"	A period in history between the last emperor of Rome, 475 A.D., and the Renaissance, about 1450 (15th century). Art production during this period was dominated by the Catholic Church.	74
8625807983	Feudalism	A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land	75
8625807984	Charlemagne	- became King of the Franks in 768 CE - he built an empire spanning present-day France, Germany, and part of Italy - a close ally of the Church, he was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III in 800 CE after helping the pope defeat rebellious Roman nobles - he also spread Christianity to the conquered peoples on the fringes of his Empire	76
8625807985	Mohammed and the foundation of Islam	In 610 or earlier, he received the first of many revelations: Allah transmitted to him through the angel Gabriel. Believed in the five pillars: (1) "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet." (2) Pray facing Mecca five times a day. (3) Fast during the month of Ramadan which enhances community solidarity and allowed the faithful to demonstrate their fervor. (4) The zakat, tithe for charity, strengthened community cohesion. (5) The haji, pilgrimage to the holy city Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.	77
8625807986	Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates	Umayyad: Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam. Abbasid: Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam (750 C.E.) A caliph is a political and religious successor to Muhammad.	78
8625807987	Bantu and their migrations	skilled farmers and herders who moved from West Africa to south and east in search of fertile land when Sahara started drying out; they spread knowledge of farming, ironworking knowledge, and language across African continent from 500 B.C. and A.D. 1500.	79
8625807988	Nubia	- area south of Egypt - the kingdom of Kush in Nubia invaded and dominated Egypt from 750 to 664 BCE	80
8625807989	Ghana	- kingdom in West Africa during the fifth thought the thirteenth centuries whose rulers eventually converted to Islam - its power and wealth was based on dominating trans-Saharan trade	81
8625807990	Olmec	- early Mesoamerican society (1st) - 1200-100 BCE - centered around sites at San Lorenzo, La Venta, Tres Zapotes and that influenced later Maya - the "rubber people"	82
8625807991	Maya	- brilliant Central American society - 300 - 1100 - known for math, astronomy, and a sophisticated written language	83
8625807992	Andean societies	- Second millenium BCE - in the central Andes and Pacific coast of South America - semi/urbanized cultures - economic surplus?	84
8625807993	Mississippian culture	- last of the mound-building cultures of North America - flourished between 800 and 1300 C.E. - featured large towns and ceremonial centers - lacked stone architecture of Central America.	85
8625807994	Anasazi	- Native American culture flourishing in southern Colorado and Utah and Northern New Mexico and Arizona from about 100 AD - descendents include the present-day Pueblo people - culture includes Basket Maker phase, and later marked by creation of cliff dwellings and expert artisanship - they worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas	86
8625807995	Cultural diffusion vs. independent innovation	Cultural diffusion is a social process resulting in the transfer of beliefs, values, and social activities (like games or sports) from one society to another while independent innovation is the development of the same culture trait or pattern in many different culture hearths (the developed independently of each other) as a result of comparable needs and circumstances	87
8625807996	Aristocracy	- a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility - the wealthiest, most priveliged members of society	88
8625807997	Parliamentary bodies	Senate and voting bodies?	89
8625807998	Oligarchy	A government in which only a small group of people hold the power	90
8625807999	Republics/Democracies	- Republic: state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people living in that state or country. - Democracy: form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process, usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens.	91
8625808000	Theocracy	- a government thought to be guided by a divine power - controlled by religious leaders	92
8625808001	Slavery vs. serfdom	- Slavery: the condition of being owned by another person and being made to work without wages - Serfdom: A medieval peasant who was forced to work the land of a lord's manor in exchange for protection. They were little more than slaves.	93
8625808002	War	state of widespread conflict between states, organisations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterised by the use of violent, physical force between combatants or upon civilians	94
8625808003	Trade routes	sequence of pathways and stopping places used for the commercial transport of cargo	95
8625808004	Polynesian migrations	mariners with canoes who migrated to Hawaii, Samoa, Fiji, Tahiti, New Zealand, Marquesas, and Easter Island	96
8625808005	Eurasia's great age of migrations	People, mainly from Central Asia, migrated outward. In particular, Europe was flooded by an influx of Germanic and Asiatic invaders that were seen as barbaric invaders but eventually settled there.	97
8625808006	Polytheism	Belief in more than one God	98
8625808007	Zoroastiranism	- Persian religion based on the teaching of the 6th century BCE prophet Zarathustra - its emphasis on the duality of good and evil and on the role of individuals in determining their own fate would influence later religions	99
8625808008	The Ten Commandments	- Hebrew law governing religioius belief and behavior - set forth by God and brought to the people by Moses	100
8625808009	The Torah	- first five books of the Old Testament (in the bible) - most sacred book in Judaism	101
8625808010	The Talmud	The collection of ancient rabbinic writings on Jewish law and tradition (the Mishna and the Gemara) that constitute the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism	102
8625808011	YHWH	The Hebrew name for God, sometimes translated into "I AM" or "the One Who Is" or "The One Who Causes to Be What Is"	103
8625808012	Abraham	The first patriarch in the Bible. Abraham was asked by God to sacrifice his son, Isaac, and was rewarded for being prepared to do so. He is considered by Jewish people as the father of the Israelites through his son Isaac, and by Muslims as the father of Arab peoples through his son Ishmael.	104
8625808013	Moses and the Exodus from Egypt - Passover	Passover to celebrate the day the Jews were led out of Egypt and into their land by Moses.	105
8625808014	David and Solomon	- kingdom period of the Hebrews with the capital in Jerusalem - at this time the Egyptian and Hittite Empires were receding and it allowed for the Hebrews to establish a kingdom - King David ruled Israel from 990 BCE to 968 BCE; and his son Solomon ruled after him until 928 BCE. David enlarged his kingdom and brought it to the peak of political and military power. Solomon "ruled over all the kingdoms west of the Euphrates River from Tiphsah to Gaza; he was at peace with all his neighbors"	106
8625808015	Jewish Diaspora	The global dispersion of the Jewish people from their ancestral homeland (in modern-day Israel), with a history dating back millennia.	107
8625808016	Vedism (Rig-Veda)	early Indian religion, heavy emphasis on the 4 Vedas, priests very important-performed complex rituals, sacrifice brought you closer to the gods	108
8625808017	Hinduism (Upanishads, Mahabharata, Bhagavad-Gita)	Upanishads- later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas (concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe); sacred writings in Hinduism; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority Mahabharata- Massive ancient Indian epic that was developed orally for centuries; it tells of an epic civil war between two family branches. Bhagavad-Gita - the sacred 'song of God' composed about 200 BC and incorporated into the Mahabharata (a Sanskrit epic)	109
8625808018	Samsara, Karma, Dharma	Samsara- the Hindu cycle of death and rebirth (reincarnation) Karma- the belief that a person's actions determines their destiny in their next incarnation Dharma- a person's religious and moral duties	110
8625808019	Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva	- Gods of Hinduism: 1: Brahma- god of creation 2: Vishnu- god of protection 3: Shiva- god of destruction	111
8625808020	Laws of Manu	200 BCE > 200 CE - support of caste system	112
8625808021	Buddhism	- founded by Siddhartha Guatama (the Buddha) - originated between 535 and 528 BCE - based on the 4 Noble Truths - no caste system - promoted by King Ashoka (Mauryan Dynasty)	113
8625808022	Four Noble Truths	- the foundation of Buddhist thought 1: life is pain 2: pain is caused by desire 3: elimination of desire will bring an end to pain 4: living a life based on the Noble Eightfold Path will eliminate desire	114
8625808023	Eightfold Path	- final truth of the Buddhist Four Noble Truths that called for leading a life of balance and constant contemplation	115
8625808024	Siddhartha Gautama	- founder of Buddism - born a prince but left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering - he wandered the forests of India for 6 years seeking enlightenment - he believed in the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path where you aim to reach nirvana - known as the Buddha	116
8625808025	Nirvana	- Buddhist concept of a state of spiritual perfection and enlightenment in which distracting passions are eliminated	117
8625808026	Theravada (Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism)	In Hinayana, the Buddha is the Teacher and in Mahayana the Buddha is God.	118
8625808027	Daoism	- Chinese philosophy with origins in the Zhou Dynasty - associated with legendary philosopher Laozi - self-sufficient - created to try and end the period of warring states - "Wu Wei" - SOCIAL and politcal - coexist with nature - go with the flow	119
8625808028	Tao-te Ching and the I Ching	the philosophical book in verse supposedly written by Lao-tzu	120
8625808029	Laozi	- the "Old Master" who encouraged people to give up worldly desires in favor of nature - founder of Daoism	121
8625808030	Confucianism	- philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi (Confucius) - created to try and end the period of warring states - social and political - 3 principles: Ren, Li, Xiao - focused on education (liberal arts) - junzi - optimistic	122
8625808031	Analects	- main book of Confucianism - profoundly influenced Chinese political and cultural traditions - after his death, some of his pupils compiled the master's sayings and teachings and it became known as this	123
8625808032	K'ung Fu-tza (Confucius)	- Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 BCE) - his doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials - founder of Confucianism	124
8625808033	Mandate of Heaven	Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.	125
8625808034	Judeo-Christian tradition	a set of beliefs and ethics held in common by Judaism and Christianity	126
8625808035	Jesus of Nazareth	- born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth - his life and teachings are the basis of Christianity - believing him to be the son of God, his disciples proclaimed him the Messiah and savior of humankind	127
8625808036	The Bible (Old and New Testament)	- holiest book of Christianity - split up in two: the Old Testament and the New Testament	128
8625808037	Crucifixion and Resurrection (Easter)	- Crucifixion: the son of God, Jesus, died on the cross in which all sins were forgiven / Good Friday - Resurrection: three days after the Crucifixion of Jesus, he rose again / Easter Sunday	129
8625808038	Peter and Paul	Apostles of Jesus who spread his teachings / Christianity after his death	130
8625808039	Constantine and the Edict of Milan	The persecution of Christians ended in 313 CE when emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan. He granted freedom of religion to all citizens. They also gave back property that was seized from Christians. Constantine was influenced to do this because his mother was a devout Christian	131
8625808040	Saint Augustine	He worked to reconcile Christianity with Greek and Roman philosophical traditions, especially Platonism, and to articulate Christianity in terms that were familiar and persuasive to the educated classes	132
8625808041	Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism (Great Schism of 1054)	Divided medieval Christianity into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church	133
8625808042	Islam (the Qur'an)	- Islam's holy book (Similar to the Bible and Torah) - the transcription of Muhammad's revelations from the angel Gabriel	134
8625808043	Allah	- God of the monotheistic religion of Islam	135
8625808044	Mohammed	- 570-632 CE - born in Mecca / died in Medina - founder of Islam - regarded by Muslims as a prophet of God - his teachings make up the Qu'ran, the Muslim holy book - came to beleive that one true God, Allah was speaking to him through the archangle Gabriel and he passed the religion onto others	136
8625808045	Mecca	- city in western Saudi Arabia - birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad - ritual center of the Islamic religion (holiest city of Islam)	137
8625808046	The Kaaba	- a cuboidal building in Mecca and is the most sacred site in Islam - focal point for prayer	138
8625808047	Medina (the Hegira)	- Medina is the second holiest city of Islam, after Mecca - The Hegira was the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Median which was instrumental to the founding of the religion of Islam	139
8625808048	Sunni vs. Shiite	- two branches of Islam - Sunni: members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad - Shiite: believes that its religious leader should be chosen based on heredity	140
8625808049	Sufism	A mystic tradition within Islam that teaches that people can find God's love by having a personal relationship with God.	141
8625808050	Nomadic hunters/gatherers	- a group of people who have no fixed home and move according to the seasons from place to place in search of food, water, and grazing land - normally the men would hunt and the women would be the gatherers	142
8625808051	Climate changes	Any change in global temperatures and precipitation over time due to natural variability or to human activity.	143
8625808052	Ice Age	A cold period marked by episodes of extensive glaciation alternating with episodes of relative warmth	144
8625808053	Civilization	- literally means "living in cities" - contains five features of civilitzation: complex institutions, advanced technology, advanced city, written communcation, and specialization of labor	145
8625808054	Neolithic Revolution	- began around 8,000 BCE - it was the gradual shift from a nomadic lifestyle of hunting and gathering to a settled, stationary lifestyle with agricultural production and domestication of animals	146

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P/ap World history Flashcards

Vocabulary

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7196353027	absolutism (absolute rule, absolute monarchy)	• centralized power • divine right • Louis XIV, Suleiman the Magnificent, the Greats	0
7196353028	Agrarian	concerning farms, farmers, or the use of land	1
7196353029	Agriculture	Farming	2
7196353030	Aristocracy	A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility	3
7196353031	Bureaucracy	A system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials	4
7196353032	Capitalism	An economic system based on private ownership of capital	5
7196353033	City state	a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.	6
7196353034	Civilization	the stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced.	7
7196353035	Colonialism	The practice of directly controlling and settling foreign territories	8
7196353036	commercial	related to business	9
7196353037	Communism	the idea that society should be based on public ownership and communal control of property	10
7196353038	Culture	Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.	11
7196353039	Deforestation	Destruction of forests	12
7196353040	deity (n)	a god or goddess	13
7196353041	Democracy	government by the people	14
7196353042	Diffusion	the spreading of something more widely	15
7196353043	Domestication	the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food	16
7196353044	Dynasty	A series of rulers from the same family	17
7196353045	Economics	The study of how people seek to satisfy their needs and wants by making choices	18
7196353046	Empire	A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler	19
7196353047	Epidemic	A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease.	20
7196353048	Feudalism	the dominant social system in medieval Europe	21
7196353049	Genocide	Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group	22
7196353050	Globalization	the process of countries becoming more open to foreign trade and investment	23
7196353051	Hierarchy	ranking	24
7196353052	Ideologies	systems of thought and belief	25
7196353053	Imperialism	A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.	26
7196353054	Industrialization	The development of industries for the machine production of goods.	27
7196353055	Kingdom	First and largest category used to classify organisms	28
7196353056	labor systems	system of labor in which people do specialized jobs	29
7196353057	Manorialism	the economic system of the Middle Ages	30
7196353058	Maritime	relating to the sea	31
7196353059	Marxism	A body of thought deriving its main elements from Karl Marx's ideas	32
7196353060	Matrilineal	of or based on kinship with the mother or the female line	33
7196353061	Medieval	Another name for the Middle Ages.	34
7196353062	Mercantilism	belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.	35
7196353063	Merchants	people who buy and sell goods for profit; business people	36
7196353064	Migration	the movement of people from place to place	37
7196353065	Monotheism	Belief in one God	38
7196353066	Nationalism	A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country	39
7196353067	Nation state	A state that is independent of other states	40
7196353068	Neolithic	"New Stone Age"	41
7196353069	Nobility	a class of people having high birth or rank	42
7196353070	Nomads	People who move often from place to place	43
7196353071	Oligarchy	A government ruled by a few powerful people	44
7196353072	Paleolithic	Old stone age	45
7196353073	Pandemic	A worldwide epidemic.	46
7196353074	Papacy	The office or authority of the pope	47
7196353075	partition	a division into pieces	48
7196353076	Pastoral	Having to do with the country	49
7196353077	Patrilineal	Of, relating to, or based on relationship to the father or descent through the male line	50
7196353078	Political	having a definite policy or system of government	51
7196353079	Polytheism	Belief in many gods	52
7196353080	prehistoric	before written history	53
7196353081	Reform	to change	54
7196353082	Religion	The service and worship of God or the supernatural.	55
7196353083	Renaissance	Rebirth	56
7196353084	Revolution	The movement of an object around another object	57
7196353085	Scribe	write	58
7196353086	Secular	Non-religious	59
7196353087	Slave	a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them.	60
7196353088	Social	refers to interactions and relationships with other people	61
7196353089	Socialism	the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all	62
7196353090	Sovereignty	supreme power or authority	63
7196353091	specialization	A focus on a particular activity or area of study	64
7196353092	State	a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.	65
7196353093	Sufferage	the right to vote	66
7196353094	Technology	Application of science to help people	67
7196353095	Textiles	cloth items	68
7196353096	Theocracy	A government controlled by religious leaders	69
7196353097	Urban	city	70
7196353098	Westernization	adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture	71

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AP World History Period 2 Flashcards

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7808603888	Christianity	the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices	0
7808610132	Judaism	the monotheistic religion of the Jews	1
7808625729	Hinduism	a major religious and cultural tradition of South Asia, developed from Vedic religion.	2
7808652297	Buddhism	a religion, originated in India by Buddha (Gautama) and later spreading to China, Burma, Japan, Tibet, and parts of southeast Asia.	3
7808677630	Ancestor Veneration	the custom of venerating deceased ancestors who are considered still a part of the family and whose spirits are believed to have the power to intervene in the affairs of the living.	4
7808712966	Animism	the belief in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe.	5
7808725503	Bodhisattva	a person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so out of compassion in order to save suffering beings.	6
7808739414	Caste System	is a class structure that is determined by birth. If you are born rich you are rich. If you are born poor you are poor.	7
7808767153	City-state	a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.	8
7808782161	Classical	relating to ancient Greek or Latin literature, art, or culture.	9
7808792954	Codification	the action or process of arranging laws or rules according to a system or plan.	10
7808832867	Diaspora/diasporic communities	In Greek diaspora means "scatter about". The Greek Empire was scattered around Europe. Making them divided.	11
7808872573	Enlightenment	the action of enlightening or the state of being enlightened	12
7808902895	Filial piety	In confucian it is a virtue of respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors.	13
7808935292	Hellenistic	The Empire that was created by Alexander The Great. It spread through the Mediterranean and East Asia.	14
7808999386	Manifestation	an event, action, or object that clearly shows or embodies something, especially a theory or an abstract idea.	15
7809031972	Merchant	a person or company involved in wholesale trade, especially one dealing with foreign countries or supplying merchandise to a particular trade.	16
7809036571	Missionaries	a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country.	17
7809051141	Monarchy	a form of government with a monarch at the head	18
7809065127	Monastic	relating to monks, nuns, or others living under religious vows, or the buildings in which they live	19
7809080958	Monsoon Winds	Seasonal in the Indian Ocean.	20
7809097066	Rajas	the element or mode of prakriti associated with passion, energy, and movement	21
7809132272	Alexander the Great	Conqueror of the Persian Empire.	22

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AP World Unit 5 Flashcards

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8700218965	Population revolution	huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization. Connected to Agricultural Revolution	0
8700218966	Proto-industrialization	preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers become full-or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution.	1
8700218967	French Revolution	Overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French Empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe	2
8700218968	Louis XVI	Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase (the Reign of Terror) of the French Revolution. Wife: Marie Antoinette, also executed. Versailles!	3
8700218969	Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen	Adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements.	4
8700218970	Thomas Paine	Wrote both Common Sense and Rights of Man, thus participating in both the American and French Revolutions	5
8700218971	Guillotine	Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror.	6
8700218972	Maximilien Robespierre	Leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution; presided over the Reign of Terror; arrested and executed by moderate revolutionaries.	7
8700218973	Napoleon Bonaparte	Army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815.	8
8700218974	Congress of Vienna	Met in 1815 after the defeat of Napoleonic France to restore the European balance of power.	9
8700218975	Holy Alliance	Alliance between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of the established order; formed by the most conservative monarchies of Europe during the Congress of Vienna	10
8700218976	Liberalism	Political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments	11
8700218977	Radicals	followers of a 19th-century western European political emphasis: advocated broader voting rights than liberals; urged reforms favoring the lower classes.	12
8700218978	Socialism	Political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class.	13
8700218979	Nationalism	European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins	14
8700218980	Greek Revolution	Rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan empire	15
8700218981	French Revolution of 1830	second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy	16
8700218982	Belgian Revolution of 1830	produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy.	17
8700218983	Reform Bill of 1832	British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class	18
8700218984	James Watt	devised a steam engine in the 1770's that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution.	19
8700218985	Factory system	intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline	20
8700218986	Revolutions of 1848	the nationalist and liberal movements within the Habsburg Empire (Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary); after temporary success they were suppressed.	21
8700218987	Benjamin Disraeli	British politician; granted the vote to working-class males in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform.	22
8700218988	Camillo di Cavour	architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the King of Piedmont	23
8700218989	Otto von Bismarck	Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; utilized liberal reforms to maintain stability.	24
8700218990	Karl Marx	German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship. Father of Communism. Wrote Communist Manifesto and Das Capital.	25
8700218991	Feminist movements	sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women.	26
8700218992	Mass leisure culture	an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports.	27
8700218993	Charles Darwin	Biologist who developed the theory of evolution of the species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival. Provided foundation for secularization of the West.	28
8700218994	Albert Einstein	Formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; about 1900 issued the theory of relativity	29
8700218995	Sigmund Freud	Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human unconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses	30
8700218996	Friedrich Nietzsche	German philosopher of the late 19th century who challenged the foundations of Christianity and traditional morality. He was interested in the enhancement of individual and cultural health, and believed in life, creativity, power, and the realities of the world we live in, rather than those situated in a world beyond.. "Beyond Good and Evil," "God is Dead"	31
8700218997	Romanticism	19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.	32
8700218998	American exceptionalism	Historical argument that the development of the United States was largely individualistic and that contact with Europe was incidental to American formation.	33
8700218999	Triple Alliance	alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I	34
8700219000	Triple Entente	agreement between Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I	35
8700219001	Balkan nationalism	Movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I.	36
8700219002	Sepoys	Indian troops, trained in European style, serving the British East India Company.	37
8700219003	Raj	the British political establishment in India.	38
8700219004	Plassey (1757)	battle between the troops of the British East India Company and the Indian ruler of Bengal; British victory gave them control of northeast India.	39
8700219005	Princely states	Ruled by Indian princes allied with the Raj; agents of the East India Company were stationed at their courts to ensure loyalty.	40
8700219006	Nabobs	Name given to British who went to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation; returned to Britain to live richly	41
8700219007	Charles Cornwallis	British official who reformed East India Company corruption during the 1790s (yes, the same Charles Cornwallis who had earlier surrendered to Washington at Yorktown)	42
8700219008	Isandhlwana (1879)	Zulu (Southern Africa) defeat of a British army; one of the few indigenous victories over 19th-century European armies.	43
8700219009	Tropical dependencies	Western European possessions in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations.	44
8700219010	Settler colonies	colonies—as South Africa, New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii—where minority European populations lived among majority indigenous peoples	45
8700219011	White racial supremacy	belief in the inherent superiority of whites over the rest of humanity; peaked in the period before World War I	46
8700219012	Great Trek	migration into the South African interior of thousands of Afrikaners seeking to escape British control.	47
8700219013	Afrikaners	South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910	48
8700219014	Boer republics	Independent states—the Orange Free State and Transvaal—established during the 1850s in the South African interior by Afrikaners.	49
8700219015	Cecil Rhodes	British entrepreneur in South Africa; manipulated the political situation to gain entry to the diamonds and gold discovered in the Boer republics	50
8700219016	Boer War (1899-1902)	Fought between the British and Afrikaners; British victory and post-war policies left Africans under Afrikaner control.	51
8700219017	James Cook	his voyages to Hawaii from 1777 to 1779 opened the islands to the West	52
8700219018	Toussaint L'Overture	Leader of the slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804.	53
8700219019	Miguel de Hidalgo	Mexican priest who established an independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; after early victories he was captured and executed.	54
8700219020	Augustín de Iturbide	Conservative Creole officer in the Mexican army who joined the independence movement; made emperor in 1821.	55
8700219021	Simon Bolívar	Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories against the Spanish in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Colombia. The Latin American version of George Washington	56
8700219022	Gran Colombia	Existed as an independent state until 1830 when Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate independent nations.	57
8700219023	José de San Martín	Leader of movements in Rio de la Plata that led to the independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movements in Chile and Peru.	58
8700219024	Caudillos	leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government.	59
8700219025	Monroe Doctrine	United States declaration of 1823 that any attempt by a European country to colonize the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act.	60
8700219026	Guano	bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; a major Peruvian export between 1850 and 1880.	61
8700219027	Positivism	a philosophy based on the ideas of Auguste Comte; stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society.	62
8700219028	Antonio López de Santa Anna	Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835.	63
8700219029	Manifest Destiny	belief in the United States that it was destined to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific	64
8700219030	Mexican-American War	(1846-1848); American expansion leads to dispute over California and Texas.	65
8700219031	Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)	ratified by the United States; Mexico lost one-half of national its territory.	66
8700219032	Benito Juárez	Indian lawyer and politician who led a liberal revolution (La Reforma) against Santa Anna; defeated by the French who made Maximilian emperor; returned to power from 1867 to 1872.	67
8700219033	Fazendas	coffee estates that spread into the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1860; caused intensification of slavery	68
8700219034	Dependency theory	the belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but were part of the same process; that development and growth of areas like western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions like Latin America.	69
8700219035	Spanish-American War	Fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; resulted in annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines; permitted American intervention in the Caribbean.	70
8700219036	Panama Canal	The United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panama isthmus. Took over construction of Canal from the French	71
8700219037	Tanzimat reforms	Western-style reforms within the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; included a European-influenced constitution in 1876	72
8700219038	Ottoman Society for Union and Progress	Young Turks; intellectuals and political agitators seeking the return of the 1876 constitution; gained power through a coup in 1908.	73
8700219039	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt under the Ottomans; defeated by Napoleon in 1798; revealed the vulnerability of the Muslim world.	74
8700219040	Muhammad Ali	controlled Egypt following the French withdrawal; began a modernization process based on Western models, but failed to greatly change Egypt; died in 1848.	75
8700219041	Khedives	descendants of Muhammad Ali and rulers of Egypt until 1952.	76
8700219042	Suez Canal	built to link the Mediterranean and Red seas; opened in 1869; British later occupied Egypt to safeguard their financial and strategic interests.	77
8700219043	Lin Zexu	19th-century Chinese official charged during the 1830s with ending the opium trade in southern China; set off the events leading to the Opium War.	78
8700219044	Opium War	fought between Britain and Qing China beginning in 1839 to protect the British trade in opium; British victory demonstrated Western superiority over China.	79
8700219045	Taiping Rebellion	massive rebellion in southern China in the 1850s and 1860s led by Hong Xinquan; sought to overthrow the Qing dynasty and Confucianism.	80
8700219046	Boxer Rebellion	popular outburst aimed at expelling foreigners from China; put down by intervention of the Western powers.	81
8700219047	Sun Yat-sen	(1866-1925); Chinese revolutionary leader of the Chinese Revolution of 1911, of scholar-gentry background.	82
8700219048	Crimean War (1854-1856)	began with a Russian attack on the Ottoman Empire; France and Britain joined on the Ottoman side; resulted in a Russian defeat because of Western industrial might; led to Russian reforms under Alexander II.	83
8700219049	Emancipation of the serfs	Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia; serfs did not obtain political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained.	84
8700219050	Trans-Siberian railroad	constructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; increased the Russian role in Asia.	85
8700219051	Intelligentsia	Russian term for articulate intellectuals as a class; desired radical change in the Russian political and economic system; wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from the West.	86
8700219052	Anarchists	political groups that thought the abolition of formal government was a first step to creating a better society; became important in Russia and was the modern world's first large terrorist movement.	87
8700219053	Russo-Japanese War	1904-05; Russian expansion into northern China leads to war; rapid Japanese victory followed.	88
8700219054	Russian Revolution of 1905	Defeat by Japan marked by strikes by urban workers and insurrections among the peasantry; resulted in temporary reforms.	89
8700219055	Duma	Russian national assembly created as one of the reforms following the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Nicholas II.	90
8700219056	Matthew Perry	American naval officer; in 1853 insisted under threat of bombardment on the opening of ports to American trade	91
8700219057	Meiji Restoration	power of the emperor restored with Emperor Mutsuhito in 1868; took name of Meiji, the Enlightened One; ended shogunate and began a reform period.	92
8700219058	Diet	Japanese parliament established as part of the constitution of 1889; able to advise government but not control it.	93
8700219059	Zaibatsu	huge industrial business combinations created in Japan during the 1890s	94
8700219060	Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)	Fought in Korea between Japan and Qing China; Japanese victory demonstrated its arrival as new industrial power.	95
8700219061	Yellow peril	Western term for perceived threat from Japanese imperialism.	96
8700219062	Most important men of French Revolution	Robespierre, Danton, and Paine	97
8700226809	Jose marti	Cuban poet and journalist in exile in New York and launched a revolution in 1895	98

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