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AP World History Princeton Review Key Terms Period 4 Flashcards

1450 - 1750, Taken from Princeton Review 2017

6137728163	Humanism	focus on human endeavors (art, science, architecture etc.), popularized during Renaissance	0
6137728164	Moveable Type Printing Press	allowed for mass production of books, increased literacy rates, invented by Song dynasty, invented in Europe by Johannes Gutenberg	1
6137728165	Indulgences	people would give the church money in order to erase their sins	2
6137728166	Atheists	people who believe no god exists	3
6137728167	Enlightenment	series of thinkers who focused on government, society in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, impact on government today	4
6137728168	Divine Right	the belief that monarch have a god-given right to rule	5
6137728169	Enlightened Monarchies	Monarchs who believed in enlightenment Ideas, such as Joseph II of Austria and Fredrick II of Prussia	6
6137728170	Neoclassical Period	imitated Greek and Roman architecture, began in mid-eighteenth century, buildings in Washington DC	7
6137728171	Treaty of Tordesillas	divided world between Spain and Portugal, did not realize how big Western Spanish side, Portugal got Angola (in Africa) and Brazil, Spain got Central and the rest of South America, did not end up mattering the for rest of the world	8
6137728172	Peninsulares	people born in Spain who lived in the American colonies	9
6137728173	Viceroys	governors of each of the five regions of New Spain (Spanish colonies in Americas)	10
6137728174	Encomienda System	forced labor of American Natives for Spanish Peninsulas	11
6137728175	Hacienda	large American estates owned by Spaniards, worked by American natives in Encomienda system	12
6137728176	Middle Passage	route of African slaves to Americas	13
6137728177	Age of Exploration	period of European Exploration and start of colonization	14
6137728178	Joint-Stock Company	pool of resources of many merchants, origins of stock market	15
6137728179	Dutch East India Company	controlled trade routes to spice islands (modern Indonesia)	16
6137728180	Muscovy Company (British)	first joint stock company, monopolized trade routes to Russia	17
6137728181	British East India Company	managed India for British until Sepoy mutiny	18
6137728182	Mercantilism	countries tried to trade as much as possible without importing more than they exported	19
6137728183	Spanish Inquisition	murder of heretics (mostly Jews and Muslims) in Spain starting in 1492	20
6137728184	Act of Supremecy	1534, King Henry VIII declares England protestant so that he can get a divorce to try to have a male hier, declares himself head of Church,	21
6137728185	Petition of Right (England)	document limiting taxes and forbidding unlawful imprisonment signed by Charles I because he was desperate for money from parliament, was ignored, parliament was not called to meet for another eleven years	22
6137728186	Long Parliment	sat for twenty years after Scotish Puritans invaded England because they hated Charles I who never called for parlament to meet	23
6137728187	Habeas Corpus Act (England)	protects people from arrests without due process	24
6137728188	English Bill of Rights	signed by William and Mary in 1689, ensured English monarchs would be Anglicans with limited power	25
6137728189	Huguenots	protestant minority in France	26
6137728190	National Seclusion Policy	Japan cuts itself of from rest of world for two hundred years durring the Tokugawa Shogunate, culture flourishes, kabuki theatre, haiku poems	27
6137728191	Haiku	3 line Japanese poem, flourished under national seclusion policy, 5 syllables in first and last lines, 7 in middle	28
6137728192	Tokugawa (Edo) Period	Tokugawa shogunate rules Japan, last traditional Japanese government, 1603-1867, creates national seclusion policy in 1630's	29
6137728193	Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, Brunnelleschi, Raphael	Italian Renaissance men	30
6137728194	Machiavelli	wrote The Prince, a book about harsh, ruthless, decietful, and immoral leadership	31
6137728195	Erasmus	counseled kings and popes; wrote In Praise of Folly, a book which satirized foolish political decisions which had been made in the past	32
6137728196	Sir Thomas More (British)	wrote Utopia, a book which described an ideal society where wealth was shared and everyone's needs were met	33
6137728197	William Shakespeare	English writer, humanist	34
6137728198	Martin Luther	started protestant reformation, founder of Lutheranism (first branch of Protestant Christianity), created 95 Theses which was a list of 95 things wrong with the Catholic Church, excommunicated by Pope Leo X, was allowed to speak at assembly in Worms in 1521 and after not abandoning his conviction he was not arrested only due to protection of nobleman from hometown, Germany became Lutheran	35
6137728199	John Calvin (French)	founded Calvanism, stated that god predetermined an ultimate destiny (heaven or hell) for everyone, only a few, the elect, would be saved	36
6137728200	King Henry VIII	could not have male hier, pope denied anullment of marrage wife (Catherine of Aragon) so he started the Church of England/Anglican Church, appointed himself as the head of the church, allowed himself to divorce	37
6137728201	Catholic Reformation (counter-reformation)	reforms made by the Catholic Church in order to resist the Protestant Reformation, banned indulgances	38
6137728202	Ignatius Loyala (Spanish)	founded the society of Jesuits: practiced self-control, moderation; strict training and high morality expectations for clergy; many appointed to high political positions	39
6137728203	Council of Trent	series of meetings from 1545 to 1563, to guide Catholic reformation	40
6137728204	Galileo	invented telescope, in 1632 wrote Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World which promoted heliocentric theory, arrested and book placed on The Index (list of banned heretical works)	41
6137728205	Sir Isaac Newton	in 1697 wrote The Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy, invented calculus, three laws, law of gravity	42
6137728206	Thomas Hobbes	wrote Leviathan, people are greedy and prone to violent warfare, government should preserve peace of stability, wanted all powerful ruler	43
6137728207	John Locke	wrote Two Treatises of Government; mankind is good; all men are equal; have rights to life, liberty, and property; people can revolt if government denies them of rights	44
6137728208	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	wrote The Social Contract, people should vote	45
6137728209	Voltaire	enlightenment thinker, believed in religious tolerance	46
6137728210	Montesqieu	enlightenment thinker, believed in three branches of government	47
6137728211	Prince Henry the Navigator	Portugese prince who supported exploration	48
6137728212	Vasco de Gama	rounded Cape of Good Hope (tip of Africa), explored East African Kingdoms, established trade relations with India	49
6137728213	Christopher Columbus	underestimated size of world, discovered West Indies and Cuba, started exploration of Americas	50
6137728214	Hernan Cortes	conquered Aztecs (ruled by King Montezuma) with help of neighboring tribes	51
6137728215	Francisco Pizzaro	conquered Inca Empire with mere 200 men, happened to land after a very destructive civil war	52
6137728216	Elizabeth I / Elizabethan Age (England)	made commercial expansion, exploration, and colonization of the new world	53
6137728217	James I (England)	King after Elizabeth, reign united England and Scotland	54
6137728218	Oliver Crommwell	leader of Roundheads, overthrew Charles I in English civil war, appointed himself Lord Protector of the English Commonwealth, executed Charles I, hated Catholics, encouraged protestants to settle in Northern Ireland	55
6137728219	Stuart Restoration	after Cromwell dies, parliament invites exiled Charles II (closet Catholic and son of executed Charles I) to become a limited Monarch, religiously tolerant, succeeded by James II	56
6137728220	Glorious Revolution	James II driven from power by parlament for being Catholic and believing in divine right of monarchs, replaced by William and Mary (daughter) of the Netherlands	57
6137728221	Cardinal Richelieu	chief advisor to Bourbons, role to strengthen French crown, compromised with Hugonauts, establish noblesse de la robe class, succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin	58
6137728222	Louis XIV	called himself "Sun King", patron of French culture, absolute monarch, revoked Edict of Nantes	59
6137728223	War of Spanish Succession	1701-1714; Phillip V, grandson of Louis IV, inherits Spanish throne; fears Spain and and France would unite to be unstoppable; England, Holy Roman Empire, and German princes unite against them and win; Phillip V stays king but cannot unite with France; France gives up territory to England	60
6137728224	Peace of Augsburg	1555, intended to stop fighting between Catholics and Protestants in Germany	61
6137728225	Thirty Years' War	1618-1648, protestant territories in Bohemia (ruled by Catholic Hapsburg clan) challenged Holy Roman Catholic emperor, France (under Richelieu) Denmark and Sweden joined, fighting stayed in Holy Roman Empire and third of population died (7 million people), ended with peace of Westphalia, France and Prussia benefited greatly	62
6137728226	Ivan III	made Russia completely independent of Mongols in by refusing to pay tribute to Golden Horde in 1480	63
6137728227	Time of Troubles	1604-1613, no clear Czar, feudal lords fought and killed each other for it, ended when Michael Romanov was elected by lords, Romanov dynasty lasted until 1917	64
6137728228	Peter the Great	westernized Russia built Russia's first navy, founded St. Petersberg on Baltic Sea built by serfs turned slaves, recruited people from Western Europe, western fashion enforced, ruled in 1682-1725	65
6137728229	Catherine the Great	westernized Russia, limited merchants, enforced repressive serfdom, conquered land, ruled in 1762-1796	66
6137728230	Osman Bey	founded Ottoman Empire in 1450, conquered Constantinople in 1453, tolerant of non-Muslims but took Christians as Janissaries (slave warriors who could achieve high positions)	67
6137728231	Mughal Empire	founded by Babur, defeated Delhi Sultanate	68
6137728232	Akbar	1556-1605, grandson of Babur, leader of Mughal Empire, made Hindus completely equal, married a Hindu, tried to eliminate Sati, after rule: religious tolerance ended and Europeans arrived	69
6137728233	Songhai and Kongo and Angola	West and South African kingdoms during era 4, traded slaves to Europe	70
6137728234	Zheng He	Ming dynasty navy general, sailed southeast Asia and Indian Ocean displaying dominance, castrated, new emperor stopped him and destroyed ships	71
6137728235	Medici family	ruled Florence, gave money to artists	72
6137728236	Renaissance	comeback of art and science in Europe, means "rebirth", started in Italy	73
6137728237	Van Eych brothers (Dutch), and Albrecht Durer (German)	portratists, adopted Italian naturalism	74
6137728238	Nicolaus Copernicus	developed heliocentric theory	75
6137728239	Tycho Brache (1546-1601) and Francis Bacon (1561-1626)	asserted that all scientists should amass all data possible through experimentation and observation	76
6137728240	Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)	developed laws of planetary motion	77
6137728241	Diests	people who believe god plays a passive role in life	78
6137728242	Social Contract	governments have a responsibility to the people, emerged during enlightenment	79
6137728243	Amerigo Vespucci	realized America was not part of Asia, America was named for him	80
6137728244	Henry Hudson	sailed for Holland starting in 1609, looked for Northwest Passage to Asia, explored Hudson River, claimed land for Holland	81
6137728245	Ferdinand Magellan	crew were first to sail around globe, he died in the middle at the Phillipenes	82
6137728246	Creoles	Spanish people born in the American colonies	83
6137728247	Mestizos	those with European and Native American ancestry	84
6137728248	Mulattos	those with European and African ancestry	85
6137728249	Columbian Exchange	trade triangle between Europe, Africa, and Americas initiated after Columbus	86
6137728250	King Ferdinand (Aragon) and Queen Isabel (Castile)	united Spain with marriage in 1469, started Spanish Inquisition, sent Columbus	87
6137728251	Charles V	from Hapberg family, through series of arranged marraiges held control of Spain and Holy Roman Empire, defended Catholosism during Protestant revolution, grew the importance of Spain, retired to monastery in 1556: gave Holy Roman Empire to brother Fernindand I, gave Spain to son Philip II	88
6137728252	Charles I (England)	signed and ignored petition of right, called long parliment, army called cavaliers, overthrown by roundheads	89
6137728253	Edict of Nantes	stopped fighting between Catholics and Hugonauts in France	90
6137728254	Bourbans	ruled France from Henry IV until 1792	91
6137728255	Jean Baptiste Colbert	managed French royal funds under Louis XIV, mercantilism, wanted to enlarge France to increase business and taxes, constantly at war, stopped at War of Spanish Succession	92
6137728256	Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)	took title of Czar, executed tons of people including his own son	93
6137728257	Cossacks	Russian peasant soldiers, offered freedom if they could conquer and settle new territories, instigated by Ivan III and Ivan IV	94
6137728258	Queen Nzinga	tried to stop Angola from being conquered but fell to superior weaponry of Portuguese	95

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AP World History: Worlds of Islam Flashcards

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7883537497	Bedouins	Nomadic Arabs	0
7883541300	Mecca	Important trade city of Arabia.	1
7883551124	The Kaaba	The most prominent religious shrine in Mecca.	2
7883565892	The Quraysh	The local tribe that controlled local trade and pilgrimage in Mecca.	3
7883610290	Muhammad	The prophet of Islam and "the seal of the prophets". He was orphaned at a young age, became a prosperous merchant, and took to withdraw and meditation. - From Mecca	4
7883640814	The Quran	Where Muhammad's revelations were recorded. When heard in its original Arabic, it is believed to convey the presence of the divine.	5
7883659795	Islam	- Monotheistic - Muhammad as "the seal of the prophets" - Return to old, pure religion of Abraham - Submission of Allah - Need to create a new society of social justice, equality, and care for others	6
7883688645	Umma	A society for Muslims that promotes social justice, equality, and caring for others.	7
7883700958	Five Pillars of Islam	- There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of God - Prayer five times a day - Generous giving to help the community and the needy - Fasting during the month of Ramadan - Pilgrimage to Mecca once a year	8
7883729649	Hajj	Pilgrimage to Mecca	9
7883738182	Jihad	(Struggle): The "sixth pillar"	10
7883749069	Greater Jihad	Personal spiritual striving	11
7883755641	Lesser Jihad	Armed struggle against unbelief and evil	12
7883761576	Hijra	Muhammad's emigration to Yathrib/Medina.	13
7883777351	Rapid Expansion of Islam Throughout Arabia	- Military successes led to alliances - Large-scale conversion - Consolidation of Islamic control throughout Arabia by the time of Muhammad's death	14
7883794635	Differences between Islam and Christianity	- Islam did not grow up as a persecuted minority religion - Islam didn't separate the church and the state	15
7887042409	War and Conquest of Arabic Empire	- Arabic conquests were a continuation of long-term raiding patterns - new level of political organization allowed greater mobilization - Byzantine and Persian Empire were weaken by long wars and internal revolts - Defeated the Sassanid Empire (Persian) and took half of the Byzantine Empire - Conquered most of Spain	16
7887094744	The Battle of Talas River	Arab forces defeat the Chinese Army. Allowed for Islam to diffuse into Central Asia.	17
7887106212	Reasons for Arabic Expansion	- Economic: Capture trade routes and agricultural regions - Individual Arabs sought wealth and social promotion - Communal: Conquest helped hold the umma together - Religious: Bring the true government (Islamic) to the conquered	18
7887124126	Conversion to Islam	- Conversion for many was "social conversion", not deep spiritual change - Islam's kinship to other monotheistic religions - Islam was associated from the beginning with a powerful state-suggested that Allah was a good god to have on your side	19
7887147949	Incentives for Conversion	- Converts didn't have to pay tax - Islam favored commerce - Social climbers were helped by conversion	20
7887168362	Rightly Guided Caliphs	First four caliphs that were companions of Muhammad - Uthman and Ali were both assassinated	21
7887177391	Sunnis	- Believed that caliphs were rightful political and military leaders, chosen by the Islamic community - Religious authority derives from the larger community	22
7887184483	Shias	- Believed that leaders should be blood relatives of Muhammad, descended from Ali and his son - Imams have religious authority	23
7887216816	Umayyad Dynasty	A dynasty that expanded the Arabic Empire. Damascus - capital Family of caliphs that ruled the empire.	24
7887226468	Abbasid Dynasty	The dynasty that overthrew the Umayyads. Ruled an increasingly fragmented Islamic State. Baghdad = capital	25
7887232389	Sharia	Islamic law	26
7887232391	Sufis	Reacted against the distraction of worldly success against other Muslims.	27
7887246946	Women in Islam	- Spiritual level: Quran stated explicitly that women and men were equals - Social level: Quran viewed women as subordinate, especially in marriage - Growing restrictions on women as the Arabic Empire expanded under Abbasid rule	28
7887271543	Hadiths	Traditions about Muhammad - Developed more negative views of women	29
7887285001	Sultanate of Delhi	Turkish-controlled Muslim government in India.	30
7887296843	Differences between Islam and Hinduism	- Monotheism vs. Polytheism - Equality of believers vs. caste system - Sexual modesty vs. open eroticism	31
7887305902	Sikhism	Syncretic religion with both elements of Islam and Hinduism.	32
7887314627	Invasion of Anatolia (Turkey)	- By 1500, 90% of the population was Muslim, and most spoke Turkish - Much deeper destruction of Byzantine society in Anatolia - Turkish rulers of Anatolia welcomed converts - Sufis replaced Christian institutions in Anatolia	33
7887335159	The Ottoman Empire	The most powerful Islamic state after 1500.	34
7887343080	Spread of Islam to West Africa	- Islam came peacefully with traders, not by conquests - Islam spread mostly in urban centers - Islam provided links to Muslim trading centers	35
7887355011	Timbuktu	The city in West Africa that had over 150 Quranic schools and several centers of higher education.	36
7887367477	al-Andalus	The Muslim name for Spain.	37
7887373813	Invasion of Spain	- Arab and Berber forces conquered most of Spain. - Islam did not overwhelm Christianity there. - High degree of interaction between Muslims, Christians, and Jews - Christians adopted Arabic culture but not religion	38
7887401096	Madrassas	Formal colleges that taught religion, law, and sometimes secular subjects in the Arabic Empire.	39
7887418389	House of Wisdom	A research center in Baghdad that translated texts into Arabic.	40
7887558490	Mura Mansa	- Considered the wealthiest person in the world. - Lived in West Africa - Participated in a famous hajj to Mecca	41
7887576532	Muslims	Ones who submit to Muhammad and Allah.	42
7887606327	The Battle of Tours	The key battle that marked the end of Islamic expansion into Western Europe.	43
7887618261	Ali	Muhammad's cousin that was killed by the Sunnis.	44
7895439066	Ulamas	Islamic religious scholars	45
7895454503	Abu Bakr	The first Rightly Guided Caliphs Supported by the Sharias	46

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AP World History Religions Flashcards

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6368109326	Why did we develop belief systems?	Because humans have always needed to understand natural phenomenon	0
6368109327	Polytheism	Belief in many gods	1
6368109328	Monotheism	Belief in one God	2
6368109329	Animism	-They practice nature worship -They believe that everything has a spirit -They communicated with and showed respect to ancestors. -It is practiced worldwide but mostly in Africa and the Americas.	3
6368109330	Shinto	A Japanese religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits -"Way of the Gods" -Founded around the year 500 BCE -The Emperor of Japan was considered to be divine and a direct descendant of the Sun Goddess.	4
6368109331	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms. -Polytheistic -A result of cultural diffusion between the Aryans and other native people in India. -Practiced in India -The Vedas, Upanishads, etc.. were all significant writings.	5
6368109332	Atman	The spiritual oneness of the soul	6
6368109333	Brahman	The term for The Universal Soul in Hinduism.	7
6368109334	Moksha	The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.	8
6368109335	Samsara	The endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth	9
6368109336	Reincarnation	In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding Basically Samsara	10
6368109337	Karma	(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation	11
6368109338	Dharma	Fulfilling one's duty in life	12
6368109339	Ahisma	That all life is sacred	13
6368109340	Caste System	A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life	14
6368109341	Judaism	-A religion with a belief in one god (Monotheistic) -It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. -Practiced worldwide but most Jews are in Israel. -They have 10 commandments	15
6368109342	Buddhism	A religion founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama which teaches that the most important thing in life is to reach peace by ending suffering.	16
6368109343	The Four Noble Truths	The core of the Buddhist teaching. There is suffering. There is a cause to suffering. There is an end to suffering. The is a path out of suffering (the Noble 8-fold path). 1. Life is full of pain and suffering 2. human desire causes this suffering 3. By putting an end to desire, humans can end suffering 4. Humans can end desire by following the Eightfold Path	17
6368109344	The Eightfold Path	1. Know that suffering is caused by desire 2. Be selfless and love all life 3. Do not lie, or speak without a cause 4. Do not kill, steal, or commit other unrighteous acts 5. Do not do things which promote evil 6. Take effort to promote righteousness 7. Be aware of your physical actions, state of mind, and emotions. 8. Learn to meditate.	18
6368109345	Confucianism	A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.	19
6368109346	Five Relationships in Confucianism:	- Ruler to ruled - Father to Son - Older brother to Younger brother - Husband to Wife - Friend to Friend	20
6368109347	Three concepts needed to be practiced:	Ren or Jen: human kindness Li: a sense of propriety, courtesy, respect, and deference to elders Xiao: Filial Piety	21
6368109348	Taoism or Daoism	an ideology whose central theme is the Way, a philosophy teaching that eternal happiness lies in total identification with nature and deploring passion, unnecessary invention; simple life of individuals -Ying and Yang is used to illustrate the natural harmony in the world.	22
6368109349	Christianity	A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior. -Also has the Ten Commandments -Believe in the Holy Trinity Christians take part in sacraments.	23
6368109350	The Holy Trinity	The Creator (Father), Redeemer (Son), and the Sustainer (Holy Spirit)	24
6368109351	Sacraments	Religious practices such as baptism and receiving the Eucharist. There are 7 sacraments in total.	25
6368109352	Islam	A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.	26
6368109353	The Five Pillars of Islam	1. Confession of Faith 2. Prayer 3. Charity 4. Fasting 5. Pilgrimage	27
6368109354	Zoroastrianism	- A dualistic faith, this means they believe in two gods representing good and evil -It was very important during the Sassanid Persian Dynasty.	28
6368109355	Legalism	Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws	29

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AP World History: Period 3 Maps Flashcards

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5381540198	Novgorod	Identify the City	0
5381540199	Timbuktu	Identify the City	1
5381540200	Swahili City-States	Identify the City	2
5381540201	Hangzhou	Identify the City	3
5381540202	Calicut	Identify the City	4
5381540203	Baghdad	Identify the City	5
5381540205	Venice	Identify the City	6
5381540206	Tenochtitlan	Identify the City	7
5381540207	Cahokia	Identify the City	8
5381540208	Hanseatic League	Identify the City	9
5381540210	Mesoamerica	Identify the Region	10
5381540211	Andes Mountains	Identify the Region	11
5381540212	Central Asian Steppe	Identify the Region	12
5381540213	Polynesia	Identify the Region	13
5381540214	Sub-Saharan Africa	Identify the Region	14
5381540215	Arabian Peninsula	Identify the Region	15
5381540216	Iberian Peninsula	Identify the Region	16
5381540217	Grand Canal	Identify the Feature	17
5381540218	Tang	Identify the Empire	18
5381540219	Byzantine	Identify the Empire	19
5381540220	Caliphate	Identify the Empire	20
5381540221	Mongol	Identify the Empire	21
5381540222	Maya	Identify the Empire	22
5381540223	Mexica	Identify the Empire	23
5381540224	Inca	Identify the Empire	24

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AP World History Chapter 6, Commonalities and Variations:Africa, the Americas, and Pacific Oceania Flashcards

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7668561884	Axum:	Classical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 to 600 c.e.	0
7668561885	Bantu expansion:	Gradual migration of peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria and the Cameroons into most of eastern and southern Africa, a process that began around 3000 b.c.e. and continued for several millennia. The agricultural techniques and ironworking technology of these farmers gave them an advantage over the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered.	1
7668561886	Cahokia:	The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture, located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri; flourished from about 900 to 1250 c.e.	2
7668561887	Chaco Phenomenon:	Name given to a major process of settlement and societal organization that occurred in the period 860-1130 c.e. among the peoples of northwestern New Mexico; the society formed is notable for its settlement in large pueblos and for the building of hundreds of miles of roads (the purpose of which is not known).	3
7668561888	Chavín:	Andean town that was the center of a large Peruvian religious movement from around 900 to 200 b.c.e.	4
7668561889	Coptic Christianity:	The Egyptian variety of Christianity, distinctive in its belief that Christ has only a single, divine nature.	5
7668561890	Maya:	The major classical civilization of Mesoamerica; flourished from 250 to 900 c.e.	6
7668561891	Meroë:	City in southern Nubia that was the center of Nubian civilization between 300 b.c.e. and 100 c.e.	7
7668561892	Moche:	An important regional civilization of Peru, governed by warrior-priests; flourished from around 100 to 800 c.e.	8
7668561893	Mound Builders:	Members of any of a number of cultures that developed east of the Mississippi River in what is now the United States and that are distinguished by their large earthen mounds, built during the period 2000 b.c.e. -1250 c.e.	9
7668561894	Niger Valley civilization:	Distinctive city-based civilization that flourished from about 300 b.c.e. to about 900 c.e. in the floodplain of the middle Niger and that included major cities like Jenne-jeno; the Niger Valley civilization is particularly noteworthy for its apparent lack of centralized state structures, having been organized instead in clusters of economically specialized settlements.	10
7668561895	pueblo:	"Great house" a large, apartment building-like structure that could house hundreds of people.	11
7668561896	"semi-sedentary":	Term frequently used to describe the peoples of the eastern woodlands of the United States, Central America, the Amazon basin, and the Caribbean islands who combined partial reliance on agriculture with gathering and hunting.	12
7668561897	Teotihuacán:	The largest city of pre-Columbian America, with a population between 100,000 and 200,000; seemingly built to a plan in the Valley of Mexico, Teotihuacán flourished between 300 and 600 c.e., during which time it governed or influenced much of the surrounding region. The name Teotihuacán is an Aztec term meaning "city of the gods."	13
7668561898	Tikal:	Major Maya city, with a population of perhaps 50,000 people.	14

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AP world history unit 6 study guide part 1 Flashcards

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6437790696	Francisco Pancho Villa	Revolutionary who led a band of peasants against the Mexican government, capturing the city of Juarez in 1911	0
6437850821	Emiliano Zapata	Rebel who led a group of indigenous peasants against the government and called for land reform	1
6437938614	Venustiano Carranza	Venustiano is a politcal rival of pancho villa , he became president in 1916	2
6438012690	Zionism	A movement that established the development and protection of Jewish nation called Israel.	3
6438054626	Congress of Vienna	An international conference in 1814-15 , was held at Vienna after napoleons banishment to Elba , with Metternich as the dominant figure	4
6438189871	Victoriano Huerta	Mexican military officer and 35th president of mexico	5
6438227561	Alvaro Obregeon	Was a general in the Mexican revolution who became president of mexico 1920 to 1924	6
6438253761	Mexican Constitution	A document under which colonist were emigrated to mexico and swore to defend it .	7
6438304636	Tierra y libertad		8
6438367743	luis riel	Canadian politician of his people .	9

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7785202464	Sui	The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China	0
7785202465	Wendi	A noble. Won control of northern China with support of nomadic military leaders. In 589, he defeated the Chen kingdom, which ruled most of the south; established Sui dynasty as ruler. He won popularity by lowering taxes and establishing granaries to ensure a stable, cheap food supply.	1
7785203694	Yangdi	Wendi's son. Strengthened the state by further conquests and victories over nomads. Reformed the legal code and the Confucian educational system. He undertook extensive construction projects at Loyang and for a series of canals to link the empire. Attempted to conquer Korea, failed. Was defeated by Turkic nomads in Asia in 615. Revolts followed. Assassinated in 618.	2
7785203695	Ministry of Rites	Administered examinations to students from Chinese government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars	3
7785204959	jinshi	Title granted to students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office.	4
7785204960	Tang	dynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria	5
7785204961	Wuzong	Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840s; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology.	6
7785206381	Empress Wu	Tang ruler 690-705 C.E. in China; supported Buddhism establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state of religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created	7
7785208231	Zen (chan)	Known as Chan Buddhism in China; stressed meditation and the appreciation of natural and artistic beauty.	8
7785208232	Xuanzong	Leading emperor of the Tang Dynasty in China who reigned from 713 to 755 though he encouraged overexpansion.	9
7785209399	Yang Guifei	Royal concubine during reign of Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into royal administration led to revolt	10
7785210666	Song	(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings	11
7785211888	Taizu (Zhao)	Founder of Song dynasty; originally a general following fall of Tang; took title of Emperor Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent. Was also a scholary man who collected books while out on campaigns.	12
7785211889	Khitans	Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century	13
7785211890	Jurchens	Founders of Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south.	14
7785213992	Neo-Confucianism	Revived Ancient Confucian teachings in Song era China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences	15
7785213993	Wang Anshi	Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song emperor in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society.	16
7785215484	Grand Canal	Built in 7th century during reign of Yangdi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long.	17
7785215485	junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	18
7785215486	flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency	19
7785218094	movable type	Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page, rather than requiring the carving of entire pages at a time. It may have been invented in Korea in the thirteenth century.	20
7785219633	explosive powder	A mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal in various proportions. It was first brought to China, 400's or 500's, to use in fumigators for keeping pests and spirits away. Then it was later used for explosives, like the Song's explosive shell, and to propel cannonballs and bullets.	21
7785219634	foot binding	practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household	22
7785220754	landscape painting	a Sung technique developed and perfected, pictures of natural scenery done on silk, often combined elements of the mountains and water	23
7785220755	Shinto	indigenous religion to Japan utilizes nature to to provide protection for the community	24
7785220756	Taika reforms	Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army.	25
7785222255	Heian	Capital city of Japan under the Yamato emperors, later called Kyoto; built in order to escape influence of Buddhist monks; patterned after ancient imperial centers of China; never fully populated	26
7785222256	Tale of Genji	Written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any languange; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor's son; evidence for mannered style of the Japanese society.	27
7785224468	bushido	Code of conduct for Samurai during the feudal period in Japan, did not fully develop until the LATE Postclassical Period.	28
7785224469	Samurai	Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. , Mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bushi); loyal to local lords, not the emperor	29
7785225846	seppuku	Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor.	30
7785225847	Gempei Wars	Waged for five years from 1180, on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira, and the establishment of the Bokufu Gov't, this war brought great suffering to the peasantry.	31
7785227498	Bakufu	Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	32
7785227499	shogun	Military leaders of Japan during its feudal era and the actual powers behind the emperor until the Meiji restoration.	33
7785227500	Kamakura	Yorimoto's capital during his shogunate, destroyed in 1331 significance: head of the true power of Japan	34
7785229204	daimyo	Warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and disruption of the Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded ministates	35
7785229205	Sinification	Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam.	36
7785230785	tribute system	Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and people's that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute to the Chinese emperor	37
7785230786	Trung sisters	Two Vietnamese sisters who launched a major revolt against the Chinese presence in Vietnam in 39ce.	38
7861178549	Steppe diplomacy	The skill of political survival and dominance in the world of steppe nomads; it involved the use of marriage, assassination, and the giving of gifts.	39
7861178550	Chinggis Khan	Grandson of Kabul Khan; born in 1170's; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols' rise to world power; died 1227.	40
7861179794	Khanates	Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Chinggis Khan.	41
7861179795	Golden Horde	One of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russia during the 13th and 14th centuries.	42
7861181851	Ilkhanate	One of four regional subdivisions of the Mongols Empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid Empire.	43
7861181852	Chagatai	-Chagatai was son of Genghis Khan. Inherited Chagatai Khanate. Later became fully dependent	44
7861182855	Battle of Kulikova	The battle waged at Kulikovo was the victory of Dmitri Donskoi of Moscow (one of the Muscovite princes) over Khan Mamai of the Golden Horde. It was the first major defeat by the Russians of the Mongols but it did not eliminate Mongolian rule or presence in Russia, which lingered for another century.	45
7861182856	Mamluks	Turkic military slaves who formed part of the army of the Abbasid Caliphate in the ninth and tenth centuries; they founded their own state in Egypt and Syria from the thirteenth to early sixteenth centuries	46
7861183979	Kubilai Khan	Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis(chingiss) Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China and founded the Yuan dynasty	47
7861183980	Chabi	Influential wife of Kubilai Khan; promoted interests of Buddhists in China; indicative of refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Chinese.	48
7861184857	Marco Pole	Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.,and he served Kublai Khan	49
7861184858	Pax Mongolica	The Pax Mongolica or "Mongol Peace" is a phrase coined by Western scholars to describe the social, cultural, and economic outcome of the Mongol Empire's conquest of the territory from Southeast Asia to Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries. As a result of the Mongol conquest, much of the "Silk Road," which connected trade centers across Asia and Europe, came under the rule of the Mongol Empire. "Pax Mongolica" refers to the facilitation of communication and commerce that occurred as a result of this unified administration.	50
7861186264	Yuan dynasty	Yuan: the imperial dynasty of China from 1279 to 1368. Great Yuan Empire was a ruling dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Khan, who ruled most of present-day China, all of modern Mongolia and its surrounding areas, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368.	51
7861186265	Ming dynasty	Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.	52
7861187726	Timur Lang	Leader of Turkic nomads; beginning in 1360s from base at Samarkand, launched series of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405	53
7921220423	Karakorum	The capital of the mongol empire that was established by Genghis Khan	54
7932868283	Tenochtitlan	Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.	55
7932868284	Texcoco	A lake, now drained, in central Mexico where Mexico City now stands formally the site of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, was connected to the shore by many waterways.	56
7932868285	chinampas	Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs	57
7932870409	calpulli	7 Clans in Aztec society, later explanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors	58
7932872088	pochetca	Aztec merchants. Extremely wealthy. Had a huge quantity of material goods etc. But explicitly forbidden to take part in political hierarchy so as not to throw off the balance of power. May have sold at Tlatelolco	59
7932873414	Huitzilipochttli	The chief god of the Mexica or Aztec. Originally associated with war, as the empire grew, he became the Sun god and was worshiped throughout Mesoamerica. Aztecs believed he required a steady diet of human hearts.	60
7932873415	Quetzalcoatl	Aztec nature god, feathered serpent, his disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes	61
7932875128	cults	a relatively small group of people having religious beliefs or practices regarded by others as strange or sinister.	62
7932875129	Flowery Wars	Aztecs would order conquered clans to send out armies to fight theirs but not to actually fight so that their army could gain practice and they could get people to use in the ritual to keep the sun alive.	63
7932875130	cannibalism	the eating of humans	64
7932876955	Inca Socialism	A view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole.	65
7932876956	Split Inheritance	Inca practice of descent, all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendents for support of cult of dead Inca's mummy, was Major reason that Inca pushed to expand,	66
7932939098	Twantinsuyu	Word for Inca Empire; region from present-day Columbia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina.	67
7946777959	Pachacuti	Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca called "he who shakes the earth"	68
7946777960	Cuzco	The capital city of the Incan Empire, Located in present-day Peru	69
7946777961	ayllus	In Incan society, a clan or community that worked together on projects required by the ruler.	70
7946778000	yanas	A class of people within Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the Inca or the Inca nobility.	71
7946780973	quipu	An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.	72
7946780974	mita	Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control.	73

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AP World History 1 Chapter 4 Terms Flashcards

The terms and definitions for the vocabulary terms in Ways of the World: Chapter 4.

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5347094036	Yellow Turban Rebellion	A major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 C.E. and helped cause the fall of the Han dynasty.	0
5347094037	Xiongnu	Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state	1
5347094038	Wudi	Han emperor who began the Chinese civil service by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	2
5347094039	Solon	Athenian statesman and lawmaker whose reforms led the Athenians towards democracy	3
5347094040	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor from the Qin" Shihuangdi forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.	4
5347094041	Qin dynasty	A short-lived but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	5
5347094042	Punic Wars	Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.	6
5347094043	Plebeians	Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	7
5347094044	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India ; flourished from about 550 - 330 B.C.E.	8
5347094045	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire. Destroyed by Alexander the Great.	9
5347094046	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens and Sparta (w/their allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended with the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens' Golden Age.	10
5347094047	pax Romana	The "Roman Peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	11
5347094048	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	12
5347094049	Olympic Games	Greek religious festival and athletic competition in honor of Zeus ; found in 776 B.C.E. and celebrated every four years.	13
5347094050	Mauryan Empire	A major empire that encompassed most of India.	14
5347094051	Marathon (Battle of Marathon)	Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.	15
5347094052	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was a belief that a ruler held authority by command of a divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	16
5347094053	Ionia	The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia ; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.	17
5347094054	Hoplite	A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a hoplite panoply and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.	18
5347094055	Herodotus	Greek historian known as the "father of history." His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490~480 B.C.E.	19
5347094056	Hellenistic Era	The period from 323-30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.	20
5347094057	Han dynasty	Dynasty that ruled China from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement.	21
5347094058	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320~550 C.E.).	22
5347094059	Greco-Persian Wars	Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated at both land and sea each time.	23
5347094060	Darius I	Great king of Persia after the upheavals after Cyprus's death ; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.	24
5347094061	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Persian Empire ; a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	25
5347094062	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war.	26
5347094063	Athenian democracy	A radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot.	27
5347094064	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire ; he converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.	28
5347094065	Aryans	Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization ; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.	29
5347094066	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon, conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwestern India.	30
5347094067	Ahura Mazda	In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.	31

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