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Ap US History period 3 Flashcards

5217027732	The French and Indian War	1754-1763 War between French and British in American colonies part of 7 years	0
5217027733	The Proclamation of 1763	Line drawn by British Parliament, colonists not allowed to settle past Appalachian mountains	1
5217027734	Stamp Act	1765 taxes on a stamp that must be put on paper, office documents, etc.	2
5217027735	The Coercive Acts	1774 intolerable acts	3
5217027736	Common Sense	1776 pamphlet written by Thomas Paine to get people to want independence	4
5217027737	The Declaration Of Independence	1776 document written by colonist elites to British King and Parliament stating independence and what all was wrong with British rule and the King	5
5217027738	Battle of Saratoga	Head to head battle between the British and Americans in country side, Americans win by a lot and show they have a chance	6
5217027739	French American Alliance	Formed after battle of Saratoga when Americans proved to French they can win and French are allies because they want to damage an age old enemy	7
5217027740	Treaty of Paris	1783 ended the American Revolutionary War Granted the land British gave Indians as American land now American colonies recognized as their own independent country	8
5217027741	Articles of confederation	First form of government A lot of weaknesses No strong central government Strong state governments Causes economical problems and failure	9
5217027742	The Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Land in Northwest is divided into 5 states (Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin, Indiana) they are all seen as equal to the 13 original states Reach a certain pop you can apply for statehood and be part of congress and slavery was outlawed	10
5217027743	Shay's Rebellion	1786 farmers debt rebellion agriculture depression, economical failure and 2 out of 3 were being sued	11
5217027744	The Constitution	New format of government focuses more on a central national power and less on states 3 branch government that limit each other	12
5217027745	Federalism	One central power over all	13
5217027746	The Great Compromise	New Jersey and Virginia plans together and create the senate and House of Representatives senate equal vote house of rep by population	14
5217027747	The Tree-Fifths compromise	Slaves count as population for vote in congress 3 slaves for every 5 white were counted	15
5217027748	The Federalists papers	Essays written by Federalists to get people to ratify the constitution plubis	16
5217027749	Federalists	Supported the ratification of the constitution one central strong government	17
5217027750	Anti federalists	Against ratification of the constitution	18
5217027751	The Bill of rights	First ten amendments of the constitution	19
5217027752	George Washington's presidency	1st president formed the cabinets 2nd term strictly followed constitution left office to tell everyone they needed to be unified established framework of Supreme Court and how they will be decided judiciary	20
5217027753	Hamilton	Tackle debt- grant money back to people, national bank create national government, manufacturing establish tax revenue	21
5217027754	Jefferson	Wanted state governments against Hamilton 3rd president vice under John Adams voting process not fix yet and he got 2nd place	22
5217027755	Hamilton's economic proposals	...	23
5217027756	Washington's farewell address	Unity and against foreign policies	24
5217027757	XYZ Affair	3 agents from France try to bribe Americans who came as ambassadors to see the rulers of France common in Europe but Americans took offense and John Adams published what happened for all Americans to see decreasing support of republicans because they are Franco files	25
5217027758	Alien and Sedition Acts	Sedition- speaking false against congress or president Alien- allow president to prison or deport suspicious foreign during war Cut of increase of republicans	26
5217027759	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	Idea of nullification Legislatures that constitution was written by sovereign states so they could revoke the unconstitutional laws	27

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AP US History Period 4 Flashcards

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5457703634	Federalist	political party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton, favored a stronger national government - Supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests	0
5457703635	Democratic-Republicans	Political party created in the 1790's - led by Thomas Jefferson - favored limited government and state rights - supported primarily by the "Common man"	1
5457703636	Election of 1800	aka Revolution of 1800- election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party	2
5457703637	Hartford Convention, 1814	meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 in which anti-war Federalist threatened to secede from the Union - generally viewed by some as treasonous and the Federalist Part began to die out	3
5457703638	Era of Good Feelings	the decline of the Federalist Party and the end of the war of 1812 gave rise to a time of political cooperation - associated with the presidency of James Monroe	4
5457703639	Democrats	political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829 - supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government, drawing its support from the "common Man"	5
5457703640	Whig Party	Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government	6
5457703641	Andrew Jackson	Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837), known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification	7
5457703642	Henry Clay	Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient - worked to keep the Union together through political compromise	8
5457703643	South Carolina Nullification Crisis, 1832-1833	After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina - ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time	9
5457703644	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law	10
5457703645	Midnight Judges	Federalist judges appointed by John Adams between the time he lost the election of 1800 and the time he left office in March 1801	11
5457703646	John Marshall	Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801- served as a chief justice until 1835 - legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and protecting private property	12
5457703647	Cotton Belt	southern region in US where most of the cotton is grown/deep - south area that stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier - had the highest concentration of slaves	13
5457703648	Marbury v. Madison 1803	Supreme Court that declared a section of Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional and established the principle of judicial review	14
5457703649	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress	15
5457703650	McCulloch v. Maryland 1819	Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of the BUS - Maryland did not have the right to tax the federal bank and John Marshall wrote, "The power to tax is the power to destroy."	16
5457703651	Gibbons v. Ogden 1824	Supreme Court decision stating that the authority of Congress is absolute in matters of interstate commerce	17
5457703652	Market Economy	Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services - Prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand	18
5457703653	Embargo Act 1807	in order to pressure Britain and France to aspect neutral trading rights, Jefferson issued a government-order ban on international trade - went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with Foreign nations	19
5457703654	American System 1815	Henry Clay's proposal to make the U.S. Economically self-sufficient - called for protective tariffs, internal improvements at federal expense, the creation of a second Bank of the United States	20
5457703655	Panic of 1819	Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped	21
5457703656	Debates over the tariff and internal improvements	Northerners generally favored higher tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense while Southerners generally opposed higher tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense	22
5457703657	Second Bank of the United States 1816	Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government - established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years	23
5457703658	Tariff of 1816	first protective tariff in US history - designed primarily to help America's textile industry	24
5457703659	Tariff of Abominations 1828	tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues	25
5457703660	Panic of 1837	Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States	26
5457703661	Southern Defense of Slavery	southerners held a widespread belief that blacks were inferior to whites and that the slavery was good for black - also understood that the southern cotton economy was dependent on slave labor	27
5457703662	Slave Codes	Laws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders	28
5457703663	Second Great Awakening	an upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings - led to several reform movements designed to make a life better in this world	29
5457703664	Charles Finney	Presbyterian minister who is credited and is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism" - advocated the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans	30
5457703665	Seneca Falls Convention 1848	the first convention in America for women right's held in NY	31
5457703666	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote -organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY	32
5457703667	Dorothea Dix	Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill	33
5457703668	Horace Mann	Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children	34
5457703669	Utopian Communities	Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth - Significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and Oneida Community in New York	35
5457703670	American Colonization Society 1817	Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa	36
5457703671	William Lloyd Garrison	Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published the liberator, an antislavery newspaper	37
5457703672	Sojourner Truth	Former Slave (freed in 1827) who became a leading abolitionist and feminist	38
5457703673	Neoclassicism	Revival in architecture and art in the late 1700s and early 1800s that was inspired by Greek and Roman Models	39
5457703674	Hudson River School 1825-1875	The first native school of painting in the US - Attracting artists who were rebelling against neoclassicism - painted primarily landscapes	40
5457703675	Transcendentalism	Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature - believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge	41
5457703676	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in American Transcendentalist	42
5457703677	Henry David Thoreau	Writer and naturalist - With Ralph Waldo Emerson, he became America's best known transcendentalist	43
5457703678	John James Audubon	Naturalist and painter who became well-known for his attempt to document all types of American birds	44
5457703679	Richard Allen	African American minister who established the first independent African American denomination in the US, the African Methodist Episcopalian Church	45
5457703680	Samuel Slater	known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution," - brought British textile technology to the United States	46
5457703681	John Deere	Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming - the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow	47
5457703682	Lowell system	method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA, - owned by the Boston Manufacturing Company and named in honor of the company's founder, Francis Lowell - first example of a planned automated factory	48
5457703683	Interchangeable parts	Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another - developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets	49
5457703684	Erie Canal 1817-1825	350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany, the canal revolutionized shipping in NY	50
5457703685	Turnpikes	A road in which tolls were collected at gates set up along the road	51
5457703686	National Road 1811	aka Cumberland Road- First significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government - stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River	52
5457703687	Mason-Dixon Line	boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War	53
5457703688	Cult of Domesticity	the belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in Domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house)	54
5457703689	Destruction of the Second Bank of the United States 1833	President Jackson, who thought the Bank of the U.S. represented special interests at the expense of the common man, ordered federal deposits placed in state banks ("pet" banks) to deplete the funds of the national bank	55
5457703690	Louisiana Purchase 1803	U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River	56
5457703691	Lewis and Clark expedition 1804-1806	Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark	57
5457703692	War Hawks	Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest	58
5457703693	War of 1812	1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas. - ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)	59
5457703694	Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819	Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S	60
5457703695	Monroe Doctrine 1823	President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization stated the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere	61
5457703696	Oregon Treaty 1846	after years of conflict over ownership of the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. and England established the boundary at 49° latitude	62
5457703697	Manifest Destiny	Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent	63
5457703698	Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who established an Indian confederacy that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion - Defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison	64
5457703699	Indian Removal Act, 1830	Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for resettlement	65
5457703700	Worcester v. Georgia 1832	A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction - John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians	66
5457703701	Trail of Tears 1838	Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter	67
5457703702	Seminole Wars 1814-1819, 1835-1842	The Seminole of Florida opposed removal and resisted US troops	68
5457703703	Missouri Compromise 1820	Law proposed by Henry Clay admitting Missouri to the U.S. as a slave state and Maine as a free state	69
5457703704	American Anti-Slavery Society	Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison - included Frederick Douglass as a significant leader of the society	70

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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

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6453642135	Federalist	Political party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton; favored a stronger national government; supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests	0
6453642136	Democratic-Republicans	Political party created in the 1790's; led by Thomas Jefferson; favored limited government and state rights; supported primarily by the "common man"	1
6453642137	Election of 1800	(AKA Revolution of 1800) election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party	2
6453642138	Hartford Convention, 1814	Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government; viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics	3
6453642139	Era of Good Feelings	Term used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe	4
6453642140	Democrats	Political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; part of the 2nd Party System of the United States; supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government and individualism; drew its support from the "common Man"	5
6453642141	Whig Party	Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government	6
6453642142	Andrew Jackson	Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837); known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification	7
6453642143	Henry Clay	Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise	8
6453642144	Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)	After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina; ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time; overall significance was the challenge of states to ignore federal law (later on with laws regarding slavery).	9
6453642145	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law.	10
6453642146	John Marshall	Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property.	11
6453642147	Cotton Belt	Southern region in the US where most of the cotton is grown/deep; stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier; had the highest concentration of slaves	12
6453642148	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress	13
6453642149	Market Economy	Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand	14
6453642150	Embargo Act (1807)	Passed by President Jefferson in order to pressure Britain and France to stop impressment and support the American rights to free trade with the other; a government-order ban on international trade; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations; led to steep depression in the economy	15
6453642151	Panic of 1819	Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped	16
6453642152	Second Bank of the United States (1816)	Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process	17
6453642153	Tariff of 1816	First protective tariff in US history; designed primarily to help America's textile industry	18
6453642154	Tariff of Abominations 1828	Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)	19
6453642155	Panic of 1837	Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States	20
6453642156	Slave Codes	Laws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders	21
6453642157	Second Great Awakening	An upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (temperance, abolition) designed to perfect society with religious morals	22
6453642158	Charles Finney	Presbyterian minister who is credited and is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism"; advocated the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans	23
6453642159	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote; organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY	24
6453642160	Dorothea Dix	Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill	25
6453642161	Horace Mann	Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children; called the "Father of Public Education in America"	26
6453642162	Utopian Communities	Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and the Oneida Community in New York; usually such attempts were short-lived	27
6453642163	American Colonization Society (established 1817)	Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa (Liberia)	28
6453642164	William Lloyd Garrison	Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published the liberator, an antislavery newspaper	29
6453642165	Sojourner Truth	Former slave (freed in 1827) who became a leading abolitionist and feminist	30
6453642166	Hudson River School 1825-1875	The first native school of painting in the US; painted primarily landscapes; themes included deep nationalism, grandeur of nature, and transcendentalism	31
6453642167	Transcendentalism	Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature; believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge; advocated for introspection by surrounding oneself with nature	32
6453642168	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in the Transcendalist movement in American	33
6453642169	Henry David Thoreau	Writer and naturalist; with Ralph Waldo Emerson, he was one of America's best known transcendentalists	34
6453642170	Richard Allen	African American minister who established the first independent African American denomination in the US, the African Methodist Episcopalian Church	35
6453642171	Samuel Slater	Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile technology to the United States to create the first factory	36
6453642172	John Deere	Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow	37
6453642173	Lowell System	Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA	38
6453642174	Erie Canal (1817-1825)	350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution)	39
6453642175	National Road (1811)	AKA Cumberland Road; first significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River	40
6453642176	Mason-Dixon Line	Boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War	41
6453642177	Cult of Domesticity	The belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); strongly believed by many throughout the 19th century	42
6453642178	Louisiana Purchase (1803)	U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River	43
6453642179	Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)	Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark	44
6453642180	War Hawks	Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest	45
6453642181	War of 1812	1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)	46
6453642182	Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)	Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S	47
6453642183	Monroe Doctrine (1823)	President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century	48
6453642184	Oregon Treaty of 1846	After years of conflict over ownership of the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. and England established the boundary at 49° latitude, essentially splitting the Oregon Country down the middle	49
6453642185	Manifest Destiny	Popular belief amongst early-19th century Americans that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent, that this belief was obvious, and that God willed it to take place	50
6453642186	Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who attempted to establish an Indian confederacy among tribes from around the continent that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion; defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison, slowing the momentum of Pan-Indian unity	51
6453642187	Indian Removal Act (1830)	Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement	52
6453642188	Worcester v. Georgia (1832)	A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson	53
6453642189	Trail of Tears (1838)	Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter; a large percentage of Cherokee died on the journey	54
6453642190	American Anti-Slavery Society	Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison - included Frederick Douglass as a significant leader of the society	55
6453642191	Romanticism	An artistic and intellectual movement characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical	56
6453642192	The American System	Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay	57
6453642193	Missouri Compromise (1820)	Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states	58
6453642194	Spoils System	Public offices given as a reward for political support. Most iconically used by Andrew Jackson after his first election, which then became a precedent for future federal leaders.	59
6453642195	Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)	The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.	60
6453642196	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)	The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.	61
6453642197	Johnson v. McIntosh (1823, Marshall)	Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes.	62
6453642198	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall)	"The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.	63
6453642199	interchangeable parts	Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets; became a hallmark of the American factory system	64
6453642200	turnpike	A road in which tolls were collected at gates set up along the road	65
6453642201	tariff	A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.	66
6453642202	sectionalist	Person devoted to the cause of a particular section of the country (usually North or South), as opposed to the nation as a whole	67
6453642203	embargo	A government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port	68
6453642204	nationalism	A strong devotion to the nation as the central political entity, often in a narrow or aggressive fashion; usually involves feelings of superiority over other nations or ideaologies	69
6453642205	internal improvements	The basic public works, such as roads and canals, that create the structure for economic development.	70
6453642206	depression	In economics, a severe and often prolonged period of declining economic activity, rising unemployment, and falling wages and prices.	71
6453642207	boom	In economics, a period of sudden, spectacular expansion of business activity or prices.	72
6453642208	constituents	The body of voters or supporters in a district, regarded as a group.	73
6453642209	hard money	Gold and Silver coins, as distinguished from paper money.	74
6453642210	deference	The yielding of opinion to the judgment of someone else.	75
6453642211	subversive	Tending to corrupt, overthrow, or destroy something established.	76
6453642212	puritanical	Extremely or excessively strict in matters of morals or religion.	77
6453642213	usurpation	The act of seizing, occupying, or enjoying the place, power, or functions of someone without right.	78
6453642214	mudslinging	Malicious, unscrupulous attacks against an opponent.	79
6453642215	machine	A political organization, often controlled through patronage or spoils.	80
6453642216	incumbent	The person currently holding an office.	81
6453642217	impost	A tax, particularly a tariff or duty on imported goods.	82
6453642218	appeasement	The policy of giving in to demands of a hostile of dangerous power in hope of avoiding conflict.	83
6453642219	prejudice	Unreasonable suspicion, bias, or hatred directed at members of a group.	84
6453642220	ritual	A set form or system of ceremonies, often but not necessarily religious.	85
6453642221	evangelical	Concerning religious belief, commonly Protestant, that emphasizes personal salvation, individual and voluntary religious commitment, and the authority of Scripture.	86
6453642222	platform	A statement of the principles or positions of a political party.	87
6453642223	denominations	In American religion, the major branches of Christianity, organized into separate national churches structures; e.g., Presbyterians, Baptists, Disciples of Christ.	88
6453642224	prolific	Producing a large number of something.	89
6453642225	temperance	Moderation, or sometimes total abstinence, as regards drinking alcohol.	90
6453642226	nativist	One who advocates favoring native-born citizens over aliens or immigrants.	91
6453642227	factory	An establishment for the manufacturing of goods, including buildings and substantial machinery.	92
6453642228	liability	Legal responsibility for loss or damage.	93
6453642229	incorporation	The formation of individuals into a legally organized group, usually a business.	94
6453642230	labor union	An organization of workers—usually wage-earning workers—to promote the interests and welfare of its members, often by collective bargaining with employers.	95
6453642231	strike	An organized work stoppage by employees in order to obtain better wages, working conditions, and so on.	96
6453642232	capitalist	An individual or group who uses private property to produce goods for profit in an open market.	97
6453642233	posterity	Later descendants or subsequent generations.	98
6453642234	productivity	In economics, the relative capacity to produce goods and services, measured in terms of the number of workers and machines needed to create goods in a certain length of time.	99
6453642235	transient	Referring to a person without a fixed or long-term home or job; a migrant.	100
6453642236	polygamy	The practice or condition of having two or more spouses at one time.	101
6453642237	theocracy	Literally, rule by God, the term is often applied to a state where religious leaders exercise direct or indirect political authority.	102
6453642238	zealot	One who is carried away by a cause to an extreme or excessive degree.	103
6453642239	communistic	Referring to the theory or practice in which the means of production are owned by the community as a whole.	104
6453642240	nonconformist	One who refuses to follow established or conventional ideas or habits; often referred to as part of a "counter-culture".	105
6453642241	providence (providencial)	Under the care and direction of God or other benevolent natural or supernatural forces.	106

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AP US History Chapter 21 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 21 The Progressive Era, 1901-1917

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5769764210	urban middle class	Most Progressives were urban middle-class men and women. They included: doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers, office workers, and middle managers. (p. 432)	0
5769764211	male and female	The Progressive were composed of both men and women. (p. 432)	1
5769764212	white, old stock Protestants	Native-born, their churches preached against vice and taught social responsibility. (p. 432)	2
5769764213	professional associations	Groups of individuals who share a common profession and are often organized for common political purposes related to that profession. (p. 432)	3
5769764214	Pragmatism	In the early 20th century this philosophy focused on using a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. They encouraged experimentation to find solutions that would produce a well-functioning democratic society. (p. 433)	4
5769764215	William James	In the early 20th century, he was an advocate of the new philosophy of pragmatism. He argued that people should take a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. (p. 433)	5
5769764216	John Dewey	He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. (p. 433)	6
5769764217	Frederick W. Taylor	An engineer who sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management, especially time-management studies. (p. 433)	7
5769764218	scientific management	A management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operation, then find ways to minimize the time needed to complete the work. (p. 433)	8
5769764219	Henry Demarest Lloyd	In 1894, he wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth". He attacked the practices of Standard Oil and the railroads. (p. 434)	9
5769764220	Standard Oil Company	An oil trust with control of many oil refinery companies, which created a monopoly in the oil industry. (p. 434)	10
5769764221	Lincoln Steffans	He wrote "The Shame of the Cities" (1904) which described in detail the corruption that characterized big-city politics. (p. 434)	11
5769764222	Ida Tarbell	A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1902 series "The History of the Standard Oil Company". (p. 434)	12
5769764223	Jacob Riis	In 1890, he wrote "How The Other Half Lives", which showed the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. (p. 434)	13
5769764224	Theodore Dreiser	An American author who wrote "The Financier" and "The Titan", novels which portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of an industrialist. (p. 434)	14
5769764225	Australian ballot	A government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890. (p. 435)	15
5769764226	direct primary	A nominating process where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office. (p. 435)	16
5769764227	Robert La Follett	In 1903, this Progressive Wisconsin Governor introduced a new system which allowed the voters to directly choose party candidates (direct primary), rather than being selected by party bosses. (p. 435)	17
5769764228	Seventeenth Amendment	In 1913, this constitutional amendment was passed. It required that all U.S. senators be elected by a popular vote. (p. 435)	18
5769764229	direct election of senators	In 1899, Nevada became the first state to elect U.S. senators directly. Previously state legislatures had chosen them. (p. 435)	19
5769764230	initiative, referendum, and recall	Amendments to state constitutions made changes to politics. An initiative allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislature to the voters in a general direct election. A referendum is the method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval. A recall allowed voters to remove a politician from office before their term was completed. (p. 435)	20
5769764231	municipal reform	City bosses and their corrupt alliance with local businesses such as trolley lines and utility companies were targeted for reform by Progressives. (p. 436)	21
5769764232	Samuel M. Jones	This Toledo mayor used "Golden Rule" as his middle name. He instituted free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds. (p. 436)	22
5769764233	Tom L. Johnson	This Cleveland mayor devoted himself to the cause of tax reform and three-cent trolley fares. He fought for public controlled city utilities and services, but failed. (p. 436)	23
5769764234	commission plan	A city's government would be divided into several departments, which would each be placed under the control of an expert commissioner. (p. 436)	24
5769764235	city manager plan	Legislation designed to break up political machines and replace traditional political management of cities with trained professional urban planners and managers. (p. 436)	25
5769764236	Charles Evans Hughes	In New York, he battled fraudulent insurance companies. (p. 436)	26
5769764237	Hiram Johnson	In California, he fought against the economic and political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad. (p. 436)	27
5769764238	Wisconsin Idea	A series of Progressive measures that included a direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions. (p. 436)	28
5769764239	regulatory commissions	Progressives created state regulatory commissions to monitor railroads, utilities, and business such as insurance. (p. 436)	29
5769764240	state Prohibition laws	By 1915, two-thirds of the states had passed these laws which prohibited the sale of alcohol. (p 437)	30
5769764241	National Child Labor Committee	They proposed child labor laws which were adopted by many of the states. (p. 437)	31
5769764242	compulsory school attendance	Many states passed laws, which made it mandatory for children to go to public schools. (p. 437)	32
5769764243	Florence Kelley	She was a reformer who promoted state laws which protected women from long working hours. (p. 437)	33
5769764244	National Consumers' League	This organization was formed in the 1890's, under the leadership of Florence Kelly. They attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions. (p. 437)	34
5769764245	Lochner v. New York	A 1905, this Supreme Court case ruled against a state law that limited workers to a ten-hour workday. (p 437)	35
5769764246	Muller v. Oregon	A 1908 Supreme Court case, it ruled that women needed special protection against working long hours. (p. 437)	36
5769764247	Triangle Shirtwaist fire	In 1911, a high-rise garment factory burned, killing 146 people, mostly women. (p. 437)	37
5769764248	Square Deal	Economic policy by President Theodore Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers. (p. 438)	38
5769764249	anthracite coal miners' strike 1902	Pennsylvania coal miners went on strike for an increase in pay and a shorter working day. When the mine owners refused to negotiate, President Theodore Roosevelt threatened to seize control of the mines. A compromise was finally agreed upon. (p. 438)	39
5769764250	trust-busting	President Theodore Roosevelt broke up the railroads and Standard Oil by using the Sherman Antitrust Act. (p. 438)	40
5769764251	bad vs. good trusts	President Theodore Roosevelt did make a distinction between breaking up "bad trusts", which harmed the public and stifled competition, and regulating "good trusts" which through efficiency and low prices dominated a market. (p. 438)	41
5769764252	Elkins Act	This 1903 act allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers. (p. 438)	42
5769764253	Hepburn Act	This 1906 act tightened existing railroad regulation. It empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records. (p. 438)	43
5769764254	Uptown Sinclair; "The Jungle"	He wrote "The Jungle" which described the Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry. (p. 438)	44
5769764255	Pure Food and Drug Act	This 1906 act forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. (p. 438)	45
5769764256	Meat Inspection Act	This 1906 act provided federal inspectors to visit meatpacking plants to insure that they met sanitation standards. (p. 439)	46
5769764257	conservation of public lands	President Theodore Roosevelt's most original and lasting contribution in domestic policy may have been his efforts to protect the nation's natural resources. (p. 439)	47
5769764258	Newlands Reclamation Act	A 1902 act that provide public land for irrigation projects in western states. (p. 439)	48
5769764259	White House Conference of Governors	A conference at the White House which publicized the need for conservation. (p. 439)	49
5769764260	Gifford Pinchot	First head of the U.S. Forest Service under President Theodore Roosevelt (p. 439)	50
5769764261	Socialist Party of American	This third party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. Their platform called for radical reforms such as public ownership of the railroads, utilities, and even some major industries such as oil and steel. (p. 440)	51
5769764262	Eugene V. Debs	One of the founders of the Socialist party and the party's presidential candidate from 1900 to 1920. (p. 440)	52
5769764263	Bull Moose Party	Nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to nominate Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 presidential election. (p. 441)	53
5769764264	New Nationalism; New Freedom	In the election of 1912, the Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were the main competitors. Roosevelt called for a "New Nationalism", with more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage (voting rights), and more social welfare programs. Wilson supported a "New Freedom", which would limit both big business and big government, bring about reform by ending corruption, and revive competition by supporting small business. (p. 441)	54
5769764265	Mann-Elkins Act	This 1910 act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies. (p. 432)	55
5769764266	Sixteenth Amendment, federal income tax	Ratified in 1913, this constitutional amendment, explicitly permitted Congress to levy a federal income tax. (p. 439)	56
5769764267	Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909	In 1909, President William Howard Taft signed this bill which raised the tariffs on most imports. (p. 440)	57
5769764268	firing of Pinchot	In 1910, he was head of the Forest Service, but was fired by President Taft. (p. 440)	58
5769764269	Underwood Tariff	In 1913, this tariff substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years. To compensate for the reduced tariff revenues, the bill included a graduated income tax with rates from 1 to 6 percent. (p. 442)	59
5769764270	Federal Reserve Act	In 1914, this act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. It still plays a major role in the American economy today. (p. 442)	60
5769764271	Federal Reserve Board	This board was organized to supervise twelve district banks in the Federal Reserve Bank system. (p. 442)	61
5769764272	Clayton Antitrust Act	In 1914, this antitrust legislation strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies. It exempted unions from being prosecuted as trusts. (p. 442)	62
5769764273	Federal Trade Commision	A federal regulatory agency, established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy. (p. 442)	63
5769764274	Federal Farm Loan Act	A 1916, 12 regional federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates. (p. 443)	64
5769764275	racial segregation laws	In the Progressive era (1901 - 1917), racial segregation was the rule in the South and the unofficial policy in the North. (p. 443)	65
5769764276	increased lynching	In the Progressive era, thousands of blacks were lynched (hung) by racist mobs. (p. 443)	66
5769764277	Booker T. Washington	This African American progressive argued that African Americans should concentrate on learning industrial skills in order to get better wages. (p. 443)	67
5769764278	W. E. B. Du Bois	This African American was a northerner with a college education. He argued that African American should demand equal political and social rights, which he believed were a prerequisite for economic independence. (p. 444)	68
5769764279	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People	This organization's mission was to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African Americans. (p. 444)	69
5769764280	National Urban League	Formed in 1911, this organization helped African Americans migrating from the south to northern cities. (p. 444)	70
5769764281	Carrie Chapman Catt	A suffragette, she worked to obtain the right for women to vote. She was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. (p. 445)	71
5769764282	National American Woman Suffrage Association	A group formed in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. (p. 445)	72
5769764283	Alice Paul	A suffragette who focused on obtaining an amendment to the Constitution for women's suffrage (voting rights). (p. 445)	73
5769764284	National Woman's party	In 1916, Alice Paul formed this organization to focus on winning the support of Congress and the president for a Constitutional amendment for women's suffrage. (p. 445)	74
5769764285	Nineteenth Amendment	In 1920, this amendment passed which gave women the right to vote. (p. 445)	75
5769764286	League of Woman Voters	Organized by Carrie Chapman Catt. A civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues. (p. 445)	76
5769764287	Margaret Sanger	She founded an organization the became Panned Parenthood. They advocated for birth-control education. (p. 445)	77

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AP US History Period 2 (1607-1754) Flashcards

Important vocabulary of the colonization of North America in the 17th century.

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7013146598	Jamestown	1st permanent English settlement in North America in 1607.	0
7013146599	John Smith	A captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter and coined the phrase "he who shall not work, shall not eat". He also initiated attacks on Natives.	1
7013146600	John Rolfe	He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. Eventually, he was killed in a Pequot attack.	2
7013146601	Pocohontas	An American Indian princess who saved the life of John Smith and helped form more peaceful relations with the Powhatan when she married John Rolfe but died of smallpox in England on a visit to Rolfe's family. Her remains are still there as the English government refuses to send her remains back to North America.	3
7013146602	Mayflower Compact	1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony	4
7013146603	John Winthrop	As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.	5
7013146604	Puritans	A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.	6
7013146605	Pilgrims	English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620	7
7013146606	Massachusetts Charter	Allowed Puritans to take a charter with them and establish their own government in the New World.	8
7013146607	Loss of Massachusetts Charter	Revoking of Mass. Charter by King George II due to the colonists refusal to obey by the Navigation Acts leading to anti-British feeling in the New England region.	9
7013146608	New Amsterdam	A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island as a trade port for the Dutch trade empire.	10
7013146609	New York	It was founded by the Dutch for trade and furs and became an English Colony in 1664, when the English were determined to end Dutch trade dominance, and took over the colony by invading New Amsterdam without having to fire a shot.	11
7013146610	Peter Stuyvesant	The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.	12
7013146611	House of Burgesses	1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. It was made up of two representatives from teach town voted on by men who owned property. Later other colonies would adopt the Houses of Burgesses concept creating self-governing bodies in the colonies.	13
7013146612	Headright system	Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.	14
7013146613	Indentured servants	Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years	15
7013146614	Bacon's Rebellion	1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.	16
7013146615	King Phillip's War	Under the leadership of Metacom, or King Phillip, the Wampanoag destroyed colonial towns, the colonists destroyed native farms, leading to the most deadly of Indian Wars. The war was disastrous for the natives leading to few surviving the war, and those that did left New England.	17
7013146616	royal colony	A colony ruled by governors appointed by a king	18
7013146617	proprietary colony	English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment	19
7013146618	town meetings	A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws.	20
7013146619	Salem Witch Trials	1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria, and unfounded accusations in courts with Puritan ministers who served as judges. 19 women were executed.	21
7013146620	Roger Williams	A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south.	22
7013146621	Intolerant	Not willing to accept ways of thinking different from one's own. The expansion of colonies in New England was a direct result of Puritan intolerance as dissenters were exiled and created new settlements.	23
7013146622	Anne Hutcheson	One of the dissenters in Puritan Massachusetts held bible studies at her house and believed in a personal relationship with god. She moved to New Hampshire where she died along with her children from an Indian attack.	24
7013146623	Sir William Berkeley	The royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the "backcountry." One reason was that he had fur trade deals with the natives in the region. His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion	25
7013146624	William Penn	Established the colony of Pennsylvania as a "holy experiment". Freemen had the right to vote, provided leadership for self- government based on personal virtues and Quaker religious beliefs. His colony was religiously tolerant leading to diversity in the region.	26
7013146625	James Oglethorpe	Founded colony of Georgia as a chance for poor immigrants who were in debt to have a second chance at a comfortable life	27
7013146626	Lord Baltimore	1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.	28
7013146627	Halfway Covenant	A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.	29
7013146628	Dominion of New England	1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Edmund Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.	30
7013146629	Acts of Trade and Navigation	Three acts that regulated colonial trade: 1st act: closed the colonies to all trade except that from English ships, and required the colonists to export certain goods, such as tobacco, to only English territories, 2nd act: (1663) demanded that everything being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England so they could tax the goods. 3rd act: 1673, was a reaction to the general disregard of the first two laws; it forced duties on the coastal trade among the colonies and supplied customs officials to enforce the Navigation Acts.	31
7013146630	Mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.	32
7013146631	Triangular Slave Trade	A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.	33
7013146632	Middle Passage	A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. The conditions on the ships from Africa to the west led to the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives.	34
7013146633	Social mobility	Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another	35
7013146634	Ben Franklin	A colonial businessman and scientist who was an example of American social mobility and individualism. He was a delegate from Pennsylvania in colonial meetings, and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen the colonies in the French and Indian War. He was a leading figure in the movement toward revolution, and as a diplomat to France to get help during the American Revolution	36
7013146635	Great Awakening	(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). It established American religious precedents such as camp meetings, revivals, and a "born again" philosophy. The first cultural movement to unite the thirteen colonies. It was associated with the democratization of religion, and a challenge to existing authorities and was an influence leading to the American Revolution.	37
7013146636	Jonathan Edwards	A leading minister during the Great Awakening, he delivered the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" promising that evildoers would pay a price on judgement day.	38
7013146637	African American Culture	Slave communities were rich with music, dance, basket-weaving, and pottery-making. Enslaved Africans brought them the arts and crafts skills of their various tribes.	39
7013146638	George Whitfield	English preacher who led the Great Awakening by traveling through the colonies	40

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AP US History, Chapter 35 Flashcards

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9617001430	Yalta Conference	Meeting of Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin in February 1945 at an old tsarist resort on the Black Sea, where the Big Three leasers laid the foundations for the postwar division of power in Europe, including a divided Germany and territorial concessions to the Soviet Union.	0
9617001431	Cold War	The forty-five year long diplomatic tension between the United States and the Soviet Union that divided much of the world in polarized camps, capitalist against communist. Most of the international conflicts during that particular period, particularly in the developing world, can be traced to the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union.	1
9617001432	Bretton Woods Conference	Meeting of western allies to establish a post war international economic order to avoid crises like the one that spawned WWII. Led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, designed to regulate currency levels and provide aid to underdeveloped countries.	2
9617001433	United Nations	International body formed in 1945 to bring nations into dialogue in hoped of preventing further world wars. Much like the former League of Nations, the U.N. was more realistic in recognizing the authority of the Big Five powers in keeping peace in the world. Thus, it guaranteed veto power to all permanent members of its security council - Britain, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States.	3
9617001434	Nuremberg War Crimes Trial	Highly publicized proceedings against former Nazi leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity in post war Germany. The trials led to several executions and long prison sentences.	4
9617001435	Berlin Airlift	Year long mission of flying food and supplied to blockaded western Berliners, whom the Soviet Union cut off from access to the west in the first major crisis of the Cold War.	5
9617001436	Containment Doctrine	America's strategy against the Soviet Union based on the ideas of George Kennan. The doctrine declared that the Soviet Union and communism were inherently expansionist and had to be stopped from spreading through both military and political pressure. Containment guided American foreign policy throughout most of the Cold War.	6
9617001437	Truman Doctrine	President Truman's universal pledge of support for any people fighting an communist or communist-inspired threat. Truman presented the doctrine to congress in 1947 in support of his request for $400 million to defend Greece and Turkey against Soviet-backed insurgencies.	7
9617001438	Marshall Plan	Massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe, intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power. The plan was first announced by secretary of state John Marshall at Harvard's commencement in June 1947.	8
9617001439	North Atlantic Treaty Organization	Military alliance of Western European powers and the United States and Canada established in 1949 to defend against the common threat of the Soviet Union, marking a giant stride forward for European unity and American internationalism.	9
9617001440	National Security Council Memorandum Number 68	National security council recommendation to quadruple defense spending and rapidly expand peacetime armed forces to address Cold War tension. It reflected a new militarization of American foreign policy, but the huge costs of rearmament were not expected to interfere with what seemed like the limitless possibilities of postwar prosperity.	10
9617001441	Korean War	Fist "hot war" of the "Cold War." It began when the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Koreans and UN forces, dominated by the United States, launched and counteroffensive. The war ended in a stalemate in 1953.	11
9617001442	House Un-American Activities Committee	Investigative body established in 1938 to root out "subversion." Sough to expose communist influence in American government and society, in particular through the trial of Alger Hiss.	12
9617001443	McCarthyism	A brand of vitriolic, fear-mongering anti-communism associated with the career of Senator Joseph McCarthy. In the early 1950s, Senator McCarthy used his position in Congress to baselessly accuse high-ranking government officials and other Americans of conspiracy with communism. The term named after him refers to the dangerous forces of unfairness and fear wrought by anticommunist propaganda.	13
9617001444	Army-McCarthy hearing	Congressional hearing called by Senator Joseph McCarthy to accuse members of the army of communist ties. In this widely televised spectacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. The hearings exposed the Senator's extremism and led to his eventual disgrace.	14
9617001445	Executive Order 9981	Order issued by President Truman to desegregate the armed forces. The president's action resulted from a combination of pressure from civil rights advocates, election-year political calculations, and the new geopolitical context of the Cold War.	15
9617001446	Taft-Hartley Act	Republican promoted antiunion legislation passed over President Truman's vigorous veto that weakened many of labor's New Deal gains by banning the closed shop and other strategies that helped unions organize. It also required union leaders to take a noncommunist oath, which purged the union movement of many of its most committed and active organizers.	16
9617001447	Operation Dixie	Failed effort by the CIO after WWII to unionize southern workers, especially in the textile factory.	17
9617001448	Employment Act of 1946	Legislation declaring that the government's economic policy should aim to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power, as well as to keep inflation low. This general commitment was much shorter on specific targets and rules that it's liberal creators had wished. The act created the Council of Economic Advisers to provide the president with data and recommendations to make economic policy.	18
9617001449	GI Bill	Known officially as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act and more informally known as the GI Bill of Rights, this law helped returning WWII soldiers reintegrate into civilian life by securing loans to buy homes and farms and set up small businesses. It also made tuition and stipends available for them to attend college as well as job training programs. The act was intended to cushion the blow of 15 million returning servicemen to the employment market and to nurture the postwar economy.	19
9617001450	Fair Deal	President Truman's extensive social program introduced in his 1949 message to Congress. Republican and Southern Democrats kept much of his vision from being enacted, except for raising the minimum wage, providing more public housing, and extending the old-age insurance to many more beneficiaries under the Social Security Act.	20
9617001451	Sunbelt	The fifteen state crescent through the American South and Southwest that experienced terrific population and productivity expansion during WWII and particularly the decades after the war, eclipsing the old industrial Northeast ( the "Frostbelt").	21
9617001452	Levittown	Suburban communities with mass produced tract houses built in the New York and Philadelphia metropolitan areas in the 1950s by William Levitt and Sons. Typically inhabited by white middle-class people who fled the cities in search of homes for their growing families.	22
9617001453	baby boom	Demographic explosion from births to returning soldiers and others who had put off starting families during the war. This large generation of new Americans forced the expansion of many generations of many institutions such as schools and universities.	23
9617001454	Joseph Stalin	Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition.	24
9617001455	Jiang Jieshi	Leader of Chinese Nationalists, also known as Chang kai-shek. He was defeated by Mao Zedong's communist revolutionaries in 1949 and was forced to flee to the isalnd of Tawiwan, where, with the support of the United States, he became president of the Republic of China	25
9617001456	George F. Kennan	American diplomat who wrote the "containment doctrine" in 1947, arguing that the Soviet Union was inherently expansionist and had to be stopped, via political and military force, from spreading throughout the world.	26
9617001457	George C. Marshall	Former WW2 general who became Sec. of State under Truman. He was the originator of the concept of the plan that would provoke aid to reconstruct Western Europe.	27
9617001458	Joseph McCarthy	Wisconsin Republican Senator who used his position in Congress to baselessly accuse high-ranking government officials and other Americans of conspiracy with communism. He claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but had no credible evidence. He took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential. Eventually discredited by Congress.	28
9617001459	Reinhold Niebuhr	A liberal Protestant theologian whose teachings and writings aimed to relate Christian faith to the realities of modern politics. A socialist and pacifist as a young man, he came out of WW2 committed to the doctrine of the "just war" and the necessity of resisting dark forces of evil like Hitler and Stalin, while remaining outspoken in defense of progressive social causes.	29
9617001460	Benjamin Spock	Pediatrician and author of The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care, which instructed parents on modern child-rearing, replacing traditional means of passing along such knowledge. He is often said to have been the bible of the baby boomer generation.	30

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AP US History Period 4 Flashcards

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5409082643	Federalist	political party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton, favored a stronger national government - Supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests	0
5409082644	Democratic-Republicans	Political party created in the 1790's - led by Thomas Jefferson - favored limited government and state rights - supported primarily by the "Common man"	1
5409082645	Election of 1800	aka Revolution of 1800- election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party	2
5409082646	Hartford Convention, 1814	meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 in which anti-war Federalist threatened to secede from the Union - generally viewed by some as treasonous and the Federalist Part began to die out	3
5409082647	Era of Good Feelings	the decline of the Federalist Party and the end of the war of 1812 gave rise to a time of political cooperation - associated with the presidency of James Monroe	4
5409082648	Democrats	political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829 - supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government, drawing its support from the "common Man"	5
5409082649	Whig Party	Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government	6
5409082650	Andrew Jackson	Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837), known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification	7
5409082651	Henry Clay	Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient - worked to keep the Union together through political compromise	8
5409082652	South Carolina Nullification Crisis, 1832-1833	After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina - ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time	9
5409082653	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law	10
5409082654	Midnight Judges	Federalist judges appointed by John Adams between the time he lost the election of 1800 and the time he left office in March 1801	11
5409082655	John Marshall	Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801- served as a chief justice until 1835 - legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and protecting private property	12
5409082656	Cotton Belt	southern region in US where most of the cotton is grown/deep - south area that stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier - had the highest concentration of slaves	13
5409082657	Marbury v. Madison 1803	Supreme Court that declared a section of Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional and established the principle of judicial review	14
5409082658	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress	15
5409082659	McCulloch v. Maryland 1819	Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of the BUS - Maryland did not have the right to tax the federal bank and John Marshall wrote, "The power to tax is the power to destroy."	16
5409082660	Gibbons v. Ogden 1824	Supreme Court decision stating that the authority of Congress is absolute in matters of interstate commerce	17
5409082661	Market Economy	Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services - Prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand	18
5409082662	Embargo Act 1807	in order to pressure Britain and France to aspect neutral trading rights, Jefferson issued a government-order ban on international trade - went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with Foreign nations	19
5409082663	American System 1815	Henry Clay's proposal to make the U.S. Economically self-sufficient - called for protective tariffs, internal improvements at federal expense, the creation of a second Bank of the United States	20
5409082664	Panic of 1819	Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped	21
5409082665	Debates over the tariff and internal improvements	Northerners generally favored higher tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense while Southerners generally opposed higher tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense	22
5409082666	Second Bank of the United States 1816	Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government - established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years	23
5409082667	Tariff of 1816	first protective tariff in US history - designed primarily to help America's textile industry	24
5409082668	Tariff of Abominations 1828	tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues	25
5409082669	Panic of 1837	Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States	26
5409082670	Southern Defense of Slavery	southerners held a widespread belief that blacks were inferior to whites and that the slavery was good for black - also understood that the southern cotton economy was dependent on slave labor	27
5409082671	Slave Codes	Laws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders	28
5409082672	Second Great Awakening	an upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings - led to several reform movements designed to make a life better in this world	29
5409082673	Charles Finney	Presbyterian minister who is credited and is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism" - advocated the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans	30
5409082674	Seneca Falls Convention 1848	the first convention in America for women right's held in NY	31
5409082675	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote -organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY	32
5409082676	Dorothea Dix	Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill	33
5409082677	Horace Mann	Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children	34
5409082678	Utopian Communities	Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth - Significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and Oneida Community in New York	35
5409082680	American Colonization Society 1817	Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa	36
5409082681	William Lloyd Garrison	Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published the liberator, an antislavery newspaper	37
5409082682	Sojourner Truth	Former Slave (freed in 1827) who became a leading abolitionist and feminist	38
5409082684	Neoclassicism	Revival in architecture and art in the late 1700s and early 1800s that was inspired by Greek and Roman Models	39
5409082685	Hudson River School 1825-1875	The first native school of painting in the US - Attracting artists who were rebelling against neoclassicism - painted primarily landscapes	40
5409082686	Transcendentalism	Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature - believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge	41
5409082687	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in American Transcendentalist	42
5409082688	Henry David Thoreau	Writer and naturalist - With Ralph Waldo Emerson, he became America's best known transcendentalist	43
5409082689	John James Audubon	Naturalist and painter who became well-known for his attempt to document all types of American birds	44
5409082690	Richard Allen	African American minister who established the first independent African American denomination in the US, the African Methodist Episcopalian Church	45
5409082692	Samuel Slater	known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution," - brought British textile technology to the United States	46
5409082693	John Deere	Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming - the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow	47
5409082694	Lowell system	method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA, - owned by the Boston Manufacturing Company and named in honor of the company's founder, Francis Lowell - first example of a planned automated factory	48
5409082696	Interchangeable parts	Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another - developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets	49
5409082697	Erie Canal 1817-1825	350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany, the canal revolutionized shipping in NY	50
5409082698	Turnpikes	A road in which tolls were collected at gates set up along the road	51
5409082699	National Road 1811	aka Cumberland Road- First significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government - stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River	52
5409082701	Mason-Dixon Line	boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War	53
5409082702	Cult of Domesticity	the belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in Domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house)	54
5409082703	Destruction of the Second Bank of the United States 1833	President Jackson, who thought the Bank of the U.S. represented special interests at the expense of the common man, ordered federal deposits placed in state banks ("pet" banks) to deplete the funds of the national bank	55
5409082704	Louisiana Purchase 1803	U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River	56
5409082705	Lewis and Clark expedition 1804-1806	Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark	57
5409082706	War Hawks	Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest	58
5409082707	War of 1812	1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas. - ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)	59
5409082708	Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819	Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S	60
5409082709	Monroe Doctrine 1823	President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization stated the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere	61
5409082711	Oregon Treaty 1846	after years of conflict over ownership of the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. and England established the boundary at 49° latitude	62
5409082712	Manifest Destiny	Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent	63
5409082716	Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who established an Indian confederacy that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion - Defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison	64
5409082717	Indian Removal Act, 1830	Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for resettlement	65
5409082718	Worcester v. Georgia 1832	A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction - John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians	66
5409082719	Trail of Tears 1838	Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter	67
5409082720	Seminole Wars 1814-1819, 1835-1842	The Seminole of Florida opposed removal and resisted US troops	68
5409082721	Missouri Compromise 1820	Law proposed by Henry Clay admitting Missouri to the U.S. as a slave state and Maine as a free state	69
5409082722	American Anti-Slavery Society	Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison - included Frederick Douglass as a significant leader of the society	70

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AP US History Period 7 (1890-1945) Flashcards

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6391156162	The Great Depression	The deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. In the United States, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors.	0
6391156163	Progressive Era	A period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to 1920s.	1
6391156164	Prohibition	A nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933.	2
6391156165	Women's suffrage	The women's right to vote, granted by the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920).	3
6391156166	preservationists	Those who attempt to maintain in their present condition areas of the Earth that are so far untouched by humans.	4
6391156167	conservationists	Those who advocate for the sustainable use and management of natural resources including wildlife, water, air, and earth deposits, both -- renewable and non-renewable.	5
6391156168	Welfare State	A system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. The foundations for the modern welfare state in the US were laid by the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.	6
6391156169	Liberalism	A viewpoint or ideology associated with free political institutions and religious toleration, as well as support for a strong role of government in regulating capitalism and constructing the welfare state.	7
6391156170	mass media	Diversified mediatechnologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication.	8
6391156171	The Great Migration	The movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970.	9
6391156172	imperialist	A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.	10
6391156173	isolationism	A category of foreign policies institutionalized by leaders who asserted that their nations' best interests were best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance.	11
6391156174	Spanish-American War	A conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence.	12
6391156175	Treaty of Versailles	One of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.	13
6391156176	League of Nations	An intergovernmental organization founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It lacked an armed force to enforce policy and was not joined by the United States.	14
6391156177	fascism	An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.	15
6391156178	totalitarianism	A political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.	16
6391156179	Axis Powers	Germany, Italy, and Japan, which were allied before and during World War II.	17
6391156180	Allied Powers	U.S., Britain, France, which were allied before and during World War II.	18
6391156181	Nazi Concentration Camp	A guarded compound for the detention or imprisonment of aliens, members of ethnic minorities, political opponents. Primarily Jewish Europeans during WWII.	19
6391156182	Holocaust	A genocide in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews and members from other fringe social groups during World War II.	20
6391156183	Internment of Japanese Americans	Forced relocation and incarceration in camps in the interior of the U.S. of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who had lived on the Pacific coast.	21
6391156184	Pacific "Island Hopping"	A military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II. The idea was to bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and instead concentrate the limited Allied resources on strategically important islands that were not well defended but capable of supporting the drive to the main islands of Japan.	22
6391156185	D-Day	The landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II.	23
6391156186	atomic bomb	A "fission" bomb dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima at the end of World War II.	24
6391156187	americanization	The process of assimilating American character, manner, ideals, culture, and so on.	25
6391156188	sphere of influence	The territory of weaker states where a powerful state exercises the dominant control.	26
6391156189	partition	In politics, the act of dividing a weaker territory or government among several more powerful states.	27
6391156190	bellicose	Disposed to fight or go to war.	28
6391156191	banana republic	A disparaging term for the small nations of Central America, with particular reference to their political instability and poor, single-crop economies.	29
6391156192	progressive	In politics, one who believes in continuing progress, improvement, or reform.	30
6391156193	exposé	A disclosure or revelation considered embarrassing to those involved.	31
6391156194	direct primary	In politics, the nomination of a party's candidates for office through a special election of that party's voters.	32
6391156195	initiative	In politics, the procedure whereby voters can, through petition, present proposed legislation directly to the electorate.	33
6391156196	referendum	The submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct vote of the electorate.	34
6391156197	recall	In politics, a procedure for removing an official from office through popular election or other means.	35
6391156198	insubordination	Deliberate disobedience to proper authority.	36
6391156199	entrepreneurship	The process whereby an individual initiates a business at some risk in order to expand it and thereby earn a profit.	37
6391156200	self-determination	In politics, the right of a people (usually based on ethnicity) to shape its own national identity and form a government, without outside coercion of influence.	38
6391156201	graduated income tax	A tax on income in which the taxation rates are progressively higher for those whit higher income.	39
6391156202	levy	A forcible tax or other imposition.	40
6391156203	enclave	A small territory surrounded by foreign or hostile territory. Enclaves were common among newly-arrived immigrant groups (e.g. "Chinatown" in San Francisco).	41
6391156204	censor	An official who examines publications, mail, literature, and so forth in order to remove or prohibit the distribution of material deemed dangerous or offensive.	42
6391156205	Northern Securities Co. v. U. S. (1904)	Re-established the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.	43
6391156206	Muller v. Oregon (1908)	First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.	44
6391156207	Schenck v. U. S. (1919)	Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."	45
6391156208	Korematsu v. U. S. (1941)	The court upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2.	46
6391156209	belligerent	(adj.) given to fighting, warlike; combative, aggressive; (n.) one at war, one engaged in war	47
6391156210	Open Door Policy	The policy that China should be open to trade with all of the major powers, and that all, including the United States, should have equal right to trade there. This was the official American position toward China as announced by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899.	48
6391156211	socialism	An economic and governmental system based on public ownership of the means of production and exchange.	49
6391156212	Eugene Debs	Prominent socialist leader (and five time presidential candidate) who founded the American Railroad Union and led the 1894 Pullman Strike	50
6391156213	Roosevelt Corollary	Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force.	51
6391156214	Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)	Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.	52
6391156215	Pure Food and Drug Act	Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.	53
6391156216	Teddy Roosevelt	Twenty-sixth president of the United States; he focused his efforts on trust busting, environment conservation, and strong foreign policy.	54
6391156217	William Taft	27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.	55
6391156218	Triangle Shirtwaist Fire	March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers	56
6391156219	segregation	Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences. Common in the South after the Civil War through the 1960s.	57
6391156220	Harlem Renaissance	Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.	58
6391156221	Fourteen Points	The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.	59
6391156222	Red Scare	A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities. Periods of Red Scare occurred after both World Wars in the United States.	60
6391156223	Sedition Act	A law passed by Congress in 1918 (during World War I) to make it illegal to say anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort in WWI. Seen as a military necessity by some for effectively fighting in WWI.	61
6391156224	Emergency Quota Act	A government legislation that limited the number of immigrants from Europe which was set at 3% of the nationality currently in the U.S. It greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S. And it reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals.	62
6391156225	Scopes Trial	Also known as the Scopes Monkey Trial; 1925 court case argued by Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan in which the issue of teaching evolution in public schools was debated. Highlighted the growing divide between rural (more conservative) and urban (more liberal) interests in the United States.	63
6391156226	Sacco and Vanzetti Trial	Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Massachusetts. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.	64
6391156227	Kellog-Briand Pact	Idealistic agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another.	65
6391156228	Herbert Hoover	Republican president at the outset of the Great Depression. As a Republican, he believed that the federal government should not interfere in economic problems; the severity of the Great Depression forced his hand to provide some federal assistance to those in need, but he mostly left these efforts to the states.	66
6391156229	Smoot-Hawley Tariff	One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high.	67
6391156230	Platt Amendment	This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treates with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay.	68
6391156231	Indian Reorganization Act	Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs.	69
6391156232	Zoot Suit Riots	A series of riots in 1944 during World War II that broke out in Los Angeles, California, between Anglo American sailors and Marines stationed in the city, and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored.	70
6391156233	Yalta Conference	FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War.	71
6391156234	William Jennings Bryan	United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925).	72
6391156235	Woodrow Wilson	(1856-1924) President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.	73
6391156236	United Nations	An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.	74
6391156237	communism	A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.	75
6391156238	Bolshevik Revolution	The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.	76