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AP US History: Colonization & Settlement Flashcards

Important vocabulary of the colonization of North America in the 17th century

4814431961	Jamestown	1st permanent English settlement in North America in 1607...Why and original purpose.	0
4814431962	John Smith	A captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter and coined the phrase "he who shall not work, shall not eat". He also initiated attacks on Natives.	1
4814431963	John Rolfe	He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. Eventually, he was killed in a Pequot attack.	2
4814431964	Pocohontas	An American Indian princess who saved the life of John Smith and helped form more peaceful relations with the Powhatan when she married John Rolfe but died of smallpox in England on a visit to Rolfe's family. Her remains are still there as the English government refuses to send her remains back to North America.	3
4814431965	Mayflower Compact	1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony...God, King, Country	4
4814431966	John Winthrop	As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world...Primary Source on Concept of Liberty	5
4814431967	Puritans	A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.	6
4814431968	Pilgrims	English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620...Why?	7
4814431971	New Amsterdam	A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island as a trade port for the Dutch trade empire.	8
4814431972	Great Migration of Puritans	1630s- 70,000 refugees left England for New World increasing population of New England.	9
4814431973	New York	It was founded by the Dutch for trade and furs and became an English Colony in 1664, when the English were determined to end Dutch trade dominance, and took over the colony by invading New Amsterdam without having to fire a shot.	10
4814431974	Peter Stuyvesant	The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.	11
4814431975	House of Burgesses	1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. It was made up of two representatives from each town voted on by men who owned property. Later other colonies would adopt the Houses of Burgesses concept creating self-governing bodies in the colonies.	12
4814431976	Headright system	Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.	13
4814431977	Indentured servants	Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years	14
4814431978	Bacon's Rebellion	1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Indians after they attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness...IMPACT?	15
4814431979	King Phillip's War	Under the leadership of Metacom, or King Phillip, the Wampanoag destroyed colonial towns, the colonists destroyed native farms, leading to the most deadly of Indian Wars. The war was disastrous for the natives leading to few surviving the war, and those that did left New England...IMPACT	16
4814431980	royal colony	A colony ruled by governors appointed by a king	17
4814431981	proprietary colony	English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment	18
4814431982	town meetings	A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws.	19
4814431983	Salem Witch Trials	1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria, and unfounded accusations in courts with Puritan ministers who served as judges. 19 women were executed.	20
4814431984	Roger Williams	A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south...WHAT DID HE ALLOW/DO DIFFERENTLY?	21
4814431986	Anne Hutcheson	One of the dissenters in Puritan Massachusetts held bible studies at her house and believed in a personal relationship with god. She moved to New Hampshire where she died along with her children from an Indian attack...ANTI-NOMIANISM?	22
4814431987	Thomas Hooker	A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government. He wrote the first written constitution "The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut". This would become a cherished ideal of the colonial settlers that laws were written not arbitrary...PS: BLUE LAWS?	23
4814431988	Sir William Berkeley	The royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the "backcountry." One reason was that he had fur trade deals with the natives in the region. His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion	24
4814431989	William Penn	Established the colony of Pennsylvania as a "holy experiment". Freemen had the right to vote, provided leadership for self- government based on personal virtues and Quaker religious beliefs. His colony was religiously tolerant leading to diversity in the region.	25
4814431990	James Oglethorpe	Founded colony of Georgia as a chance for poor immigrants who were in debt to have a second chance at a comfortable life	26
4814431991	Lord Baltimore	1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.	27
4814431992	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	It has the features of a written constitution, and is considered by some as the first written Constitution. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut is a short document, but contains some principles that were later applied in creating the United States government. Government is based in the rights of an individual, and the orders spell out some of those rights, as well as how they are ensured by the government. It provides that all free men share in electing their magistrates, and uses secret, paper ballots. It states the powers of the government, and some limits within which that power is exercised.	28
4814431993	Halfway Covenant	A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.	29
4814431994	Dominion of New England	1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Edmund Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.	30
4814431995	Acts of Trade and Navigation	Three acts that regulated colonial trade: 1st act: closed the colonies to all trade except that from English ships, and required the colonists to export certain goods, such as tobacco, to only English territories, 2nd act: (1663) demanded that everything being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England so they could tax the goods. 3rd act: 1673, was a reaction to the general disregard of the first two laws; it forced duties on the coastal trade among the colonies and supplied customs officials to enforce the Navigation Acts.	31
4814431996	Mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.	32
4814431997	Triangular Slave Trade	A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.	33
4814431998	Middle Passage	A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. The conditions on the ships from Africa to the west led to the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives.	34
4814432001	Great Awakening	(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). It established American religious precedents such as camp meetings, revivals, and a "born again" philosophy. The first cultural movement to unite the thirteen colonies. It was associated with the democratization of religion, and a challenge to existing authorities and was an influence leading to the American Revolution.	35
4814432002	Jonathan Edwards	A leading minister during the Great Awakening, he delivered the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" promising that evildoers would pay a price on judgement day.	36

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AP US History Period 6 (1865-1898) Flashcards

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6453648069	People's (Populist) Party	An agrarian-populist political party in the United States. For a few years, 1892-96, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politics. Drew support from angry farmers in the West and South and operated on the left-wing of American politics. Highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads. Allied itself with the labor movement.	0
6453648070	assimilation	the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group	1
6453648071	social services	a range of public services provided by governmental or private organizations. Aimed at creating effective organizations, building stronger communities, and promoting equality and opportunity. Include benefits of education, health care, job training and subsidized housing	2
6453648072	consumer culture	consumption choices and behaviors made from a social and cultural point of view, as opposed to an economic or psychological one	3
6453648073	The Gilded Age	The late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. Term derived from writer Mark Twain's 1873 The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding of economic progress.	4
6453648074	Social Darwinism	Term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest." Provided a justification for the enormous wealth and power wielded by industrialists in the latter half of the 19th century.	5
6453648075	Gospel of Wealth	An essay written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich.	6
6453648076	Jane Addams	A pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace. She created the first Hull House. Co-winner of 1931 Nobel Peace Prize.	7
6453648077	Plessy v. Ferguson	1896 - Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."	8
6453648078	racial segregation	the separation of humans into ethnic or racial groups in daily life. Generally applies to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, riding on a bus, or in the rental or purchase of a home.	9
6453648079	rebate	a return of a portion of the amount paid for goods or services	10
6453648080	free enterprise	an economic system that permits unrestricted entrepreneurial business activity; associated with laissez-faire capitalism	11
6453648081	trust	A set of companies managed by a small group known as trustees, who can prevent companies in the trust from competing with each other.	12
6453648082	plutocracy	government by the wealthy	13
6453648083	socialist	one who believes in the ownership and control of the major means of production by the whole community rather than by individuals or corporations	14
6453648084	radical	one who believes in fundamental change in a political, economic, or social system	15
6453648085	lockout	the refusal by an employer to allow employees to work unless they agree to his or her terms	16
6453648086	cooperative	an organization for producing, marketing, or consuming goods in which the members share the benefits	17
6453648087	anarchist	one who believes that formal, coercive government is wrong in principle	18
6453648088	tenement	a multi-dwelling building, often poor or overcrowded	19
6453648089	affluence	an abundance of wealth	20
6453648090	despotism	government by an absolute or tyrannical ruler	21
6453648091	sweatshop	a factory where employees are forced to work long hours under difficult conditions for meager wages	22
6453648092	pauper	a poor person, often one who lives on tax-supported charity	23
6453648093	tycoon	a wealthy businessperson, especially one who openly displays power and position	24
6453648094	prohibition	forbidding by law the manufacture, sale, or consumption of liquor	25
6453648095	filibuster	to utilize the technique of obstructing legislation by tactics such as making long speeches and introducing irrelevant amendments	26
6453648096	landslide	an overwhelming majority of votes for one side in an election	27
6453648097	reserve	in finance, the portion of money held back from circulation by a bank or treasury, which provides backing for its notes or loans	28
6453648098	bimetallism	the legalized concurrent use of two precious metals as currency at a fixed ratio of value; in US History associated with the Free Silver movement	29
6453648099	lobbyist	someone who promotes an interest or cause before a political body, often for pay	30
6453648100	concession	a privilege granted by a government to another government, private company, or individual	31
6453648101	nation-state	the modern form of political organization in which the government coincides exactly with a single national territory and population having a distinctive culture, language, history, and so on	32
6453648102	jingoist	aggressively patriotic and warlike	33
6453648103	atrocity	a specific act of extreme cruelty	34
6453648104	Civil Rights Cases of 1883 (a single decision on a group of cases with similar legal problems)	Legalized segregation with regard to private property.	35
6453648105	Wabash v. Illinois (1886)	Declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional.	36
6453648106	U. S. v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895)	Due to a narrow interpretation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the Court undermined the authority of the federal government to act against monopolies.	37
6453648107	Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	Legalized racial segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."	38
6453648108	Frontier Thesis	stereotypical thesis that west represented individualism, democracy, economic freedom, and starting over https://o.quizlet.com/vQsdYvvy28WLQUKZ-8RtzA_m.jpg	39
6453648109	Land Grants	land given by government to universities and railroad companies	40
6453648110	Dawes Act	land given to individual Indians to discourage tribal mindset; encouraged Indians to farm for a living instead of communally owning land	41
6453648111	Bureau of Indian Affairs	designed to assimilate Native Americans (children particularly) into American culture	42
6453648112	Open Range	the idea that cattle can be grazed on large tracts of public and/or private property; invention of barbed wire ended this idea and drove many small cattle ranches out of business and off their small plots of land	43
6453648113	Vertical Integration	Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to own every step of the manufacturing process (ex. Carnegie Steel)	44
6453648114	Horizontal Integration	Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to purchase competing companies in the same industry; monopoly-building (ex. Rockefeller's Standard Oil)	45
6453648115	Knights of Labor	American labor organization in the 1880s led by Terence V. Powderly. Organized a wide range of workers, including skilled and unskilled, and had broad reform goals.	46
6453648116	Haymarket Riot	Labor dispute in Chicago that ended with a bomb being thrown at police resulting in many deaths. Led to an unfavorable public opinion of organized labor.	47
6453648117	American Federation of Labor	An organization of various trade unions that fought for specific reforms (as opposed to broad changes supported by the Knights of Labor).	48
6453648118	Homestead and Pullman Strikes	Industrial lockouts and strikes that showed battle between corporations and labor unions. Ended with government intervention on the side of big business.	49
6453648119	Urbanization	movement of people from rural communities and settlements to big cities	50
6453648120	"New Immigrants"	immigrants from southern and eastern Europe such as Poland, Italy, etc. that arrived in the US in the latter half of the 19th century	51
6453648121	Chinese Exclusion Act	First law limiting immigration based on race; effectively stopped immigration from China through the end of WWII.	52
6453648122	Political Machine	Unofficial political organization that works to win elections in order to exercise power; sometimes referred to as a shadow government; rose to power in the late 1800s because of ill-equipped local governments that failed to meet the needs of growing urban populations	53
6453648123	Tammany Hall	Political machine of New York City that was well-known for its corruption; lead by William Boss Tweed	54
6453648124	Pendelton Civil Service Act	Standardized an exam for federal employees so that people were awarded jobs on merit rather than political affiliations; also made it illegal to remove federal employees without just cause.	55
6453648125	Sherman Antitrust Act	Outlawed monopolistic business practices; not effective initially without a strong progressive federal government that would enforce it.	56
6453648126	Grange Movement and Farmers Alliance	Grassroots movements that attempted to address the plight of farmers in the late 1800s; attempted to regulate railroads and enlarge opportunity for credit; evolved into Populist movement.	57
6453648127	William Jennings Bryan	Democratic presidential hopeful that was a member of the Populist Party; free silver advocate; "Do not crucify mankind on a cross of gold".	58
6453648128	Seward's Folly	Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase.	59
6453648129	Susan B. Anthony	Social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association.	60
6453648130	Laissez-Faire Economics	This was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. This economic thought dominated most of the time period of the Industrial Revolution.	61
6453648131	New South	After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. In reality, this growth was fairly slow.	62
6453648132	Americanization	Process of assimilating immigrants into American culture by teaching English, American history, and citizenship.	63
6453648133	middle class	a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers	64
6453648134	Interstate Commerce Act	Created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate railroads to be fairer to farmers; first legislation to regulate corporations; ineffective because government failed to enforce it.	65
6453648135	Andrew Carnegie	A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.	66
6453648136	transcontinental railroads	a railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West; opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution	67
6453648137	Social Gospel	Late 19th-century movement Protestant movement preaching that all true Christians should be concerned with the plight of immigrants and other poor residents of American cities and should financially support efforts to improve lives of these poor urban dwellers. Settlement houses were often financed by funds raised by ministers of this movement.	68
6453648138	Standard Oil	John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition.	69
6453648139	Carnegie Steel	A steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 19th century. Significance: had a monopoly in the steel industry. vertical integrations.	70
6453648140	John D. Rockefeller	Wealthy owner of Standard Oil Company. Considered to be a robber baron who used ruthless tactics to eliminate other businesses. Built trusts and used money to influence government.	71
6453648141	Industrial Revolution	Period characterized by the rapid social and economic changes in manufacturing and agriculture that occurred in England during the late 18th century and rapidly diffused to other parts of the developed world. In the US, this occurred during the period roughly 1825-1925.	72

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AP US History Period 5 (1844-1877) Flashcards

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5757975911	Popular Sovereignty	Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.	0
5757975912	Fugitive Slave Law	Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.	1
5757975913	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolitions and escalated the sectional conflict.	2
5757975914	New York Draft Riots	Uprisings during the Civil War (1863), mostly of working-class Irish-Americans, in protest of the draft. Rioters were particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions.	3
5757975915	Emancipation Proclamation	1863. Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States. The Proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines.	4
5757975916	Sherman's March to the Sea	1864-1865. Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive march through Georgia. An early instance of "total war", purposely targeting infrastructure and civilian property to diminish morale and undercut the Confederate War effort.	5
5757975917	Freedmans' Bureau	1865-1872. Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support. Its achievements were never and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.	6
5757975918	Black Codes	1865-1866. Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Norhterners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies.	7
5757975919	KKK (Ku Klux Klan)	An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger, but pro-Anglo-Saxon and pro-Protestant. Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s, Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks.	8
5757975920	Sharecropping	An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop. Sharecropping was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil War, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantation.	9
5757975921	Hayes-Tilden Election	The South conceded to let Hayes win the presidency because he agreed to pull out the troops.	10
5757975922	Compromise of 1850	Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery.	11
5757975923	Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854. Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglass in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad.	12
5757975924	Homestead Act	1862. A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward-moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land.	13
5757975925	Gettysburg Address	1863. Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.	14
5757975926	Appomattox Court House	Site (city) where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the "Wilderness Campaign".	15
5757975927	10% Reconstruction Plan	1863. Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation of slaves.	16
5757975928	13th, 14th, 15th Amendments (Reconstruction Amendments)	13th: Abolished slavery except for criminal punishment. 14th: Gave equal rights and government protection to all men. 15th: Secured suffrage for men.	17
5757975929	Radical Republicans	Most liberal part of the Republican Party. Desired political, economic, and social equality for African Americans. Wanted harsh punishment for the South after the Civil War. Became much more powerful after Andrew Johnson's impeachment.	18
5757975930	Election of Lincoln	Angered many people in the south who owned slaves because he wanted to end slavery. Won the election of 1860 but did not win the popular vote. South Carolina was happy at the outcome of the election because now it had a reason to secede.11 states in the south seceded and made themselves the Confederacy after the election.	19
5757975931	Abolitionist Movement	The movement to end the practice of slavery within the entirety of the United States.	20
5757975932	Anaconda Plan	Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture of the Mississippi River, and to take an army through heart of south.	21
5757975933	The American Party (The Know-Nothing Party)	(1840s-1850s) This political party carried anti-immigrant sentiments against the Catholic and the Irish and saw some electoral success.	22
5757975934	Wilmot Proviso	(1846) Proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War. Never passed by both houses of Congress but helped fan the flame of sectional tension.	23
5757975935	Free-Soil Party	(1848) Political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery into new territories.	24
5757975936	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	(1848) The Mexican government gave up the area of Texas and offered to sell the provinces of California and New Mexico as a result of its defeat in the Mexican-American War.	25
5757975937	Treaty of Fort Laramie	(1851) The US government and the Plains Indians came to an agreement stating that the Indians would become confined to the Black Hills reservation in exchange for no more land being taken. In the future, this treaty was violated once gold was discovered in the Black Hills.	26
5757975938	Gadsden Purchase	(1853) Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.	27
5757975939	Ostend Manifesto	(1854) A declaration issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.	28
5757975940	Bleeding Kansas	(1856-1861) A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.	29
5757975941	Dred Scott v. Sanford	(1857) Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process. Invalidated the Missouri Compromise.	30
5757975942	John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry	(1859) John Brown led a raid on Harper's Ferry. He hoped to start a rebellion against slaveholders by arming enslaved African Americans. Brown was quickly defeated by citizens and federal troops. Brown became a villain to southerners who now thought northerners would use violence to end slavery as well as a martyr to some northerners who saw Brown as someone who sacrificed himself for the ideal of freedom for all.	31
5757975943	Election of 1860	(1860) The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. Hardly more than a month following Lincoln's victory came declarations of secession by South Carolina and other states, which were rejected as illegal by outgoing President James Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln.	32
5757975944	The Sand Creek Massacre	(1864) US officials force the Cheyenne warriors to give up claims that had been promised to them. In retaliation, Chief Black Kettle led Cheyenne warriors in several raids on mining camps and local settlements. US forces responded by surprising 500 Cheyenne at Sand Creek -massacre left 270 Natives, mostly women and children, dead.	33
5757975945	Civil Rights Act of 1867	(1867) Banned discrimination in public accommodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation.	34
5757975946	Thirteenth Amendment	(1865) The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.	35
5757975947	Fourteenth Amendment	(1868) Provided equal protection of the law to freed slaves. Representation for any state that withheld voting from African Americans would be reduced.	36
5757975948	Fifteenth Amendment	(1870) Prohibited any state from denying citizens the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.	37
5757975949	Compromise of 1877	(1877) It withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet, and allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to win the election. Marked the end of reconstruction.	38
5757975950	Manifest Destiny	A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.	39
5757975951	Louis O'Sullivan	Coined the term Manifest Destiny in a newspaper article.	40
5757975952	Texas Annexation	1845. Originally refused in 1837, as the U.S. Government believed that the annexation would lead to war with Mexico. Texas remained a sovereign nation. Annexed via a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY.	41
5757975953	"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"	The phrase used in James K Polk's 1844 presidential election dealing with the Oregon Territory. Polk's campaign used the phrase as a rallying cry for the United States to obtain all of Oregon Territory, including land claimed by the English, up through Northern Canada.	42
5757975954	Oregon Trail	2000 mile long path along which thousands of Americans journeyed to the Willamette Valley in the 1840's.	43
5757975955	Mountain Men	Fur trappers of the northwest who paved the way for continuous settlement of the great west	44
5757975956	California Gold Rush	1849. Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on federal government to establish a stable government	45
5757975957	Mexican American War	1846 - 1848. President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land, called the Mexican Cession.	46
5757975958	Republican Party	1854. Established by anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, "free-soilers" and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories.	47
5757975959	Stephen A. Douglas	Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln and was a leading voice in the debates over slavery and its expansion before the Civil War. Wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine.	48
5757975960	Freeport Doctrine	Stated that exclusion of slavery in a territory (where it was legal) could be accomplished by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. Stated by Stephen Douglass during the Lincoln-Douglass debates, eventually contributed to his loss in the 1860 presidential election as Democrats believed he had walked back the gains made with the Dred Scott v. Sanford decision.	49
5757975961	Abraham Lincoln	16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)	50
5757975962	secession	Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation	51
5757975963	habeas corpus	Petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action. Suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War.	52
5757975964	sectionalism	Term used to describe the growing differences between the regions of the United States, especially the North and South, leading up to the Civil War.	53
5757975965	Robert E. Lee	Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force. Military genius whose aggressiveness made him a fearsome opponent throughout the Civil War.	54
5757975966	Fort Sumter	Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War.	55
5757975967	Battle of Antietam	A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day. Prevented an Confederate invasion of Maryland.	56
5757975968	Battle of Vicksburg	Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union effectively splitting the South in two.	57
5757975969	Battle of Gettysburg	A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Proved to be a significant turning point in the war because of the loss of about 1/3 of Lee's army.	58
5757975970	Ulysses S. Grant	An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.	59
5757975971	William Tecumseh Sherman	Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah; example of total war and "scorched-earth" military tactics.	60
5757975972	Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson	He was a confederate general who was known for his fearlessness in leading rapid marches, bold flanking movements, and furious assaults. He earned his nickname at the battle of first bull run for standing courageously against union fire. During the battle of Chancellorsville his own men accidently mortally wounded him.	61
5757975973	martial law	Rule by the army instead of the elected government (such as in the South as a result of the Military Reconstruction Act)	62
5757975974	emergency powers	Wide-ranging powers a president may exercise during times of crisis or those powers permitted the president by Congress for a limited time.	63
5757975975	Radical Reconstruction	Name given to the period when Congress, which was controlled by Republicans, took over Reconstruction efforts. When southerners balked at some of the more moderate reforms proposed, more radical republicans started to gain more power and pass more legislation.	64
5757975976	Military Reconstruction Act	1867. Divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions	65
5757975977	Freedmen's Bureau	1865. Organization (turned government agency) run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War, sometimes including settling them on confiscated confederate lands.	66
5757975978	Election of 1876	Ended reconstruction because neither candidate had an electoral majority. The Democrat Sam Tilden loses the election to Rutherford B Hayes, Republican, was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised.	67
5757975979	carpetbagger	A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states (as viewed from the southern perspective).	68
5757975980	scalawag	A derogatory term for southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate southerners; sometimes used in a general way by southerners criticizing other southerners who had northern sympathies.	69
5757975981	Nat Turner	A black preacher who in 1831 led a slave revolt Virginia that killed 60 whites. 100+ blacks were executed as a result. The rebellion was significant as it worried southern whites that larger slave rebellions were possible and therefore stricter rules were needed.	70
5757975982	Sojourner Truth	A freed black woman who became a leader in the fight for black emancipation and women's rights.	71
5757975983	Frederick Douglass	An escaped slave who spoke publicly for the abolitionist cause. He wrote his autobiography, depicting the harsh realities of Southern slavery. He also looked to politics to help abolish slavery.	72
5757975984	Cotton Kingdom	Areas in the south where cotton farming developed because of the high demand for cotton and soon dominated the economy.	73
5757975985	Gag Resolution	Strict rule passed by pro-southern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives	74
5757975986	American Colonization Society	Created in 1817 and supported by some blacks and whites, its purpose was to transport African Americans back to Africa once they had been freed from slavery. Idea was based on the idea that whites and blacks could not live as equals in America, even if slavery were abolished.	75
5757975987	James K. Polk	Democratic president after John Tyler who was best known for policies that promoted Manifest Destiny and expansionism.	76
5757975988	John C. Fremont	An American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States (1856), and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.	77
5757975989	Bear Flag Revolt	(1846) a revolt that took place during the Mexican-American War when 500 Americans (Anglos) in Mexican California took the city of Sonoma, CA in the spirit of Manifest Destiny and declared California to be an independent nation.	78
5757975990	Liberty Party	A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848.	79
5757975991	John C. Calhoun	Senator who argued for states' rights for the South. He asked for slavery to be left alone, slaves to be returned to the South, and state balance to be kept intact.	80
5757975992	William H. Seward	Congressman of the "Young Guard" who fiercely opposed slavery and argued that Americans should follow a "higher law" (God's law) over the Constitution when it came to the issue of slavery.	81
5757975993	Henry Clay	Known as the "Great Compromiser"; senator who pushed for compromise between the North and South and worked with Stephen Douglas; major figure in the passing of both the Missouri Compromise (1820) and Compromise of 1850.	82
5757975994	Underground Railroad	Secret system of safe houses along a route that led many slaves to freedom in the North and eventually Canada.	83
5757975995	"Fire Eaters"	Refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the cessation of southern states.	84
5757975996	Charles Sumner	Senator who spoke out for black freedom and racial equality post-Civil War. Publicly beaten by Preston Brooks for speaking out against the violence in Kansas, an event that marked increasing tensions between the North and South prior to the Civil War.	85
5757975997	Roger Taney	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who wrote an opinion in the 1857 Dred Scott case that declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional, thereby legally preventing Congress from prohibiting slavery in new territories (and made Popular Sovereignty illegal).	86
5757975998	Jefferson Davis	President of the Confederate States of America prior to and during the Civil War.	87
5757975999	self-determination	The ability of a people/government to determine their own course or future using their own free will.	88
5757976000	Pottawatomie Creek Massacre	In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas.	89
5757976001	Lecompton Constitution	Supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state (and was a factor in spurring violence there).	90
5757976002	Lincoln-Douglas Debates	Lincoln challenged Stephen Douglas to debates during the senatorial race of 1858 which became a public referendum on the issue of slavery.	91
5757976003	Clara Barton	Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she was a hospital nurse that treated the wounded in the field.	92
5757976004	Border States	Southern states that never chose secession and joined the Confederacy during the Civil War (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Deleware).	93
5757976005	Andrew Johnson	17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote.	94
5757976006	John Wilkes Booth	Southerner who assasinated Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865	95
5757976007	George B. McClellan	First commander of the Army of the Potomac; well-known for being a master at training an army; was replaced several times by President Lincoln during the Civil War because of his timidness and sometimes outright refusal to send his army into battle.	96
5757976008	Merrimack (the Virginia) v. Monitor	A battle between for first "ironclad" naval vessels, marking a new age in naval warfare.	97
5757976009	Copperheads	Nickname for Northerners who were pro-Confederacy.	98
5757976010	First Battle of Bull Run (Battle of Manassas)	(July 1861) first major conflict of the Civil War. Southern victory led to overconfidence.	99
5757976011	Thaddeus Stevens	Radical Republican congressman from Pennsylvania who defended runaway slaves in court for free and insisted on being buried in a black cemetery; hated white Southerners. Leading figure on the Joint Committee on Reconstruction and for the social equality of African Americans.	100
5757976012	"Exodusters"	Name for the 25,000 blacks who migrated from Louisiana, Texas and Mississippi to Kansas from 1878 to 1880. Migration was stemmed when steamboat captains refused to transport more blacks over the Mississippi River.	101
5757976013	Wade-Davis Bill	Bill pushed by Congress in 1864 that required 50 percent of a state's voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safe-guards for emancipation than proposed in Lincoln's 10 percent plan. Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln.	102
5757976014	10 Percent Plan	Lincoln's plan for re-admitting the Southern states into the Union: a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation.	103
5757976015	Civil Rights Act (1866)	A Reconstruction bill which gave which granted citizenship to African Americans and weakened the poliferation of Black Codes in the South.	104
5757976016	Redeemers	Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy.	105
5757976017	Ku Klux Klan	The "Invisible Empire of the South", founded in Tennessee in 1866, made up of embittered white Southerners who resented the success and ability of Black legislators. They would terrorize, mutilate, and even murder "upstart" blacks or their supporters to "keep them in their place".	106
5757976018	"Seward's Folly"	Refers to the United States' Secretary of State William Seward's decision to purchase the Alaskan territory from Russia in 1867. At the time, Seward's decision to buy the land was regarded as a terrible one by many critics in the United States.	107

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AP US History Period 6 (1865-1898) Flashcards

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6712396373	People's (Populist) Party	An agrarian-populist political party in the United States. For a few years, 1892-96, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politics. Drew support from angry farmers in the West and South and operated on the left-wing of American politics. Highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads. Allied itself with the labor movement.	0
6712396374	assimilation	the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group	1
6712396375	The Gilded Age	The late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. Term derived from writer Mark Twain's 1873 The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding of economic progress.	2
6712396376	Social Darwinism	Term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest." Provided a justification for the enormous wealth and power wielded by industrialists in the latter half of the 19th century.	3
6712396377	Gospel of Wealth	An essay written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich.	4
6712396378	Jane Addams	A pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace. She created the first Hull House. Co-winner of 1931 Nobel Peace Prize.	5
6712396379	Plessy v. Ferguson	1896 - Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."	6
6712396380	racial segregation	the separation of humans into ethnic or racial groups in daily life. Generally applies to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, riding on a bus, or in the rental or purchase of a home.	7
6712396381	free enterprise	an economic system that permits unrestricted entrepreneurial business activity; associated with laissez-faire capitalism	8
6712396382	trust	A set of companies managed by a small group known as trustees, who can prevent companies in the trust from competing with each other.	9
6712396383	socialist	one who believes in the ownership and control of the major means of production by the whole community rather than by individuals or corporations	10
6712396384	radical	one who believes in fundamental change in a political, economic, or social system	11
6712396385	anarchist	one who believes that formal, coercive government is wrong in principle	12
6712396386	tenement	a multi-dwelling building, often poor or overcrowded	13
6712396387	prohibition	forbidding by law the manufacture, sale, or consumption of liquor	14
6712396388	landslide	an overwhelming majority of votes for one side in an election	15
6712396389	bimetallism	the legalized concurrent use of two precious metals as currency at a fixed ratio of value; in US History associated with the Free Silver movement	16
6712396390	lobbyist	someone who promotes an interest or cause before a political body, often for pay	17
6712396391	Civil Rights Cases of 1883 (a single decision on a group of cases with similar legal problems)	Legalized segregation with regard to private property.	18
6712396392	Wabash v. Illinois (1886)	Declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional.	19
6712396393	Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	Legalized racial segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."	20
6712396394	Land Grants	land given by government to universities and railroad companies	21
6712396395	Dawes Act	land given to individual Indians to discourage tribal mindset; encouraged Indians to farm for a living instead of communally owning land	22
6712396396	Bureau of Indian Affairs	designed to assimilate Native Americans (children particularly) into American culture	23
6712396397	Open Range	the idea that cattle can be grazed on large tracts of public and/or private property; invention of barbed wire ended this idea and drove many small cattle ranches out of business and off their small plots of land	24
6712396398	Vertical Integration	Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to own every step of the manufacturing process (ex. Carnegie Steel)	25
6712396399	Horizontal Integration	Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to purchase competing companies in the same industry; monopoly-building (ex. Rockefeller's Standard Oil)	26
6712396400	Knights of Labor	American labor organization in the 1880s led by Terence V. Powderly. Organized a wide range of workers, including skilled and unskilled, and had broad reform goals.	27
6712396401	Haymarket Riot	Labor dispute in Chicago that ended with a bomb being thrown at police resulting in many deaths. Led to an unfavorable public opinion of organized labor.	28
6712396402	American Federation of Labor	An organization of various trade unions that fought for specific reforms (as opposed to broad changes supported by the Knights of Labor).	29
6712396403	Homestead and Pullman Strikes	Industrial lockouts and strikes that showed battle between corporations and labor unions. Ended with government intervention on the side of big business.	30
6712396404	Urbanization	movement of people from rural communities and settlements to big cities	31
6712396405	"New Immigrants"	immigrants from southern and eastern Europe such as Poland, Italy, etc. that arrived in the US in the latter half of the 19th century	32
6712396406	Chinese Exclusion Act	First law limiting immigration based on race; effectively stopped immigration from China through the end of WWII.	33
6712396407	Political Machine	Unofficial political organization that works to win elections in order to exercise power; sometimes referred to as a shadow government; rose to power in the late 1800s because of ill-equipped local governments that failed to meet the needs of growing urban populations	34
6712396408	Tammany Hall	Political machine of New York City that was well-known for its corruption; lead by William Boss Tweed	35
6712396409	Pendelton Civil Service Act	Standardized an exam for federal employees so that people were awarded jobs on merit rather than political affiliations; also made it illegal to remove federal employees without just cause.	36
6712396410	Sherman Antitrust Act	Outlawed monopolistic business practices; not effective initially without a strong progressive federal government that would enforce it.	37
6712396411	Grange Movement and Farmers Alliance	Grassroots movements that attempted to address the plight of farmers in the late 1800s; attempted to regulate railroads and enlarge opportunity for credit; evolved into Populist movement.	38
6712396412	William Jennings Bryan	Democratic presidential hopeful that was a member of the Populist Party; free silver advocate; "Do not crucify mankind on a cross of gold".	39
6712396413	Susan B. Anthony	Social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association.	40
6712396414	Laissez-Faire Economics	This was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. This economic thought dominated most of the time period of the Industrial Revolution.	41
6712396415	New South	After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. In reality, this growth was fairly slow.	42
6712396416	Americanization	Process of assimilating immigrants into American culture by teaching English, American history, and citizenship.	43
6712396417	middle class	a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers	44
6712396418	Interstate Commerce Act	Created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate railroads to be fairer to farmers; first legislation to regulate corporations; ineffective because government failed to enforce it.	45
6712396419	Andrew Carnegie	A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.	46
6712396420	transcontinental railroads	a railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West; opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution	47
6712396421	Social Gospel	Late 19th-century movement Protestant movement preaching that all true Christians should be concerned with the plight of immigrants and other poor residents of American cities and should financially support efforts to improve lives of these poor urban dwellers. Settlement houses were often financed by funds raised by ministers of this movement.	48
6712396422	Standard Oil	John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition.	49
6712396423	Carnegie Steel	A steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 19th century. Significance: had a monopoly in the steel industry. vertical integrations.	50
6712396424	John D. Rockefeller	Wealthy owner of Standard Oil Company. Considered to be a robber baron who used ruthless tactics to eliminate other businesses. Built trusts and used money to influence government.	51
6712396425	Industrial Revolution	Period characterized by the rapid social and economic changes in manufacturing and agriculture that occurred in England during the late 18th century and rapidly diffused to other parts of the developed world. In the US, this occurred during the period roughly 1825-1925.	52

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 19 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 19 The Politics of the Gilded Age, 1877-1900

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5522600523	laissez-faire economics and politics	The idea that government should do little to interfer with the free market. (p. 380)	0
5522600524	divided electorate	In the late 1800s, Republicans kept memories of the Civil War alive to remind war veterans of the pain caused by the Southern Democrats. Democrats could count on winning every former Confederate state. (p. 381)	1
5522600525	identity politics	Political activity and ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power and benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological goals. (p. 381)	2
5522600526	"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion"	In the 1884 election, the Democratic party was labeled with this phrase. (p. 383)	3
5522600527	close elections	National elections between 1856 and 1912, were very evenly matched. The objective was to get out the vote and not alienate voters on the issues. (p. 381)	4
5522600528	divided government	Governance divided between the parties, as when one party holds the presidency and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress. (p. 381)	5
5522600529	weak presidents	The Gilded Age presidents were not memorable and only served one term. (p. 380)	6
5522600530	patronage politics	The use of government resources to reward individuals for their electoral support. (p. 381)	7
5522600531	corrupt politicians	Party patronage, the process of providing jobs to faithful party members was more important than policy issues during the Gilded Age. (p. 381)	8
5522600532	Union veterans, "bloody shirt"	A form of politics that involved reminding Union veterans of how the Southern Democrats had caused the Civil War. (p. 381)	9
5522600533	Whig past, pro-business	Republicans followed the tradition of Hamilton and the Whigs, supporting a pro-business economic program of high protective tariffs. (p. 381)	10
5522600534	Hamiltonian tradition	The Hamilton tradition supported a strong central government. (p. 381)	11
5522600535	social reformers, temperance	The core of Republican support came from middle-class Anglo-Saxon Protestants who supported temperance or prohibition, along with business men. (p. 381)	12
5522600536	Anglo-Saxon heritage	Most supported Republicans and temperance or prohibition. (p. 381)	13
5522600537	Protestant religion	These religious groups usually supported Republicans. (p. 381)	14
5522600538	African Americans	Around 1890, a bill to protect voting rights of African Americans passed the House but was defeated in the Senate. (p. 386)	15
5522600539	former Confederacy, "Solid South"	From 1877 until the 1950s, the Democrats could count on winning every election here. (p. 381)	16
5522600540	states rights, limited government	Democrats of the Gilded Age were in favor of these ideas. (p. 381)	17
5522600541	Jeffersonian tradition	Democrats of the Gilded Age followed this tradition, which included states rights and limited government. (p. 381)	18
5522600542	big-city political machines	In the North, one source of Democratic strength came from big-city political machines. (p. 381)	19
5522600543	immigrant vote	In the North, one source of Democratic strength came from the immigrant vote. (p. 381)	20
5522600544	against prohibition	The Catholics, Lutherans, and Jews were generally against this policy. (p. 381)	21
5522600545	Catholics, Luterans, Jews	Democrats were usually from these religions and they were against temperance and prohibition campaigns. (p. 381)	22
5522600546	federal government jobs	During the Gilded Age, these jobs were given to those who were loyal their political party. (p. 381)	23
5522600547	Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, and Mugwumps	Groups which competed for lucrative jobs in the patronage system. (p. 381)	24
5522600548	Election of 1880	In 1880, James A. Garfield was elected president in a very close election. His vice president was Chester A. Arthur. (p. 382)	25
5522600549	assassination of James Garfield	President James Garfield was shot while preparing to board a train. He died after an 11 week struggle. (p. 383)	26
5522600550	Chester A. Arthur	He became president after James Garfield died of a gun shot wound. (p. 383)	27
5522600551	Pendleton Act of 1881	Set up by the Civil Service Commission, it created a system where federal jobs were awarded based on competitive exams. (p. 384)	28
5522600552	civil service reform	Public outrage over the assassination of President Garfield pushed Congress to remove some jobs from control of party patronage. (p. 384)	29
5522600553	election of 1884	Grover Cleveland won the 1884 presidential election. (p. 383)	30
5522600554	Grover Cleveland	In 1884, he was elected president of the United States. He was the first Democratic president since 1856. (p. 383)	31
5522600555	high tariff	In the 1890s, tariffs provided more than half of the federal revenue. Some Democrats objected to the tariffs because the raised the price on consumer goods and made it for difficult for farmers to sell to export because foreign countries enacted their own tariffs. (p. 385)	32
5522600556	business vs. consumers	Some people objected to the high tariffs because the raised the prices on consumer goods. (p. 385)	33
5522600557	Cleveland threatens lower tariff	Toward the end of Grover Cleveland's first term he urged Congress to lower the tariff rates. (p. 385)	34
5522600558	McKinley Tariff of 1890	In 1890, this tariff raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of 48 percent. (p 386)	35
5522600559	Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894	This tariff provided a moderate reduction in tariff rates and levied a 2 percent income tax. (p. 388)	36
5522600560	Dingley Tariff of 1897	Increased the tariff rate to more than 46 percent and made gold the official standard of U.S. currency. (p. 390)	37
5522600561	"hard" money vs. "soft" money	Money backed by gold vs. paper money not backed by specie (gold or silver). (p. 384)	38
5522600562	banks, creditors vs. debtors	Debtors wanted more "easy, soft" money in circulation. On the opposite side creditors stood for "hard, sound" money - meaning currency backed by gold. (p. 384)	39
5522600563	Panic of 1873, "Crime of 73"	Congress stopped making silver coins. (p. 385)	40
5522600564	Specie Resumption Act of 1875	Congress sided with creditors and investors when it passed this act which withdrew all greenbacks (paper money not backed by gold or silver) from circulation. (p. 385)	41
5522600565	Greenback party	This political party was formed by supporters of paper money not backed by gold or silver. (p. 384)	42
5522600566	James B. Weaver	In 1892, he was the Populist candidate for president. He is one of the few third party candidates in history to have ever won any electoral votes. (p. 387)	43
5522600567	Bland-Allison Act of 1878	In 1878, this act allowed a limited coinage of silver each month at the standard silver-to-gold ratio of 16 to 1. (p. 385)	44
5522600568	Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890	This act increased the coinage of silver but it was not enough to satisfy the farmers and miners. (p. 386)	45
5522600569	run on gold reserves, J.P. Morgan bail out	A decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars. The gold reserve fell dangerously low and President Grover Cleveland was forced to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. The president then turned to J.P. Morgan to borrow $65 million in gold to support the dollar and the gold standard. (p. 387)	46
5522600570	repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act	A decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars. The gold reserve fell dangerously low and President Grover Cleveland was forced to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. (p. 387)	47
5522600571	election of 1888, Harrison "Billion Dollar Congress"	In 1888, the Republican Benjamin Harrison became the president and the Republicans controlled Congress. They passed the first billion dollar budget in U.S. history. (p. 386)	48
5522600572	rise of the Populist Party	In 1892, delegates met in Omaha, Nebraska to draft a political platform that would reduce the power of trusts and bankers. They nominated James Weaver as their candidate for president. (p. 386)	49
5522600573	Farmers' Alliances in South and West	In 1890, this group of discontented farmers elected senators, representatives, governors, and majorities in state legislatures in the West. (p. 386)	50
5522600574	Alliance of whites and blacks in South	The Populist party tried to form a political alliance with these poor farmers. (p. 387)	51
5522600575	Thomas Watson	He was from Georgia and he appealed to poor farmers of both races to join the Populists party. (p. 387)	52
5522600576	reformers vs. rasism in South	In the presidential election of 1892, Southern Democrats feared the Populist party and used every technique possible to keep blacks from voting. (p. 387)	53
5522600577	Omaha Platform	In 1892, the Populist party met in Omaha, Nebraska to draft this political platform and nominate a presidential candidate. (p 386)	54
5522600578	government regulation and ownership	The Populist movement attacked laissez-faire capitalism and attempted to form a political alliance between poor whites and poor blacks. (p. 387)	55
5522600579	election of 1892, Cleveland returns	The 1892 presidential election was between President Benjamin Harrison and former president Grover Cleveland. Cleveland became the only president to win a presidential election after having left the office. (p. 387)	56
5522600580	Panic of 1893	In 1893, the stock market crashed as a result of speculation in railroad companies. One of the worst and longest depressions in U.S. history. (p. 387)	57
5522600581	Coxey's Army, March on Washington	In 1894, Populist Jacob A. Coxey led a march to Washington to demand that the federal government spend $500 million on public works programs. (p. 388)	58
5522600582	Coin's Financial School	In 1894, this book taught Americans that unlimited silver coining would end the economic problems. (p. 388)	59
5522600583	William Jennings Bryan	The 1896 Democratic nominee for president. (p. 388)	60
5522600584	"Cross of Gold" Speech	William Jennings Bryan gave this speech at the 1896 Democratic convention. The prosilver and anti-gold speech assured him of the nomination. (p. 389)	61
5522600585	fusion of Democrats and Populists	In the 1896 presidential election the Democrats and Populists both nominated William Jennings Bryan for president in fused campaign. (p. 389)	62
5522600586	unlimited coinage of silver at 16 to 1	In 1896, the Democrats favored silver coinage at this traditional but inflationary rate. (p. 389)	63
5522600587	"Gold Bug" Demorats	Democrats who favored gold. (p. 389)	64
5522600588	Mark Hanna, Money and mass media	A master of high-finance politics, he managed William McKinley's winning presidential campaign by focusing on getting favorable publicity in newspapers. (p. 390)	65
5522600589	McKinley victory	William McKinley won the presidential election of 1896 by carrying the all the Northeast and the upper Midwest. (p. 389)	66
5522600590	gold standard and higher tariff	In 1897, William McKinley became president just as gold discoveries in Alaska increased the money supply under the gold standard. The Dingley Tariff increased the tariff rate to 46 percent. (p. 390)	67
5522600591	rise of modern urban industrial society	The 1896 election was a victory for big business, urban centers, conservative economics, and moderate middle-class values. Rural America lost its dominance of American politics. (p. 390)	68
5522600592	decline of traditional rural-agricultual	The 1896 election marked the point of decline of rural America's power in national politics. (p. 390)	69
5522600593	start of the modern presidency	William McKinley emerged as the first modern president, he would make America an important country in international affairs. (p. 390)	70
5522600594	era of Republican dominance	The election of McKinley in 1896 started an era of Republican dominance of the presidency (seven of next nine elections) and Congress. (p. 390)	71

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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

Key events and terms for mastery of the time period 1800-1848

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5431101326	Era of Good Feelings	A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.	0
5431101327	Sectionalism	Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.	1
5431101328	James Monroe	The fifth president of the United States. His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.	2
5431101329	Nationalism	A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation.	3
5431101330	tariff	A tax on imported goods	4
5431101331	Tariff of 1816	1st protective tariff; helped protect American industry from competition by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.	5
5431101332	Henry Clay	Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state.	6
5431101333	American System	An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.	7
5431101334	Second Bank of the US	States resent the main role of banks (present a state's bank notes for redemption that can easily ruin a bank). Thought banks didn't agree with local needs. Nicholas Biddle was president.	8
5431101335	Panic of 1819	1st major financial panic since the Constitution was ratified; marked the end of economic expansion and featured deflation (value of US money going down), depression, bank failures, foreclosures on western farms, unemployment, a slump in agriculture and manufacturing, and overcrowded debtor's prisons. Also risky lending practices of the state and local banks led to over speculation on lands in west- the national bank tightened its credit lending policies and eventually forced these state and local banks to foreclose mortgages on farms, which resulted in bankruptcies and prisons full of debtors.	9
5431101336	John Marshall	1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw over 1000 decisions, including Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland.	10
5431101337	Marbury v Madison	(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review	11
5431101338	McCulloch v Maryland	Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law	12
5431101339	Gibbons v Ogden	This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.	13
5431101340	Worcester v Georgia	A case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester and held that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited non-Indians from being present on Indian lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional.	14
5431101341	Implied powers	Powers derived from the "Necessary and Proper" or "Elastic" clause.	15
5431101342	Tallmadge Amendment	Proposed slave ban in Missouri Territory, called for emancipation of children born to slave parents; bill was defeated but led to the Missouri Compromise of 1820.	16
5431101343	Missouri Compromise of 1820	Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory	17
5431101344	Rush-Bagot Treaty	1817 - This treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain (which controlled Canada) provided for the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. This was later expanded into an unarmed Canada/U.S. border.	18
5431101345	Convention of 1818	Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon country for ten years.	19
5431101346	Adams Onis Treaty	1819. Settled land dispute between Spain and United States as a result of tensions brought on by weakening Spanish power in the New World. U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean.	20
5431101347	Monroe Doctrine	1823, 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.	21
5431101348	National Road	First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition.	22
5431101349	Lancaster Turnpike	Pennsylvania turnpike, built in the 1790s, which connected Philadelphia with the rich farmlands around Lancaster. Its success stimulated the construction of other privately built and relatively short toll roads that, by the mid-1820s, connected most of the country's major cities	23
5431101350	Erie Canal	A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Connected Great Lakes farms and western markets with New York City leading to its rise as a center of trade and commerce.	24
5431101351	Steamboat	A boat powered by a steam engine that turns a large paddle wheel.	25
5431101352	Eli Whitney	An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged	26
5431101353	Interchangeable parts	1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government.	27
5431101354	Lowell System	Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. Managers found these young women were the perfect workers for this type of factory life.	28
5431101355	Industrialization	Development of a system which supports machine production of goods	29
5431101356	Specialization	Development of skills in a specific kind of work	30
5431101357	Market Revolution	Dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from thee combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the development of a transportation network of roads, canals and railroads.	31
5431101360	Thomas Jefferson	Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virginia. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia. Purchased Louisiana for the US even though the purchase was outside of his belief in strict construction of the Constitution.	32
5431101361	Embargo Act of 1807	This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.	33
5431101362	War of 1812	A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France. Caused by impressment of American sailors, British aid to Indians in the west with firearms, War Hawk Congressman wanted to invade Canada, and continued British interference with trade.	34
5431101363	Battle of New Orleans	A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.	35
5431101364	Treaty of Ghent	December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. The important result of the War of 1812 was that the US maintained its independence from Great Britain.	36
5431101365	Lewis and Clark	Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.	37
5431101366	Sacajawea	The Native American woman who was the personal guide and translator for Lewis and Clark and their expedition in northern Louisiana Territory	38
5431101367	Louisiana Purchase	In 1803, the purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.	39
5431101368	James Madison	(1809-1813) and (1813-1817) The War of 1812, the US declares war on Great Britain. In 1814, the British (technically the Canadians) set fire to the Capitol. The Treaty of Ghent ends the war in 1814., The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution.	40
5431101369	Non-Intercourse Act	1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.	41
5431101370	Macon's Bill No 2	Reopened trade with Britain and France , America would lend its support to the first nation to drop trade restrictions; France acted first and America halted all British imports. The United States declared war on Britain.	42
5431101371	Napoleon	Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. When Napoleon gave up on western hemisphere territories after the Haitian Revolution, he sold the Louisiana Territory because he needed money in war with England. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.	43
5431101372	Haitian Revolution	A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its success; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Overture.	44
5431101373	Revolution of 1800	Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.	45
5431101374	Barbary Pirate Wars	The Barbary Wars (or Tripolitan Wars) were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century. At issue was the pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked the pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers.	46
5431101375	Tecumseh	A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.	47

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AP US History Period 2 (1607-1754) Flashcards

Important vocabulary of the colonization of North America in the 17th century.

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4871588424	Jamestown	1st permanent English settlement in North America in 1607.	0
4871588425	John Smith	A captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter and coined the phrase "he who shall not work, shall not eat". He also initiated attacks on Natives.	1
4871588426	John Rolfe	He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. Eventually, he was killed in a Pequot attack.	2
4871588427	Pocohontas	An American Indian princess who saved the life of John Smith and helped form more peaceful relations with the Powhatan when she married John Rolfe but died of smallpox in England on a visit to Rolfe's family. Her remains are still there as the English government refuses to send her remains back to North America.	3
4871588428	Mayflower Compact	1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony	4
4871588429	John Winthrop	As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.	5
4871588430	Puritans	A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.	6
4871588431	Pilgrims	English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620	7
4871588432	Massachusetts Charter	Allowed Puritans to take a charter with them and establish their own government in the New World.	8
4871588433	Loss of Massachusetts Charter	Revoking of Mass. Charter by King George II due to the colonists refusal to obey by the Navigation Acts leading to anti-British feeling in the New England region.	9
4871588434	New Amsterdam	A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island as a trade port for the Dutch trade empire.	10
4871588436	New York	It was founded by the Dutch for trade and furs and became an English Colony in 1664, when the English were determined to end Dutch trade dominance, and took over the colony by invading New Amsterdam without having to fire a shot.	11
4871588437	Peter Stuyvesant	The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.	12
4871588438	House of Burgesses	1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. It was made up of two representatives from teach town voted on by men who owned property. Later other colonies would adopt the Houses of Burgesses concept creating self-governing bodies in the colonies.	13
4871588439	Headright system	Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.	14
4871588440	Indentured servants	Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years	15
4871588441	Bacon's Rebellion	1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.	16
4871588442	King Phillip's War	Under the leadership of Metacom, or King Phillip, the Wampanoag destroyed colonial towns, the colonists destroyed native farms, leading to the most deadly of Indian Wars. The war was disastrous for the natives leading to few surviving the war, and those that did left New England.	17
4871588443	royal colony	A colony ruled by governors appointed by a king	18
4871588444	proprietary colony	English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment	19
4871588445	town meetings	A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws.	20
4871588446	Salem Witch Trials	1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria, and unfounded accusations in courts with Puritan ministers who served as judges. 19 women were executed.	21
4871588447	Roger Williams	A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south.	22
4871588448	Intolerant	Not willing to accept ways of thinking different from one's own. The expansion of colonies in New England was a direct result of Puritan intolerance as dissenters were exiled and created new settlements.	23
4871588449	Anne Hutcheson	One of the dissenters in Puritan Massachusetts held bible studies at her house and believed in a personal relationship with god. She moved to New Hampshire where she died along with her children from an Indian attack.	24
4871588451	Sir William Berkeley	The royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the "backcountry." One reason was that he had fur trade deals with the natives in the region. His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion	25
4871588452	William Penn	Established the colony of Pennsylvania as a "holy experiment". Freemen had the right to vote, provided leadership for self- government based on personal virtues and Quaker religious beliefs. His colony was religiously tolerant leading to diversity in the region.	26
4871588453	James Oglethorpe	Founded colony of Georgia as a chance for poor immigrants who were in debt to have a second chance at a comfortable life	27
4871588454	Lord Baltimore	1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.	28
4871588456	Halfway Covenant	A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.	29
4871588457	Dominion of New England	1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Edmund Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.	30
4871588458	Acts of Trade and Navigation	Three acts that regulated colonial trade: 1st act: closed the colonies to all trade except that from English ships, and required the colonists to export certain goods, such as tobacco, to only English territories, 2nd act: (1663) demanded that everything being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England so they could tax the goods. 3rd act: 1673, was a reaction to the general disregard of the first two laws; it forced duties on the coastal trade among the colonies and supplied customs officials to enforce the Navigation Acts.	31
4871588459	Mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.	32
4871588460	Triangular Slave Trade	A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.	33
4871588461	Middle Passage	A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. The conditions on the ships from Africa to the west led to the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives.	34
4871588462	Social mobility	Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another	35
4871588463	Ben Franklin	A colonial businessman and scientist who was an example of American social mobility and individualism. He was a delegate from Pennsylvania in colonial meetings, and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen the colonies in the French and Indian War. He was a leading figure in the movement toward revolution, and as a diplomat to France to get help during the American Revolution	36
4871588464	Great Awakening	(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). It established American religious precedents such as camp meetings, revivals, and a "born again" philosophy. The first cultural movement to unite the thirteen colonies. It was associated with the democratization of religion, and a challenge to existing authorities and was an influence leading to the American Revolution.	37
4871588465	Jonathan Edwards	A leading minister during the Great Awakening, he delivered the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" promising that evildoers would pay a price on judgement day.	38
4871588466	African American Culture	Slave communities were rich with music, dance, basket-weaving, and pottery-making. Enslaved Africans brought them the arts and crafts skills of their various tribes.	39
4871588468	George Whitfield	English preacher who led the Great Awakening by traveling through the colonies	40

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AP US History Period 8 (1945-1980) Flashcards

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6634020711	Lend Lease	Legislation proposed by FDR and adopted by congress, stating that the U.S could either sell or lease arms and other equipment to any country whose security was vital to America's interest -> military equipment to help Britain war effort was shipped from U.S	0
6634020712	Cash and Carry Policy	1939. Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. This benefited the Allies, because Britain was dominant naval power.	1
6634020713	Neutrality Act	4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents. Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations.	2
6634020714	Pearl Harbor	7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.	3
6634020715	Midway	1942, An important battle in the Asian part of the war, the Americans sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers	4
6634020716	Mobilization	Act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency: "mobilization of the troops"	5
6634020717	Victory Gardens	Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort	6
6634020718	Rationing	A system of allocating scarce goods and services using criteria other than price	7
6634020719	D-Day	(FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.	8
6634020720	Battle of the Bulge	December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.	9
6634020721	Manhattan Project	Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.	10
6634020722	Hiroshima	City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.	11
6634020723	Island Hopping	A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others	12
6634020724	Iwo Jima	a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945)	13
6634020725	United Nations	An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919.	14
6634020726	Yalta Conference	FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War	15
6634020727	Potsdam Conference	July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.	16
6634020728	Rosie the Riveter	A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.	17
6634020729	Levittown	In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.	18
6634020730	Iron Curtain	A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region	19
6634020731	Truman Doctrine	1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey	20
6634020732	Marshall Plan	A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)	21
6634020733	Berlin Blockade	The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.	22
6634020734	Korean War	The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.	23
6634020735	McCarthyism	The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.	24
6634020736	Brown v Board of Education, 1954	1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.	25
6634020737	Montgomery Bus Boycott	In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.	26
6634020738	Interstate Highway Act	1956 law that authorized the spending of $32 billion to build 41,000 miles of highway	27
6634020739	Little Rock Arkansas	Incident where President Eisenhower sent federal troops to allow black students into the high school.	28
6634020740	Sputnik	First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race. Led the US to focus on Math & Science in American schools.	29
6634020741	Sit ins	Protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.	30
6634020742	NASA	The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the United States government agency responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.	31
6634020743	Berlin Wall	A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.	32
6634020744	Bay of Pigs	In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.	33
6634020745	Freedom Rides	1961 event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses	34
6634020746	Cuban Missile Crisis	An international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba	35
6634020747	Rachel Carson	United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964) in her book Silent Spring. Considered the birth of environmentalism	36
6634020748	March on Washington	Held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally	37
6634020749	JFK Assassinated	November 1963, President John F Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas.	38
6634020750	Civil Rights Act of 1964	1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal	39
6634020751	Voting Rights Act of 1965	1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap	40
6634020752	Gulf of Tonkin Resolution	1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to south vietnam and fight a war against north Vietnam	41
6634020753	Cesar Chavez	1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.	42
6634020754	Malcolm X	1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality. Assassinated in 1965 by the Nation of Islam.	43
6634020755	Stonewall Riot	In New York City, 1969 - Triggered activist protests among gays and lesbians - police raided gay bar - people fought back - became symbol of oppression of gays, began the gay pride movement	44
6634020756	Woodstock	A free music festival that attracted more than 400,000 young people to a farm in upstate New York in August 1969	45
6634020757	Earth Day	A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970	46
6634020758	Kent State Massacre	Protests to the war that lead to National Guard being called in and shot students because they burned the ROTC building. Three students were killed, 1970.	47
6634020759	Nixon in China	February 21, 1972 - Nixon visited for a week to meet with Chairman Mao Tse-Tung for improved relations with China, Called "ping-pong diplomacy" because Nixon played ping pong with Mao during his visit. Nixon agreed to support China's admission to the United Nations.	48
6634020760	SALT I Treaty	A five-year agreement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, sighned in 1972, that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles.	49
6634020761	Roe v Wade	Established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.	50
6634020762	Watergate	1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down	51
6634020763	Jimmy Carter	(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.	52
6634020764	Camp David Accords	(1978) were negotiated at the presidential retreat of Camp David by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981.	53
6634020765	Iran Hostage Crisis	In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.	54
6634020766	Salt II Treaty	This treaty was a controversial experiment of negotiations between Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev from 1977 to 1979 between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, which sought to curtail the manufacture of strategic nuclear weapons.	55