| 5605163255 | hunter-gatherer economy | A nomadic way of life with no agriculture focused on following food sources including animals and wild plants | | 0 |
| 5605163262 | agricultural economy | economy based on the production of crops | | 1 |
| 5605163263 | spanish exploration | Colonization of the Americas by the conquistadors in search for gold, glory and god | | 2 |
| 5605163264 | encomienda system | A government system where natives were given to colonists to work in return for converting them to Christianity. | | 3 |
| 5605163269 | Portuguese exploration | Due to advancements in sailing technology the Portuguese were able to sail down the coast of Africa and open trade of gold and slaves, settle and make plantations and eventually find the way around Africa to the indies | | 4 |
| 5605163271 | feudalism | A political, economic, and social system based on the relationship between lord and vassal in order to provide protection | | 5 |
| 5605163273 | Colombian exchange | the exchange between the new world and the old world consisting of the old world bringing wheat, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, sugar, rice, coffee, smallpox, malaria and yellow fever. while the new world sent gold, silver, corn, potatoes, tobacco, and syphills |  | 6 |
| 5605210694 | Christopher Columbus | An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journeys until the time of his death in 1503 | | 7 |
| 5605226348 | Mercantilism | European government policies of the 16th-18th centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country & its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country. | | 8 |
| 5605241573 | New Amsterdam | settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island. Annexed by the English in 1664. | | 9 |
| 5605247289 | Jamestown (1607) | First permanent English settlement in the New World located in Virginia on the Chesapeake Bay/James River; settled by the Virginia Company of London.
History:
Original settlers suffered from disease (especially malaria), internal strife, & starvation.
Leaders:
John Smith - Demanded that "He who does not work, will not eat."
John Rolfe - Introduced tobacco to the colony. | | 10 |
| 5605255136 | Bacon's Rebellion (1676) | Rebellion of discontent former landless servants led by Nathaniel Bacon.
Historical Significance:
Led to a move from indentured servants to African slaves for labor purposes | | 11 |
| 5605259873 | Plymouth (1620) | The first permanent English settlement in New England; established by religious separatists seeking autonomy from the church of England. | | 12 |
| 5605262880 | Pilgrims | Group of Puritan separatists who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands | | 13 |
| 5605274572 | Puritans | English religious sect who hoped to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice & organization. | | 14 |
| 5605278928 | Maryland Toleration Act (1649) | The first law on religious tolerance in the British North America; allowed freedom of worship for all Christians - including Catholics - in Maryland, but sentenced to death anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus. | | 15 |
| 5605284810 | First Great Awakening | Religious revival movement during the 1730s and 1740s; stressed the need for individuals to repent and urged a personal understanding of truth.
Leaders:
George Whitefield
Jonathan Edwards - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
Historical Significance:
Reduced the number of church leaders and led to a schism within the Protestant Church. | | 16 |
| 5605288282 | Stono Rebellion (1739) | The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period; inspired in part by Spanish officials' promise of freedom for American slaves who escaped to Florida.
Historical Significance:
Led to the Negro Act of 1740 prohibiting slaves from growing their own food, assembling in groups, earning money, or learning to read and making it more difficult to free slaves. | | 17 |
| 5605293286 | French & Indian War (1754-1763 | The name for the North American theater of the Seven Years War & was a successful attempt to move the French out of the Ohio Valley & to stop Indian raids on frontier settlements.
Historical Significance:
Colonists gained pride in their own military strength, felt more disconnected from Britain, & were left without fear of French a invasion. | | 18 |
| 5605301436 | Albany Plan of Union (1754) | Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown. | | 19 |
| 5605306637 | Peace of Paris (1763) | Ended French and Indian War
Terms:
Britain gained all of French Canada & all territory south of Canada & east of the Mississippi River.
France & Spain lost their West Indian colonies.
Britain gained Spanish Florida.
Spain gained French territory west of the Mississippi, including control of the port city of New Orleans. | | 20 |
| 5605314119 | Chief Pontiac | Ottawa Indian who led a rebellion against the British occupying the western parts of the American colonies after the French & Indian War | | 21 |
| 5605315776 | Salutary Neglect | Prime Minister Robert Walpole's policy in dealing with the American colonies. He was primarily concerned with British affairs & believed that unrestricted trade in the colonies would be more profitable for England than would taxation of the colonies | | 22 |
| 5605319765 | Navigation Laws | A series of strict British trade policies designed to promote English shipping & control colonial trade in regard to important crops (such as tobacco) & resources, which had to be shipped exclusively on British ships | | 23 |
| 5605322846 | Molasses Act (1733 | British legislation which taxed all molasses, rum, & sugar imported from countries other than Britain & her colonies; British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants did not pay it. | | 24 |
| 5605327456 | Proclamation of 1763 | Forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains & required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. | | 25 |
| 5605336062 | Sugar Act (1764) | Replaced the Molasses Act (1733).
Reduced the duties on imported sugar, while the British made a concerted effort to enforce the act & punish smugglers | | 26 |
| 5605338879 | Stamp Act (1765 | Taxed all printed material in the colonies, including - but not limited to - stamps, legal documents, newspapers, playing cards, etc.
Historical Significance:
Led to the formation of colonial organizations such as the Stamp Act Congress, Sam Adams's Loyal Nine, & the Sons of Liberty & the suggestion that a complete break with Britain was essential to the colonies' future | | 27 |
| 5605343751 | Townshend Acts (1767 | Provisions:
Imposed a tax - to be paid at American ports - on items produced in Britain & sold in the colonies, including paper, glass, lead, paint, & tea.
Suspended the New York Assembly for refusing to provide British troops with supplies.
Established an American Board of Customs & admiralty courts to hear cases of smuggling.
Issued Writs of Assistance.
Historical Significance:
Led to a boycott of British goods, the Circular Letters, John Dickinson's "Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer," and unrest in Boston. | | 28 |
| 5605349264 | Boston Massacre (1770) | An incident in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them; five colonists were killed.
Historical Significance:
Boston's radicals used to incident to wage an Anti-British propaganda war. | | 29 |
| 5605353438 | Tea Act (1773) | Allowed the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies
Historical Significance:
Undermined colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party. | | 30 |
| 5605357432 | Boston Tea Party (1773) | Colonial response to the Tea Act; 30-130 colonists - dressed as Mohawk Indians - boarded British ships and dumped the tea into Boston Harbor
Historical Significance:
Led to the Intolerable Acts. | | 31 |
| 5605361249 | Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) (1774) | British response to the Boston Tea Party
Provisions:
Boston Port Act - Closed the port of Boston and relocated the customs house so that some important supplies could enter Massachusetts.
Massachusetts Government Act - Limited town meetings and replaced the Massachusetts judiciary and council members with Crown appointees.
Administration of Justice Act - Required that trials of royal officials accused of serious crimes in the colonies be held in Britain.
Quartering Act - Required all colonists to house British troops when ordered | | 32 |
| 5605363624 | Quebec Act (1774 | Extended Quebec's boundary to the Ohio River, recognized Catholicism as its official religion, and established a non-representative government for its citizens.
Historical Significance:
Colonists feared a precedent had been established in regards to the type of government that had been established in Quebec and resented the expansion of its borders into territory to which they had been denied access by the Proclamation of 1763. | | 33 |
| 5605368747 | First Continental Congress (1774) | Met to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts; adopted the Declaration and Resolves in which they:
Declared the Intolerable Acts null and void.
Recommended that colonists arm themselves and that militias be formed.
Recommended a boycott of British imports. | | 34 |
| 5605375455 | Second Continental Congress (1775) | Managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence - finally adopting the Declaration of Independence in 1776 | | 35 |
| 5605378799 | Battle of Bunker Hill (1775 | First major battle of the American Revolution; ended in colonial defeat.
Historical Significance:
The British suffered heavy casualties, including a notably large number of officers | | 36 |
| 5605386263 | Olive Branch Petition (1775) | Adopted by the Continental Congress in an attempt to avoid a full-blown war with Great Britain.
Provisions:
Affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated the king to prevent further conflict.
Historical Significance:
Rejected and the colonies were formally declared in rebellion | | 37 |
| 5605388800 | Thomas Paine | Patriot and writer whose pamphlet Common Sense convinced many Americans that it was time to declare independence from Britain | | 38 |
| 5605391593 | Declaration of Independence (1776) | Written by Thomas Jefferson; influenced by the Enlightenment philosophers of his day.
Provisions:
Part 1 - Explains the necessity of independence for the preservation of basic laws and rights.
Part 2 - Lists a series of "abuses and usurpations" by the king and his government; Jefferson claimed that this treatment violated the social contract the British monarch had with the his colonies, thereby justifying the actions his American subjects felt compelled to take.
Part 3 - Ends with what is tantamount to a formal declaration of war. | | 39 |
| 5605396502 | Treaty of Paris (1783) | Ended the American Revolution
Terms:
Britain recognized U.S. independence,
The boundaries of the U.S. were established.
American fishing ships were given unlimited access to the waters off Newfoundland.
The U.S. government agreed it would not interfere with British creditors and merchants seeking to collect debts owed to them by Americans.
The U.S. government agreed to compensate Loyalists whose property had been confiscated during the war. | | 40 |
| 5605398818 | Articles of Confederation | Major Features:
A unicameral legislature
No authority for Congress to impose taxes
One vote in Congress for each state
No national court system
No provision for a uniform national currency
No chief executive
A requirement that 9 of the 13 states approve passage of certain legislation
Unanimity for amendments to the Articles of Confederation
No authority for Congress to regulate either interstate or foreign commerce | | 41 |
| 5605403311 | Shays' Rebellion (1786-87) | An armed uprising that took place in central and western Massachusetts protesting mortgage foreclosures.
Historical Significance:
Highlighted the need for a strong national government. | | 42 |
| 5605408092 | Virginia Plan | Leaders:
James Madison and Edmund Randolph
Provisions:
Called for a strong national government with three branches and a two-chamber legislature with each state's representation based on its population. | | 43 |
| 5605410671 | New Jersey Plan | Leaders:
William Patterson
Provisions:
Called for a unicameral legislature in which each State would be equally represented | | 44 |
| 5605414244 | Great (Connecticut) Compromise | Provisions:
1) A state's representation in the House of Representatives was to be based on population.
2) The states' representation in the Senate would be equal.
3) All money bills would originate in the House.
4) Direct taxes on states were to be assessed by population. | | 45 |
| 5605419342 | Three-Fifths Compromise | Provisions:
Three-fifths of a state's slave population would be counted for purposes of taxation and representation.
A fugitive slave law required that runaway slaves who escaped to a free state must be returned to their owners | | 46 |
| 5605423684 | Powers of the Legislative Branch | Congress has the power of the purse - power to set and collect taxes, borrow money, regulate trade, coin money.
Congress was to set up a postal service and issue patents and copyrights.
War must be authorized by Congress.
Congress is responsible for raising and maintaining an army and a navy | | 47 |
| 5605427965 | Powers of the Executive Branch | The president carries out out and enforces laws passed by Congress.
The president can veto congressional bills.
The president makes treaties.
The president is the commander in chief of the U.S. military.
The president appoints federal officials. | | 48 |
| 5605431428 | Powers of the Judicial Branch | Congress was to establish a Supreme Court and lower courts.
The kinds of cases that could be heard in federal courts was specified.
The Supreme Court's jurisdiction was outlined.
Treason was defined; requirements for conviction were set; and punishment was to be in the hands of Congress | | 49 |
| 5605434296 | Federalists | Leaders:
Washington, Hamilton, Madison, Franklin
Characteristics:
Support came mainly from coastal and urban areas and the upper class.
Ideas:
Favored a strong central government to maintain peace and stability. | | 50 |
| 5605438093 | Anti-Federalists | Leaders:
Patrick Henry, John Hancock, George Mason
Characteristics:
Support came mainly from the backcountry and agricultural areas and debtors.
Ideas:
Opposed a central government that did not guarantee protection of individual rights | | 51 |
| 5605444045 | Hamilton's Economic Program | Major Features:
1) Tariff of 1789
2) Report on Public Credit
3) Report on Manufactures
4) Bank of the United States | | 52 |
| 5605447792 | Bank of the United States | Institution proposed by Alexander Hamilton in order to stabilize and improve the nation's credit, and to improve handling of the financial business of the U.S. government under the newly enacted Constitution.
Historical Significance:
Highlighted the growing political rivalry between Hamilton (Federalist) and Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) and the debate concerning the scope of the federal government. | | 53 |
| 5605451272 | Tariff of 1789 | Designed to protect domestic manufacturing; discouraged competition from abroad and compelled foreign competitors to raise prices on their commodities.
Historical Significance:
Provided the U.S. government with much-needed revenue | | 54 |
| 5605455034 | Whiskey Rebellion (1791 | American uprising over the establishment of a federal tax on liquor; was quickly ended by George Washington and 13,000 troops.
Historical Significance:
Demonstrated that the new national government had the willingness and ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws. | | 55 |
| 5605457219 | Neutrality Proclamation (1793) | Declared that the U.S. would remain neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain and threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war | | 56 |
| 5605460900 | Jay Treaty (1794) | US & Great Britain
Terms:
Stopped the search and seizure of American ships by the British, made America pay pre-revolutionary debts, and opened British ports | | 57 |
| 5605468394 | Election of 1796 | The first contested American presidential election.
Candidates:
John Adams (Federalist) vs. Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican)
Results:
Adams was elected president while his opponent, Jefferson, was elected vice-president.
Historical Significance:
Led to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804. | | 58 |
| 5605470484 | Federalist Party | Leaders:
Alexander Hamilton
Major Ideas:
Represented the interests of the capitalist class.
Favored expansion of the federal government's power and a loose interpretation of the Constitution.
Held that the future of the nation was dependent on developing manufacturing and industry.
Favored Great Britain. | | 59 |
| 5605475789 | Democratic-Republican Party | Leaders:
Thomas Jefferson, James Madison
Major Ideas:
Represented the interests of the common man, the farmer.
Was anti-capitalistic.
Favored limitations on the power of the federal government and a strict interpretation of the Constitution.
Held that the future of the nation was dependent on maintaining an agrarian society.
Favored support of France | | 60 |
| 5605478439 | XYZ Affair (1797) | Incident that precipitated an undeclared war with France when three French officials demanded that American emissaries pay a bribe before negotiating disputes between the two countries.
Historical Significance:
Led to the Quasi-War with France; convinced John Adams to strengthen the U.S. navy. | | 61 |
| 5605481199 | Alien Acts (1798) | Terms:
Allowed the president to expel any foreigner determined to be a threat to the nation; offenders could be jailed or deported during wartime, and the residency requirement for citizenship was extended from 5 years to 14 years.
Historical Significance:
Led to the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions; contributed to the debate concerning constitutional rights in times of war. | | 62 |
| 5605485111 | Sedition Act (1798) | Terms:
Made it illegal to defame or criticize the president or the government; aimed at war newspapers critical of the Federalist policies; Jeffersonians viewed it as proof that individual liberties were threatened if the central government was too strong.
Historical Significance:
Led to the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions; contributed to the debate concerning constitutional rights in times of war | | 63 |
| 5605488954 | Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1799) | Jefferson and Madison's response to the Alien and Sedition Acts; promoted the states' right to nullify federal laws they considered to be unconstitutional.
Historical Significance:
Established the Nullification Doctrine. | | 64 |
| 5605490745 | Election of 1800 | Sometimes referred to as the "Revolution of 1800."
Candidates:
John Adams (Federalist) vs. Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican)
Results:
Jefferson and Burr tied; the election was thrown into the House of Representatives which elected Jefferson on the 36th ballot.
Historical Significance:
Led to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804. | | 65 |
| 5605495057 | Louisiana Purchase (1803 | A territory in the west central U.S. purchased from France for $15 million; extended from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada.
Historical Significance:
Protected trade access to the port of New Orleans and free passage on the Mississippi River; contributed to the growing slavery debate in the U.S. | | 66 |
| 5605498734 | Embargo Act (1807) | Prohibited all foreign trade.
Historical Significance:
Devastated the New England economy and led many to support Charles Pinckney, the Federalist candidate in the 1808 election. was replaced by non-intercourse act (making trade open to anyone | | 67 |
| 5605506706 | Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810) | Replaced the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809; reopened trade with both Britain and France but held that if either agreed to respect America's neutrality in their conflict, the United States would end trade with the other | | 68 |
| 5605512848 | Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) | U.S. forces - led by William Henry Harrison - defeated Tecumseh's confederacy then burned its headquarters at Prophetstown.
Historical Significance:
Tecumseh's confederacy allied with the British during the War of 1812; Harrison emerged as a war hero. | | 69 |
| 5605517466 | Hartford Convention (1814-1815) | Event at which New England Federalists met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the domination of the Federal Government by Presidents from Virginia.
Historical Significance:
Led to the collapse of the Federalist Party. | | 70 |
| 5605523128 | Effects of the War of 1812 | The U.S. economy was devastated.
Large areas of the nation's capitol were destroyed.
American nationalism intensified.
The nation won foreign respect for its military capabilities.
The Federalists and New England were discredited for their antipathy to the war and the actions they took to impede its efforts.
Military careers were launched and enhanced by the war. | | 71 |
| 5605527064 | American System | Henry Clay's plan for a profitable domestic market to be used to knit the country together economically and politically.
Provisions:
Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government.
Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue.
Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks.
Development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads and canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales revenues | | 72 |
| 5605531806 | Treaty of 1818 | U.S. and Great Britain
Terms:
Allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years | | 73 |
| 5605536830 | Panic of 1819 | Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States; often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.
Historical Significance:
Marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the War of 1812 and ushered in new financial policies that would shape economic development. | | 74 |
| 5605543327 | Panic of 1819 | Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States; often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.
Historical Significance:
Marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the War of 1812 and ushered in new financial policies that would shape economic development. | | 75 |
| 5605546679 | Election of 1824 | Candidates:
John Q. Adams vs. Andrew Jackson vs. William H. Crawford vs. Henry Clay
Results:
No candidate won the required number of electoral votes, throwing the election into the House of Representatives where Clay offered his support to Adams who was elected on the first ballot.
Historical Significance:
Led to accusations of a "corrupt bargain." | | 76 |
| 5605550532 | Corrupt Bargain | Refers to the claim from the supporters of Andrew Jackson that John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay had worked out a deal to ensure that Adams was elected president by the House of Representatives in 1824. | | 77 |
| 5605555357 | Election of 1828 | Candidates:
John Q. Adams (National Republican) vs. Andrew Jackson (Democrat)
Results:
Jackson won a landslid victory.
Historical Significance:
Marked the beginning of modern American politics, with the decisive establishment of democracy and the formation of the two-party system | | 78 |
| 5605557620 | Tariff of 1828 | Protective tariff on imports that benefited the industrial North while forcing Southerners to pay higher prices on manufactured goods; called the "Tariff of Abominations" by Southerners. | | 79 |
| 5605561451 | Nullification Crisis (1828-33) | *Leaders"
John C. Calhoun
Events
Tariff of 1828 - The "Tariff of Abominations."
Tariff of 1832 - Reduced tariffs to remedy the conflict created by the Tariff of 1828.
Ordinance of Nullification - Declared the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state borders of South Carolina.
Force Bill - Authorized the president to use whatever force necessary to enforce federal tariffs.
Tariff of 1833 - Proposed gradually reducing tariffs back to their 1816 rates. | | 80 |
| 5605569156 | Second Bank of the United States | Institution chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for state banks.
Historical Significance:
Blamed for the Panic of 1819; especially unpopular among the western land speculators and farmers who supported Andrew Jackson. | | 81 |
| 5605572011 | The Bank War (1832-1836) | Major Events:
Erupted when Henry Clay sought to renew the Bank's charter before the Election of 1832.
Jackson vetoed the bill then ordered all federal deposits in the bank to be withdrawn.
Two Secretaries of the Treasury refused and were removed from office.
Jackson was censured by the U.S. Senate.
Bank president Nicholas Biddle called in loans from across the country resulting in a financial crisis.
The Bank lost its charter in 1836 and went out of business five years later. | | 82 |
| 5605579702 | Transcendentalist Movement | U.S. literary movement that stressed the relationship between human beings and nature, spiritual things over material things, and the importance of the individual conscience.
Leaders:
Ralph Waldo Emerson - "Self-Reliance"
Henry David Thoreau - "Walden," "Civil Disobedience"
Historical Significance:
Influenced the antebellum reform movements | | 83 |
| 5665055802 | King Williams and Queen Anne's Wars | Queen Anne's War (1702-1713), as the North American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession was known in the British colonies, was the second in a series of French and Indian Wars fought between France and England, later Great Britain, in North America for control of the continent. | | 84 |
| 5665106033 | The War of Jenkins Ear | conflict between Britain and Spain that lasted from 1739 to 1748, with major operations largely ended by 1742,The seeds of conflict began with the separation of an ear from Jenkins following the boarding of his vessel by Spanish coast guards in 1731, eight years before the war began. Popular response to the incident was tepid until several years later when opposition politicians and the British South Sea Company hoped to spur outrage against Spain, believing that a victorious war would improve Britain's trading opportunities in the Caribbean. Also ostensibly providing the impetus to war against the Spanish Empire was a desire to pressure the Spanish not to renege on the lucrative asiento contract, which gave British slavers permission to sell slaves in Spanish America. | | 85 |
| 5665282347 | Zenger Trial | a German American printer and journalist in New York City. Zenger printed The New York Weekly Journal.[1] The first generation of American editors discovered readers loved it when they criticized the local governor; the governors discovered they could shut down the newspapers. The most dramatic confrontation came in New York in 1734, where the governor brought Zenger to trial for Criminal Libel after the publication of satirical attacks. The jury acquitted Zenger, who became the iconic American hero for freedom of the press | | 86 |
| 5665296585 | the Intolerable acts | American Patriots' term for a series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. They punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance of throwing a large tea shipment into Boston Harbor in reaction to being taxed by the British. In Great Britain, these laws were referred to as the Coercive Acts.The acts took away Massachusetts' self-government and historic rights, triggering outrage and resistance in the Thirteen Colonies. They were key developments in the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775. | | 87 |
| 5665354885 | Cession of Florida (Adams-Onis Treaty) | treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. It came in the midst of increasing tensions related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America vs. the United States and Great Britain in the aftermath of the American Revolution; and also during the Latin American Wars of Independence. Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons. Madrid decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams-Onís Treaty in exchange for settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Spanish Texas | | 88 |
| 5665381043 | Wilmot Proviso | Congressman David Wilmot first introduced the proviso in the United States House of Representatives on August 8, 1846, as a rider on a $2,000,000 appropriations bill intended for the final negotiations to resolve the Mexican-American War (this was only three months into the two-year war). It passed the House but failed in the Senate, where the South had greater representation. It was reintroduced in February 1847 and again passed the House and failed in the Senate. In 1848, an attempt to make it part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo also failed. Sectional political disputes over slavery in the Southwest continued until the Compromise of 1850. | | 89 |
| 5665408528 | 15th Amendment | Any American cannot be denied the right to vote, based on race, color or being a former slave. The 15th amendment was important in that it not only finally gave African Americans the right to vote, but also allowed the most African Americans in history to be elected into public office | | 90 |
| 5665425479 | Compromise of 1877 | Compromise of 1877 was a purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election. It resulted in the national government pulling the last federal troops out of the South, and formally ended the Reconstruction Era | | 91 |
| 5665434687 | the liberator | William Lloyd Garrison was born December 10, 1805 in Newburyport, Massachusetts. In 1830 he started an abolitionist paper, The Liberator. In 1832 he helped form the New England Antislavery Society. When the Civil War broke out, he continued to blast the Constitution as a pro-slavery document | | 92 |
| 5665447879 | Cult of Domesticity | opinion about women in the 1800s. They believed that women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home.[1] There were four things they believed that women should be:
1.More religious than men
2.Pure in heart, mind, and body
3.Submissive to their husbands
4.Staying at home | | 93 |
| 5665467675 | Marbury v. Madison | the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. The landmark decision helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches of the American form of government.
The case resulted from a petition to the Supreme Court by William Marbury, who had been appointed Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia by President John Adams but whose commission was not subsequently delivered. Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to force the new Secretary of State, James Madison, to deliver the documents. The Court, with John Marshall as Chief Justice, found firstly that Madison's refusal to deliver the commission was both illegal and correctible. Nonetheless, the Court stopped short of ordering Madison (by writ of mandamus) to hand over Marbury's commission, instead holding that the provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that enabled Marbury to bring his claim to the Supreme Court was itself unconstitutional, since it purported to extend the Court's original jurisdiction beyond that which Article III established. The petition was therefore denied. | | 94 |
| 5665478445 | Monroe Doctrine | impact of the Monroe Doctrine persisted with only minor variations for almost two centuries. Its primary objective was to free the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention, ensuring that the New World would not become a battleground for the Old World. | | 95 |
| 5665488814 | McCulloch v. Maryland | state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. Though the law, by its language, was generally applicable to all banks not chartered in Maryland, the Second Bank of the United States was the only out-of-state bank then existing in Maryland, and the law was recognized in the court's opinion as having specifically targeted the Bank of the United States. The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of express powers, provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers of Congress under the Constitution.
This case established two important principles in constitutional law. First, the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government. Second, state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government. | | 96 |
| 5665541907 | Cohens v. Virginia | a United States Supreme Court decision most noted for the Court's assertion of its power to review state supreme court decisions in criminal law matters when the defendant claims that their Constitutional rights have been violated. The Court had previously asserted a similar jurisdiction over civil cases involving American parties.The case involved a prominent Baltimore banking family, a U.S. Senator and two U.S. Representatives as attorneys for the opposing sides, and was centered on two defendants, Mendes J. Cohen and Philip J. Cohen, who would later rise to the positions of U.S. Postmaster (Philip), and U.S. Army Colonel and Maryland Delegate (Mendes). | | 97 |
| 5665564943 | mayflower compact | Mayflower Compact was drafted and signed aboard the Mayflower on November 21, 1620. The "plantation covenant" modeled after a Separatist church covenant, was a document that established a "Civil Body Politic" (a temporary government) until one could be more permanently established | | 98 |
