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AP US HISTORY CHAPTER 2 Flashcards

5292351661	Chattel slavery	a system of bondage in which a salve has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property.	0
5292351662	neo-Europes	where colonists sought to replicate, or at least approximate, economies, and social structures they knew at home	1
5292351663	encomienda	a grant of Indian labor in Spanish America given in the sixteenth century by the Spanish kings to prominent men	2
5292351664	outwork	a system of manufacturing, merchants bought woodland then hired landless peasants in which the merchants would sell in English and foreign markets.	3
5292351665	mercantilism	a system of political economy based on government regulation. Beginning in 1650, Britain enacted Navigation Acts that controlled colonial commerce and manufacturing for the enrichment of Britain.	4
5292351666	House of Burgesses	Organ of government in colonial Virginia made up of an assembly of representatives elected by the colony's inhabitants.	5
5292351667	royal colony	The colony's governor was appointed by the crown and served according to the instruction of the Board of Trade	6
5292351668	freeholds	land owned in its entirety, without feudal dues or land- lord obligations . Freeholders had the legal right to improve, transfer, or sell their landed property.	7
5292351669	head right system	a system of land distribution usually 50 acres	8
5292351670	indentured servitude	workers contracted for service for a specified period. received passage across the Atlantic, room and board	9
5292351671	Pilgrims	one of the first Protestant groups to come to America, seeking a separation from the Church	10
5292351672	Puritans	dissenters from the church of England who wanted a genuine reformation rather than the partial reformation. The puritan s religious principles emphasized the importance of an individual's relationship with God developed through Bible study, prayer, and introspection	11
5292351673	joint-stock corporation	A financial organization devised by English merchants around 1550 that facilitated the colonization of North America. In these companies, a number of investors pooled their capital and received shares of stock in the enterprise to their share of the total investment.	12
5292351674	predestination	The Protestant Christian belief that God chooses certain people for salvation before they are born.	13
5292351675	toleration	the allowance of different religious beliefs	14
5292351676	covenant of grace		15
5292351677	town meeting	a system of local government in New England in which all male heads of households met regularly to elect selectmen, levy local taxes, and regulate markets, roads, and schools.	16

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AP US History Period 5 (1844-1877) Flashcards

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7985625048	Popular Sovereignty	Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.	0
7985625049	Fugitive Slave Law	Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.	1
7985625050	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolitions and escalated the sectional conflict.	2
7985625051	New York Draft Riots	Uprisings during the Civil War (1863), mostly of working-class Irish-Americans, in protest of the draft. Rioters were particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions.	3
7985625052	Emancipation Proclamation	1863. Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States. The Proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines.	4
7985625053	Sherman's March to the Sea	1864-1865. Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive march through Georgia. An early instance of "total war", purposely targeting infrastructure and civilian property to diminish morale and undercut the Confederate War effort.	5
7985625054	Freedmans' Bureau	1865-1872. Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support. Its achievements were never and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.	6
7985625055	Black Codes	1865-1866. Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Norhterners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies.	7
7985625056	KKK (Ku Klux Klan)	An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger, but pro-Anglo-Saxon and pro-Protestant. Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s, Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks.	8
7985625057	Sharecropping	An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop. Sharecropping was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil War, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantation.	9
7985625058	Hayes-Tilden Election	The South conceded to let Hayes win the presidency because he agreed to pull out the troops.	10
7985625059	Compromise of 1850	Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery.	11
7985625060	Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854. Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglass in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad.	12
7985625061	Homestead Act	1862. A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward-moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land.	13
7985625062	Gettysburg Address	1863. Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.	14
7985625063	Appomattox Court House	Site (city) where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the "Wilderness Campaign".	15
7985625064	10% Reconstruction Plan	1863. Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation of slaves.	16
7985625065	13th, 14th, 15th Amendments (Reconstruction Amendments)	13th: Abolished slavery except for criminal punishment. 14th: Gave equal rights and government protection to all men. 15th: Secured suffrage for men.	17
7985625066	Radical Republicans	Most liberal part of the Republican Party. Desired political, economic, and social equality for African Americans. Wanted harsh punishment for the South after the Civil War. Became much more powerful after Andrew Johnson's impeachment.	18
7985625067	Election of Lincoln	Angered many people in the south who owned slaves because he wanted to end slavery. Won the election of 1860 but did not win the popular vote. South Carolina was happy at the outcome of the election because now it had a reason to secede.11 states in the south seceded and made themselves the Confederacy after the election.	19
7985625068	Abolitionist Movement	The movement to end the practice of slavery within the entirety of the United States.	20
7985625069	Anaconda Plan	Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture of the Mississippi River, and to take an army through heart of south.	21
7985625070	The American Party (The Know-Nothing Party)	(1840s-1850s) This political party carried anti-immigrant sentiments against the Catholic and the Irish and saw some electoral success.	22
7985625071	Wilmot Proviso	(1846) Proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War. Never passed by both houses of Congress but helped fan the flame of sectional tension.	23
7985625072	Free-Soil Party	(1848) Political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery into new territories.	24
7985625073	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	(1848) The Mexican government gave up the area of Texas and offered to sell the provinces of California and New Mexico as a result of its defeat in the Mexican-American War.	25
7985625074	Treaty of Fort Laramie	(1851) The US government and the Plains Indians came to an agreement stating that the Indians would become confined to the Black Hills reservation in exchange for no more land being taken. In the future, this treaty was violated once gold was discovered in the Black Hills.	26
7985625075	Gadsden Purchase	(1853) Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.	27
7985625076	Ostend Manifesto	(1854) A declaration issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.	28
7985625077	Bleeding Kansas	(1856-1861) A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.	29
7985625078	Dred Scott v. Sanford	(1857) Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process. Invalidated the Missouri Compromise.	30
7985625079	John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry	(1859) John Brown led a raid on Harper's Ferry. He hoped to start a rebellion against slaveholders by arming enslaved African Americans. Brown was quickly defeated by citizens and federal troops. Brown became a villain to southerners who now thought northerners would use violence to end slavery as well as a martyr to some northerners who saw Brown as someone who sacrificed himself for the ideal of freedom for all.	31
7985625080	Election of 1860	(1860) The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. Hardly more than a month following Lincoln's victory came declarations of secession by South Carolina and other states, which were rejected as illegal by outgoing President James Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln.	32
7985625081	The Sand Creek Massacre	(1864) US officials force the Cheyenne warriors to give up claims that had been promised to them. In retaliation, Chief Black Kettle led Cheyenne warriors in several raids on mining camps and local settlements. US forces responded by surprising 500 Cheyenne at Sand Creek -massacre left 270 Natives, mostly women and children, dead.	33
7985625082	Civil Rights Act of 1867	(1867) Banned discrimination in public accommodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation.	34
7985625083	Thirteenth Amendment	(1865) The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.	35
7985625084	Fourteenth Amendment	(1868) Provided equal protection of the law to freed slaves. Representation for any state that withheld voting from African Americans would be reduced.	36
7985625085	Fifteenth Amendment	(1870) Prohibited any state from denying citizens the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.	37
7985625086	Compromise of 1877	(1877) It withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet, and allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to win the election. Marked the end of reconstruction.	38
7985625087	Manifest Destiny	A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.	39
7985625088	Louis O'Sullivan	Coined the term Manifest Destiny in a newspaper article.	40
7985625089	Texas Annexation	1845. Originally refused in 1837, as the U.S. Government believed that the annexation would lead to war with Mexico. Texas remained a sovereign nation. Annexed via a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY.	41
7985625090	"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"	The phrase used in James K Polk's 1844 presidential election dealing with the Oregon Territory. Polk's campaign used the phrase as a rallying cry for the United States to obtain all of Oregon Territory, including land claimed by the English, up through Northern Canada.	42
7985625091	Oregon Trail	2000 mile long path along which thousands of Americans journeyed to the Willamette Valley in the 1840's.	43
7985625092	Mountain Men	Fur trappers of the northwest who paved the way for continuous settlement of the great west	44
7985625093	California Gold Rush	1849. Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on federal government to establish a stable government	45
7985625094	Mexican American War	1846 - 1848. President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land, called the Mexican Cession.	46
7985625095	Republican Party	1854. Established by anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, "free-soilers" and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories.	47
7985625096	Stephen A. Douglas	Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln and was a leading voice in the debates over slavery and its expansion before the Civil War. Wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine.	48
7985625097	Freeport Doctrine	Stated that exclusion of slavery in a territory (where it was legal) could be accomplished by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. Stated by Stephen Douglass during the Lincoln-Douglass debates, eventually contributed to his loss in the 1860 presidential election as Democrats believed he had walked back the gains made with the Dred Scott v. Sanford decision.	49
7985625098	Abraham Lincoln	16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)	50
7985625099	secession	Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation	51
7985625100	habeas corpus	Petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action. Suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War.	52
7985625101	sectionalism	Term used to describe the growing differences between the regions of the United States, especially the North and South, leading up to the Civil War.	53
7985625102	Robert E. Lee	Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force. Military genius whose aggressiveness made him a fearsome opponent throughout the Civil War.	54
7985625103	Fort Sumter	Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War.	55
7985625104	Battle of Antietam	A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day. Prevented an Confederate invasion of Maryland.	56
7985625105	Battle of Vicksburg	Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union effectively splitting the South in two.	57
7985625106	Battle of Gettysburg	A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Proved to be a significant turning point in the war because of the loss of about 1/3 of Lee's army.	58
7985625107	Ulysses S. Grant	An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.	59
7985625108	William Tecumseh Sherman	Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah; example of total war and "scorched-earth" military tactics.	60
7985625109	Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson	He was a confederate general who was known for his fearlessness in leading rapid marches, bold flanking movements, and furious assaults. He earned his nickname at the battle of first bull run for standing courageously against union fire. During the battle of Chancellorsville his own men accidently mortally wounded him.	61
7985625110	martial law	Rule by the army instead of the elected government (such as in the South as a result of the Military Reconstruction Act)	62
7985625111	emergency powers	Wide-ranging powers a president may exercise during times of crisis or those powers permitted the president by Congress for a limited time.	63
7985625112	Radical Reconstruction	Name given to the period when Congress, which was controlled by Republicans, took over Reconstruction efforts. When southerners balked at some of the more moderate reforms proposed, more radical republicans started to gain more power and pass more legislation.	64
7985625113	Military Reconstruction Act	1867. Divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions	65
7985625114	Freedmen's Bureau	1865. Organization (turned government agency) run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War, sometimes including settling them on confiscated confederate lands.	66
7985625115	Election of 1876	Ended reconstruction because neither candidate had an electoral majority. The Democrat Sam Tilden loses the election to Rutherford B Hayes, Republican, was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised.	67
7985625116	carpetbagger	A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states (as viewed from the southern perspective).	68
7985625117	scalawag	A derogatory term for southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate southerners; sometimes used in a general way by southerners criticizing other southerners who had northern sympathies.	69
7985625118	Nat Turner	A black preacher who in 1831 led a slave revolt Virginia that killed 60 whites. 100+ blacks were executed as a result. The rebellion was significant as it worried southern whites that larger slave rebellions were possible and therefore stricter rules were needed.	70
7985625119	Sojourner Truth	A freed black woman who became a leader in the fight for black emancipation and women's rights.	71
7985625120	Frederick Douglass	An escaped slave who spoke publicly for the abolitionist cause. He wrote his autobiography, depicting the harsh realities of Southern slavery. He also looked to politics to help abolish slavery.	72
7985625121	Cotton Kingdom	Areas in the south where cotton farming developed because of the high demand for cotton and soon dominated the economy.	73
7985625122	Gag Resolution	Strict rule passed by pro-southern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives	74
7985625123	American Colonization Society	Created in 1817 and supported by some blacks and whites, its purpose was to transport African Americans back to Africa once they had been freed from slavery. Idea was based on the idea that whites and blacks could not live as equals in America, even if slavery were abolished.	75
7985625124	James K. Polk	Democratic president after John Tyler who was best known for policies that promoted Manifest Destiny and expansionism.	76
7985625125	John C. Fremont	An American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States (1856), and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.	77
7985625126	Bear Flag Revolt	(1846) a revolt that took place during the Mexican-American War when 500 Americans (Anglos) in Mexican California took the city of Sonoma, CA in the spirit of Manifest Destiny and declared California to be an independent nation.	78
7985625127	Liberty Party	A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848.	79
7985625128	John C. Calhoun	Senator who argued for states' rights for the South. He asked for slavery to be left alone, slaves to be returned to the South, and state balance to be kept intact.	80
7985625129	William H. Seward	Congressman of the "Young Guard" who fiercely opposed slavery and argued that Americans should follow a "higher law" (God's law) over the Constitution when it came to the issue of slavery.	81
7985625130	Henry Clay	Known as the "Great Compromiser"; senator who pushed for compromise between the North and South and worked with Stephen Douglas; major figure in the passing of both the Missouri Compromise (1820) and Compromise of 1850.	82
7985625131	Underground Railroad	Secret system of safe houses along a route that led many slaves to freedom in the North and eventually Canada.	83
7985625132	"Fire Eaters"	Refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the cessation of southern states.	84
7985625133	Charles Sumner	Senator who spoke out for black freedom and racial equality post-Civil War. Publicly beaten by Preston Brooks for speaking out against the violence in Kansas, an event that marked increasing tensions between the North and South prior to the Civil War.	85
7985625134	Roger Taney	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who wrote an opinion in the 1857 Dred Scott case that declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional, thereby legally preventing Congress from prohibiting slavery in new territories (and made Popular Sovereignty illegal).	86
7985625135	Jefferson Davis	President of the Confederate States of America prior to and during the Civil War.	87
7985625137	Pottawatomie Creek Massacre	In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence (Kansas) by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas.	88
7985625138	Lecompton Constitution	Supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state (and was a factor in spurring violence there).	89
7985625139	Lincoln-Douglas Debates	Lincoln challenged Stephen Douglas to debates during the senatorial race of 1858 which became a public referendum on the issue of slavery.	90
7985625140	Clara Barton	Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she was a hospital nurse that treated the wounded in the field.	91
7985625141	Border States	Southern states that never chose secession and joined the Confederacy during the Civil War (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Deleware).	92
7985625142	Andrew Johnson	17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote.	93
7985625143	John Wilkes Booth	Southerner who assasinated Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865	94
7985625144	George B. McClellan	First commander of the Army of the Potomac; well-known for being a master at training an army; was replaced several times by President Lincoln during the Civil War because of his timidness and sometimes outright refusal to send his army into battle.	95
7985625145	Merrimack (the Virginia) v. Monitor	A battle between for first "ironclad" naval vessels, marking a new age in naval warfare.	96
7985625146	Copperheads	Nickname for Northerners who were pro-Confederacy.	97
7985625147	First Battle of Bull Run (Battle of Manassas)	(July 1861) first major conflict of the Civil War. Southern victory led to overconfidence.	98
7985625148	Thaddeus Stevens	Radical Republican congressman from Pennsylvania who defended runaway slaves in court for free and insisted on being buried in a black cemetery; hated white Southerners. Leading figure on the Joint Committee on Reconstruction and for the social equality of African Americans.	99
7985625149	Wade-Davis Bill	Bill pushed by Congress in 1864 that required 50 percent of a state's voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safe-guards for emancipation than proposed in Lincoln's 10 percent plan. Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln.	100
7985625150	10 Percent Plan	Lincoln's plan for re-admitting the Southern states into the Union: a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation.	101
7985625151	Civil Rights Act (1866)	A Reconstruction bill which gave which granted citizenship to African Americans and weakened the poliferation of Black Codes in the South.	102
7985625152	Redeemers	Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy.	103
7985625153	Ku Klux Klan	The "Invisible Empire of the South", founded in Tennessee in 1866, made up of embittered white Southerners who resented the success and ability of Black legislators. They would terrorize, mutilate, and even murder "upstart" blacks or their supporters to "keep them in their place".	104
7985625154	"Seward's Folly"	Refers to the United States' Secretary of State William Seward's decision to purchase the Alaskan territory from Russia in 1867. At the time, Seward's decision to buy the land was regarded as a terrible one by many critics in the United States.	105

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AP US History - US Presidents Flashcards

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7821312834	George Washington	1789-1797 Federalist Whiskey Rebellion; Judiciary Act; Farewell Address	0
7821312835	John Adams	1797-1801 Federalist XYZ Affair; Alien and Sedition Acts	1
7821312836	Thomas Jefferson	1801-1809 Democratic-Republican Marbury v. Madison; Louisiana Purchase; Embargo of 1807	2
7821312837	James Madison	1809-1817 Democratic-Republican War of 1812; First Protective Tariff	3
7821312838	James Monroe	1817-1825 Democratic-Republican Missouri Compromise of 1820; Monroe Doctrine	4
7821312839	John Quincy Adams	1825-1829 Democratic-Republican "Corrupt Bargain"; "Tariff of Abominations"	5
7821312840	Andrew Jackson	1829-1837 Democrat Nullification Crisis; Bank War; Indian Removal Act	6
7821312841	Martin Van Buren	1837-1841 Democrat Trail of Tears; Specie Circular; Panic of 1837	7
7821312842	William Henry Harrison	1841 Whig "Tippecanoe and Tyler too!"; First Whig President	8
7821312843	John Tyler	1841-1845 Whig "His Accidency"; Webster-Ashburton Treaty	9
7821312844	James Polk	1845-1849 Democrat Texas annexation; Mexican War	10
7821312845	Zachary Taylor	1849-1850 Whig Mexican War hero and staunch Unionist	11
7821312846	Millard Fillmore	1850-1853 Whig Compromise of 1850	12
7821312847	Franklin Pierce	1853-1857 Democrat Kansas-Nebraska Act; Gadsden Purchase	13
7821312848	James Buchanan	1857-1861 Democrat Dred Scott decision; Harpers Ferry raid	14
7821312849	Abraham Lincoln	1861-1865 Republican Secession and Civil War; Emancipation Proclamation	15
7821312850	Andrew Johnson	1865-1869 Democrat 13th and 14th amendments; Radical Reconstruction; Impeachment	16
7821312851	Ulysses Grant	1869-1877 Republican 15th amendment; Panic of 1873	17
7821312852	Rutherford Hayes	1877-1881 Republican Compromise of 1877; labor unions and strikes	18
7821312853	James Garfield	1881, Republican Brief resurgence of presidential authority; Increase in American naval power; Purge corruption in the Post Office	19
7821312854	Chester Arthur	1881-1885 Republican Standard Oil trust created Edison lights up New York City	20
7821312855	Grover Cleveland	1885-1889 (1st term), 1893-1897 (2nd term) Democrat Interstate Commerce Act; Dawes Act; Panic of 1893; Pullman Strike	21
7821312856	Benjamin Harrison	1889-1893 Republican Sherman Anti-Trust Act; Closure of the frontier	22
7821312857	William McKinley	1897-1901 Republican Spanish-American War; Open Door policy	23
7821312858	Theodore Roosevelt	1901-1909 Republican Progressivism; Square Deal; Big Stick Diplomacy	24
7821312859	William Howard Taft	1909-1913 Republican Dollar diplomacy NAACP founded	25
7821312860	Woodrow Wilson	1913-1921 Democrat WWI; League of Nations; 18th and 19th amendments; Segregation of federal offices; First Red Scare	26
7821312861	Warren Harding	1921-1923 Republican "Return to normalcy", return to isolationism; Tea Pot Dome scandal; Prohibition	27
7821312862	Calvin Coolidge	1923-1929 Republican Small-government (laissez-faire) conservative	28
7821312863	Herbert Hoover	1929-1933 Republican "American individualism"; Stock Market Crash; Dust Bowl; Hawley-Smoot Tariff	29
7821312864	Franklin Delano Roosevelt	1933-1945 Democrat New Deal; WWII; Japanese Internment; "Fireside Chats"	30
7821312865	Harry Truman	1945-1953 Democrat A-bomb; Marshall Plan; Korean War; United Nations	31
7821312866	Dwight Eisenhower	1953-1961 Republican Brown v. Board of Education; Second Red Scare; Highway Act and suburbanization ("white flight"); Farewell Address warning of the military industrial complex	32
7821312867	John Kennedy	1961-1963 Democrat Camelot; Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis; Space program; Peace Corps	33
7821312868	Lyndon Johnson	1963-1969 Democrat Civil and Voting Rights acts; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; Great Society	34
7821312869	Richard Nixon	1969-1974 Republican Environmental Protection Act; China visit; Moon Landing; Watergate	35
7821312870	Gerald Ford	1974-1977 Republican Pardoning of Nixon; OPEC crisis	36
7821312871	Jimmy Carter	1977-1981 Democrat stagflation / energy crisis; Iran hostage crisis; Camp David Accords	37
7821312872	Ronald Reagan	1981-1989 Republican Conservative revolution; Iran-Contra scandal	38
7821312873	George H. W. Bush	1989-1993 Republican Persian Gulf War	39
7821312874	Bill Clinton	1993-2001 Democrat NAFTA; Lewinsky scandal and impreachment	40
7821312875	George W. Bush	2001-2008 Republican War on terrorism; Patriot Act; Tax cuts; "No Child Left Behind"	41
7821312876	Barack Obama	2008-2017 Democrat Affordable Care Act	42
7821312877	Donald Trump	2017-? Republican "Make America Great Again"	43

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AP US History Period 6 (1865-1898) Flashcards

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7442072269	People's (Populist) Party	An agrarian-populist political party in the United States For a few years, 1892-96, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politic Drew support from angry farmers in the West and South and operated on the left-wing of American politic Highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads Allied itself with the labor movement.	0
7442072270	assimilation	the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group	1
7442072271	social services	a range of public services provided by governmental or private organizations. Aimed at creating effective organizations, building stronger communities, and promoting equality and opportunity. Include benefits of education, health care, job training and subsidized housing	2
7442072272	The Gilded Age	Means something is gold covered The late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. Term derived from writer Mark Twain's 1873 The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding of economic progress.	3
7442072273	Social Darwinism	Term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest." Provided a justification for the enormous wealth and power wielded by industrialists in the latter half of the 19th century.	4
7442072274	Gospel of Wealth	An essay written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. Promoted the idea of philanthropy	5
7442072275	Jane Addams	A pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace. She created the first Hull House. Co-winner of 1931 Nobel Peace Prize.	6
7442072276	Plessy v. Ferguson	1896 - Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."	7
7442072277	racial segregation	the separation of humans into ethnic or racial groups in daily life. Generally applies to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, riding on a bus, or in the rental or purchase of a home.	8
7442072278	free enterprise	an economic system that permits unrestricted entrepreneurial business activity associated with laissez-faire capitalism	9
7442072279	trust	A set of companies managed by a small group known as trustees, who can prevent companies in the trust from competing with each other.	10
7442072280	socialist	one who believes in the ownership and control of the major means of production by the whole community rather than by individuals or corporations	11
7442072281	radical	one who believes in fundamental change in a political, economic, or social system	12
7442072282	lockout	the refusal by an employer to allow employees to work unless they agree to his or her terms	13
7442072283	cooperative	an organization for producing, marketing, or consuming goods in which the members share the benefits	14
7442072284	anarchist	one who believes that formal, coercive government is wrong in principle	15
7442072285	tenement	a multi-dwelling building, often poor or overcrowded	16
7442072286	sweatshop	a factory where employees are forced to work long hours under difficult conditions for meager wages	17
7442072287	pauper	a poor person, often one who lives on tax-supported charity	18
7442072288	tycoon	a wealthy businessperson, especially one who openly displays power and position	19
7442072289	filibuster	to utilize the technique of obstructing legislation by tactics such as making long speeches and introducing irrelevant amendments	20
7442072290	landslide	an overwhelming majority of votes for one side in an election	21
7442072291	reserve	in finance, the portion of money held back from circulation by a bank or treasury, which provides backing for its notes or loans	22
7442072292	bimetallism	the legalized concurrent use of two precious metals as currency at a fixed ratio of value in US History associated with the Free Silver movement	23
7442072293	Wabash v. Illinois (1886)	Declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional.	24
7442072294	U. S. v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895)	Due to a narrow interpretation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the Court undermined the authority of the federal government to act against monopolies.	25
7442072295	Frontier Thesis	stereotypical thesis that west represented individualism, democracy, economic freedom, and starting over Turner's idea	26
7442072296	Land Grants	land given by government to universities and railroad companies	27
7442072297	Dawes Act	1887 land given to individual Indians to discourage tribal mindset encouraged Indians to farm for a living instead of communally owning land	28
7442072298	Bureau of Indian Affairs	designed to assimilate Native Americans (children particularly) into American culture	29
7442072299	Open Range	the idea that cattle can be grazed on large tracts of public and/or private property invention of barbed wire ended this idea and drove many small cattle ranches out of business and off their small plots of land	30
7442072300	Vertical Integration	Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to own every step of the manufacturing process (ex. Carnegie Steel)	31
7442072301	Horizontal Integration	Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to purchase competing companies in the same industry; monopoly-building (ex. Rockefeller's Standard Oil)	32
7442072302	Knights of Labor	American labor organization in the 1880s led by Terence V. Powderly. Organized a wide range of workers, including skilled and unskilled, and had broad reform goals.	33
7442072303	Haymarket Riot	1886 Labor dispute in Chicago that ended with a bomb being thrown at police resulting in many deaths. Led to an unfavorable public opinion of organized labor especially the Knights of Labor	34
7442072304	American Federation of Labor (AFL)	An organization of various trade unions that fought for specific reforms Wanted better wages, fewer hours, better working conditions Founded by Samuel Gompers	35
7442072305	Homestead Steel Strikes	Violent labor conflict in Carnegie's mills Henry Frick (manager) announced pay cut Strike had to be put down by state militia	36
7442072306	Urbanization	movement of people from rural communities and settlements to big cities	37
7442072307	"New Immigrants"	immigrants from southern and eastern Europe such as Poland, Italy, etc. that arrived in the US during & after the 1880s	38
7442072308	Chinese Exclusion Act	First law limiting immigration based on race; effectively stopped immigration from China through the end of WWII.	39
7442072309	Political Machine	Unofficial political organization that works to win elections in order to exercise power Sometimes referred to as a shadow government Rose to power in the late 1800s because of ill-equipped local governments that failed to meet the needs of growing urban populations	40
7442072310	Tammany Hall	Political machine of New York City that was well-known for its corruption Lead by William Boss Tweed	41
7442072311	Pendelton Civil Service Act, 1883	Standardized an exam for federal employees so that people were awarded jobs on merit rather than political affiliations Made it illegal to remove federal employees without just cause.	42
7442072312	Sherman Antitrust Act	Outlawed monopolistic business practices not effective initially without a strong progressive federal government that would enforce it.	43
7442072313	Grange Movement and Farmers Alliance	Grassroots movements that attempted to address the plight of farmers in the late 1800s; attempted to regulate railroads and enlarge opportunity for credit evolved into Populist movement.	44
7442072314	William Jennings Bryan	Democratic presidential hopeful that was a member of the Populist Party free silver advocate "Do not crucify mankind on a cross of gold".	45
7442072315	Seward's Folly or Seward's Ice Box	Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase.	46
7442072316	Susan B. Anthony	Social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association.	47
7442072317	Laissez-Faire Economics	This was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. This economic thought dominated most of the time period of the Industrial Revolution.	48
7442072318	New South	After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. In reality, this growth was fairly slow.	49
7442072319	Americanization	Process of assimilating immigrants into American culture by teaching English, American history, and citizenship.	50
7442072320	middle class	a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers	51
7442072321	Interstate Commerce Act	1887 Created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate railroads to be fairer to farmers First legislation to regulate corporations Ineffective because government failed to enforce it.	52
7442072322	Andrew Carnegie	A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. Great philanthropist	53
7442072323	Transcontinental Railroad	Railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West Opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution Completed in 1869 at Promontory, UT	54
7442072324	Social Gospel	Late 19th-century movement Protestant movement preaching that all true Christians should be concerned with the plight of immigrants and other poor residents of American cities and should financially support efforts to improve lives of these poor urban dwellers. Settlement houses were often financed by funds raised by ministers of this movement.	55
7442072325	Standard Oil	John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition. By 1890, owned 90% of the US oil market	56
7442072326	Carnegie Steel	A steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 19th century Significance: had a monopoly in the steel industry. vertical integrations.	57
7442072327	John D. Rockefeller	Wealthy owner of Standard Oil Company. Considered to be a robber baron who used ruthless tactics to eliminate other businesses. Built trusts and used money to influence government.	58
7442072328	Industrial Revolution	Period characterized by the rapid social and economic changes in manufacturing and agriculture that occurred in England during the late 18th century and rapidly diffused to other parts of the developed world. In the US, this occurred during the period roughly 1825-1925.	59
7442072329	Alaska	The last frontier of the North American continent. It was purchased from Russia in 1867 and was considered to be worthless land; however, in time, this was proven false	60
7442072330	Central Pacific Railroad	Started in CA & pushed eastward Eventually connected with the Union Pacific RR in Promontory Point, UT Hired Chinese laborers to complete the work	61
7442072331	Union Pacific Railroad	RR that started in Omaha, NE Connected with Central Pacific RR in Promontory Point, UT Hired inexpensive Irish laborers	62
7442072332	Wyoming & women's suffrage	WY was the 1st state to provide women the right to vote in 1870 Sometimes referred to as the "Land of Freedom"	63
7442072333	"old immigrants"	Immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s Mainly from England and Northern Europe	64
7442072334	Yellowstone National Park	Established in 1872 by US Congress 1st national park	65
7442072335	Panic of 1873	Financial panic in which banks closed and the stock market crashed	66
7442072336	US Steel	Largest steel company of the US Created by JP Morgan by merging with Carnegie Steel Largest corporation in existence at the time	67
7442072337	Bessemer Process	Way to manufacture steel quickly & cheaply	68
7442072338	Battle of Little Bighorn	1876- Indian leaders Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse defeated Gen. Custer & his troops	69
7442072339	Nez Perce War	Conflict between the Nez Perce & the US gov't Chief Joseph finally agrees to surrender & relocate to reservation	70
7442072340	Great Railway Strike of 1877	RR workers initiated a strike in 1877 when they were told there would be a pay cut	71
7442072341	A Century of Dishonor	Written by Helen Hunt Jackson Exposed mistreatment of Native Americans by US gov't & settlers	72
7442072342	James Garfield	Became president in 1880 Republican Assassinated after only 4 months Promoted civil service reform, but died before it could be enacted	73
7442072343	JP Morgan	Banker that controlled 2/3 of RRs and eventually merged with Carnegie's steel company Formed US Steel Considered a robber baron	74
7442072344	Captains of Industry	Owners & mangers of large industrial enterprises who wielded great political & economic power More positive term in contrast to "robber barons"	75
7442072345	Robber Barons	Refers to industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying employees low wages Drove competition out of business by selling goods much cheaper	76
7442072346	Hull House	Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy family Provided social & education opportunities for working class Worked to improve conditions caused by poverty Est. by Jane Addams in Chicago	77
7442072347	Jacob Riis	Danish immigrant Report who pointed out terrible conditions of tenement houses Author of How the Other Half Lives (1890)	78
7442072348	Wounded Knee	1890 Last Native American battle 300 Native killed by US military	79
7442072349	Ellis Island	Immigration processing center in NY Harbor	80
7442072350	Pullman Strike	Pullman RR car announced pay cut American Railway Union boycotts the use of the Pullman cars US mail failed to be delivered US gov't sent injunction to end boycott SCOTUS ruled injunction was constitutional	81
7442072351	Homestead Act	Gave settlers 160 acres of land if they lived on the land for 6 months and cultivated crops	82

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AP US History Period 7 (1890-1945) Flashcards

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6712407956	The Great Depression	The deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. In the United States, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors.	0
6712407957	Progressive Era	A period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to 1920s.	1
6712407958	Prohibition	A nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933.	2
6712407959	Women's suffrage	The women's right to vote, granted by the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920).	3
6712407960	preservationists	Those who attempt to maintain in their present condition areas of the Earth that are so far untouched by humans.	4
6712407961	conservationists	Those who advocate for the sustainable use and management of natural resources including wildlife, water, air, and earth deposits, both -- renewable and non-renewable.	5
6712407962	Welfare State	A system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. The foundations for the modern welfare state in the US were laid by the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.	6
6712407963	Liberalism	A viewpoint or ideology associated with free political institutions and religious toleration, as well as support for a strong role of government in regulating capitalism and constructing the welfare state.	7
6712407964	mass media	Diversified mediatechnologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication.	8
6712407965	The Great Migration	The movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970.	9
6712407966	imperialist	A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.	10
6712407967	isolationism	A category of foreign policies institutionalized by leaders who asserted that their nations' best interests were best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance.	11
6712407968	Spanish-American War	A conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence.	12
6712407969	Treaty of Versailles	One of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.	13
6712407970	League of Nations	An intergovernmental organization founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It lacked an armed force to enforce policy and was not joined by the United States.	14
6712407971	fascism	An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.	15
6712407972	Axis Powers	Germany, Italy, and Japan, which were allied before and during World War II.	16
6712407973	Allied Powers	U.S., Britain, France, which were allied before and during World War II.	17
6712407974	Nazi Concentration Camp	A guarded compound for the detention or imprisonment of aliens, members of ethnic minorities, political opponents. Primarily Jewish Europeans during WWII.	18
6712407975	Holocaust	A genocide in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews and members from other fringe social groups during World War II.	19
6712407976	Internment of Japanese Americans	Forced relocation and incarceration in camps in the interior of the U.S. of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who had lived on the Pacific coast.	20
6712407977	Pacific "Island Hopping"	A military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II. The idea was to bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and instead concentrate the limited Allied resources on strategically important islands that were not well defended but capable of supporting the drive to the main islands of Japan.	21
6712407978	D-Day	The landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II.	22
6712407979	atomic bomb	A "fission" bomb dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima at the end of World War II.	23
6712407980	americanization	The process of assimilating American character, manner, ideals, culture, and so on.	24
6712407981	progressive	In politics, one who believes in continuing progress, improvement, or reform.	25
6712407982	initiative	In politics, the procedure whereby voters can, through petition, present proposed legislation directly to the electorate.	26
6712407983	referendum	The submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct vote of the electorate.	27
6712407984	recall	In politics, a procedure for removing an official from office through popular election or other means.	28
6712407985	self-determination	In politics, the right of a people (usually based on ethnicity) to shape its own national identity and form a government, without outside coercion of influence.	29
6712407986	graduated income tax	A tax on income in which the taxation rates are progressively higher for those whit higher income.	30
6712407987	Muller v. Oregon (1908)	First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.	31
6712407988	Schenck v. U. S. (1919)	Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."	32
6712407989	Korematsu v. U. S. (1941)	The court upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2.	33
6712407990	Open Door Policy	The policy that China should be open to trade with all of the major powers, and that all, including the United States, should have equal right to trade there. This was the official American position toward China as announced by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899.	34
6712407991	socialism	An economic and governmental system based on public ownership of the means of production and exchange.	35
6712407992	Eugene Debs	Prominent socialist leader (and five time presidential candidate) who founded the American Railroad Union and led the 1894 Pullman Strike	36
6712407993	Roosevelt Corollary	Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force.	37
6712407994	Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)	Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.	38
6712407995	Pure Food and Drug Act	Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.	39
6712407996	Teddy Roosevelt	Twenty-sixth president of the United States; he focused his efforts on trust busting, environment conservation, and strong foreign policy.	40
6712407997	William Taft	27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.	41
6712407998	Triangle Shirtwaist Fire	March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers	42
6712407999	segregation	Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences. Common in the South after the Civil War through the 1960s.	43
6712408000	Harlem Renaissance	Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.	44
6712408001	Fourteen Points	The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.	45
6712408002	Red Scare	A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities. Periods of Red Scare occurred after both World Wars in the United States.	46
6712408003	Sedition Act	A law passed by Congress in 1918 (during World War I) to make it illegal to say anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort in WWI. Seen as a military necessity by some for effectively fighting in WWI.	47
6712408004	Scopes Trial	Also known as the Scopes Monkey Trial; 1925 court case argued by Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan in which the issue of teaching evolution in public schools was debated. Highlighted the growing divide between rural (more conservative) and urban (more liberal) interests in the United States.	48
6712408005	Sacco and Vanzetti Trial	Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Massachusetts. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.	49
6712408006	Kellog-Briand Pact	Idealistic agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another.	50
6712408007	Herbert Hoover	Republican president at the outset of the Great Depression. As a Republican, he believed that the federal government should not interfere in economic problems; the severity of the Great Depression forced his hand to provide some federal assistance to those in need, but he mostly left these efforts to the states.	51
6712408008	Smoot-Hawley Tariff	One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high.	52
6712408009	Platt Amendment	This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treates with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay.	53
6712408010	Indian Reorganization Act	Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs.	54
6712408011	Zoot Suit Riots	A series of riots in 1944 during World War II that broke out in Los Angeles, California, between Anglo American sailors and Marines stationed in the city, and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored.	55
6712408012	Yalta Conference	FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War.	56
6712408013	William Jennings Bryan	United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925).	57
6712408014	Woodrow Wilson	(1856-1924) President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.	58
6712408015	United Nations	An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.	59
6712408016	communism	A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.	60
6712408017	Bolshevik Revolution	The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.	61
6712408018	Wagner Act	Established the National Labor Relations Board; allowed employees to collectively bargain	62