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AP US History Period 1 (1491-1607) Flashcards

4794406804	Columbian Exchange	An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.	0
4794406805	Encomienda	A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it	1
4794406806	Atlantic slave trade	Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. 98% of Africans were sent to the Caribbean, South and Central America.	2
4794406807	Bartolome de las Casas	First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor; however his suggestion to replace Natives with Africans was won he would regret.	3
4794406808	Maize	An early form of corn grown by Native Americans	4
4794406809	Hopewell	A mound builder society that was centered in the Ohio River Valley from about 200 B.C to AD 400	5
4794406810	Anasazi	A Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings	6
4794406811	Iroquois	A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests	7
4794406812	Cherokee	Are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples were located.	8
4794406813	Inuit	A member of a people inhabiting the Arctic (northern Canada or Greenland or Alaska or eastern Siberia)	9
4794406814	Olmec	The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction.	10
4794406815	Maya	Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.	11
4794406816	Aztec	(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.	12
4794406817	Inca	Their empire stretched from what is today Ecuador to central Chili in the Andes Mountain region of South America. Called the Children of the Sun.	13
4794406818	Montezuma II	The last Aztec emperor. Here he is on vacation at the beach, just days before being captured and killed by Cortés in 1520.	14
4794406819	Atahualpa	Atahualpa, the last Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire before the Spanish conquest. Atahualpa became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother Huáscar in a civil war sparked by the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac, from an infectious disease. He was held captive and executed by Pizarro.	15
4794406820	Tenochtitlan	Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.	16
4794406821	Machu Picchu	8,000 ft above sea level between mountain peaks has a sun temple, public buildings, and a central places, possible religious center or an estate of wealthy nobility.	17
4794406822	Aztec calendar	365 days, divided into 18 months each with 20 days.	18
4794406823	Terrace farming	The cutting out of flat areas (terraces) into near vertical slopes to allow farming. Terrace farms appears as steps cut into a mountainside. This adaptation allowed both the early Chinese, and the Inca of Mesoamerica to grow enough food for their large populations.	19

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5759595654	Federalist Party	First American political party formed by George Washington and led by Alexander Hamilton. They were in support of the Constitution, as it gave the government more power. They believed in national banks, tariffs, an elite ruling class, and good relations with Britain. They had major influences and impacts on out national government and its debt.	0
5759595655	Anti-Federalist Party	A group of members that opposed the creation of a stronger US federal government and the Constitution. They were led by Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson. They believed in a weak central government and strong state governments. They supported small farmers and landowners. They helped in preventing the Federalists from creating a political system like that of the British.	1
5759595656	Whig Party	Were conservatives who supported government programs, reforms, and public schools. They called for internal improvements like canals, railroads, and telegraph lines. Henry Clay, Daniel Webster.	2
5759595657	Marbury v Madison 1803	Est. the idea that the Supreme Court had the authority of Judicial Review. J. Adams appointed Marbury as a judge in DC, but Madison refused to process Marbury's job/commission. Chief Justice John Marshall declared that the SC did not have the authority to force Madison to make the appt.	3
5759595658	McCulloch v Maryland 1819	Maryland attempted to stop the operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the US by imposing a tax on all money of banks not chartered in Maryland. Strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the bank of the United States by establishing that the state of Maryland did not have the power to tax the bank. Est. implied powers.	4
5759595660	Louisiana Purchase 1803	The acquisition by the USA of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana. They paid $15 million. It doubled the size of the US, removed France's presence in the region, and it protected US trade access and free passage. Thomas Jefferson.	5
5759595661	Mexican Cession	1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.	6
5759595662	Gadsden Purchase 1853	A region of present day southern AZ and southwestern NM purchased by the US in a treaty. It proved the land necessary for a southern transcontinental railroad and attempted to resolve conflicts that lingered after the Mexican-American War.	7
5759595663	Erie Canal	A canal in New York running from Albany to Buffalo. It created a navigable water route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes which gave the western states direct access tot he ocean without shipping goods downstream on Mississippi River.	8
5759595664	Boston Massacre 1770	The killing of five colonists by British soldiers. It was the culmination of the tensions in the American colonies. It made many colonists rally together to counter the evil British.	9
5759595665	Boston Tea Party 1773	Political protest by the Sons of Liberty. They destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India company in defiance of the Tea Act by throwing the chests into the sea. It showed that the American colonies had grown tired of arbitrary taxation by the British.	10
5759595666	Popular Sovereignty	A belief that ultimate power resides in the people. The people are able to vote for if they want slavery or not.	11
5759595667	Second Great Awakening	A Protestant revival movement as a reaction against skepticism, deism, and rationalism. It enrolled new members in existing denominations and led to the formation of new denominations. It revived the emotional side of religion, weakened church authority, and played a role in social reform. Led to new religious movements, such as Methodist and Mormon.	12
5759595668	French and Indian War 1754-1763	AKA Seven Years' War. Fought between the colonies of British America and New France, supported by military units from their parent countries. Hostilities intensified between the two as they both attempted to colonize land in the Ohio Valley. It marked the beginning of conflicts between Great Britain and the American colonists.	13
5759595669	Revolutionary War 1775-1783	War fought between the American colonies and England. American colonies won war and gained independence and British land in North America.	14
5759595670	Nullification Crisis	A sectional crisis with an ordinance declared by the power of the state that the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore void in South Carolina. It showed that the economic and political interests of the North and South were drifting, as they had opposing ideas.	15
5759595671	Mexican-American War 1846	An armed conflict between the US and Mexico that started with the US annexation of Texas and was the result of a disagreement over where the Mexican-American border should be. the US received Mexican territory and it raised the question of slavery in the new territory.	16
5759595672	Saratoga Battle	A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.	17
5759595674	Monroe Doctrine 1823	A US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South American would be viewed as acts of aggression. It directed a clear warning towards all foreign countries telling them to leave the US alone and to stop settling within the country's borders. James Monroe.	18
5759595675	Atlantic Slave Trade	European trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa.	19
5759595679	Proclamation Act 1763	Issued by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America. It forbade settlers from settling past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains. It organized Britain's empire and stabilized relations with Native Americans through trade, settlement, and land purchases.	20
5759595680	Sugar Act 1764	It reduced the tax to three pence (previously six pence). The tax was more enforced and it occurred on other goods like wine, coffee, and calico. It raised revenue for Britain through American colonists, not Europeans.	21
5759595681	Stamp Act 1765	An act of the Parliament of Great Britain that required the colonies have printed materials be produced on stamp paper. These were legal documents. It helped British troops who were stationed in North America, as the taxes went to their benefit. This angered the colonists. It was considered the last straw, leading to the Revolution.	22
5759595682	Land Ordinance 1785	The goal was to raise money through the sale of land in the territory west of the states. It was important because it established the precedent by which the US would expand westward across North America by the admission of new states.	23
5759595683	Northwest Ordinance 1787	It created the Northwest territory from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between Canada and the Great Lakes. Rather than the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty, it establish admission for new states.	24
5759595684	Compromise of 1850	This admitted CA as a free state while it also created fugitive slave laws to capture escaped slaves. It created a way for slaves to not be able to go to the North and be free. The North had to help the South.	25
5759595685	Intolerable Acts 1774	A series of laws passed by the British Parliament after the Boston Tea Party intending to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance. The Boston harbor closed. England took over all gov't activities.	26
5759595686	Missouri Compromise 1820	It involved primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the southern Missouri border. It became precedent for settling subsequent North and South disagreements over slavery and duty issues. James Monroe.	27
5759595687	Thomas Jefferson	Democrat-Republican. Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virginia. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia.	28
5759595688	John Adams	America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."	29
5759595689	Thomas Paine	American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809). Common Sense.	30
5759595690	Andrew Jackson	Democrat. Seventh president of the US. He opposed the national bank and did not support a strong federal government. He enforced the Indian Removal Act. He enforced the idea of a common man and sovereignty.	31
5759595691	John C Calhoun	Vice President under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he becomes an advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.	32
5759595692	Henry Clay	American lawyer, politician, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky. He is important because he was the founder and leader of the Whig Party and a leading advocate of programs for modernizing the economy, like tariffs to eliminate international competition, a national bank, and internal improvements to promote canals, ports, and railroads.	33
5759595693	John Quincy Adams	Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.	34
5759595694	Preston Brooks	A hot tempered Congressman of South Carolina took vengeance in his own hands. He beat Sumner with a cane until he was restrained by other Senators over issue of slavery.	35
5759595695	Cotton	The most important cash crop in the South by 1850 that needed a large labor force.	36
5759595696	Indian Removal Act	Part of the Indian Removal policy that was signed into law by Andrew Jackson in 1830; strongly supported in the South where states were eager to gain access to lands occupied by the Five Civilized Tribes. Namely the Cherokee tribe.	37
5759595697	American System	An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.	38
5759595698	Adams Onis Treaty	1819. Settled land dispute between Spain and United States as a result of tensions brought on by weakening Spanish power in the New World. U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean.	39
5759595699	Interchangeable parts	1799-1800: Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government.	40
5759595700	Samuel Slater	He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories. -increased labor problem -only benefitted employers, not workers -forbid unions	41
5759595701	Spoils System	Jackson's patronage system, which allowed men to buy their way into office. This resulted in a very corrupt governmental office.	42
5759595702	"Lowell Girls"/Factory Girls 1820-30's	Young single women that were the primary source of labor in the factory system in Lowell, Massachusetts	43
5759595703	Colombian exchange	Exchange b/t the new world and the old world consisting of the old world bringing wheat, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, sugar, rice, coffee, smallpox, malaria and yellow fever. while the new world sent gold, silver, corn, potatoes, tobacco, and syphilis	44
5759595704	Encomienda Systems	Spanish Government's policy to give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them.	45
5759595705	Tariff of 1828	Protective tariff passed by Cong. that came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to Southerners because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy; it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products.	46
5759668815	Spain's 3 Gs	During Spanish exploration, their motivation for expansion and settlement revolved around God, Glory and Gold.	47
5759668816	Mercantilism	Through trade with the colonies, a European nation's accumulation of wealth as the basis for their military and political strength. The Navigation Acts were part of the British policy of mercantilism.	48
5759668817	Salutary Neglect	British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England. GB tried to create a policy through the Navigation Acts, but did not enforce them. From 1763 to 1775 Britain began to try to enforce stricter rules and more direct management, driven in part by the outcome of the Seven Years' War and needing funds to make up for it.	49
5759670928	Democrat-Republican	Formed by Thomas Jefferson and others who believed in an agrarian-based, decentralized, democratic government. Opposed the Federalists.	50
5759682223	Know-Nothings	AKA The American Party. Its members strongly opposed immigrants and followers of the Catholic Church.	51
5759682224	Mestizo	Offspring of a Spaniard + Indian American	52
5759685454	New England Colonies	Coastal area, good harbors for fishing, dense forests, poor rocky soil; small farms, lumber mills, shipbuilding, trade, cities developed along the coasts; Merchants controlled trade, artisans, etc; Founded for religious freedom; NH, ME, MA, CT, RI	53
5759685455	Middle Colonies	AKA Bread Colonies; Fertile soil, long growing season; rye, oats, barley, etc.; Tenant farmers rented land and worked for wages; NY, NJ, PA, DE, MD	54
5759685456	Southern Colonies	Good climate for growing crops; Tobacco, rice, indigo on large plantations; Indentured servants and slaves provided most of the labor; VA, NC, SC, GA	55
5759686727	Abigail Adams	Wife of John Adams, urged husband to "remember the women" during the creation of the Constitution.	56
5759689794	Barbados Slave Codes	Defined the slaves' legal status, gave owners rules and codes to completely control their slaves by.	57
5759689795	Salem Witchcraft Trials	Late 1600s, adolescent girls of Salem, Mass., accused several people of voodoo, etc. At least 19 people were put to death. Demonstrates the tensions in Puritan communities.	58
5759691830	John Peter Zenger	NY publisher, was tried for libelous charges, and the court declared that if the information printed was true, then it was not libel, something that contradicted the beliefs of Parliament in England. Removed some colonial restrictions on the freedom of the press. Est. the idea for the 1st Amendment.	59
5759693155	First vs. Second Continental Congress	First: 1774, Decl. of Rights and Grievances, discussed Intolerable Acts Second: 1775, Olive Branch Petition, GW chosen to lead, Decl. of Indpendence	60
5759695830	Declaration of Independence	1776, written mainly by T. Jefferson, listed the grievances against King George III and Parliament. Included things such as taxation w/o representation, quartering troops, and getting rid of colonial gov'ts.	61
5759695831	Treaty of Ghent	1814. Ended the War of 1812. The treaty made no changes to the pre-war boundaries.	62
5759695832	War of 1812	War between Great Britain and America. Was caused by several factors including impressing sailors, various trade and embargo acts, etc.	63
5759697176	Treaty of Paris, 1763	Ended the Seven Years' War between France and Great Britain. France gave up their North American land claims to the British.	64
5759697177	Treaty of Paris, 1783	Ended the American Revolution. America won.	65
5759699203	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	Ended the Mexican-American War in 1848. US paid $15mil for the Mexican Cession land.	66
5759701058	Horace Mann	Reformer who revolutionized the education system, believed that all people should have the opportunity to free education.	67
5759701059	Dorothea Dix	Reformer who sought better conditions for the mentally and physically disabled as well as prison reforms.	68
5759702797	Judiciary Act 1789	Under Pres. GW; Allowed Congress to create lower federal courts	69
5759702798	Gibbons vs. Ogden	Lawsuit over whether NY could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Cong. had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce.	70
5759706297	Specie Circular	executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson in 1836 pursuant to the Coinage Act and carried out by his successor, President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for government land to be in gold and silver.	71
5759706298	Aroostook War	Boundary dispute b/t US and Canada. Near the Aroostook River, Canadian lumberjacks were sent to work and Maine's Americans tried to eject them. Canada wanted to send an army but General Scott prevented this. It was solved by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty in 1842.	72
5759712371	William Lloyd Garrison	Abolitionist, one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society; editor of the Liberator newspaper.	73
5759712372	Dred Scott vs. Sandford	AKA Dred Scott Decision. Stated that Africans, whether enslaved or free, could not be an American citizen and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court, and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States. Essentially made slaves like property.	74
5759716060	Crittenden Compromise	Proposal to protect slavery through constitutional amendments. The compromise did not pass the House or the Senate, and was immediately rejected by Pres. Lincoln.	75
5759747275	Navigation Acts	Reflected the policy of mercantilism, which sought to keep all the benefits of trade inside the Empire. Prohibited the colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands, Spain, France, etc. On the whole, the Acts were obeyed, except for the Molasses Act of 1733, which led to extensive smuggling because no effective means of enforcement was provided until the 1750s.	76
5759855476	Republican Motherhood	The idea that the mother could influence civic virtue and responsibility onto the children from the home.	77
5759985120	Jonathan Edwards	Preacher of the Great Awakening; he attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation, and preached the traditional Puritan ideas of absolute sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone.	78
5759990861	George Whitefield	Powerful preacher, made several evangelizing tours through the colonies and drew tremendous crowds during the Great Awakening, known for theatrics.	79
5759996877	Bacon's Rebellion	1676. Nathaniel Bacon and other VA frontiersmen wanting land clashed w/Native Americans; they were poor, had little land. They were angered by the lack of gov't response to Indian attacks by Gov. Berkeley; rebellion died down.	80
5759996878	Stono Rebellion	1739. About 100 blacks in SC rose up, seized weapons, killed several whites and attempted to escape south to Florida, but they were caught and many participants executed.	81
5760011130	Shays's Rebellion	1786 to 1787; Rebellion was due to unfair taxes in MA, Farm foreclosures and farmers being imprisoned. Shays and others men attacked courts in western MA; State militia put down rebellion; Uprising was a general threat to property; Threat that rebellion could spread to other states; Articles of Confederation viewed as too weak to maintain law and order.	82
5760013295	Whiskey Rebellion	1794 to 1795; Farmers in western PA refused to pay federal excise tax on whiskey, and they attacked tax collectors. GW called for 13,000 troops to suppress the rebels, rebels ceased the rebellion; Gov't could enforce the law; Constitution protected law/order	83
5760036640	Articles of Confederation Strengths and Weaknesses	Strengths: 1st Constitution of the USA, 1 central gov't, divided power b/t central and state gov'ts, Congress could declare war, sign treaties, deliver mail, rules to est. future states. Weaknesses: Weak central gov't, state powers too strong, states only had 1 rep and 1 vote in Cong., no executive branch, could not tax the states, could not regulate trade, could not enforce laws, difficult to amend the Articles.	84
5760124774	Lewis and Clark	Hired by Pres. T. Jefferson, they and the Corps of Discovery explored and documented about Western land, animals, and people.	85
5760131513	Manifest Destiny	Coined by John L. O'Sullivan; the idea that God created North America for the Americans to spread in all directions and claim it. Polk promoted it.	86
5760144657	Great Compromise	When drafting the Constitution, this idea combined 2 previously mentioned plans: VA Plan: Cong. representation should be based on state population size. NJ Plan: Cong. should have equal representation per state regardless of population size. Compromise: House of Representatives is based on state population, Senate is equal representation per state.	87
5760189873	John Rolfe	Responsible for the first successful cultivation of tobacco in the colony of Virginia, husband of Pocahontas.	88
5760191406	Aztec	Native Empire in what is now central Mexico, agricultural society, violent, lots of enemies, better understanding of astronomy and math, conquered by Cortes.	89
5760191407	Incas	Largest empire in Pre-Columbian America, had lots of gold, conquered by Fransisco Pizarro.	90
5760191408	Mayan	Intellectually advanced in civilization in what is now Southern Mexico. Conquered by the Spanish.	91
5760198960	Plymouth Colony, 1620	Colony founded by a group of Separatists and Anglicans. Most citizens were fleeing religious persecution, and legal systems became closely tied to their beliefs.	92
5760201704	Mayflower Compact	Agreement to form a majoritarian gov't in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony.	93
5760204325	House of Burgesses	First assembly of elected representatives of English colonies in North America, Virginia.	94
5760207582	Antinomianism	Belief that the "elect" need not obey the law of either God or man; espoused in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson.	95
5760211270	Quakers	Officially known as the Religious Society of Friends, refused to support the Church of England with taxes, didn't take oaths and refused military service.	96
5760214498	Dominion of New England	1680s; Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, NY and NJ. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents w/o their consent and strictly enforced Navigation Laws.	97
5760372217	Causes of the Civil War	Taxes, Sectionalism, Slavery, Secession.	98
5760383500	Battle of the Alamo	During the Texas Revolution, Texas rebels were surrounded by Mexican troops at the Alamo; although they lost, it served as a rallying cry to recruit more support for the TX independence movement.	99

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AP US History Period 2 (1607-1754) Flashcards

Important vocabulary of the colonization of North America in the 17th century.

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4859441522	Jamestown	1st permanent English settlement in North America in 1607.	0
4859441523	John Smith	A captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter and coined the phrase "he who shall not work, shall not eat". He also initiated attacks on Natives.	1
4859441524	John Rolfe	He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. Eventually, he was killed in a Pequot attack.	2
4859441525	Pocohontas	An American Indian princess who saved the life of John Smith and helped form more peaceful relations with the Powhatan when she married John Rolfe but died of smallpox in England on a visit to Rolfe's family. Her remains are still there as the English government refuses to send her remains back to North America.	3
4859441526	Mayflower Compact	1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony	4
4859441527	John Winthrop	As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.	5
4859441528	Puritans	A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.	6
4859441529	Pilgrims	English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620	7
4859441530	Massachusetts Charter	Allowed Puritans to take a charter with them and establish their own government in the New World.	8
4859441531	Loss of Massachusetts Charter	Revoking of Mass. Charter by King George II due to the colonists refusal to obey by the Navigation Acts leading to anti-British feeling in the New England region.	9
4859441532	New Amsterdam	A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island as a trade port for the Dutch trade empire.	10
4859441533	Great Migration of Puritans	1630s- 70,000 refugees left England for New World increasing population of New England.	11
4859441534	New York	It was founded by the Dutch for trade and furs and became an English Colony in 1664, when the English were determined to end Dutch trade dominance, and took over the colony by invading New Amsterdam without having to fire a shot.	12
4859441535	Peter Stuyvesant	The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.	13
4859441536	House of Burgesses	1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. It was made up of two representatives from teach town voted on by men who owned property. Later other colonies would adopt the Houses of Burgesses concept creating self-governing bodies in the colonies.	14
4859441537	Headright system	Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.	15
4859441538	Indentured servants	Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years	16
4859441539	Bacon's Rebellion	1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.	17
4859441540	King Phillip's War	Under the leadership of Metacom, or King Phillip, the Wampanoag destroyed colonial towns, the colonists destroyed native farms, leading to the most deadly of Indian Wars. The war was disastrous for the natives leading to few surviving the war, and those that did left New England.	18
4859441541	royal colony	A colony ruled by governors appointed by a king	19
4859441542	proprietary colony	English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment	20
4859441543	town meetings	A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws.	21
4859441544	Salem Witch Trials	1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria, and unfounded accusations in courts with Puritan ministers who served as judges. 19 women were executed.	22
4859441545	Roger Williams	A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south.	23
4859441546	Intolerant	Not willing to accept ways of thinking different from one's own. The expansion of colonies in New England was a direct result of Puritan intolerance as dissenters were exiled and created new settlements.	24
4859441547	Anne Hutchinson	One of the dissenters in Puritan Massachusetts held bible studies at her house and believed in a personal relationship with god. She moved to Rhode Island and then Long Island where she died along with her children from an Indian attack.	25
4859441548	Thomas Hooker	A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government. He wrote the first written constitution "The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut". This would become a cherished ideal of the colonial settlers that laws were written not arbitrary.	26
4859441549	Sir William Berkeley	The royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the "backcountry." One reason was that he had fur trade deals with the natives in the region. His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion	27
4859441550	William Penn	Established the colony of Pennsylvania as a "holy experiment". Freemen had the right to vote, provided leadership for self- government based on personal virtues and Quaker religious beliefs. His colony was religiously tolerant leading to diversity in the region.	28
4859441551	James Oglethorpe	Founded colony of Georgia as a chance for poor immigrants who were in debt to have a second chance at a comfortable life	29
4859441552	Lord Baltimore	1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.	30
4859441553	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	It has the features of a written constitution, and is considered by some as the first written Constitution. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut is a short document, but contains some principles that were later applied in creating the United States government. Government is based in the rights of an individual, and the orders spell out some of those rights, as well as how they are ensured by the government. It provides that all free men share in electing their magistrates, and uses secret, paper ballots. It states the powers of the government, and some limits within which that power is exercised.	31
4859441554	Halfway Covenant	A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.	32
4859441555	Dominion of New England	1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Edmund Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.	33
4859441556	Acts of Trade and Navigation	Three acts that regulated colonial trade: 1st act: closed the colonies to all trade except that from English ships, and required the colonists to export certain goods, such as tobacco, to only English territories, 2nd act: (1663) demanded that everything being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England so they could tax the goods. 3rd act: 1673, was a reaction to the general disregard of the first two laws; it forced duties on the coastal trade among the colonies and supplied customs officials to enforce the Navigation Acts.	34
4859441557	Mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.	35
4859441558	Triangular Slave Trade	A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.	36
4859441559	Middle Passage	A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. The conditions on the ships from Africa to the west led to the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives.	37
4859441560	Social mobility	Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another	38
4859441561	Ben Franklin	A colonial businessman and scientist who was an example of American social mobility and individualism. He was a delegate from Pennsylvania in colonial meetings, and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen the colonies in the French and Indian War. He was a leading figure in the movement toward revolution, and as a diplomat to France to get help during the American Revolution	39
4859441562	Great Awakening	(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). It established American religious precedents such as camp meetings, revivals, and a "born again" philosophy. The first cultural movement to unite the thirteen colonies. It was associated with the democratization of religion, and a challenge to existing authorities and was an influence leading to the American Revolution.	40
4859441563	Jonathan Edwards	A leading minister during the Great Awakening, he delivered the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" promising that evildoers would pay a price on judgement day.	41
4859441564	African American Culture	Slave communities were rich with music, dance, basket-weaving, and pottery-making. Enslaved Africans brought them the arts and crafts skills of their various tribes.	42
4859441565	George Whitfield	English preacher who led the Great Awakening by traveling through the colonies	43
4859441566	French & Indian War	1754 - 1763; conflict between France and Great Britain over land in North America in the Ohio River Valley.	44
4859441567	Ohio River Valley	Controversial land that led to the French and Indian War; British win war and claim this land; region where British fur traders went; rich soil for farming.	45
4859441568	Battle of Quebec	(1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America. The battle was won when General James Wolfe scouts followed wash women up the cliffs on a secret passageway.	46
4859441569	General James Wolfe	Commander of a British fleet sailed to Quebec and defeated French Troops that were defending the city, British seized Quebec and took control of New France. He died in the battle and became a hero of English military.	47
4859441570	Join or Die	Famous cartoon drawn by Ben Franklin which encouraged the colonies to join in fighting the British during the French and Indian War	48
4859441571	Albany Plan of Union, 1754	Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown.	49

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AP US History: American Pageant Chapter 11 Flashcards

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7596036611	war hawks	Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism. Westerners also wanted war with Indian Tribes	0
7596036612	impressment	British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service. (also done by France)	1
7596036613	Macon's Bill No. 2	While Madison was president, it opened trade with britain and france, said if either nation repealed its restrictions on neutral shipping the US would halt trade with the other, didn't work	2
7596036614	Aaron Burr	Vice President to Thomas Jefferson for one term. Dueled with Alexander Hamilton, resulting in Hamilton's death. Known for his trial and acquittal on charges of treason.	3
7596036615	Tenskwatawa (the Prophet)	A Shawnee Indian leader who with his borther (Tecumseh) brought together many tribes to go against the colonists. Killed by Harrison at Tippecanoe	4
7596036616	Tecumseh	Chief of the Shawnee who with his brother (the Prophet, Tenskwatawa) tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement. Killed by Harrison at Thames.	5
7596036617	William Clark and Meriwether Lewis	American explorers who led an expedition through the Northern portions of the Louisiana Purchase	6
7596036618	Henry Clay	Senator from Kentucky. War hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, 34 years old	7
7596036619	Napolean Bonaparte	Ruler of France, sold Louisisana to the Americans after reciving it from the Spanish	8
7596036620	Zebulon Pike	explored the southern portion of the Louisiana Territory. He saw the Rocky Mountains. The Highest peak is named after him.	9
7596036621	John Marshall	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Federalist. Presided over cases such as Marbury V. Madison; judicial review	10
7596036622	Thomas Jefferson	3rd President; leader of Democratic-Republicans; created republicanism; 1st President to take office in Washington D.C.	11
7596036623	William Marbury	named a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia; sued Madison when he learned that his commission was being shelved by Madison (Secretary of State)	12
7596036624	James Madison	4th President; Secretary of State; lead nation through War of 1812	13
7596036625	Toussaint L'Ouverture	Leader of ex-slaves in the rebellion in Haiti against French	14
7596036626	John Adams	Former Vice President and President. Ironically Known as "the Father of the American Navy." He split with Hamiltonian federalists over the issue of the war with France.	15
7596036627	Judiciary Act of 1801	passed by Federalist congress; created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial positions	16
7596036628	Orders in Council	British act that closed European ports under French control to foreign shipping, unless the vessels 1st stopped at a British port. Authorized impressment.	17
7596036629	Revolution of 1800	Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution." It was a peaceful transfer of political power.	18
7596036630	Midnight Judges	a nickname given to group of judicial branch officials that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence.	19
7596036631	Chesapeake incident	1807 - Named after the The American ship that refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the it.	20
7596036632	Marbury v. Madison	This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review	21
7596036633	Embargo Act	Act that forbade the export of goods from the U.S. in order to hurt the economies of the warring nations of France and Britain. The act slowed the economy of New England and the south. The act was seen as one of many precursors to war.	22
7596036634	Louisiana Purchase	1803, the U.S. spends $15 million to buy a large amount of land from the west of the Mississippi from France; doubled the size of the United States	23
7596036635	Non-Intercourse Act	After the Embargo act was repealed, it allowed Americans to carry on trade with all nations except Britian and France.	24
7596036636	Mosquito Fleet	It is the term used to describe the United States Navy's fleet of small gunboats, leading up to and during the War of 1812. Used with success against barbary pirates.	25
7596036637	Barbary Pirates	Looted US ships and indirectly declared war. Jefferson sent the navy to stop them. Mosquito fleet was used with much success here.	26
7596036638	Sacajawea	Shoshoni woman who helped Lewis and Clark in their expodition	27
7596036639	William Henry Harrison	Governor of Indiana Territory who defeated Tecumseh and the Prophet (Tenskwatawa)	28
7596036640	Battle of the Thames	Led by William Henry Harrison, Tecumseh is killed, Indian confederacy dream perished	29
7596036641	War of 1812	America entered for freedom of the seas and against (British) Indian issues	30
7596036642	Battle of Tippecanoe	Led by William Henry Harrison, the Prophet is killed. Harrison is celebrated as a hero.	31
7596036643	Sally Hemmings	Slave of Thomas Jefferson's who federalists said that he had children with.	32
7596036644	Battle of Horseshoe Bend	Andrew Jackson crushed the Creek Indians on March 27, 1814, effectively breaking the Indian rebellion and leaving the entire area east of the Mississippi open for safe settlement	33
7596036645	Andrew Jackson	Military leader in charge of crushing the creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.	34

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Period 2: 1607-1754 AP US History Flashcards

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5124213441	congregationalism	Church and town organization independent (no state control) and non-hierarchical; Citizenship = church membership (covenant); New England and Middle colonies; Puritans, Quakers, Baptists, etc.	0
5124256046	covenant	Agreement between church members to form an independent church congregation; Membership was tied to citizenship.	1
5261055919	Richard Hakluyt	English writer who extravagantly exhorted his countrymen to undertake the colonization of the New World after defeat of the Spanish Armada.	2
5261055920	Sir Francis Drake	The most famous of the "sea dogs" (English Privateers); Plundered his way all around the planet; Financially supported by Queen Elizabeth; Knighted by queen because defying Spanish protest.	3
5261055921	Destruction of the Spanish Armada (1588)	16th century England vs. Spain naval war; Marked the beginning of the end of the Spanish Empire and opened the path for the British Empire to flourish.	4
5261055923	Calvinism	A major branch of Protestantism; The credo of many American foundational settlers including English Puritans, Scottish Presbyterians, French Hugenots, and Dutch Reformed Church in America	5
5261055924	Barbados	located in Caribbean; where the settlers in Carolina come from	6
5261055926	Joint Stock Company	A commercial venture in which multiple shareholders invest and spread risk; e.g. Hudson's Bay Company, Virginia Company, Dutch West India Company	7
5261055927	Hudson's Bay Company	one of the Joint-stock companies founded in England for the purpose of trapping and fur trading.	8
5261055928	Navigation Acts (1651)	A series of economic regulations set by England starting in 1651 in order to gain control over its' colonies; Inspired by merchantilist policies	9
5261223611	Queen Elizabeth	A.K.A. Virginia, the "virgin" queen; An ambitious ruler, she secured the Protestant Reformtation in England and reigned during the destruction of the Spanish Armada, Drake's circumnavigation, the English Renaissance (Shakespeare!), and the beginning of the British Empire.	10
5261223612	Sir Walter Raleigh	A dashing courtier favored by Queen Elizabeth; Launched the first English colony in the New World in 1585 on Roanoke Island, off the coast of Virginia (present day North Carolina); The colony was a failure due to England's preoccupation with war with Spain.	11
5261223613	Roanoke colony (1585)	Located in present day North Carolina; Known as "The Lost colony" established by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585, disappeared during the first Anglo-Spanish War.	12
5275734721	Virginia Company of London	A joint-stock company that established the first enduring English colony in the New World at Jamestown.	13
5275734722	Plantation economy	large scale agriculture worked by slaves, especially sugar and tobacco plantation.	14
5275734723	Chesapeake Bay	Large estuary between Maryland and Virginia; Site of both Jamestown and St. Marys.	15
5275734724	Jamestown (1607)	The first permanent English settlement in North America; Founded in 1607 as a joint-venture of the Virginia Company.	16
5275734725	Maryland	Proprietary colony established on the Chesapeake Bay; George Calvert and Lord Baltimore were its proprietors; Established as a Catholic haven in the largely Protestant British Americas.	17
5275734726	Powhatan confederacy	A group of native American tribes that settled in Virginia and came into conflict with the English colonists.	18
5275734727	Lord De La Warr	Governor of Jamestown; "he shall not work shall not eat"	19
5275734728	Anglo-Powhatan Wars (1614-1644)	Series of wars between English Virginia Company settlers and local Indian tribes; "Irish tactics" used; Settled by Marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe; Led to the banishment of Chesapeake Indians and English encroachment of land.	20
5275766514	"starving time" (1609)	Jamestown winter of 1609 to 1610; Only 60 of the 400 colonists survived because they didn't found plants or the methods to grow crops; Most colonists were gentlemen "adventurers" who refused to work or didn't know how to grow crops.	21
5275766515	House of Burgesses	The first representative legislative body formed in 1619 in Virginia; Evolved into a "planter oligarchy" that represented the wealthy plantation owners, and a competitor to the Parliament in London.	22
5275766516	Maryland Acts of Toleration (1649)	Guaranteed rights to Christians of all denominations; A measure to protect Maryland's Catholics.	23
5275766517	Headright System	New immigrants were enticed to come to the New World as indentured servants by wealthy landowners, who were offered more land for bringing in the labor force.	24
5275766518	Bacon's Rebellion (1676)	Rebellion of discontent landless servants in Virginia; Exposed the weakness of the indentured servant system to the ruling planter oligarchy, who thereafter relied more and more on African slaves.	25
5275766519	Lord Baltimore	Catholic proprietor of the colony of Maryland; Permitted religious freedom to all Christian colonists in a mesure to protect Catholics.	26
5275766520	John Rolfe	Virginia "father of tobacco"; Husband of Pocahontas.	27
5275766521	Indentured servant	Potential England immigrants sign a contact with wealthy Virginians to work for a certain years in the New World in exchange of the passage over the Atlantic.	28
5275811474	Virginia	Chesapeake colony; Chartered 1607, settled 1607 at Jamestown.	29
5275816603	Quebec	French colony founded in 1608 by the French explorer Samuel de Champlain.	30
5275816605	Jesuits	"Society of Jesus"; Catholic missionaries.	31
5275816606	Huguenots	French Protestants	32
5275816607	Metis People	Descendant of French and indigenous people	33
5275827003	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)	First written constitution in the New World (and all of Western Tradition); established townhall style of government similar to much of Puritan New England.	34
5275836831	Pilgrims	Traveler on a holy journey; Puritan separatists who first settled Plymouth in New England	35
5275836832	Puritans	A group of English Reformed Protestants who sought to "purify" the Church of England	36
5275836833	Protestantism	The "reformed" Christian faith that emerged from Martin Luther's 16th century protests against the corruption and control of the Catholic Church; A major religious and political force in the English colonies of the New World.	37
5275836835	Town hall meeting	A form of direct democratic rule, used principally in New England where most or all the members of a community come together to participate in direct democratic government.	38
5275836836	Congregational church	Protestant churches practicing congregationalist church governance; The independence of each congregation in New England mirrored the independence of each town and its political organization.	39
5275836837	Royal charter	A formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate.	40
5275836838	Charter	The grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified; 3 types: Royal, Commercial, Proprietary.	41
5275836839	Plymouth colony (1620)	Founded by a group of Separatists who came to be known as the Pilgrims; the first sizable permanent English settlement in the New England region.	42
5275836842	Roger Williams	A Puritan, an early proponent of religious freedom and separation of church and state; he was expelled from the colony of Massachusetts and began the colony of Providence Plantation.	43
5275853571	Providence	Colony established by the puritan dissenter Roger Williams; Later merged with Portsmouth to form the colony of Rhode Island.	44
5275836843	Anne Hutchinson	An important participant in the Antinomian Controversy; banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and formed Portsmouth (later merged into Rhode Island).	45
5275836844	John Winthrop	One of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony; his vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development.	46
5275836845	Mayflower	The ship that transported the first English Separatists (Pilgrims) in 1620.	47
5275836847	Separatists	Puritans who felt needed to separate from the Church of England.	48
5275836848	"city upon a hill"	In the 1630 sermon "A Model of Christian Charity" preached by Puritan John Winthrop. Winthrop admonished the future Massachusetts Bay colonists that their new community would be "as a city upon a hill", the ideal community, watched by the world.	49
5275836849	Mayflower Compact (1620)	The first governing document of Plymouth Colony, written by the male passengers of the Mayflower, consisting of separatist Congregationalists.	50
5275836850	Salem Witch Trials (1692)	A series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693; Religious fear that resulted from unrest in the colonies.	51
5275901054	slave codes	Series of laws in southern plantation colonies that established Africans as lifelong slaves and a cornerstone of the plantation economy.	52
5275903588	King Philip's War (1675-1676)	AKA Metacom's War; Savage conflict between New England colonists and local Indian tribes; Both sides resorted to brutal massacre tactics; Defeat of Indians resulted in white land expansion.	53
5275908162	Middle Colonies	New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware; Dominated by Quakers.	54
5276436128	Supreme Governor of Anglican Church	Title held by the British monarch that signifies titular leadership over the Church of England; Since the English Reformation under the Tudors, the monarch has been its head; One of the major problems Puritans, Quakers, and other groups had with the Anglican church.	55
5276436129	Jamaica	An island in Caribbean sea. Visited by Columbus in 1494 and Colonized by Spanish who enslaved or killed the Natives. Became a major sugar colony of the British Empire in the 17th century.	56
5276477653	South Carolina	Plantation colony established by the eight nobles (lords proprietor) after the restoration of King Charles II; Mostly rural plantations, but has primary settlement at Charles Town.	57
5276479492	"buffer colony"	A colony established to serve primarily as a defensive boundary against a competing colonial power; California and Georgia, for example.	58
5276504098	North Carolina	A relatively poor and underdeveloped colony settled by landless squatters from Virginia	59
5276509549	"holy experiment"	William Penn's term for the ideal government that would uphold religious freedom and attract virtuous settlers; Largely a Quaker ideal; Its failure was apparent after Penn's death when settlers came into conflict with natives and Quakers lost political power for advocating nonviolence in the face of Indian and competing colonial power threat.	60
5276548978	Philadelphia	"The city of brotherly love" established by William Penn; It was by far the largest and most important city in the English colonies on the eve of the Revolution.	61
5276557007	mercantilism	The driving economic philosophy of the colonial powers in the 17th and 18th centuries; Colonial competition was a zero-sum game; Trade imbalances (more imports than exports) were evil; Colonies served the mother country and were not allowed to compete economically.	62
5276567118	New Netherland (1614)	Dutch colony in Northern America; Established as a trading center; Later taken by the English and renamed New York.	63
5276576166	Gullah culture	Black people off the coast of South Carolina; Speak an English-based creole language containing many African loanwords and grammar; Their isolation is an example of how many Africans held onto their traditional culture despite enslavement and Christianization.	64
7484250246	New Hampshire	New England colony; Est. 1629	65
7484252278	Massachusetts	New England colony; Est. 1620 by separatist "pilgrims" and later settled by Puritans.	66
7484253757	Rhode Island	New England colony; Est. 1636 by Roger Williams as an alternative settlement to intolerant Plymouth and Massachusetts.	67
7484255053	Connecticut	New England colony; Est. 1636 by the Puritan Thomas Hooker.	68
7484272286	New York	Middle Colony; Est. 1664 when the British seized it from the Dutch.	69
7484273707	New Jersey	Middle colony; Est. 1664	70
7484277580	Pennsylvania	Middle colony; Restoration colony; Est. 1681 by the Quaker William Penn as a "holy experiment" in religious toleration.	71
7484287718	Delaware	Middle Colony; Est. 1664	72
7484329474	Georgia	Southern colony; Est. 1732 by James Oglethorpe as a social experiment; Also served as a buffer colony to Spanish Florida.	73
7484332825	St. Augustine	The first European settlement in North America; Est. 1565 as part of New Spain.	74
7489860390	Zenger case (1734)	Established the principle of freedom of the press in the colonies.	75

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AP US History Period 6 (1865-1898) Flashcards

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5961526045	People's (Populist) Party	An agrarian-populist political party in the United States. For a few years, 1892-96, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politics. Drew support from angry farmers in the West and South and operated on the left-wing of American politics. Highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads. Allied itself with the labor movement.	0
5961526046	assimilation	the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group	1
5961526047	social services	a range of public services provided by governmental or private organizations. Aimed at creating effective organizations, building stronger communities, and promoting equality and opportunity. Include benefits of education, health care, job training and subsidized housing	2
5961526048	consumer culture	consumption choices and behaviors made from a social and cultural point of view, as opposed to an economic or psychological one	3
5961526049	The Gilded Age	The late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. Term derived from writer Mark Twain's 1873 The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding of economic progress.	4
5961526050	Social Darwinism	Term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest." Provided a justification for the enormous wealth and power wielded by industrialists in the latter half of the 19th century.	5
5961526051	Gospel of Wealth	An essay written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich.	6
5961526052	Jane Addams	A pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace. She created the first Hull House. Co-winner of 1931 Nobel Peace Prize.	7
5961526053	Plessy v. Ferguson	1896 - Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."	8
5961526054	racial segregation	the separation of humans into ethnic or racial groups in daily life. Generally applies to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, riding on a bus, or in the rental or purchase of a home.	9
5961526056	rebate	a return of a portion of the amount paid for goods or services	10
5961526057	free enterprise	an economic system that permits unrestricted entrepreneurial business activity; associated with laissez-faire capitalism	11
5961526059	trust	A set of companies managed by a small group known as trustees, who can prevent companies in the trust from competing with each other.	12
5961526062	plutocracy	government by the wealthy	13
5961526064	socialist	one who believes in the ownership and control of the major means of production by the whole community rather than by individuals or corporations	14
5961526065	radical	one who believes in fundamental change in a political, economic, or social system	15
5961526066	lockout	the refusal by an employer to allow employees to work unless they agree to his or her terms	16
5961526068	cooperative	an organization for producing, marketing, or consuming goods in which the members share the benefits	17
5961526069	anarchist	one who believes that formal, coercive government is wrong in principle	18
5961526071	tenement	a multi-dwelling building, often poor or overcrowded	19
5961526072	affluence	an abundance of wealth	20
5961526073	despotism	government by an absolute or tyrannical ruler	21
5961526075	sweatshop	a factory where employees are forced to work long hours under difficult conditions for meager wages	22
5961526076	pauper	a poor person, often one who lives on tax-supported charity	23
5961526082	tycoon	a wealthy businessperson, especially one who openly displays power and position	24
5961526083	prohibition	forbidding by law the manufacture, sale, or consumption of liquor	25
5961526100	filibuster	to utilize the technique of obstructing legislation by tactics such as making long speeches and introducing irrelevant amendments	26
5961526101	landslide	an overwhelming majority of votes for one side in an election	27
5961526105	reserve	in finance, the portion of money held back from circulation by a bank or treasury, which provides backing for its notes or loans	28
5961526106	bimetallism	the legalized concurrent use of two precious metals as currency at a fixed ratio of value; in US History associated with the Free Silver movement	29
5961526109	lobbyist	someone who promotes an interest or cause before a political body, often for pay	30
5961526110	concession	a privilege granted by a government to another government, private company, or individual	31
5961526111	nation-state	the modern form of political organization in which the government coincides exactly with a single national territory and population having a distinctive culture, language, history, and so on	32
5961526115	jingoist	aggressively patriotic and warlike	33
5961526116	atrocity	a specific act of extreme cruelty	34
5961526120	Civil Rights Cases of 1883 (a single decision on a group of cases with similar legal problems)	Legalized segregation with regard to private property.	35
5961526121	Wabash v. Illinois (1886)	Declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional.	36
5961526124	U. S. v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895)	Due to a narrow interpretation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the Court undermined the authority of the federal government to act against monopolies.	37
5961526125	Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	Legalized racial segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."	38
5967111117	Frontier Thesis	stereotypical thesis that west represented individualism, democracy, economic freedom, and starting over https://o.quizlet.com/vQsdYvvy28WLQUKZ-8RtzA_m.jpg	39
5967111119	Land Grants	land given by government to universities and railroad companies	40
5967111122	Dawes Act	land given to individual Indians to discourage tribal mindset; encouraged Indians to farm for a living instead of communally owning land	41
5967111123	Bureau of Indian Affairs	designed to assimilate Native Americans (children particularly) into American culture	42
5967111125	Open Range	the idea that cattle can be grazed on large tracts of public and/or private property; invention of barbed wire ended this idea and drove many small cattle ranches out of business and off their small plots of land	43
5967111136	Vertical Integration	Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to own every step of the manufacturing process (ex. Carnegie Steel)	44
5967111137	Horizontal Integration	Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to purchase competing companies in the same industry; monopoly-building (ex. Rockefeller's Standard Oil)	45
5967111138	Knights of Labor	American labor organization in the 1880s led by Terence V. Powderly. Organized a wide range of workers, including skilled and unskilled, and had broad reform goals.	46
5967111139	Haymarket Riot	Labor dispute in Chicago that ended with a bomb being thrown at police resulting in many deaths. Led to an unfavorable public opinion of organized labor.	47
5967111140	American Federation of Labor	An organization of various trade unions that fought for specific reforms (as opposed to broad changes supported by the Knights of Labor).	48
5967111142	Homestead and Pullman Strikes	Industrial lockouts and strikes that showed battle between corporations and labor unions. Ended with government intervention on the side of big business.	49
5967111143	Urbanization	movement of people from rural communities and settlements to big cities	50
5967111144	"New Immigrants"	immigrants from southern and eastern Europe such as Poland, Italy, etc. that arrived in the US in the latter half of the 19th century	51
5967111145	Chinese Exclusion Act	First law limiting immigration based on race; effectively stopped immigration from China through the end of WWII.	52
5967111148	Political Machine	Unofficial political organization that works to win elections in order to exercise power; sometimes referred to as a shadow government; rose to power in the late 1800s because of ill-equipped local governments that failed to meet the needs of growing urban populations	53
5967111149	Tammany Hall	Political machine of New York City that was well-known for its corruption; lead by William Boss Tweed	54
5967111152	Pendelton Civil Service Act	Standardized an exam for federal employees so that people were awarded jobs on merit rather than political affiliations; also made it illegal to remove federal employees without just cause.	55
5967111153	Sherman Antitrust Act	Outlawed monopolistic business practices; not effective initially without a strong progressive federal government that would enforce it.	56
5967111154	Grange Movement and Farmers Alliance	Grassroots movements that attempted to address the plight of farmers in the late 1800s; attempted to regulate railroads and enlarge opportunity for credit; evolved into Populist movement.	57
5967111161	William Jennings Bryan	Democratic presidential hopeful that was a member of the Populist Party; free silver advocate; "Do not crucify mankind on a cross of gold".	58
5968637724	Seward's Folly	Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase.	59
5968642558	Susan B. Anthony	Social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association.	60
5968646237	Laissez-Faire Economics	This was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. This economic thought dominated most of the time period of the Industrial Revolution.	61
5968658836	New South	After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. In reality, this growth was fairly slow.	62
5968658837	Americanization	Process of assimilating immigrants into American culture by teaching English, American history, and citizenship.	63
5968661366	middle class	a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers	64
5968663796	Interstate Commerce Act	Created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate railroads to be fairer to farmers; first legislation to regulate corporations; ineffective because government failed to enforce it.	65
5968663797	Andrew Carnegie	A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.	66
5968667673	transcontinental railroads	a railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West; opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution	67
5968670220	Social Gospel	Late 19th-century movement Protestant movement preaching that all true Christians should be concerned with the plight of immigrants and other poor residents of American cities and should financially support efforts to improve lives of these poor urban dwellers. Settlement houses were often financed by funds raised by ministers of this movement.	68
5968674981	Standard Oil	John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition.	69
5968677777	Carnegie Steel	A steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 19th century. Significance: had a monopoly in the steel industry. vertical integrations.	70
5968680176	John D. Rockefeller	Wealthy owner of Standard Oil Company. Considered to be a robber baron who used ruthless tactics to eliminate other businesses. Built trusts and used money to influence government.	71
5968766262	Industrial Revolution	Period characterized by the rapid social and economic changes in manufacturing and agriculture that occurred in England during the late 18th century and rapidly diffused to other parts of the developed world. In the US, this occurred during the period roughly 1825-1925.	72

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AP US History Period 1 and 2 Flashcards

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7323638913	Columbian Exchange	Trade of goods/viruses/people from New to Old World	0
7323638914	Economienda System	Lets Spanish settlers control the natives and establish a social hierarchy with them at the top	1
7323638915	Spanish Armada	In 1588 the Brits defeat it and make colonization of the New World easier	2
7323638917	Joint Stock Company	People in Britain pool money for colonization Ex: VA company settling Jamestown in 1607	3
7323638918	Spanish Mission System	Converts Indians to Catholicism	4
7323638919	Sir Walter Raleigh	Settles Roanoke which becomes the Lost Colony in 1587	5
7323638920	Jamestown	Settled in 1607 by VA company Led by Capt. John Smith who declared "he who shall not work shall not eat"	6
7323638921	Powhatans	Indians that live near Jamestown and supply them with food Once they stop the Virginians die of starvation	7
7323638922	John Rolfe	Starts tobacco as a cash crop (the first one) and marries Pocahontas	8
7323638923	Indentured Servitude	Lucrative way to get Brits over to US by paying for journey but making them indentured servants for 7 years Had high death rate and only 50% made it to end of terms	9
7323638924	headright system	Gave away free land to rich people who paid for the passage of indentured servant	10
7323638925	House of Burgesses	Virginian democratic tradition with an elected house that used power of the purse on the Governor	11
7323638926	Puritanism	The belief of purifying the Anglican church from catholic practices	12
7323638927	Separatists	Wanted to separate from Church of England and landed in Plymouth in 1620. More radical form of Puritanism.	13
7323638928	Mayflower Compact	Signed by the Pilgrims on the ship that gave consent of the governed (not God), assemblies, and a legal code (1620)	14
7323638929	Massachusetts Bay Colony	Founded by Puritans (non-separatists) in 1629 Saw themselves as the "city upon a hill" and believed they have a contract with God Had a protestant work ethic	15
7323638930	John Winthrop	First gov/founder of the Mass. Bay Colony	16
7323638931	Roger Williams	Believed that church and state should be separate and was exiled to RI	17
7323638932	Anne Hutchinson	Believed that the ticket to salvation was faith and a merciful god, not obeying moral authority and good deeds Was exiled from Mass. Bay	18
7323638934	Dominion of New England	(1686) Brits combined NH, RI, MA, CT under the command of Gov. Andros. The colonists revolted in 1692 and drove out the governor	19
7323638935	Halfway Covenant	(1662) Allows more people to become members of the Puritan church without as much commitment	20
7323638936	Salem Witch Trials	(1692) A hysterical reaction of the Dominion of New England or Halfway Covenant	21
7323638937	Fundamental Orders	The first sort of constitution of the colonies in Connecticut (1639)	22
7323638938	Maryland	Founded by Lord Baltimore as a gift from the King and a haven for catholics	23
7323638939	Act of Toleration	To appeal Maryland to more people they allow all christian faiths (1649)	24
7323638940	Native Conflicts	Pequot War and Metacom/King Philip's War	25
7323638941	Pequot War	War over who controls CT, Mass Bay kills 400 Pequot people in vengeance for Pequot killing a few Mass Bay	26
7323638942	Metacom/King Philip's War	Ended the native presence in the colonies (1676)	27
7323638943	Slaves in Colonies	Come over in 1619 on Middle Passage of Triangular Trade Generally worked on plantations in the South growing cash crops such as indigo, cotton, tobacco, and rice Some worked in north in houses Only worked for the rich	28
7323638944	Salutary Neglect	an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty Mid 1600s to mid 1700s	29
7323638945	Mercantilism	Economic system in which the mother country tries to get a favorable balance of trade	30
7323638946	Navigation Acts	Protectionist tariff for England that requires colonists to buy from them (1651-1673) Upholds mercantilism	31
7323638947	Molasses Act	(1733) Import taxes on molasses coming from the West Indies to get colonists to buy English molasses Upholds mercantilism	32
7323638948	Power of the purse	Early form of checking on the colonial governors in which the house/legislature would cut the salary of the governor to get their legislation through	33
7323638949	New England Confederation	The first major attempt at consolidation among colonists	34
7323638950	Bacon's Rebellion	(1676) Nathaniel Bacon wants William Berkley (governor) to let him start a militia to fight the Indians to get more land for new settlers in the west Berkley says no and Bacon starts a rebellion against him Bacon dies and his rebellion doesn't end up all that successful but it is the first populist uprising in America	35
7323638951	William Berkely	Colonial gov. of VA during Bacon's Rebellion	36
7323638952	Stono Rebelion	(1739) Rebel slaves escape and free a large number of slaves to contribute to their rebellion They loot and raid things from whites and kill a few on their way to Florida for freedom They get caught and killed and harsher slave codes are enforced	37
7323638953	Slave Codes	Codes that limited the rights of slaves to prevent uprisings. Slaves were not allowed to learn to read or write.	38
7323638954	First Great Awakening	Religious revival movement in the 1730s and 1740s. Preached more emotionally and emphatically, getting more of an audience. A reaction to the enlightenment in Europe away from emotion and to reason.	39
7323638955	Jonathan Edwards	Gave "sinners at the hands of an angry God" speech and captivated his audience	40
7323638956	George Whitfield	Methodist preacher who was emotional and spiritual	41
7323638957	New England vs. Middle vs. South	New England: focuses on trade ports (Boston) and has only subsistence farming. Has a puritan work ethic. Middle: the Bread Basket colonies, they have lots of grain and are more diverse than NE. Also have port cities (NY) Chesapeake: A mixture of the lower south and the middle colonies. Major crop is tobacco Lower South: Has a stronger hierarchy and cash crops of cotton, rice, and indigo.	42

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AP US History Period 2 (1607-1754) Flashcards

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6453638712	headright	The right to acquire a certain amount of land granted to the person who finances the passage of a laborer.	0
6453638713	disenfranchise	To take away the right to vote.	1
6453638714	civil war	A conflict between the citizens of inhabitants of the same country.	2
6453638715	tidewater	The territory adjoining water affected by tides-this is, near the seacoast or coastal rivers.	3
6453638716	middle passage	That portion of a slave ship's journey in which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas.	4
6453638717	menial	Fit for servants; humble or low.	5
6453638718	militia	An armed force of citizens called out only in emergencies.	6
6453638719	hierarchy	A social group arranged in ranks or classes.	7
6453638720	corporation	A group or institution granted legal rights to carry on certain specified activities.	8
6453638721	lynching	The illegal killing of an accused person by mob action without due process.	9
6453638722	hinterland	Inland region back from a port, river, or the seacoast.	10
6453638723	sect	A small religious group that has broken away from some larger mainstream church.	11
6453638724	agitators	Those who seek to excite or persuade the public on some issue.	12
6453638725	stratification	The visible arrangement of society into a hierarchical pattern, with distinct social groups layered one on top of the other.	13
6453638726	elite	The smaller group at the top of a society or institution, usually possessing wealth, power, or special privileges.	14
6453638727	gentry	Landowners of substantial property, social standing, and leisure, but not titled nobility.	15
6453638728	tenant farmer	One who rents rather than owns land.	16
6453638729	veto	The executive power to prevent acts passed by the legislature from becoming law.	17
6453638730	apprentice	A person who works under a master to acquire instruction in a trade or profession.	18
6453638731	speculation	Buying land or anything else in the hope of profiting by an expected rise in price.	19
6453638732	revival	In religion, a movement of renewed enthusiasm and commitment, often accompanied by special meetings or evangelical activity.	20
6453638733	secular	Belonging to the worldly sphere rather than to the specifically sacred or churchly.	21
6453638734	indentured servants	A person under contract to work for another person for a definite period of time, usually without pay but in exchange for free passage to a new country. During the seventeenth century most of the white laborers in Maryland and Virginia came from England as indentured servants.	22
6453638735	Puritan	A member of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship.	23
6453638736	Export Economy	Economy whose growth depends to a great extent on the export sector (i.e. selling to other countries) rather than domestic demand.	24
6453638737	Participatory Town Meetings	Originated in New England - town meetings at which normal citizens can participate in making decisions related to politics, government, current events, etc. Noted as one of the first instances of democracy in America.	25
6453638738	Metacomet's War (King Phillip's War)	An armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day New England and English colonists and their Native American allies in 1675-78. King Phillip (Metacomet) reacted against European encroachment onto the Wampanoag territory, was defeated and humiliated by colonists, forced him to sign a new peace agreement that included the surrender of Indian guns.	26
6453638739	Pueblo Revolt	1680 - An uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. The Pueblo Revolt killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province.	27
6453638740	Pluralism	The recognition and affirmation of diversity within a political body, which permits the peaceful coexistence of different interests, convictions and lifestyles.	28
6453638741	Great Awakening	An evangelical and revitalization movement that swept Protestant Europe and British America, and especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s	29
6453638742	Enlightenment	The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority andlegitimacy. Advanced ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional governmentand ending the perceived abuses of the church and state.	30
6453638743	Anglicization	The act of making something English in either form or character.	31
6453638744	Protestant Evangelicalism	A strain of protestantism that stresses the preaching of the gospel of Jesus Christ, personal conversion experiences, Scripture as the sole basis for faith, and active evangelism (the winning of personal commitments to Christ).	32
6453638745	Mercantilism	An enconomic theory that promoted governmental regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. (Think: the economic counterpart of political absolutism)	33
6453638746	Separatists	People who believed the Church of England retained too many traces of its Catholic origin and thus, could not be made holy again. Those who formally left the established state church.	34
6453638747	Congregationalism	A system of organization among Christian churches whereby individual local churches are largely self-governing.	35
6453638748	John Winthrop	Puritan leader credited with the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony	36
6453638749	Quaker	Christians basing their message on the religious belief that "Christ has come to teach his people himself", stressing the importance of a direct relationship with God through Jesus Christ, and a direct religious belief in the universal priesthood of all believers.	37
6453638750	pacifist	One who holds the belief that war and violence are unjustifiable.	38
6453638751	Virginia	The first colony of the original thirteen. The birthplace of both presidents and future generals, but also the birthplace of African slavery in English America. This company eventually went bankrupt and was salvaged by becoming a royal colony with a royal governor, William Berkeley, in 1642.	39
6453638752	House of Burgesses	Frist representative assembly in the Western Hemisphere, established in Jamestown to protect the property and other rights of Englishmen.	40
6453638753	Plymouth Colony	A short-lived but symbolically important colony founded in 1620 at Cape Cod by Separatists and other more secularly-minded colonists. There, 100 surviving colonists signed the Mayflower Compact to increase obligation to stand together. This colony was eventually absorbed by its much larger neighbor, the Massachusetts Bay Colony. William Bradford, the long-term governor of the colony, recorded this history in Of Plymouth Plantation.	41
6453638754	Mayflower Compact	Considered the first written constitution of the English-speaking world. Signed by members of the Plymouth colony upon arrival to the New World.	42
6453638755	Massachusetts Bay Colony	A Puritan Colony founded by the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629. Made up of Puritans coming to America during the Great Migration.	43
6453638756	Anne Hutchinson	A Bostonian who taught doctrines the Puritans believed to be heretical in her home with several men, even ministers, in attendance. For these acts, she was put on trial for heresay and was banished from Massachusetts.	44
6453638757	Roger Williams	A Puritan minister; one of the first colonists ot advocate the separation of church and state.	45
6453638758	Maryland	Founded by George Calvert, the Lord Baltimore, as a refuge for Roman Catholics facing persecution from Anglican Church.	46
6453638759	John Locke	Political philosopher that theorized governments were instituted among men for the preservation of life, liberty and property and that they should employ balance of powers. Wrote the Constitution for the Carolina colony as secretary to one of its eight proprietors.	47
6453638760	William Penn	Founder of the Quaker colony Pennsylvania.	48
6453638761	piedmont (coastal plain)	Extending from the Fall Line in the foothills from the Appalachian Mountains out to the Atlantic Sea, contained fertile soil and was crisscrossed with rivers that served as highways.	49
6453638762	Cash-Crop Economy	An economic system based on the exportation of certain crops such as sugar, cotton, and coffee.	50
6453638763	First Great Awakening	A revival of the Christian Religion as an act of God through the Holy Spirit. The first unifying event int he history of colonial America.	51
6453638764	Jonathan Edwards	Preacher from Northampton, Massachusetts, that spread the First Great Awakening through famous sermons, notably "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."	52
6453638765	domestic	Concerning the internal affairs of a country.	53
6453638766	magistrate	A civil official charged with upholding the law, often exercising both judicial and executive power.	54
6453638767	peasant	A farmer or agricultural laborer, sometime legally tied to the land.	55
6453638768	ecological	Concerning the relations between the biological organisms of their environment.	56
6453638769	guerilla warfare	Unconventional combat wagged by smaller military units using hit-and-run tactics.	57
6453638770	siege	A military operation surrounding and attacking a fortified place, often over a sustained period.	58