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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

Key events and terms for mastery of the time period 1800-1848

8196665783	Era of Good Feelings	A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.	0
8196665784	Sectionalism	Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West).	1
8196665785	Tariff of "Abominations"	designed to protect industry in the northern United States.	2
8196665786	American System	An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.	3
8196665787	The Bank War	Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter bill of the Second Bank of the United States on July 10, 1832, which was a blow against monopolies, "New England aristocrats", and foreign domination, but a victory for labor. Jackson created pet banks and destabilized the national currency.	4
8196665789	Marbury v Madison	(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review	5
8196665790	McCulloch v Maryland	Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law	6
8196665791	Worcester v Georgia	A case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of Cherokee sovereignty.	7
8196665792	Missouri Compromise of 1820	Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory	8
8196665795	Monroe Doctrine	Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.	9
8196665796	National Road	First building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition.	10
8196665797	Erie Canal	A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Connected Great Lakes farms and western markets with New York City leading to its rise as a center of trade and commerce.	11
8196665798	Eli Whitney	An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged	12
8196665799	Lowell System	Developed in textile mills in Massachusetts, during the 1820s, where few skilled workers were needed, labor was done mostly by single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives.	13
8196665800	Market Revolution	Dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the development of a transportation network of roads, canals and railroads.	14
8196665801	Embargo Act of 1807	Meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade; difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and it hurt the national economy; replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.	15
8196665802	War of 1812	between the United States and England caused by impressment of American sailors, British aid to Indians in the west with firearms, War Hawks desire to invade Canada, and continued British interference with trade.	16
8196665803	Battle of New Orleans	A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.	17
8196665804	Treaty of Ghent	December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. The important result of the War of 1812 was that the US maintained its independence from Great Britain.	18
8196665805	Lewis and Clark	Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.	19
8196665806	Louisiana Purchase	Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.	20
8196665807	Revolution of 1800	represented a return to what Jefferson considered the original spirit of the Revolution, restoring the republican experiment, checking the growth of government power, and halting the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.	21
8196665808	Barbary Pirate Wars	At issue was the demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked North African cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers.	22
8196665810	Hartford Convention	a meeting of Federalists at Hartford, Connecticut, to protest the War of 1812; New England states threatened to leave the union if the war continued	23
8196665811	"Corrupt Bargain"	what Jackson and followers called the Clay/Adams deal that kept him from election in 1824.	24
8196665812	Jacksonian Democracy	an expansion of voting rights to ensure majority rule during 1820's/30s	25
8196665813	Nullification Crisis	Conflict that resulted when South Carolina voided federal tariffs and threatened to secede	26
8196665814	Trail of Tears	The removal of Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Indian Territory in 1838 and 1839	27
8196665815	Whig party	Political party formed by Henry clay, Daniel Webster, and other Jackson opponents	28
8196665817	Samuel Slater	Father of the Factory system-memorized the ideas of Britain's factory system	29
8196665818	Steam Power	an efficient power source for machines in factories and trains	30
8196665819	Second Great Awakening	religious revival that swept the country and helped inspire reform movements, especially the abolitionist movement	31
8196665820	Cult of Domesticity	a belief that married women should restrict their activities to their home and family	32
8196665822	Dorothea Dix	Reformer who was a pioneer in the movement for better treatment of prisoners and the mentally ill	33
8196665823	Seneca Falls Convention	the first organized public meeting about women's rights held in the United States	34
8196665826	Nat Turner's Rebellion	the largest and deadliest slave uprising in U.S. history; resulted in new laws (South) prohibiting education of slaves and free black people, restricting rights of assembly and other civil rights for free black people, and requiring white ministers to be present at all worship services.	35
8196665834	Mormons	members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints founded by Joseph Smith in 1830; Relocated to Utah to escape religious persecution, settling in Salt Lake City, Utah	36
8200755177	The Liberator	abolitionist newspaper run by William Lloyd Garrison	37
8200767005	Old Hickory	Andrew Jackson's nickname; symbolizes toughness and strength	38
8200822815	Patriarchal system	social system where males, especially fathers, rule	39
8200897409	Panic of 1837	result of inflation, falling crop prices, and a drain of coin to Britain set off a financial crisis in the United States.	40

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AP US History Period 2 (1607-1754) Flashcards

Important vocabulary of the colonization of North America in the 17th century.

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7441373544	Jamestown	1st permanent English settlement in North America in 1607.	0
7441373545	John Smith	A captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter and coined the phrase "he who shall not work, shall not eat". He also initiated attacks on Natives.	1
7441373546	John Rolfe	He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. Eventually, he was killed in a Pequot attack.	2
7441373548	Mayflower Compact	1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony	3
7441373549	John Winthrop	As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.	4
7441373550	Puritans	A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.	5
7441373551	Pilgrims	English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620	6
7441373552	Massachusetts Charter	Allowed Puritans to take a charter with them and establish their own government in the New World.	7
7441373553	Loss of Massachusetts Charter	Revoking of Mass. Charter by King George II due to the colonists refusal to obey by the Navigation Acts leading to anti-British feeling in the New England region.	8
7441373554	New Amsterdam	A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island as a trade port for the Dutch trade empire.	9
7441373555	New York	It was founded by the Dutch for trade and furs and became an English Colony in 1664, when the English were determined to end Dutch trade dominance, and took over the colony by invading New Amsterdam without having to fire a shot.	10
7441373557	House of Burgesses	1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. It was made up of two representatives from teach town voted on by men who owned property. Later other colonies would adopt the Houses of Burgesses concept creating self-governing bodies in the colonies.	11
7441373558	Headright system	Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.	12
7441373559	Indentured servants	Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years	13
7441373560	Bacon's Rebellion	1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.	14
7441373561	King Phillip's War	Under the leadership of Metacom, or King Phillip, the Wampanoag destroyed colonial towns, the colonists destroyed native farms, leading to the most deadly of Indian Wars. The war was disastrous for the natives leading to few surviving the war, and those that did left New England.	15
7441373562	royal colony	A colony ruled by governors appointed by a king	16
7441373563	proprietary colony	English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment	17
7441373564	town meetings	A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws.	18
7441373565	Salem Witch Trials	1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria, and unfounded accusations in courts with Puritan ministers who served as judges. 19 women were executed.	19
7441373566	Roger Williams	A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south.	20
7441373567	Intolerant	Not willing to accept ways of thinking different from one's own. The expansion of colonies in New England was a direct result of Puritan intolerance as dissenters were exiled and created new settlements.	21
7441373568	Anne Hutcheson	One of the dissenters in Puritan Massachusetts held bible studies at her house and believed in a personal relationship with god. She moved to New Hampshire where she died along with her children from an Indian attack.	22
7441373569	Sir William Berkeley	The royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the "backcountry." One reason was that he had fur trade deals with the natives in the region. His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion	23
7441373570	William Penn	Established the colony of Pennsylvania as a "holy experiment". Freemen had the right to vote, provided leadership for self- government based on personal virtues and Quaker religious beliefs. His colony was religiously tolerant leading to diversity in the region.	24
7441373571	James Oglethorpe	Founded colony of Georgia as a chance for poor immigrants who were in debt to have a second chance at a comfortable life	25
7441373572	Lord Baltimore	1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.	26
7441373573	Halfway Covenant	A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.	27
7441373574	Dominion of New England	1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Edmund Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.	28
7441373575	Acts of Trade and Navigation	Three acts that regulated colonial trade: 1st act: closed the colonies to all trade except that from English ships, and required the colonists to export certain goods, such as tobacco, to only English territories, 2nd act: (1663) demanded that everything being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England so they could tax the goods. 3rd act: 1673, was a reaction to the general disregard of the first two laws; it forced duties on the coastal trade among the colonies and supplied customs officials to enforce the Navigation Acts.	29
7441373576	Mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.	30
7441373577	Triangular Slave Trade	A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.	31
7441373578	Middle Passage	A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. The conditions on the ships from Africa to the west led to the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives.	32
7441373579	Social mobility	Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another	33
7441373580	Ben Franklin	A colonial businessman and scientist who was an example of American social mobility and individualism. He was a delegate from Pennsylvania in colonial meetings, and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen the colonies in the French and Indian War. He was a leading figure in the movement toward revolution, and as a diplomat to France to get help during the American Revolution	34
7441373581	Great Awakening	(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). It established American religious precedents such as camp meetings, revivals, and a "born again" philosophy. The first cultural movement to unite the thirteen colonies. It was associated with the democratization of religion, and a challenge to existing authorities and was an influence leading to the American Revolution.	35
7441373582	Jonathan Edwards	A leading minister during the Great Awakening, he delivered the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" promising that evildoers would pay a price on judgement day.	36
7441373583	African American Culture	Slave communities were rich with music, dance, basket-weaving, and pottery-making. Enslaved Africans brought them the arts and crafts skills of their various tribes.	37
7441373586	George Whitfield	English preacher who led the Great Awakening by traveling through the colonies	38

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AP US History Chapter 23 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 23 The Modern Era of the 1920s

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7545058525	Warren Harding	In November 1920, he was elected the 29th president of the United States. He was a Republican whose slogan was: "Return to Normalcy". His term was marked by scandals and corruption, although he was never implicated in any of the scandals. In August 1923, he died while traveling in the West. (p. 475-476)	0
7545058526	Harry Daugherty	Attorney General under President Harding who accepted bribes for agreeing not to prosecute certain criminal suspects. (p. 476)	1
7545058527	Albert Fall	Secretary of the Interior during Harding's administration. He was convicted of accepting bribes for granting oil leases near Teapot Dome, Wyoming. (p. 476)	2
7545058528	Teapot Dome	A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921. (p. 476)	3
7545058529	Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act	This tariff passed in 1922, raised tariffs on foreign manufactured goods by 25 percent. It helped domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade, and was one cause of the Great Depression of 1929. (p. 476, 488)	4
7545058530	Bureau of the Budget	Formed in 1921, this bureau created procedures for all government expenditures to be placed in a single budget for Congress to annually review and vote on. (p. 476)	5
7545058531	Calvin Coolidge	As vice president, he became president when Warren Harding died in August 1923. He won the presidential election of 1924, but declined to run in 1928. He was a Republican who believed in limited government. He summarized his presidency and his era with the phrase: "The business of America is business". (p. 477)	6
7545058532	Herbert Hoover	When Calvin Coolidge decide not to run for president in 1928, he was the Republican presidential nominee. He promised to extend "Coolidge Prosperity", and won the election. (p. 477)	7
7545058533	standard of living	During the 1920s, the standard of living (physical things that make life more enjoyable) improved significantly for most Americans. Indoor plumbing and central heating became commonplace. By 1930, two-thirds of all homes had electricity. (p. 477)	8
7545058534	scientific management	A system of industrial management created and promoted in the early twentieth century by Frederick W. Taylor. It emphasized time-and-motion studies to improve factory performance. (p. 478)	9
7545058535	Henry Ford	By 1914, he had perfected a system for manufacturing automobiles using an assembly line. (p. 478)	10
7545058536	open shop	A company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment. (p. 479)	11
7545058537	welfare capitalism	An approach to labor relations in which companies voluntarily offer their employees improved benefits and higher wages in order to reduce their interest in joining unions. (p. 479)	12
7545058538	consumerism	In the 1920s, consumerism was fueled by: homes with electricity, electrical appliances, affordable automobiles, increased advertising, and purchasing on credit. (p. 478)	13
7545058539	jazz age	Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz, a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime. (p. 480)	14
7545058540	national networks	Nationwide radio networks enabled people all over the country to listen to the same news, sports, soap operas, quiz shows and comedies. (p. 480)	15
7545058541	Hollywood	The movie industry was centered here. The industry grew rapidly in the 1920s. Sound was introduced to movies in 1927. By 1929 over 80 million movie tickets were sold each week. (p. 480)	16
7545058542	popular heroes	Americans shifted role models from politicians to sports heroes and movie stars. Sports heros included Jack Dempsey, Jim Thorpe, Babe Ruth, and Bobby Jones. However, the most celebrated was Charles Lindbergh who flew from Long Island to Paris in 1927. (p. 480)	17
7545058543	role of women	In the 1920s, the traditional separation of labor between men and women continued. Most middle-class women expected to spend their lives as homemakers and mothers. (p. 480)	18
7545058544	morals and fashions	In the 1920s, movies, novels, automobiles, and new dances encouraged greater promiscuity. Young women shocked their elders by wearing dresses hemmed at the knee (flapper look), cutting their hair short, smoking cigarettes, and driving cars. (p. 481)	19
7545058545	Margaret Sanger	She founded American Birth Control League; which became Planned Parenthood in the 1940s. She advocated birth control awareness. (p. 481)	20
7545058546	consumer culture	In the 1920s, many writers were disillusioned with the materialism of the business oriented culture. (p. 481)	21
7545058547	Only Yesterday	A 1931 history book that portrayed the 1920s as a period of narrow-minded materialism in which the middle class abandoned Progressive reforms, embraced conservative Republican policies, and either supported or condoned nativism, racism, and fundamentalism. (p. 489)	22
7545058548	Lost Generation	Group of writers in 1920s, who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy and materialistic world that lacked moral values. Many of them moved to Europe. (p. 481)	23
7545058549	Art Deco	The 1920's modernistic art style that captured modernistic simplification of forms, while using machine age materials. (p. 482)	24
7545058550	Harlem Renaissance	The largest African American community of almost 200,000 developed in the Harlem section of New York City. It became famous in the 1920s for its talented actors, artists, musicians, and writers. This term describes this period. (p. 483)	25
7545058551	Langston Hughes	A leading 1920s African American poet from Harlem. (p. 483)	26
7545058552	Claude McKay	A leading 1920s African American poet from Harlem. (p. 483)	27
7545058553	Back to Africa movement	Encouraged those of African descent to return to Africa. (p. 483)	28
7545058554	Marcus Garvey	African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. He was deported to Jamaica and his movement collapsed. (p. 483)	29
7545058555	black pride	Many African American leaders agreed with Marcus Garvey's ideas on racial pride and self-respect. This influenced another generation in the 1960s. (p. 483)	30
7545058556	Scopes trial	A 1925 Tennessee court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan argued the issue of teaching evolution in public schools. (p. 484)	31
7545058557	Volstead Act	The federal law of 1919 that established criminal penalties for manufacturing, transporting, or possessing alcohol. (p. 484)	32
7545058558	Al Capone	A famous Chicago gangster who fought for control of the lucrative bootlegging (liquor) trade. (p. 484)	33
7545058559	21st Amendment	The amendment which ended the prohibition of alcohol in the United States, it repealed the 18th amendment. (p. 485)	34
7545058560	quota laws of 1921 and 1924	Laws passed to limit immigration. (p. 485)	35
7545058561	Sacco and Vanzetti Case	A criminal case of two Italian men who were convicted of murder in 1921. They were prosecuted because they were Italians, atheists, and anarchists. After 6 years of appeals they were executed in 1927. (p. 485)	36
7545058562	Ku Klux Klan	A secret society created by white southerners in 1866. They used terror and violence to keep African Americans from exercising their civil rights. (p. 486)	37
7545058563	Birth of a Nation	A popular silent film, which portrayed the KKK during Reconstruction as heros. (p. 486)	38
7545058564	foreigners and Communists	During the 1920s, widespread disillusionment with World War I, communism in the Soviet Union, and Europe's post war problems made Americans fearful of being pulled into another foreign war. (p. 486)	39
7545058565	disarmament	Republican presidents of the 1920s tried to promote peace and also to scale back defense expenditures by arranging disarmament treaties (reduction in military equipment). (p. 486)	40
7545058566	Washington Conference	A 1921 conference that placed limits on naval powers, respect of territory in the Pacific, and continued the Open Door policy in China. (p. 487)	41
7545058567	Five-Power Naval Treaty	A 1922 treaty resulting from the Washington Armaments Conference that limited to a specific ratio the carrier and battleship tonnage of each nation. The five countries involved were: United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy. (p. 487)	42
7545058568	Kellogg-Briand Treaty	This treaty of 1928 renounced the use of force to achieve national ends. It was signed by Frank Kellogg of the United States and Aristide Briand of France, and most other nations. The international agreement proved ineffective. (p. 487)	43
7545058569	Dawes Plan	A 1924 plan, created by Charles Dawes in which the United States banks would lend large sums to Germany. Germany would use the money to rebuild its economy and pay reparations to Great Britain and France. Then Great Britain and France would pay their war debts to the United States. After the 1929 stock market crash, the loans to Germany stopped. (p. 488)	44

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Period 3: 1754-1800 AP US History Flashcards

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7372568433	Seven Years' (French and Indian) War	fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies	0
7372568434	"No Taxation Without Representation."	a phrase, generally attributed to James Otis about 1761, that reflected the resentment of American colonists at being taxed by a British Parliament to which they elected no representatives and became an anti-British slogan before the American Revolution; in full, "Taxation without representation is tyranny.".	1
7372568435	Enlightenment	a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority andlegitimacy, and came to advance ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional governmentand ending the perceived abuses of the church and state	2
7372568436	Benjamin Franklin	One of the founding fathers, famous for presence in the American Enlightenment. earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies.	3
7372568437	The Patriot Movement	Movement or push toward independence in the colonies. Those that supported colonial independence were referred to as "Patriots" while those that were loyal to the British crown were called "Loyalists."	4
7372568438	Colonial Militias	Groups of able-bodied colonialist men without proper military training that banded together to revolt against British tyrannny.	5
7372568439	The Continental Army	formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies, created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their revolt against the rule of Great Britain. Commanded by General George Washington (Commander-in-Chief)	6
7372568440	George Washington	General, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Later named the first President of the United States.	7
7372568441	Thomas Paine's Common Sense	Published in 1776. Pamphlet that challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. Used "Common Sense" and plain language to appeal to the average colonist. First work to ask for independence outright.	8
7372568442	The Declaration of Independence	the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting atPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies,[2] then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule.	9
7372568443	Republican Motherhood	Predominant conception of women's roles before, during and after the American Revolution: the "Republican Mother" was considered a custodian of civic virtue responsible for upholding the morality of her husband and children. Though this idea emphasized the separation of women's and men's roles, it did weight heavily the influence of the mother on the family and advocated for this influence to be taken seriously.	10
7372568444	Legislative Branch	The branch of government tasked with writing laws.	11
7372568445	Judicial Branch	The branch of government tasked with interpreting laws.	12
7372568446	Executive Branch	The branch of government tasked with enforcing laws.	13
7372568447	The Articles of Confederation	An agreement among all thirteen original states in the United States of America that served as its first constitution. Drafted by a committee appointed by the Second Continental Congress, ratified in late 1777. Later replaced by the Constitution of the United States of America.	14
7372568448	Constitutional Convention	Took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although the Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States.	15
7372568449	Federalism	a system of government in which entities such as states or provinces share power with a national government.	16
7372568450	Separation of Powers	Inspired by Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, the idea of a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches.	17
7372568451	The Federalist Papers	a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution.	18
7372568452	Alexander Hamilton	Founder of the Federalist Party, Co-author of The Federalist Papers, First Secretary of the Treasury	19
7372568453	James Madison	Co-Author of the Federalist Papers, hailed as "the Father of the Constitution," Fourth President of the United States	20
7372568454	Bill of Rights	the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. These amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people.	21
7372568455	Democratic-Republican Party	formed by Thomas Jefferson and others who believed in an agrarian-based, decentralized,democratic government. The party was established to oppose the Federalists who had supported and pushed through the ratification of the US Constitution.	22
7372568456	National Identity	one's identity or sense of belonging to one state or to one nation. It is the sense of a nation as a cohesive whole, as represented by distinctive traditions, culture, language and politics.	23
7372568457	The Northwest Ordinance	created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between British North America and the Great Lakes to the north and the Ohio River to the south.established the precedent by which the Federal government would be sovereign and expand westward with the admission of new states, rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation.	24
7372568458	French Revolution	a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond.	25
7372568459	Popular Sovereignty	the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power.	26
7372568460	Public Virtue	Sacrificing one's self-interest for the public good.	27
7372568461	insurrection	Rebellion against political authority.	28
7372568462	mercantilism	The economic theory that all parts of an economy should be coordinated for the good of the whole state; hence, that colonial economics should be subordinated for the benefit of an empire.	29
7372568463	depreciate	To decrease in value, as in the decline of the purchasing power of money.	30
7372568464	protective tariffs	Taxes places on imported goods, often to raise prices and thus protect domestic producers.	31
7372568465	admiralty courts	In British law, special administrative courts designed to handle maritime cases without a jury.	32
7372568466	virtual representation	The political theory that a class of persons is represented in a lawmaking body without direct vote.	33
7372568467	nonimportation agreement	A pledge to boycott, or decline to purchase, certain goods from abroad.	34
7372568468	duty	A customs tax on the export or import of goods.	35
7372568469	propaganda	A systematic program or particular materials designed to spread certain ideas; sometimes but not always the term implies the use of manipulative or deceptive means.	36
7372568470	boycott	An organized refusal to deal with some person, organization, or product.	37
7372568471	inflation	An increase in the supply of currency relative to the goods available, leading to a decline in the purchasing power of money.	38
7372568472	mercenary	A professional soldier who serves in a foreign army for pay.	39
7372568473	indictment	A formal written accusation charging someone with a crime.	40
7372568474	dictatorship	A form of government characterized by absolute state power and the unlimited authority of the ruler.	41
7372568475	neutral	A nation or person not taking sides in a war.	42
7372568476	civilian	A citizen not in military service.	43
7372568477	confiscate	To seize private property for public use, often as a penalty.	44
7372568478	envoy	A messenger or agent sent by a government on official business.	45
7372568479	rabble	A mass of disorderly and crude common people.	46
7372568480	isolationist	Concerning the belief that a country should take little or no part in foreign affairs, especially through alliances or wars.	47
7372568481	hereditary	Passed down from generation to generation.	48
7372568482	blockade	The isolation of a place by hostile ships or troops.	49
7372568483	privateer	A private vessel temporarily authorized to capture or plunder enemy ships in wartime.	50
7372568484	disestablish	To separate an official state church from its connection with the government.	51
7372568485	emancipation	Setting free from servitude or slavery	52
7372568486	abolitionist	favoring the end of slavery	53
7372568487	ratification	The confirmation or validation of an act (such as the constitution) by authoritative approval.	54
7372568488	aliens	Foreigners; also, persons resident in but not citizens of a country.	55
7372568489	township	in America, a surveyed territory six miles square; the term also refers to a unit of social government, smaller than a country that is often based on these survey units.	56
7372568490	territory	In America, government an organized political entity not yet enjoying full equal terms of a state.	57
7372568491	annex	To make a smaller territory or political unit part of a larger one.	58
7372568492	quorum	The minimum number of persons who must be present in a group before it can conduct valid business.	59
7372568493	anarchy	The theory that formal government is unnecessary and wrong in principle; the term is also used generally for lawlessness or anti-governmental disorder.	60
7372568494	bicameral	Referring to a legislative body with two houses	61
7372568495	census	An official count of population; in the United States, the federal census occurs every ten years.	62
7372568496	public debt	The debt of a government or nation to individual creditors, also called the national debt.	63
7372568497	cabinet	The body of official advisers to the head of a government; in the United States, it consists of the heads of the major executive departments.	64
7372568498	fiscal	Concerning public finances-expenditures and revenues.	65
7372568499	excise	A tax on the manufacture, sale, or consumption of certain products.	66
7372568500	stock	The shares of capital ownership gained from investing in a corporate enterprise; the term also refers to the certificates representing such shares.	67
7372568501	despotism	Arbitrary or tyrannical rule.	68
7372568502	impressment	To force people or property into public service without choice.	69
7372568503	assimilation	The merging of diverse cultures or peoples into one.	70
7372568504	witch-hunt	An investigation carried on with much publicity, supposedly to uncover dangerous activity but actually intended to weaken the political opposition.	71
7372568505	compact	An agreement or covenant between states to perform some legal act.	72
7372568506	nullification	In American politics, the assertion that a state may legally invalidate a federal act deemed inconsistent with its rights or sovereignty.	73

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AP US History Period 8 (1945-1980) Flashcards

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6420015227	Lend Lease	Legislation proposed by FDR and adopted by congress, stating that the U.S could either sell or lease arms and other equipment to any country whose security was vital to America's interest -> military equipment to help Britain war effort was shipped from U.S	0
6420015228	Cash and Carry Policy	1939. Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. This benefited the Allies, because Britain was dominant naval power.	1
6420015229	Neutrality Act	4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents. Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations.	2
6420015230	Pearl Harbor	7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.	3
6420015231	Midway	1942, An important battle in the Asian part of the war, the Americans sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers	4
6420015232	Mobilization	Act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency: "mobilization of the troops"	5
6420015233	Victory Gardens	Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort	6
6420015234	Rationing	A system of allocating scarce goods and services using criteria other than price	7
6420015235	D-Day	(FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.	8
6420015236	Battle of the Bulge	December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.	9
6420015237	Manhattan Project	Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.	10
6420015238	Hiroshima	City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.	11
6420015239	Island Hopping	A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others	12
6420015240	Iwo Jima	a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945)	13
6420015241	United Nations	An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919.	14
6420015242	Yalta Conference	FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War	15
6420015243	Potsdam Conference	July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.	16
6420015244	Rosie the Riveter	A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.	17
6420015245	Levittown	In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.	18
6420015246	Iron Curtain	A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region	19
6420015247	Truman Doctrine	1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey	20
6420015248	Marshall Plan	A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)	21
6420015249	Berlin Blockade	The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.	22
6420015250	Korean War	The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.	23
6420015251	McCarthyism	The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.	24
6420015252	Brown v Board of Education, 1954	1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.	25
6420015253	Montgomery Bus Boycott	In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.	26
6420015254	Interstate Highway Act	1956 law that authorized the spending of $32 billion to build 41,000 miles of highway	27
6420015255	Little Rock Arkansas	Incident where President Eisenhower sent federal troops to allow black students into the high school.	28
6420015256	Sputnik	First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race. Led the US to focus on Math & Science in American schools.	29
6420015257	Sit ins	Protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.	30
6420015258	NASA	The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the United States government agency responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.	31
6420015259	Berlin Wall	A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.	32
6420015260	Bay of Pigs	In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.	33
6420015261	Freedom Rides	1961 event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses	34
6420015262	Cuban Missile Crisis	An international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba	35
6420015263	Rachel Carson	United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964) in her book Silent Spring. Considered the birth of environmentalism	36
6420015264	March on Washington	Held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally	37
6420015265	JFK Assassinated	November 1963, President John F Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas.	38
6420015266	Civil Rights Act of 1964	1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal	39
6420015267	Voting Rights Act of 1965	1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap	40
6420015268	Gulf of Tonkin Resolution	1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to south vietnam and fight a war against north Vietnam	41
6420015269	Cesar Chavez	1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.	42
6420015270	Malcolm X	1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality. Assassinated in 1965 by the Nation of Islam.	43
6420015271	Stonewall Riot	In New York City, 1969 - Triggered activist protests among gays and lesbians - police raided gay bar - people fought back - became symbol of oppression of gays, began the gay pride movement	44
6420015272	Woodstock	A free music festival that attracted more than 400,000 young people to a farm in upstate New York in August 1969	45
6420015273	Earth Day	A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970	46
6420015274	Kent State Massacre	Protests to the war that lead to National Guard being called in and shot students because they burned the ROTC building. Three students were killed, 1970.	47
6420015275	Nixon in China	February 21, 1972 - Nixon visited for a week to meet with Chairman Mao Tse-Tung for improved relations with China, Called "ping-pong diplomacy" because Nixon played ping pong with Mao during his visit. Nixon agreed to support China's admission to the United Nations.	48
6420015276	SALT I Treaty	A five-year agreement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, sighned in 1972, that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles.	49
6420015277	Roe v Wade	Established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.	50
6420015278	Watergate	1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down	51
6420015279	Jimmy Carter	(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.	52
6420015280	Camp David Accords	(1978) were negotiated at the presidential retreat of Camp David by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981.	53
6420015281	Iran Hostage Crisis	In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.	54
6420015282	Salt II Treaty	This treaty was a controversial experiment of negotiations between Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev from 1977 to 1979 between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, which sought to curtail the manufacture of strategic nuclear weapons.	55

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AP US History Period 5 (1844-1877) Flashcards

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6633619911	Popular Sovereignty	Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.	0
6633619913	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolitions and escalated the sectional conflict.	1
6633619915	Emancipation Proclamation	1863. Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States. The Proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines.	2
6633619917	Freedmans' Bureau	1865-1872. Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support. Its achievements were never and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.	3
6633619918	Black Codes	1865-1866. Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Norhterners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies.	4
6633619920	Sharecropping	An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop. Sharecropping was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil War, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantation.	5
6633619922	Compromise of 1850	Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery.	6
6633619923	Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854. Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglass in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad.	7
6633619924	Homestead Act	1862. A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward-moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land.	8
6633619925	Gettysburg Address	1863. Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.	9
6633619927	10% Reconstruction Plan	1863. Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation of slaves.	10
6633619929	Radical Republicans	Most liberal part of the Republican Party. Desired political, economic, and social equality for African Americans. Wanted harsh punishment for the South after the Civil War. Became much more powerful after Andrew Johnson's impeachment.	11
6633619930	Election of Lincoln	Angered many people in the south who owned slaves because he wanted to end slavery. Won the election of 1860 but did not win the popular vote. South Carolina was happy at the outcome of the election because now it had a reason to secede.11 states in the south seceded and made themselves the Confederacy after the election.	12
6633619932	Anaconda Plan	Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture of the Mississippi River, and to take an army through heart of south.	13
6633619933	The American Party (The Know-Nothing Party)	(1840s-1850s) This political party carried anti-immigrant sentiments against the Catholic and the Irish and saw some electoral success.	14
6633619934	Wilmot Proviso	(1846) Proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War. Never passed by both houses of Congress but helped fan the flame of sectional tension.	15
6633619935	Free-Soil Party	(1848) Political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery into new territories.	16
6633619936	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	(1848) The Mexican government gave up the area of Texas and offered to sell the provinces of California and New Mexico as a result of its defeat in the Mexican-American War.	17
6633619938	Gadsden Purchase	(1853) Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.	18
6633619939	Ostend Manifesto	(1854) A declaration issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.	19
6633619940	Bleeding Kansas	(1856-1861) A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.	20
6633619941	Dred Scott v. Sanford	(1857) Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process. Invalidated the Missouri Compromise.	21
6633619942	John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry	(1859) John Brown led a raid on Harper's Ferry. He hoped to start a rebellion against slaveholders by arming enslaved African Americans. Brown was quickly defeated by citizens and federal troops. Brown became a villain to southerners who now thought northerners would use violence to end slavery as well as a martyr to some northerners who saw Brown as someone who sacrificed himself for the ideal of freedom for all.	22
6633619944	The Sand Creek Massacre	(1864) US officials force the Cheyenne warriors to give up claims that had been promised to them. In retaliation, Chief Black Kettle led Cheyenne warriors in several raids on mining camps and local settlements. US forces responded by surprising 500 Cheyenne at Sand Creek -massacre left 270 Natives, mostly women and children, dead.	23
6633619945	Civil Rights Act of 1867	(1867) Banned discrimination in public accommodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation.	24
6633619946	Thirteenth Amendment	(1865) The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.	25
6633619947	Fourteenth Amendment	(1868) Provided equal protection of the law to freed slaves. Representation for any state that withheld voting from African Americans would be reduced.	26
6633619948	Fifteenth Amendment	(1870) Prohibited any state from denying citizens the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.	27
6633619949	Compromise of 1877	(1877) It withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet, and allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to win the election. Marked the end of reconstruction.	28
6633619953	"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"	The phrase used in James K Polk's 1844 presidential election dealing with the Oregon Territory. Polk's campaign used the phrase as a rallying cry for the United States to obtain all of Oregon Territory, including land claimed by the English, up through Northern Canada.	29
6633619957	Mexican American War	1846 - 1848. President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land, called the Mexican Cession.	30
6633619958	Republican Party	1854. Established by anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, "free-soilers" and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories.	31
6633619959	Stephen A. Douglas	Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln and was a leading voice in the debates over slavery and its expansion before the Civil War. Wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine.	32
6633619962	secession	Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation	33
6633619963	habeas corpus	Petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action. Suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War.	34
6633619964	sectionalism	Term used to describe the growing differences between the regions of the United States, especially the North and South, leading up to the Civil War.	35
6633619965	Robert E. Lee	Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force. Military genius whose aggressiveness made him a fearsome opponent throughout the Civil War.	36
6633619966	Fort Sumter	Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War.	37
6633619969	Battle of Gettysburg	A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Proved to be a significant turning point in the war because of the loss of about 1/3 of Lee's army.	38
6633619970	Ulysses S. Grant	An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.	39
6633619971	William Tecumseh Sherman	Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah; example of total war and "scorched-earth" military tactics.	40
6633619972	Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson	He was a confederate general who was known for his fearlessness in leading rapid marches, bold flanking movements, and furious assaults. He earned his nickname at the battle of first bull run for standing courageously against union fire. During the battle of Chancellorsville his own men accidently mortally wounded him.	41
6633619973	martial law	Rule by the army instead of the elected government (such as in the South as a result of the Military Reconstruction Act)	42
6633619974	emergency powers	Wide-ranging powers a president may exercise during times of crisis or those powers permitted the president by Congress for a limited time.	43
6633619975	Radical Reconstruction	Name given to the period when Congress, which was controlled by Republicans, took over Reconstruction efforts. When southerners balked at some of the more moderate reforms proposed, more radical republicans started to gain more power and pass more legislation.	44
6633619976	Military Reconstruction Act	1867. Divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions	45
6633619978	Election of 1876	Ended reconstruction because neither candidate had an electoral majority. The Democrat Sam Tilden loses the election to Rutherford B Hayes, Republican, was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised.	46
6633619979	carpetbagger	A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states (as viewed from the southern perspective).	47
6633619980	scalawag	A derogatory term for southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate southerners; sometimes used in a general way by southerners criticizing other southerners who had northern sympathies.	48
6633619985	Gag Resolution	Strict rule passed by pro-southern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives	49
6633619990	Liberty Party	A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848.	50
6633619991	John C. Calhoun	Senator who argued for states' rights for the South. He asked for slavery to be left alone, slaves to be returned to the South, and state balance to be kept intact.	51
6633619993	Henry Clay	Known as the "Great Compromiser"; senator who pushed for compromise between the North and South and worked with Stephen Douglas; major figure in the passing of both the Missouri Compromise (1820) and Compromise of 1850.	52
6633619995	"Fire Eaters"	Refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the cessation of southern states.	53
6633619996	Charles Sumner	Senator who spoke out for black freedom and racial equality post-Civil War. Publicly beaten by Preston Brooks for speaking out against the violence in Kansas, an event that marked increasing tensions between the North and South prior to the Civil War.	54
6633620001	Lecompton Constitution	Supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state (and was a factor in spurring violence there).	55
6633620002	Lincoln-Douglas Debates	Lincoln challenged Stephen Douglas to debates during the senatorial race of 1858 which became a public referendum on the issue of slavery.	56
6633620005	Andrew Johnson	17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote.	57
6633620006	John Wilkes Booth	Southerner who assasinated Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865	58
6633620009	Copperheads	Nickname for Northerners who were pro-Confederacy.	59
6633620012	Wade-Davis Bill	Bill pushed by Congress in 1864 that required 50 percent of a state's voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safe-guards for emancipation than proposed in Lincoln's 10 percent plan. Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln.	60
6633620014	Civil Rights Act (1866)	A Reconstruction bill which gave which granted citizenship to African Americans and weakened the poliferation of Black Codes in the South.	61
6633620015	Redeemers	Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy.	62
6633620017	"Seward's Folly"	Refers to the United States' Secretary of State William Seward's decision to purchase the Alaskan territory from Russia in 1867. At the time, Seward's decision to buy the land was regarded as a terrible one by many critics in the United States.	63

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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

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6419951056	Federalist	Political party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton; favored a stronger national government; supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests	0
6419951057	Democratic-Republicans	Political party created in the 1790's; led by Thomas Jefferson; favored limited government and state rights; supported primarily by the "common man"	1
6419951058	Election of 1800	(AKA Revolution of 1800) election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party	2
6419951059	Hartford Convention, 1814	Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government; viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics	3
6419951060	Era of Good Feelings	Term used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe	4
6419951061	Democrats	Political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; part of the 2nd Party System of the United States; supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government and individualism; drew its support from the "common Man"	5
6419951062	Whig Party	Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government	6
6419951063	Andrew Jackson	Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837); known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification	7
6419951064	Henry Clay	Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise	8
6419951065	Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)	After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina; ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time; overall significance was the challenge of states to ignore federal law (later on with laws regarding slavery).	9
6419951066	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law.	10
6419951067	John Marshall	Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property.	11
6419951068	Cotton Belt	Southern region in the US where most of the cotton is grown/deep; stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier; had the highest concentration of slaves	12
6419951069	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress	13
6419951070	Market Economy	Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand	14
6419951071	Embargo Act (1807)	Passed by President Jefferson in order to pressure Britain and France to stop impressment and support the American rights to free trade with the other; a government-order ban on international trade; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations; led to steep depression in the economy	15
6419951072	Panic of 1819	Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped	16
6419951073	Second Bank of the United States (1816)	Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process	17
6419951074	Tariff of 1816	First protective tariff in US history; designed primarily to help America's textile industry	18
6419951075	Tariff of Abominations 1828	Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)	19
6419951076	Panic of 1837	Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States	20
6419951077	Slave Codes	Laws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders	21
6419951078	Second Great Awakening	An upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (temperance, abolition) designed to perfect society with religious morals	22
6419951079	Charles Finney	Presbyterian minister who is credited and is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism"; advocated the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans	23
6419951080	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote; organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY	24
6419951081	Dorothea Dix	Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill	25
6419951082	Horace Mann	Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children; called the "Father of Public Education in America"	26
6419951083	Utopian Communities	Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and the Oneida Community in New York; usually such attempts were short-lived	27
6419951084	American Colonization Society (established 1817)	Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa (Liberia)	28
6419951085	William Lloyd Garrison	Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published the liberator, an antislavery newspaper	29
6419951086	Sojourner Truth	Former slave (freed in 1827) who became a leading abolitionist and feminist	30
6419951087	Hudson River School 1825-1875	The first native school of painting in the US; painted primarily landscapes; themes included deep nationalism, grandeur of nature, and transcendentalism	31
6419951088	Transcendentalism	Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature; believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge; advocated for introspection by surrounding oneself with nature	32
6419951089	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in the Transcendalist movement in American	33
6419951090	Henry David Thoreau	Writer and naturalist; with Ralph Waldo Emerson, he was one of America's best known transcendentalists	34
6419951091	Richard Allen	African American minister who established the first independent African American denomination in the US, the African Methodist Episcopalian Church	35
6419951092	Samuel Slater	Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile technology to the United States to create the first factory	36
6419951093	John Deere	Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow	37
6419951094	Lowell System	Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA	38
6419951095	Erie Canal (1817-1825)	350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution)	39
6419951096	National Road (1811)	AKA Cumberland Road; first significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River	40
6419951097	Mason-Dixon Line	Boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War	41
6419951098	Cult of Domesticity	The belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); strongly believed by many throughout the 19th century	42
6419951099	Louisiana Purchase (1803)	U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River	43
6419951100	Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)	Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark	44
6419951101	War Hawks	Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest	45
6419951102	War of 1812	1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)	46
6419951103	Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)	Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S	47
6419951104	Monroe Doctrine (1823)	President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century	48
6419951105	Oregon Treaty of 1846	After years of conflict over ownership of the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. and England established the boundary at 49° latitude, essentially splitting the Oregon Country down the middle	49
6419951106	Manifest Destiny	Popular belief amongst early-19th century Americans that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent, that this belief was obvious, and that God willed it to take place	50
6419951107	Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who attempted to establish an Indian confederacy among tribes from around the continent that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion; defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison, slowing the momentum of Pan-Indian unity	51
6419951108	Indian Removal Act (1830)	Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement	52
6419951109	Worcester v. Georgia (1832)	A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson	53
6419951110	Trail of Tears (1838)	Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter; a large percentage of Cherokee died on the journey	54
6419951111	American Anti-Slavery Society	Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison - included Frederick Douglass as a significant leader of the society	55
6419951112	Romanticism	An artistic and intellectual movement characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical	56
6419951113	The American System	Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay	57
6419951114	Missouri Compromise (1820)	Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states	58
6419951115	Spoils System	Public offices given as a reward for political support. Most iconically used by Andrew Jackson after his first election, which then became a precedent for future federal leaders.	59
6419951116	Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)	The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.	60
6419951117	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)	The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.	61
6419951118	Johnson v. McIntosh (1823, Marshall)	Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes.	62
6419951119	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall)	"The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.	63
6419951120	interchangeable parts	Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets; became a hallmark of the American factory system	64
6419951121	turnpike	A road in which tolls were collected at gates set up along the road	65
6419951122	tariff	A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.	66
6419951123	sectionalist	Person devoted to the cause of a particular section of the country (usually North or South), as opposed to the nation as a whole	67
6419951124	embargo	A government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port	68
6419951125	nationalism	A strong devotion to the nation as the central political entity, often in a narrow or aggressive fashion; usually involves feelings of superiority over other nations or ideaologies	69
6419951126	internal improvements	The basic public works, such as roads and canals, that create the structure for economic development.	70
6419951127	depression	In economics, a severe and often prolonged period of declining economic activity, rising unemployment, and falling wages and prices.	71
6419951128	boom	In economics, a period of sudden, spectacular expansion of business activity or prices.	72
6419951129	constituents	The body of voters or supporters in a district, regarded as a group.	73
6419951130	hard money	Gold and Silver coins, as distinguished from paper money.	74
6419951131	deference	The yielding of opinion to the judgment of someone else.	75
6419951132	subversive	Tending to corrupt, overthrow, or destroy something established.	76
6419951133	puritanical	Extremely or excessively strict in matters of morals or religion.	77
6419951134	usurpation	The act of seizing, occupying, or enjoying the place, power, or functions of someone without right.	78
6419951135	mudslinging	Malicious, unscrupulous attacks against an opponent.	79
6419951136	machine	A political organization, often controlled through patronage or spoils.	80
6419951137	incumbent	The person currently holding an office.	81
6419951138	impost	A tax, particularly a tariff or duty on imported goods.	82
6419951139	appeasement	The policy of giving in to demands of a hostile of dangerous power in hope of avoiding conflict.	83
6419951140	prejudice	Unreasonable suspicion, bias, or hatred directed at members of a group.	84
6419951141	ritual	A set form or system of ceremonies, often but not necessarily religious.	85
6419951142	evangelical	Concerning religious belief, commonly Protestant, that emphasizes personal salvation, individual and voluntary religious commitment, and the authority of Scripture.	86
6419951143	platform	A statement of the principles or positions of a political party.	87
6419951144	denominations	In American religion, the major branches of Christianity, organized into separate national churches structures; e.g., Presbyterians, Baptists, Disciples of Christ.	88
6419951145	prolific	Producing a large number of something.	89
6419951146	temperance	Moderation, or sometimes total abstinence, as regards drinking alcohol.	90
6419951147	nativist	One who advocates favoring native-born citizens over aliens or immigrants.	91
6419951148	factory	An establishment for the manufacturing of goods, including buildings and substantial machinery.	92
6419951149	liability	Legal responsibility for loss or damage.	93
6419951150	incorporation	The formation of individuals into a legally organized group, usually a business.	94
6419951151	labor union	An organization of workers—usually wage-earning workers—to promote the interests and welfare of its members, often by collective bargaining with employers.	95
6419951152	strike	An organized work stoppage by employees in order to obtain better wages, working conditions, and so on.	96
6419951153	capitalist	An individual or group who uses private property to produce goods for profit in an open market.	97
6419951154	posterity	Later descendants or subsequent generations.	98
6419951155	productivity	In economics, the relative capacity to produce goods and services, measured in terms of the number of workers and machines needed to create goods in a certain length of time.	99
6419951156	transient	Referring to a person without a fixed or long-term home or job; a migrant.	100
6419951157	polygamy	The practice or condition of having two or more spouses at one time.	101
6419951158	theocracy	Literally, rule by God, the term is often applied to a state where religious leaders exercise direct or indirect political authority.	102
6419951159	zealot	One who is carried away by a cause to an extreme or excessive degree.	103
6419951160	communistic	Referring to the theory or practice in which the means of production are owned by the community as a whole.	104
6419951161	nonconformist	One who refuses to follow established or conventional ideas or habits; often referred to as part of a "counter-culture".	105
6419951162	providence (providencial)	Under the care and direction of God or other benevolent natural or supernatural forces.	106

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AP US History Period 8 (1945-1980) Flashcards

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6556026925	Levittown	In 1947, a builder used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. It became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.	0
6556026926	Iron Curtain	A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region	1
6556026927	Truman Doctrine	1947, President's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey	2
6556026928	Marshall Plan	A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)	3
6556026929	Berlin Blockade	The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.	4
6556026930	Korean War	The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.	5
6556026931	McCarthyism	The term associated with the Senator who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.	6
6556026934	Interstate Highway Act	1956 law that authorized the spending of $32 billion to build 41,000 miles of highway	7
6556026936	Sputnik	First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race. Led the US to focus on Math & Science in American schools.	8
6556026938	NASA	The United States government agency responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.	9
6556026939	Berlin Wall	A fortified area surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.	10
6556026940	Bay of Pigs	In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.	11
6556026941	Freedom Rides	1961 event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses	12
6556026942	Cuban Missile Crisis	An international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba	13
6556026943	Rachel Carson	United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964) in her book Silent Spring. Considered the birth of environmentalism	14
6556026946	Civil Rights Act of 1964	Banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal	15
6556026947	Voting Rights Act of 1965	Invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap	16
6556026948	Gulf of Tonkin Resolution	1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to south vietnam and fight a war against north Vietnam	17
6556026949	Cesar Chavez	1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.	18
6556026950	Malcolm X	1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality. Assassinated in 1965 by the Nation of Islam.	19
6556026951	Stonewall Riot	In New York City, 1969 - Triggered activist protests among gays and lesbians - police raided gay bar - people fought back - became symbol of oppression of gays, began the gay pride movement	20
6556026952	Woodstock	A free music festival that attracted more than 400,000 young people to a farm in upstate New York in August 1969	21
6556026953	Earth Day	A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970	22
6556026954	Kent State Massacre	Protests to the war that lead to National Guard being called in and shot students because they burned the ROTC building. Three students were killed, 1970.	23
6556026955	Nixon in China	February 21, 1972 - Nixon visited for a week to meet with Chairman Mao Tse-Tung for improved relations with China, Called "ping-pong diplomacy" because Nixon played ping pong with Mao during his visit. Nixon agreed to support China's admission to the United Nations.	24
6556026956	SALT I Treaty	A five-year agreement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, sighned in 1972, that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles.	25
6556026957	Roe v Wade	Established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.	26
6556026958	Watergate	1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down	27

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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

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7985466838	Federalist	Political party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton; favored a stronger national government; supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests	0
7985466839	Democratic-Republicans	Political party created in the 1790's; led by Thomas Jefferson; favored limited government and state rights; supported primarily by the "common man"	1
7985466840	Election of 1800	(AKA Revolution of 1800) election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party	2
7985466841	Hartford Convention, 1814	Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government; viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics	3
7985466842	Era of Good Feelings	Term used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe	4
7985466843	Democrats	Political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; part of the 2nd Party System of the United States; supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government and individualism; drew its support from the "common Man"	5
7985466844	Whig Party	Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government	6
7985466845	Andrew Jackson	Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837); known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification	7
7985466846	Henry Clay	Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise	8
7985466847	Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)	After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina; ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time; overall significance was the challenge of states to ignore federal law (later on with laws regarding slavery).	9
7985466848	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law.	10
7985466849	John Marshall	Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property.	11
7985466850	Cotton Belt	Southern region in the US where most of the cotton is grown/deep; stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier; had the highest concentration of slaves	12
7985466851	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress	13
7985466852	Market Economy	Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand	14
7985466853	Embargo Act (1807)	Passed by President Jefferson in order to pressure Britain and France to stop impressment and support the American rights to free trade with the other; a government-order ban on international trade; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations; led to steep depression in the economy	15
7985466854	Panic of 1819	Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped	16
7985466855	Second Bank of the United States (1816)	Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process	17
7985466856	Tariff of 1816	First protective tariff in US history; designed primarily to help America's textile industry	18
7985466857	Tariff of Abominations 1828	Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)	19
7985466858	Panic of 1837	Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States	20
7985466860	Second Great Awakening	An upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (temperance, abolition) designed to perfect society with religious morals	21
7985466861	Charles Finney	Presbyterian minister who is credited and is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism"; advocated the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans	22
7985466862	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote; organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY	23
7985466863	Dorothea Dix	Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill	24
7985466864	Horace Mann	Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children; called the "Father of Public Education in America"	25
7985466866	American Colonization Society (established 1817)	Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa (Liberia)	26
7985466867	William Lloyd Garrison	Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published the liberator, an antislavery newspaper	27
7985466868	Sojourner Truth	Former slave (freed in 1827) who became a leading abolitionist and feminist	28
7985466869	Hudson River School 1825-1875	The first native school of painting in the US; painted primarily landscapes; themes included deep nationalism, grandeur of nature, and transcendentalism	29
7985466870	Transcendentalism	Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature; believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge; advocated for introspection by surrounding oneself with nature	30
7985466871	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in the Transcendalist movement in American	31
7985466872	Henry David Thoreau	Writer and naturalist; with Ralph Waldo Emerson, he was one of America's best known transcendentalists	32
7985466873	Richard Allen	African American minister who established the first independent African American denomination in the US, the African Methodist Episcopalian Church	33
7985466874	Samuel Slater	Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile technology to the United States to create the first factory	34
7985466875	John Deere	Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow	35
7985466876	Lowell System	Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA	36
7985466877	Erie Canal (1817-1825)	350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution)	37
7985466878	National Road (1811)	AKA Cumberland Road; first significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River	38
7985466880	Cult of Domesticity	The belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); strongly believed by many throughout the 19th century	39
7985466881	Louisiana Purchase (1803)	U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River	40
7985466882	Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)	Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark	41
7985466883	War Hawks	Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest	42
7985466884	War of 1812	1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)	43
7985466885	Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)	Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S	44
7985466886	Monroe Doctrine (1823)	President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century	45
7985466888	Manifest Destiny	Popular belief amongst early-19th century Americans that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent, that this belief was obvious, and that God willed it to take place	46
7985466889	Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who attempted to establish an Indian confederacy among tribes from around the continent that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion; defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison, slowing the momentum of Pan-Indian unity	47
7985466890	Indian Removal Act (1830)	Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement	48
7985466891	Worcester v. Georgia (1832)	A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson	49
7985466892	Trail of Tears (1838)	Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter; a large percentage of Cherokee died on the journey	50
7985466893	American Anti-Slavery Society	Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison - included Frederick Douglass as a significant leader of the society	51
7985466894	Romanticism	An artistic and intellectual movement characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical	52
7985466895	The American System	Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay	53
7985466896	Missouri Compromise (1820)	Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states	54
7985466897	Spoils System	Public offices given as a reward for political support. Most iconically used by Andrew Jackson after his first election, which then became a precedent for future federal leaders.	55
7985466898	Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)	The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.	56
7985466899	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)	The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.	57
7985466900	Johnson v. McIntosh (1823, Marshall)	Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes.	58
7985466901	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall)	"The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.	59
7985466902	interchangeable parts	Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets; became a hallmark of the American factory system	60
7985466903	turnpike	A road in which tolls were collected at gates set up along the road	61
7985466904	tariff	A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.	62
7985466905	sectionalist	Person devoted to the cause of a particular section of the country (usually North or South), as opposed to the nation as a whole	63
7985466907	nationalism	A strong devotion to the nation as the central political entity, often in a narrow or aggressive fashion; usually involves feelings of superiority over other nations or ideaologies	64
7985466909	depression	In economics, a severe and often prolonged period of declining economic activity, rising unemployment, and falling wages and prices.	65
7985466910	boom	In economics, a period of sudden, spectacular expansion of business activity or prices.	66
7985466918	machine	A political organization, often controlled through patronage or spoils.	67
7985466924	evangelical	Concerning religious belief, commonly Protestant, that emphasizes personal salvation, individual and voluntary religious commitment, and the authority of Scripture.	68
7985466928	temperance	Moderation, or sometimes total abstinence, as regards drinking alcohol.	69
7985466929	nativist	One who advocates favoring native-born citizens over aliens or immigrants.	70
8064314311	Oldest living member of the original signers of the Constitution		71

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AP US History Chapter 34 Flashcards

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6449212997	London Economic Conference	A meeting in the summer of 1933 where delegates hoped to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression.	0
6449212998	Good Neighbor Policy	A policy focused on consultation and nonintervention that was put to the test when Mexico seized Yankee oil properties in 1938. Roosevelt successfully resisted the badgering and a settlement was threshed out in 1941.	1
6449212999	Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act	Designed to lift American export trade from the depression doldrums, aimed at both relief and recovery from the Depression.	2
6449213000	Rome-Berlin Axis	Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini joined forces for WWII.	3
6449213001	Johnson Debt Default Act	Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States.	4
6449213002	Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937	Acts that prevented the U.S. from entering any world conflicts. They said that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent.	5
6449213003	Abraham Lincoln Brigade	Around 3,000 men and women headed to Spain to fight as volunteers against Francisco Franco.	6
6449213004	Quarantine Speech	A speech given by FDR in Chicago in 1937 calling for "positive endeavors" to "quarantine" the aggressors by economic embargoes. Isolationists reacted with a cyclone of protest.	7
6449213005	Appeasement	An agreement between the western European democracies and Germany that gave the Sudetenland to the Nazis, in hopes that it would prevent Hitler from trying to invade other European nations.	8
6449213006	Hitler-Stalin pact	Gave Nazi Germany the "green light" to make war on Poland and the Western democracies without retaliation by the Soviet Union.	9
6449213007	Neutrality Act of 1939	Allowed European nations to buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry" basis. This meant that they would have to transport the munitions in their own ships after paying for them in cash.	10
6449213008	Kristallnacht	Also known as, "the night of broken glass," an attack against the Jewish people of Germany on November 9, 1938. Mobs ransacked more than 7,000 Jewish shops and nearly all of the country's synagogues.	11
6449213009	War Refugee Board	Saved thousands of Hungarian Jews from deportation to the notorious death camp at Auschwitz. 150,000 Jews found refuge in the United States.	12
6449213010	Lend-Lease Bill	"An Act Further to Promote the Defense of the United States." "Send guns, not sons." "Billions, not bodies." Sent money to countries fighting against Nazi Germany in order to keep the war on the east side of the Atlantic ocean.	13
6449213011	Atlantic Charter	Outlines the aspirations of the democracies for a better world at war's end. They argued for the rights of individuals rather than nations, laying the groundwork for universal human rights. It opposed imperialistic annexations, no territorial changes contrary to the wishes of the inhabitants, the right for the people to choose their own form of government, and to regain the governments abolished by the dictators. Declared for disarmament and a peace of security, pending a "permanent system of general security."	14
6449213012	Pearl Harbor	Japanese bombers who came from distant aircraft carries bombed Pearl Harbor of Hawaii on "Black Sunday," December 7, 1941. Around 3,000 American casualties and the demolition of many U.S. aircrafts.	15
6449213013	Benito Mussolini	Italy's facist dictator that formed an ally called the Rome-Berlin axis with Nazi Hitler.	16
6449213014	Adolf Hitler	A fanatic with a toothbrush mustache. Also led Nazi Germany and was the conductor of the Holocaust. Leader of the Rome-Berlin Axis. Created some mediocre (at best) paintings. Could be classified as a big jerk. May have committed suicide before being captured.	17
6449213015	Francisco Franco	Fascist leader of the Spanish rebels during the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939. Roosevelt decided after the Abraham Lincoln Brigade that he would apply an arms embargo to both sides of the civil war, the Loyalists and the rebels.	18
6449213016	Cordell Hull	Secretary of State under FDR. Convinced the president to turn away the Jewish refugees on the St. Louis.	19
6449213017	Wendell L. Willkie	A lawyer present at the Philadelphia Convention that ran against Roosevelt as a republican, although previously being democratic. He was an outspoken liberal and criticized the New Deal's inefficiencies. Branded "the rich man's Roosevelt" by Democrats who opposed him.	20

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