AMSCO AP US History Chapter 20 Flashcards
AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 20 Becoming a World Power, 1898-1917
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| 6716950894 | William Seward | Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price. (p. 409) |  | 0 |
| 6716950895 | Monroe Doctrine | This doctrine stated that European powers could not interfere in the Western Hemisphere. In 1895 and 1896, the U.S. applied this doctrine to push Great Britain to arbitrate a boundary dispute between Venezuela and British colony of Guiana. (p. 412) |  | 1 |
| 6716950896 | French in Mexico | In 1865, Secretary of State William Seward invoked the Monroe Doctrine when Napoleon III sent French troops to occupy Mexico. He threatened U.S. military action unless France withdrew their troops, and they did. (p. 410) |  | 2 |
| 6716950897 | Alaska Purchase | In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 Million ("Seward's Folly"). (p. 410) |  | 3 |
| 6716950898 | Pan-American Conference (1889) | In 1889, this conference was called by Secretary of State James G. Blaine. It created an organization of cooperation between the United States and Latin American countries. (p. 412) |  | 4 |
| 6716950899 | James Blaine | In 1889, as secretary of state he arranged the first Pan-American Conference in Washington D.C. Various nations in the Western Hemisphere met to discuss trade and other issues. (p. 412) |  | 5 |
| 6716950900 | Venezuela boundary dispute | An issue between Venezuela and the neighbouring territory, the British colony of Guiana. The United States convince Great Britain to arbitrate the dispute. (p. 412) |  | 6 |
| 6716950901 | Cleveland and Olney | In 1895 and 1896, President Grover Cleveland and Secretary of State Richard Olney insisted that Great Britain agree to arbitrate the border dispute between Venezuela and the British colony of Guiana. (p. 412) |  | 7 |
| 6716950902 | Hawaii | In 1893, American settlers aided in the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani. President McKinley completed the annexation of Hawaii in 1898. (p. 415) |  | 8 |
| 6716950903 | Queen Liliuokalani | The Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests. (p. 414) |  | 9 |
| 6716950904 | Cleveland blocks annexation | In 1893, President Grover Cleveland block the annexation of Hawaii because he opposed imperalism. However, in 1898, President McKinley did annex Hawaii. (p. 414) |  | 10 |
| 6716950905 | international Darwinism | Darwin's concept of the survival of the fittest was applied not only to competition in the business world but also to competition among nations. Therefore, expansionist wanted the U.S. to demonstrate its strength by acquiring territories overseas. (p. 410) |  | 11 |
| 6716950906 | business and imperialists competitors | The United States was not alone in pursuing imperialism, which meant acquiring territory or gaining control over the political or economic life of other countries. Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan tried to influence or possess weaker countries around the world. (p. 410) |  | 12 |
| 6716950907 | spreading religion and science | Some Protestant Americans believed that the United States had a religious duty to colonize other lands in order to spread Christianity and our superior science technology. (p. 411) |  | 13 |
| 6716950908 | Josiah Strong | This reverend believed that Protestant American had a religious duty to colonize other lands in order to spread Christianity and the benefits of their superior civilization . (p. 411) |  | 14 |
| 6716950909 | expansionist politicians | Republican politicians generally endorsed the use of foreign affairs to search for new markets. (p. 411) |  | 15 |
| 6716950910 | steel and steam navy | By 1900, The United States had the third largest navy in the world. (p. 411) |  | 16 |
| 6716950911 | Alfred Thayer Mahan | He was a U.S. Navy captain whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of seapower changed how America viewed its navy. (p. 411) |  | 17 |
| 6716950912 | nationalist media | Newspapers and magazines published printed stories about ]distant and exotic places. This increased public interest and stimulated demands for a larger U.S. role in world affairs. (p. 411) |  | 18 |
| 6716950913 | Cuban revolt | In 1895, Cuban nationalists sabotaged and laid waste to Cuban plantations. Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler who put civilians into armed camps where many died. (p. 413) |  | 19 |
| 6716950914 | Valeriano Weyler | A general sent by Spain to stop the Cuban revolt. He forced civilians into armed camps, where tens of thousands died of starvation and disease. (p. 413) |  | 20 |
| 6716950915 | jingoism | An intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy. (p. 412) |  | 21 |
| 6716950916 | yellow journalism | Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers. (p. 413) |  | 22 |
| 6716950917 | De Lome Letter | Spanish Ambassador's letter that was leaked to the press and and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Many considered it an official Spanish insult against U.S. national honor. (p. 413) |  | 23 |
| 6716950918 | sinking of the Maine | On February 15, 1898, the USS Maine battleship exploded in Havana Harbor. The yellow press accused Spain of blowing up the ship even though experts later concluded that the explosion was probably an accident. (p. 413) |  | 24 |
| 6716950919 | Teller Amendment | A resolution authorizing war, but it promised the U.S. would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war. (p. 414) |  | 25 |
| 6716950920 | a splendid little war | The ambassador to England wrote to his friend, Teddy Roosevelt, with these words because of low casualties in the war against Spain. (p. 414) |  | 26 |
| 6716950921 | invade the Philippines | Commodore George Dewey led a U.S. fleet to the Philippines where he defeated Spain. (p. 414) |  | 27 |
| 6716950922 | George Dewey | A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay, Philippines in the Spanish-American War. (p. 414) |  | 28 |
| 6716950923 | Rough Riders | Volunteer regiment of U.S. Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War. (p. 414) |  | 29 |
| 6716950924 | Theodore Roosevelt | He became that 26th President in 1901. He as an expansionist who increased the size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". He added the Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. His motto was to "speak softly and carry a big stick". He received the Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France. (p. 417) |  | 30 |
| 6716950925 | Treaty of Paris: Puerto Rico | This treaty was signed on December 10, 1898 with Spain. It provided for: 1) Cuban independence, 2) Purchase of Puerto Rico and Guam, 3) Purchase of the Philippines. (p. 415) |  | 31 |
| 6716950926 | Guam and Philippines | On December 10, 1898, the Spanish-American War treaty was signed in Paris. Under the treaty the U.S. acquired Guam and also the Philippines. (p. 415) |  | 32 |
| 6716950927 | Emilio Aguinaldo | Filipino nationalist leader who led guerrilla fighters in a three year war against U.S. control of the Philippines. (p. 415) |  | 33 |
| 6716950928 | Anti-Imperialist League | Lead by William Jennings Bryan, they opposed further expansion in the Pacific. (p. 415) |  | 34 |
| 6716950929 | Insular cases | A series of Supreme Court cases from 1901 to 1903 which arose when the United States acquired the Philippines and Puerto Rico. The court ruled that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions and that the power to decide whether or not to grant such rights belonged to Congress. (p. 416) |  | 35 |
| 6716950930 | Platt Amendment | A 1901 amendment to an army appropriations bill that said Cuba would make no treaties that compromised its independence, permit the U.S. to maintain law and order in Cuba, and allow the U.S. to maintain naval bases in Cuba. (p 416) |  | 36 |
| 6716950931 | spheres of influence | The term when countries came to dominate trade and investment within a particular region and shut out competitors. In the 1890s, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, and Germany were all establishing close ties with China that disturbed the United States. (p. 417) |  | 37 |
| 6716950932 | John Hay | In 1899, as William McKinley's secretary of state, he sent a note to all the major countries involved in trade with China. He asked them to accept the concept of an Open Door, by which all nations would have equal trading privileges in China. The replies that he got were evasive, so he declared that all nations had accepted the Open Door policy. (p. 416) |  | 38 |
| 6716950933 | Open Door Policy | A policy proposed by the U.S. in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. (p. 416) |  | 39 |
| 6716950934 | Boxer Rebellion | A 1900 rebellion in Beijing, China that was started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". An international force marched into Beijing and crushed the rebellion. (p. 417) |  | 40 |
| 6716950935 | U.S. joined international force | To protect American lives and property, U.S. troops participated in an international force that marched into Peking (Beijing) and quickly crushed the rebellion of the Boxers. (p. 417) |  | 41 |
| 6716950936 | Second Hay Note | In 1900, the U.S. was fearful that the international force sent to Beijing might try to occupy China. A second note was written to all the major imperialist countries, stating that China's territory must be preserved and that equal and impartial trade with all parts of China must be maintained. (p. 417) |  | 42 |
| 6716950937 | big-stick policy | Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy motto was to "speak softly and carry a big stick". By acting boldly and decisively in a number of situation, Roosevelt attempt to build the reputation of the United States as a world power. (p. 417) |  | 43 |
| 6716950938 | TR supports Panama revolt | In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt orchestrated a revolt for Panama's independence from Columbia. The revolt succeeded quickly and with little bloodshed. (p. 418) | | 44 |
| 6716950939 | Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) | In 1903, the Panama government signed this treaty with the United States. It granted the U.S. all rights to the 51 mile long and 10 mile wide Canal Zone, in exchange for U.S. protection. (p. 418) |  | 45 |
| 6716950940 | building the Panama Canal | This canal was started in 1904 and completed 10 years later. The building of this large canal was important because it would benefit American commerce and military capability. (p. 418) |  | 46 |
| 6716950941 | George Goethals | United States army officer and engineer who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal. (p. 418) |  | 47 |
| 6716950942 | William Gorgas | Army physician who helped eradicate yellow fever and malaria from Panama, so work on the Panama Canal could proceed. (p. 418) |  | 48 |
| 6716950943 | Roosevelt Corollary | Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that the United States would intervene in the Americas, on the behalf of European interests. (p. 418) |  | 49 |
| 6716950944 | Santo Domingo | The capital of the Dominican Republic. In 1904, European powers were ready to use military power here in order to force debt payments. (p. 418) |  | 50 |
| 6716950945 | Russo-Japanese War | In 1904, Russia and Japan went to war over imperial possessions in the region. In 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt arranged a successful treaty conference for the two foes at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. (p. 419) |  | 51 |
| 6716950946 | Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) | In 1905, the United States mediated the end of the Russo-Japanese War. Negotiating the treaty in the U.S. increased U.S. prestige. Roosevelt received a Nobel Peace Prize for the mediation. (p. 419) |  | 52 |
| 6716950947 | Nobel Peace Prize | For his work in settling the Russo-Japanese War, President Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. (p. 420) |  | 53 |
| 6716950948 | segregation in San Francisco schools | In the early 20th century San Francisco schools required that Japanese American students attend segregated schools. In 1908, President Roosevelt worked out a "gentleman's agreement" with Japan, Japanese American students would be allowed to attend normal schools and Japan would restrict the emigration of Japanese workers to the United States. (p. 420) |  | 54 |
| 6716950949 | gentlemen's agreement | In 1908, an informal agreement between the United States and Japan. President Roosevelt agreed that Japanese American students would be allowed to attend normal schools in San Francisco and Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the U.S. (p. 420) |  | 55 |
| 6716950950 | Great White Fleet | Sixteen United States battleships, painted white, were sent around the world to display American naval power. (p. 419 ) |  | 56 |
| 6716950951 | Algeciras Conference | In 1906, this conference held after the First Moroccan Crisis in which the dispute between Germany and France over control of Morocco was settled. (p. 420) |  | 57 |
| 6716950952 | Hague Conference | In 1907, the Second International Peace Conference at the Hague discussed rules for limiting warfare. (p. 420) |  | 58 |
| 6716950953 | Root-Takahira Agreement | In 1908, this executive agreement between the United States and Japan pledged mutual respect for each nation's possessions in the Pacific region and support for the Open Door policy in China. (p. 419) |  | 59 |
| 6716950954 | William Howard Taft | The 27th President of the United States, from 1909 to 1913. He adopted a foreign policy that was mildly expansionist but depended more on investors' dollars than on the military. His policy of promoting U.S. trade by supporting American business abroad was known as dollar diplomacy. (p. 420) |  | 60 |
| 6716950955 | role of American money | President Taft believed that private U.S. investment in China and Central America would lead to greater stability there. His policy, was thwarted by growing anti-imperliasm both in the U.S. and overseas. (p. 420) |  | 61 |
| 6716950956 | railroads in China | In 1911, President Taft succeeded in securing American participation in agreement to invest in railroads in China along with Germany and France. (p. 420) |  | 62 |
| 6716950957 | Manchurian problem | In 1911, the U.S. was excluded from investing in railroads in Manchuria because of a joint agreement between Russia and Japan, which was in direct defiance of the Open Door Policy. (p. 420) |  | 63 |
| 6716950958 | intervention in Nicaragua | In 1912, President Taft sent military troops here when a civil war broke out. (p. 420) |  | 64 |
| 6716950959 | Henry Cabot Lodge | A Republican senator, he was in favor building U.S. power through global expansion. He introduced the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. (p. 411) |  | 65 |
| 6716950960 | Lodge Corollary | In 1912, the Senate passed this resolution as an addition to the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that non-European powers (such as Japan) would be excluded from owning territory in Western Hemisphere. (p. 420) |  | 66 |
| 6716950961 | Woodrow Wilson | The 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. This Democrats is known for his leadership during World War I, creating the Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification). He won the Nobel Peace Prize. (p. 421) |  | 67 |
| 6716950962 | anti-imperialism | President Woodrow Wilson differed from his Republican presidential predecessors. He believed that the U.S. should not expand its territory overseas. (p. 421) |  | 68 |
| 6716950963 | William Jennings Bryan | In 1913, he was Woodrow Wilson's secretary of state. He tried to demonstrate that the U.S. respected other nations' rights and would support the spread of democracy. (p. 421) |  | 69 |
| 6716950964 | Jones Act | In 1916, this act granted the Philippines full territorial status, guaranteed a bill of rights and universal male suffrage to Filipinos, and promised independence for the Philippines as soon as a stable government was established. (p. 422) |  | 70 |
| 6716950965 | Puerto Rico citizenship | In 1917, an act of Congress granted U.S. citizenship and limited self government for this island. (p. 422) |  | 71 |
| 6716950966 | Conciliation treaties | Wilson's commitment to democracy was shared by Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan. Bryan negotiated treaties in which nations pledged to submit disputes to international commissions and observe a one-year cooling-off period before taking military action. Thirty of these treaties were negotiated. (p. 422) | | 72 |
| 6716950967 | military intervention | President Woodrow Wilson used military action to influence Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. (p. 423) |  | 73 |
| 6716950968 | Mexican civil war | President Wilson's moral approach to foreign affairs was severely tested by a revolution and civil war in Mexico. He refused to recognize the military dictatorship of General Victoriano Huerta, who had seized power in Mexico in 1913 by arranging to assassinate the democratically elected president. (p. 423) |  | 74 |
| 6716950969 | General Huerta | In 1913, this Mexican revolutionary seized power in Mexico by killing the democratically elected president. (p. 423) |  | 75 |
| 6716950970 | Tampico incident | In April 1914, some U.S. sailors were arrested in Tampico, Mexico. President Wilson used the incident to send U.S. troops into northern Mexico. His real intent was to unseat the Huerta government there. After the Niagara Falls Conference, Huerta abdicated and the confrontation ended. (p. 423) |  | 76 |
| 6716950971 | ABC powers | The South American countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, which attempted to mediate a dispute between Mexico and the United States in 1914. (p. 423) |  | 77 |
| 6716950972 | Pancho Villa | This Mexican leader led raids across the U.S.-Mexican border and murdered several people in Texas and New Mexico. (p. 423) |  | 78 |
| 6716950973 | expeditionary force | The name given to the group sent to capture Pancho Villa in Mexico. (p. 423) |  | 79 |
| 6716950974 | John J. Pershing | The U.S. general who chased Pancho Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him. (p. 423) |  | 80 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AMSCO AP US History Chapter 25 Flashcards
AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 25 Diplomacy and World War II, 1929-1945
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| 6772214922 | Good Neighbor Policy | President Franklin Roosevelt's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force in the region. (p. 523) |  | 0 |
| 6772214923 | Pan-American conferences | In 1933, the United States attended a conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, in which we pledged to never again intervene in the internal affairs of any Latin American country. At a second conference in 1936, the U.S. agreed to the cooperation between the U.S. and Latin American countries to defend the Western Hemisphere against foreign invasion. (p. 523) |  | 1 |
| 6772214924 | Soviet Union recognized | The Republican presidents of the 1920's had refused to grant diplomatic recognition to the Communist regime that ruled the Soviet Union. President Franklin Roosevelt promptly changed this policy by granting recognition in 1933. (p. 524) |  | 2 |
| 6772214925 | Independence for Philippines | In 1934, President Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass the Tydings-McDuffie Act which provided independence for the Philippines by 1946. (p. 524) |  | 3 |
| 6772214926 | reciprocal trade agreements | In 1934, Congress enacted a plan that would reduce tariffs for nations that reciprocated with comparable reductions for U.S. imports. (p. 524) |  | 4 |
| 6772214927 | Japan takes Manchuria | In September 1931, Japanese troops invaded Manchuria, on China's eastern seaboard. The League of Nations passed a resolution condemning the action but did not take action. (p. 521) |  | 5 |
| 6772214928 | Stimson Doctrine | In 1932, Secretary of State Henry Stimson said the United States would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria. (p. 522) |  | 6 |
| 6772214929 | fascism | A political system in which people glorify their nation and their race through an aggressive show of force. Economic hardships led to the rise of military dictatorships, first in Italy, then in Japan and Germany. (p. 524) |  | 7 |
| 6772214930 | Italian Fascist party | In 1922, they seized power in Italy. They attracted dissatisfied war veterans, nationalists, and those afraid of rising communism. They marched on Rome and installed Mussolini in power. (p. 524) |  | 8 |
| 6772214931 | Benito Mussolini | He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945, he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance. (p. 524) |  | 9 |
| 6772214932 | Ethiopia | In 1935, fascist Italy invaded this African nation. (p. 526) |  | 10 |
| 6772214933 | German Nazi party | This party arose in 1920's Germany in reaction to deplorable economic conditions after war and national resentments over the Treaty of Versailles. By 1933, the party under leader Adolph Hitler, had gained control of the German legislature. (p. 524) |  | 11 |
| 6772214934 | Adolf Hitler | Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in the book Mein Kampf attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide in 1945, when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent. (p. 524) |  | 12 |
| 6772214935 | Axis Powers | Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II. |  | 13 |
| 6772214936 | Spanish Civil War | In 1936, a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war, by 1939 Franco had established a military dictatorship. (p. 525) |  | 14 |
| 6772214937 | Francisco Franco | In 1936, he plunged Spain into a Civil War. By 1939, Franco's Fascist had established a military dictatorship. (p. 525) |  | 15 |
| 6772214938 | Rhineland | In 1936, Adolf Hitler invaded this region. This was in violation of the Treaty of Versailles which had declared the area a demilitarized zone. (p. 526) |  | 16 |
| 6772214939 | Sudetenland | In 1938, Hitler insisted Germany had the right to take over an area in western Czechoslovakia. (p. 526) |  | 17 |
| 6772214940 | Munich | A 1938 conference, at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that he would not expand Germany's territory any further. (p. 526) |  | 18 |
| 6772214941 | appeasement | A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. In the years 1935 to 1938, a series of military actions by Fascist dictatorships made Britain, France, and the United States nervous, but they did nothing to stop the actions. * 1935 - Italy invades Ethiopia * 1936 - German troops invade the Rhineland * 1937 - Japan invades China * 1938 - Germany takes the Sudetenland (p. 526) |  | 19 |
| 6772214942 | Poland; blitzkrieg | On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded this country using overwhelming air power and fast-moving tanks, a term of warfare called lightning war. Britain and France then declared war against Germany. (p. 528) |  | 20 |
| 6772214943 | isolationism | A policy of non-participation in international economic and political relations. A 1934 committee led by Senator Gerald Nye concluded the main reason for participation in World War I was because of the bankers and arm manufacturers greed. This caused the U.S. public to be against any involvement in the early stages of World War II. (p.. 525) |  | 21 |
| 6772214944 | Nye Committee | In 1934, a Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in World War I. They concluded that bankers and arm manufacturers pushed the U.S. into the war so they could profit from selling military arms. This committee's work pushed America toward isolationism for the following years. (p. 525) |  | 22 |
| 6772214945 | Neutrality Acts | Laws passed by isolationists in the late 1930s, that were designed to keep the United States out of international wars. (p. 525) |  | 23 |
| 6772214946 | America First Committee | In 1940, after World War II had begun in Asia and Europe, isolationists became alarmed by President Roosevelt's support for Britain. To mobilize American public opinion against the war, they formed this committee. Charles A. Lindbergh was one of it spokesmen. (p. 525) |  | 24 |
| 6772214947 | Charles Lindbergh | In 1927, this U.S. aviator thrilled the world, by making the first nonstop flight from Long Island to Paris. In 1940, he was a speaker for the isolationist America First Committee. (p. 480, 525) |  | 25 |
| 6772214948 | Quarantine speech | In 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt made this speech after Japan invaded China. He proposed that democracies act together to "quarantine" Japan. Public reaction to the speech by the American public was negative, and the idea was abandoned. (p. 526) |  | 26 |
| 6772214949 | cash and carry | Policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality, while aiding Great Britain. Great Britain could buy U.S. military arms if it paid in full and used its own ships to transport them. (p. 528) |  | 27 |
| 6772214950 | Selective Training and Service Act | In 1940, Roosevelt passed this law requiring all males aged 21 to 36 to register for military service. (p. 528) |  | 28 |
| 6772214951 | destroyers-for-bases deal | In September 1940, Roosevelt cleverly arranged a trade that would help Great Britain. The United States gave Britain fifty older but still serviceable US destroyers, in exchange the U.S. was given the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean. (p. 528) |  | 29 |
| 6772214952 | FDR, third term | In the 1940 presidential election, Franklin D. Roosevelt won a third term in office. (p. 529) |  | 30 |
| 6772214953 | Wendell Willkie | Franklin Roosevelt's Republican opponent in the 1940 Presidential election. (p. 529) |  | 31 |
| 6772214954 | Four Freedoms speech | A speech by President Franklin Roosevelt on January 6, 1941 that proposed lending money to Britain for the purchase of U.S. military weapons. He argued that the U.S. must help other nations defend "four freedoms" (freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear). (p. 529) |  | 32 |
| 6772214955 | Lend-Lease Act | In March 1941, this act permitted Britain to obtain all U.S. arms they needed on credit during World War II. (p. 529) |  | 33 |
| 6772214956 | Atlantic Charter | In August 1941, U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill met aboard a ship off the coast of Newfoundland. They created this agreement which outlined the principles for peace after the war. (p. 530) |  | 34 |
| 6772214957 | escort convoys | In July 1941, the U.S. began to provide protection for British ship carrying U.S. arms being transported to Britain. (p. 530) |  | 35 |
| 6772214958 | oil and steel embargo | In September 1940, Japan joined the Axis powers. The United States responded by prohibiting export of steel and scrap iron to Japan and other countries. In July 1941, when Japan invaded French Indochina, the U.S. cut off Japanese access to many vital materials, including U.S. oil. (p. 530) |  | 36 |
| 6772214959 | Pearl Harbor | On December 7, 1941, a date that will live in infamy, this U.S. naval base in Honolulu, Hawaii was bombed by Japanese planes. 2,400 Americans were killed and 20 warships were sunk or severely damaged. The next day, the United States declared war on Japan. (p. 531) |  | 37 |
| 6772214960 | War Production Board | During World War II, President Roosevelt established this agency to allocated scarce materials, limit or stop the production of civilian goods, and distribute contracts among competing manufacturers. (p. 531) |  | 38 |
| 6772214961 | Office of Price Administration | This World War II federal agency regulated most aspects of civilian lives by freezing prices, wages, and rents and rationing commodities in order to control inflation. (p. 532) |  | 39 |
| 6772214962 | government spending, debt | During World War II federal spending increased 1000 percent between 1939 and 1945, and the gross national product grew by 15 percent or more each year. By the war's end, the national debt was $250 billion, five times what it had been in 1941. (p. 532) |  | 40 |
| 6772214963 | role of large corporations | During World War II, the 100 largest corporations accounted for 70 percent of wartime manufacturing. (p. 532) |  | 41 |
| 6772214964 | research and development | The United States government worked closely with industrial companies, universities, and research labs to create and improve technologies that could be used to defeat the enemy. (p. 532) |  | 42 |
| 6772214965 | Manhattan Project | Code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II. (p. 532) |  | 43 |
| 6772214966 | Office of War Information | Established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the World War II effort. (p. 533) |  | 44 |
| 6772214967 | the Good War | The term for the unity of Americans supporting the democratic ideals in fighting World War II. (p. 533) |  | 45 |
| 6772214968 | wartime migration | During World War II, over 1.5 million African-Americans migrated from the South to job opportunities in the North and the West. (p. 533) |  | 46 |
| 6772214969 | civil rights, Double V | During World War II civil rights leaders encouraged African Americans to adopt the Double V slogan - one for victory, one for equality. (p 533) |  | 47 |
| 6772214970 | executive order on jobs | During World War II, President Roosevelt issued an executive order to prohibit discrimination in government and in businesses that received federal contracts. (p. 533) |  | 48 |
| 6772214971 | Smith v. Allwright | This Supreme Court case in 1944 ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries. (p. 533) |  | 49 |
| 6772214972 | Braceros program | A program the American and Mexican governments agreed to, in which contract laborers would be admitted to the United States for a limited time as migrant farm workers (p. 533) |  | 50 |
| 6772214973 | Japanese internment | In 1942, over 100,000 Japanese Americans living on the United States West coast were rounded up and put in internment camps. (p. 534) |  | 51 |
| 6772214974 | Korematsu v. U.S. | A 1944 Supreme Court case which upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay financial compensation to each survivor. (p. 534) |  | 52 |
| 6772214975 | Rosie the Riveter | A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in industrial jobs in the shipyards and defense plants during World War II. (p. 534) |  | 53 |
| 6772214976 | wartime solidarity | The New Deal helped immigrant groups feel more included, and serving together in combat or working together in defense plants helped to reduce prejudices. (p. 534) |  | 54 |
| 6772214977 | election of 1944 | In this presidential election, Franklin D. Roosevelt replaced his vice president with Harry S. Truman, as they ran against Republican Thomas Dewey. Roosevelt won an unprecedented fourth term, but he died within three months. (p. 534) |  | 55 |
| 6772214978 | Harry S. Truman | He became president on April 12, 1945, when President Franklin Roosevelt died suddenly. In August 1945, he order an atomic bomb be dropped on Hiroshima then on Nagasaki, to end the war with Japan. Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945. (p. 537, 538) |  | 56 |
| 6772214979 | Battle of the Atlantic | The protracted naval war to control the shipping lanes in the North Atlantic. (p. 535) |  | 57 |
| 6772214980 | strategic bombing | United States bomber carried out daylight bombing raids on military targets in Europe, but the lines between military and civilian targets became blurred as war went on. (p. 535) |  | 58 |
| 6772214981 | Dwight Eisenhower | The United States general who commanded the invasion of Normandy (D-Day), Casablanca and the defeat of Nazi Germany. (p. 536) |  | 59 |
| 6772214982 | D-Day | On June 6, 1944 the Allies landed in northern France with the largest invasion by sea in history. By the end of August Paris was liberated from the Nazis, and by September Allied troops had crossed the German border. (p. 536) |  | 60 |
| 6772214983 | Holocaust | A methodical plan, orchestrated by Germany's Adolph Hitler to eliminate Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. Six million Jews and several million non-Jews would be murdered by the Nazis. (p. 536) |  | 61 |
| 6772214984 | island-hopping | The United States strategy in the Pacific, which called for capturing Japanese-held islands in the Pacific and moving on to others to bring the American military closer and closer to Japan itself. (p. 536) |  | 62 |
| 6772214985 | Battle of Midway | On June 4-7, 1942, the U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet at Midway Island. The Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. The battle marked a turning point in the war in the Pacific. (p. 536) |  | 63 |
| 6772214986 | Douglas MacArthur | United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II. (p. 537) |  | 64 |
| 6772214987 | kamikaze attacks | Japanese pilots would deliberately crash their planes into American ships, killing themselves, but also inflicting severe damage to the ships. (p. 537) |  | 65 |
| 6772214988 | J. Robert Oppenheimer | American theoretical physicist and professor of physics. He led the top-secret Manhattan Project, which built the world's first atomic bomb. (p. 537) |  | 66 |
| 6772214989 | atomic bomb | A nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission. (p. 537) |  | 67 |
| 6772214990 | Hiroshima; Nagasaki | On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. Then on August 9, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. About 250,000 Japanese died as a result. Within a week after the second bomb was dropped, Japan agreed to surrender. (p. 537) |  | 68 |
| 6772214991 | Big Three | The leaders of the Allies during World War II included: Soviet Union - Joseph Stalin, Great Britain - Winston Churchill, United States - Franklin Roosevelt. (p. 537) |  | 69 |
| 6772214992 | Casablanca Conference | The conference attended by Roosevelt and Churchill in January 1943, to discuss the strategy to win World War II. The plan called for the invasion of Sicily and Italy by British and American troops. They resolved to accept nothing less than unconditional surrender of Axis powers. (p. 537) |  | 70 |
| 6772214993 | unconditional surrender | A surrender with any demands or requests. (p. 538) |  | 71 |
| 6772214994 | Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam | The three cities that held conferences for the leaders of the Allied powers, United States, Great Britain, and Soviet Union during World War II. (p. 538) |  | 72 |
| 6772214995 | United Nations | On October 24, 1945, this international organization formed after World War II to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. (p. 539) |  | 73 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
AMSCO AP US History Chapter 22 Flashcards
AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 22 World War I and its Aftermath, 1914-1920
Terms : Hide Images
| 7563306310 | Allied Powers | In World War I, Great Britain, France, and Russia were known by this name. (p. 455) |  | 0 |
| 7563306311 | Central Powers | In World War I, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire were known by this name. (p. 455) |  | 1 |
| 7563306312 | neutrality | A declaration of a country that it will not choose sides in a war. The Unites States was a neutral country at the beginning of World War I. (p. 455) |  | 2 |
| 7563306313 | submarine warfare | Germany's greatest hope against British sea power was this new type of warfare. (p. 455) |  | 3 |
| 7563306314 | Lusitania | On May 7, 1915 a British passenger ship was sunk by German torpedoes and 128 American passengers died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, and moved the country towards war. (p. 455). |  | 4 |
| 7563306315 | Sussex Pledge | In March 1916 an unarmed merchant ship, the Sussex, was sunk by the Germans. Germany made a pledge that they would not sink anymore merchant ships without warning. This kept the U.S. out of the war for a little while longer. (p. 456) |  | 5 |
| 7563306316 | propaganda | Britain controlled the daily war news that was cabled to the United States. They supplied the American press with many stories of German soldier committing atrocities. (p. 457) |  | 6 |
| 7563306317 | ethnic support | In the early part of World War I Americans supported neutrality. However, 30 per-cent were first or second generation immigrants and their support was usually based on their ancestry. (p. 456) |  | 7 |
| 7563306318 | preparedness | The United States was not prepared to fight a war and initial President Wilson resisted action. However, in late 1915 he pushed for an expansion of the armed forces. (p. 458) |  | 8 |
| 7563306319 | election of 1916 | Election between Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) and Charles Evans Hughes (Republican). Wilson won the election, his slogan was: "He kept us out of war". (p. 458) |  | 9 |
| 7563306320 | Robert LaFollette | This Congressman was one of the few who voted against the World War I declaration of war. (p. 460) |  | 10 |
| 7563306321 | Jeanette Rankin | The first woman to serve in Congress. She one of the few in Congress who voted against the World War I declaration of war. (p. 460) |  | 11 |
| 7563306322 | Edward House | In 1915, he was President Wilson chief foreign policy adviser. He traveled to London, Paris, and Berlin to negotiate a peace settlement, but was unsuccessful. (p. 459) |  | 12 |
| 7563306323 | Zimmermann telegram | In March 1917, the U.S. newspapers carried the story that Britain had intercepted a telegram from the German government to the Mexican government offering German support if Mexico declared war against the U.S. (p. 459) |  | 13 |
| 7563306324 | Russian Revolution | The revolution against the autocratic tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a republic in March 1917. (p. 459) |  | 14 |
| 7563306325 | declaration of war | In April 1917, President Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. (p. 460) |  | 15 |
| 7563306326 | war industry boards | During World War I, they set production priorities and established centralized control over raw materials and prices. (P. 460) |  | 16 |
| 7563306327 | Food Administration | During World War I, this government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food for overseas shipment to the troops. (p. 460) |  | 17 |
| 7563306328 | Railroad Administration | During World War I, this agency took public control of the railroads to coordinate traffic and promote standard equipment. (p. 460) |  | 18 |
| 7563306329 | National War Labor Board | During World War I, former president William Howard Taft led this organization, which arbitrated disputes between workers and employers. (p. 461) |  | 19 |
| 7563306330 | taxes and bonds | President Wilson raised $33 million in two years by increasing taxes and selling Liberty Bonds. (p. 461) |  | 20 |
| 7563306331 | Selective Service Act | In 1917, this law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. Men were chosen by lottery. Eventually, 2.8 million were called by lottery, in addition to the nearly 2 million who volunteered. (p. 462) |  | 21 |
| 7563306332 | service of African Americans | In World War I, nearly 400,000 African Americans served in segregated military units. (p 462) |  | 22 |
| 7563306333 | Committee on Public Information | A propaganda organization that created numerous posters, short films, and pamphlets explaining the war to Americans and encouraging them to purchase war bonds to gain support for World War I. (p. 461) |  | 23 |
| 7563306334 | George Creel | Head of the Committee on Public Information. He persuaded the nation's artists and advertising agencies to create thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures promoting the war. (p. 461) |  | 24 |
| 7563306335 | anti-German hysteria | During World War I, Germans were labeled as the cause of the war and targeted with negative ads and comments. (p. 461) |  | 25 |
| 7563306336 | Espionage Act | In 1917, this law imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. (p. 461) |  | 26 |
| 7563306337 | Sedition Act | In 1918, this law made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment. About 1000 people were jailed because of the law, one of them was Eugene Debs. (p. 461) |  | 27 |
| 7563306338 | Eugene Debs | He was one of the founders of the Socialist party that was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. Starting in 1900, he was the Socialist party's presidential nominee in five elections. Around 1920, he was sentenced to ten years in federal prison for speaking out against World War I. (p. 440, 461) |  | 28 |
| 7563306339 | Schenck v. United States | A 1919 Supreme Court case, in which the constitutionality of the Espionage Act was upheld in the case of a man who was imprisoned for distributing pamphlets against the draft. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes said the right to free speech could be limited when it represented a "clear and present danger" to public safety. (p. 461) |  | 29 |
| 7563306340 | wartime jobs for women | As men joined the military many of their former jobs were taken by women. (p. 462) |  | 30 |
| 7563306341 | attitudes toward suffrage | Women's contribution to the war effort prompted President Wilson and Congress to support the 19th amendment. (p. 462) |  | 31 |
| 7563306342 | migration of blacks and Hispanics | During World War I, many Mexicans crossed the border to take jobs in agriculture and mining. African Americans moved to the North for new job opportunities. (p. 462) |  | 32 |
| 7563306343 | Bolsheviks withdraw | A second revolution in Russia by Bolsheviks (Communists) took it out of World War I. (p. 463) |  | 33 |
| 7563306344 | American Expeditionary Force | In the summer of 1918, hundreds of thousands of American troops went to France as members of this force under General John J. Pershing. (p. 463) |  | 34 |
| 7563306345 | John J. Pershing | U.S. general who led the American Expeditionary Force into France in World War I. (p. 463) |  | 35 |
| 7563306346 | Western front | In World War I, the region of Northern France where the forces of the Allied Powers and the Central Powers battled each other. (p. 463) |  | 36 |
| 7563306347 | November 11, 1918 | On this date, Germany signed a World War I armistice in which they agreed to surrender their arms, give up much of their navy, and evacuate occupied territory. (p. 463) |  | 37 |
| 7563306348 | peace without victory | In January 1917, before the U.S. had entered the war, Woodrow Wilson said the the United States would insist on this. (p. 464) |  | 38 |
| 7563306349 | Fourteen Points | After the end of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace. It called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms, and a general association of nations. (p. 464) |  | 39 |
| 7563306350 | Wilson in Paris | In January 1919, President Wilson traveled to the World War I peace conference held at the Palace of Versailles outside Paris. (p. 464) |  | 40 |
| 7563306351 | Big Four | The term for the the four most important leaders (on the Allied side) during Word War I and at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson - United States, David Lloyd George - Great Britain, George Clemenceau - France, and Vittorio Orlando - Italy. (p. 465) |  | 41 |
| 7563306352 | Treaty of Versailles | The World War I peace conference which included the victorious Allied Powers (United States, Great Britain, and France). The defeated Germany agreed to the following terms: 1) Germany had to disarm. 2) Germany had to pay war reparations. 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing the war. 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons. 5) Germany had to accept French occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years. 6) Territories taken from Germany: Austria-Hungary, and Russia were given their independence (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia) 7) Signers joined the League of Nations which includes Article X; that each member nation would stand ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of the other nations. (p. 465) |  | 42 |
| 7563306353 | self determination | In World War I, territories one controlled by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia were taken by the Allies. Applying the principle of self-determination, independence was granted to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, and Poland; and the new nations of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were established. (p. 465) |  | 43 |
| 7563306354 | League of Nations | International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation. However, it was greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. (p. 466) |  | 44 |
| 7563306355 | Article X | The Treaty of Versailles required signers join the League of Nations. The League of Nations charter, Article X, called on each member nation to be ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of the other nations. (p. 465) |  | 45 |
| 7563306356 | election of 1918 | In this mid-term congressional election Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress. This was a problem for Democrat President Woodrow Wilson because he need Republican votes to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. (p. 466) |  | 46 |
| 7563306357 | Henry Cabot Lodge | In 1919, after World War I, he led a group of senators known as the "reservationists", who would accept the U.S. joining the League of Nations if certain reservations were added to the agreement. The United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles nor joined the League of Nations. (p. 466) |  | 47 |
| 7563306358 | Irreconcilables | In 1919, senators who voted against the Treaty of Versailles because it required the United States to join the League of Nations. (p. 466) |  | 48 |
| 7563306359 | Reservationists | In 1919, senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made. They were led by Henry Cabot Lodge. (p. 466) |  | 49 |
| 7563306360 | Wilson's stroke | President Woodrow Wilson went on a speaking tour to rally public support for the Treaty of Versailles which required joining the League of Nations. In September 1919, he collapsed after delivering a speech in Colorado. He returned to Washington and a few days later suffered a massive stroke from which he never recovered. (p. 466) | | 50 |
| 7563306361 | rejection of treaty | The Treaty of Versailles required the U.S. to join the League of Nations. It was never ratified by Congress. (p. 466) |  | 51 |
| 7563306362 | recession, loss of jobs | In 1921, the U.S. plunged into recession and 10 percent of the workforce was unemployed. (p. 467) |  | 52 |
| 7563306363 | falling farm prices | After World War I, European farm product came back on the market, farm prices fell, which hurt farmers in the United States. (p. 466) |  | 53 |
| 7563306364 | Red Scare | After World War I, anti-communist hysteria caused this phenomenon. (p. 467) |  | 54 |
| 7563306365 | anti-radical hysteria | After World War I, xenophobia, (intense or irrational dislike of foreign people) increased. This lead to restrictions of immigration in the 1920s. (p. 467) |  | 55 |
| 7563306366 | Palmer raids | Prompted by a series of unexplained bombings, in 1920, this operation was coordinated by Attorney General Mitchell Palmer. Federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organizations in many cities. (p. 467) |  | 56 |
| 7563306367 | xenophobia | Intense or irrational dislike of foreign peoples. (p. 467) |  | 57 |
| 7563306368 | strikes of 1919 | Major strike in Seattle where 60,000 unionists held a peaceful strike for higher pay. Boston police went on strike to protest firing of police officers who tried to unionize and Governor Calvin Coolidge sent in National Guard. U.S. Steel Corporation had a strike, after considerable violence, the strike was broken by state and federal troops. (p. 467) |  | 58 |
| 7563306369 | Boston police strike | Officers went on strike to protest the firing of a few officers because they tried to unionize. (p. 467) |  | 59 |
| 7563306370 | race riots | The migration of African Americans to the north led to rioting in East St. Louis and Chicago, where 40 people were killed. (p. 467) |  | 60 |
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