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AP Flashcards

7621792631	la frontera	división entre países	0
7621795951	darle la espalda a alguien	rechazar	1
7622121496	aislado	separado, apartado	2
7622121497	atrás	opuesto de adelante	3
7622128192	la acogida	la aprobación	4
7622130695	la aparición	la llegada	5
7622130696	la explotación	uso abusivo o excesivo de alguien	6
7622141785	el asilo	estado de protección para los refugiados	7
7622141786	el estremecimiento	el miedo	8
7622146558	el coyote/el pollero	persona involucrada en el transito ilícito de inmigrantes indocumentados	9
7622146559	un rato	periodo del tiempo	10
7622148508	ajeno	forastero	11
7622148509	el delito	violación de la ley.	12
7622151799	razonable	lógico	13
7622151800	el desempleo	estado sin trabajo	14
7622156564	encogerse de pena	sentirse mucha tristeza	15
7622156565	provenir	originarse de	16
7622159740	hallar	el opuesto de esconder	17
7622159741	partir	salir de	18
7622159742	aumentar	el opuesto de reducir	19
7622162797	el homicidio	el asesinato	20
7622167487	la encuesta	cuestionario público	21
7622169941	el ICE	la policía en carga de esforzar leyes de inmigración	22
7622172498	la pertenencia	una posesión	23
7622174528	el muro	la pared	24
11127576922	el militar	el ejercito	25
11127581833	la migración irregular	la migración ilegal	26
11127589154	clandestino/a	secreto/a	27
11127594687	secuestrado/a	tomado sin permiso	28
11127603250	pegarle un tiro a alguien	disparar	29
11127610532	separarse de	alejarse de	30
11127614590	amenazado	en peligro de	31

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Flashcards

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APES Flashcards

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8087043028	Freshwater	water that is relatively pure, holding only a few dissolved salts	0
8087044263	Floodplain	the region of land over which a river has historically wandered and periodically floods	1
8087045749	wetlands	a system that combines elements of freshwater adn dry land. These are biologically productive systems.	2
8087049778	groundwater	water held in aquifers underground	3
8087052133	aquifers	a body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater	4
8087054296	water table	the upper limit of ground water held in an aquifer	5
8087055888	artesian aquifer	a water-bearing, porous layer of rock, sand or gravel that is trapped between an upper and lower layer of less permeable substrate.	6
8087057548	unconfined aquifer	a water-bearing, porous layer of rock, sand, or gravel that lies atop a less-permeable substrate.	7
8087280565	Consumptive Use	Freshwater use in which water is removed from a particular aquifer or surface water body and is not returned to it.	8
8087285258	Nonconsumptive use	Freshwater use in which the water from a particular aquifer or surface water body either is not removed or is removed only temporarily and then returned.	9
8087290661	Dam	any obstruction placed in a river or stream to block the flow of water so that water can be stored in a reservoir	10
8087291718	Sinkhole		11
8087291719	Desalination	removal of salt from sea water	12
8087292875	Point Source	a specific spot- such as factory smoke stacks- where large quantities of pollutants are discharged	13
8087292876	Non-point source	A diffuse source of pollutants, often consisting of many small sources	14
8087292877	Waste water	any water that is used in households, businesses, industries, or public facilities and is drained or flushed down pipes, as well as the polluted runoff from streets and storm drains.	15
8087294111	Septic System	a wastewater disposal method, common in rural areas, consisting of an underground tank and series of drain pipes.	16
8087294112	Primary Treatment	a stage of wastewater treatment in which contaminants are physically removed. Wastewater flows into tanks in which sewage solids, grit, and particulate matter settle to the bottom. Greases and oils float to the surface and can be skimmed off.	17
8087295791	Secondary Treatment	a stage of wastewater treatment in which biological means are used to remove contaminants remaining.	18
8126570342	Affluenza	term coined by social critics to describe the failutre of material goods to bring happiness to people who have the financial means to afford them.	19
8126574045	allopatric speciation	species formation due to physical separation of populations over some geographic distance	20
8126575894	alpine tundra	occurs at the top of mountains	21
8126577800	anthropocentrism	a human centers view of our relationship with the environment	22
8126579564	artificial selection	natural selection conducted under human direction	23
8126581569	autotroph	an organism that can use the energy from sunlight to produce its own food.	24
8126583401	bedrock	the continuous mass of solid rock that makes up the Earth's crust	25
8126585104	benthic	(or relating to) living on the bottom of a body of water	26
8126588159	biodiversity	the sum total of all organisms in an area, taking into account the diversity of species, their genes, their populations, and communities	27
8126590683	biodiversity hotspot	an area that supports an especially great diversity of species, particularly species that are endemic to the area	28
8126593922	biological weathering	weathering that occurs when living things break down parent material by physical or chemical means	29
8126595327	biomass	organic material that makes up living organisms	30
8126596461	biome	a major regional complex of similar plant communities, defined based on climate.	31
8126601923	biotic potential	an organisms capacity to produce offspring	32
8126602474	carbon footprint	the cumulative amount of carbon that a person or institution emits	33
8126608701	carnivore	an organism that consumes animals	34
8126611450	carrying capacity	the maximum population size than an environment can sustain	35
8126613650	chaparral	a biome consisting of mostly densely thicketed evergreen shrubs occurring in limited small patches- mediterranean. mild, wet winters with warm, dry summers.	36
8184281765	chemical weathering	weathering that results when water or other substances chemically interact with parent material	37
8184298499	Chloroplast	a cell organelle containing chlorophyll in which photosynthesis occurs	38
8184309386	Clear-cutting	the harvesting of timber by cutting all the trees in an area leaving only stumps.	39
8184336460	climate	the pattern of atmospheric conditiona found across large geographic regions over long periods of time.	40
8184348154	climatograph	a visual representation of a region's average monthly temperature and precipitation	41
8184354141	climax community	in the traditional view of ecological succession, a community that remains in place with little modification until disturbance restarts the successional process.	42
8184365015	clumped distribution	distribution pattern in which organisms arrange themselves in patches, generally according to the availability of the resources they need	43
8184405297	coevolution	a process by which two or more species evolve in response to one another	44
8184425850	command and control	an approach to protecting the environment that sets strict legal limitation and threatens punishment for violations of those limits.	45
8184440094	commensalism	a relationship between members of different species in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected	46
8184450890	community	an assemblage of populations of organisms that live in the same place at the same time	47
8184459066	competition	a relationship in which multiple organisms seek the same limited resource	48
8184466995	competitive exclusion	an outcome of interspecific competition in which one species excludes another species from resource use entirely	49
8184478163	conservation biology	a scientific discipline devoted to understanding the factors, forcesm and processes that influence the loss, protection, and restoration of biological diversity within and among ecosystems	50
8184511174	control	the portion of an experiment in which a variable has been left unmanipulated, to serve as a point of comparison with the treatment.	51
8184538195	CITES	A 1973 treaty facilitated by the United Nations that protects endagered species by banning the international transport of their body parts.	52
8184549886	convergent plate boundary	area where tectonic plates collide- can result in subduction or mountain range formation	53
8184576008	deciduous	term describing trees that lose their leaves each fall and remain dormant during winter, when hard freezes would endanger leaves	54
8184584644	decomposer	an organism, such as a fungus or bacterium, that breaks down leaf litter and other nonliving matter into simple constituent that can be taken up by plants	55
8184598285	deforestation	the clearing and loss of forests	56
8184706789	demand	the amount of a product people will buy at a given price if free to do so	57
8184717520	denitrifying bacteria	bacteria that convert the nitrates in soil of water to gaseous nitrogen and release it back to the atmosphere	58
8184766100	density-dependent factor	a limiting factor whose effects on a population increase or decrease depending on the population density	59
8184775859	density-independent factor	a limiting factor whose effects on a population are constant regardless of population density	60
8184790210	dependent variable	the variable that is affected by manipulation of the independent variable	61
8184797650	desert	the driest biome on Earth, with annual precipitation of less than 25 cm.	62
8184826396	dynamic equilibrium	the state reached when processes within a system are moving in opposing directions at equivalent rates so that their effects balance out.	63
8188418827	ecosystem	all organisms and nonliving entities that occur and interact in a particular area at the same time	64
8188447294	ecosystem diversity	the number and variety of ecosystems in a particular area.	65
8188452525	ecosystem service	an essential service an ecosystem provides that supports life and makes economic activity possible	66
8188459780	ecotone	a transitional zone where ecosystems meet	67
8188462708	ecotourism	visitation of natural areas for tourism and recreation. Most often involves tourism by more-affluent people, which may generate economic benefits for less affluent communities near natural areas and thus provide economic incentives for conservation of natural areas.	68
8188500207	emigration	the departure of individuals in a population	69
8188500208	Endangered Species Act	the primary legislation, enacted in 1973, for protecting biodiversity in the United States. It forbids the government and private citizens from taking actions that would destroy endangered species or their habitats and it prohibits trade in products made from endangered species.	70
8188508293	Endemic	native or restricted to a particular geographic region, occuring in one area and nowhere else on Earth	71
8188515554	Entropy	the degree of disorder in a substance, systemm or process	72
8188515555	Environment	the sum total of our surroundings, including all of the living things and nonliving things with which we interact.	73
8188519684	Environmental Impact Statement	a report of results from detailed studies that assess the potential effects on the environment that would likely result from development projects or other actions undertaken by the government	74
8188525431	Environmental Protection Agency	An administrative agency created by executive order in 1979, charged with conducting and evaluating research, monitoring environmental quality, setting standards, enforcing those standards, assisting the states in meeting standards and goals, and educating the public.	75
8188535726	Erosion	the removal of material from one place and its transportation to another by the action of wind or water	76
8188544494	evolution	genetically based change in the appearance, functioning, and/or behavior of organisms across generations, often by the process of natural selection	77
8188556956	Exotic species	non-native to an area	78
8188561021	exponential growth	the increase of a population (or of anything) by a fixed percentage each year	79
8188566477	extinction	the disappearance of an entire species from the face of the earth	80
8188571636	extirpation	the disappearance of a particular population from a given area, but not the entire species globally	81
8188580165	factory fishing	a highly industrialized approach to commercial fishing	82
8188585490	feedback loop	a circular process in which a systems output serves as input to that same system.	83
8237461031	Currents	the flow of a liquid in a certain direction	84
8237462537	Upwelling	In the ocean, the flow of cold, deep water toward the surface	85
8237464420	Downwelling	in the ocean, the flow of warm surface water toward the ocean floor	86
8237471014	Continental Shelf	the gently slopping underwater edge of a continent	87
8237474598	Photic zone	in the ocean of freshwater body, the well lit top layer of water where photosynthesis occurs.	88
8237474599	Pelagic	of, or relating to, living between the surface and floor of the ocean.	89
8237474600	Benthic	of, relating to, or living on the bottom of a water body.	90
8237475690	Coral Reef	A mass of calcium carbonate composed of the skeletons of tiny colonial marine organisms.	91
8237475702	Intertidal	of, relating to, or living along shorelines between the highest reach of the highest tide and the towest reach of the lowest tide.	92
8237477169	Littoral	the region ringing the edge of water body.	93
8237477170	Tide	the periodic rise and fall of the ocean's height at a given location, caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun.	94
8237477171	Salt Marshes	flat land that is intermittently flooded by ocean where the tide reaches inland. occur along temperate coastlines that are thickly vegetated with grasses, shrubs, and other herbaceous plants.	95
8237478272	Mangroves	a tree with a unique type of roots that curve upward to obtain oxygen, which is lacking in the mud in which they grow, and that serve as stilts to support the tree in changing water levels. Mangrove forests grow on the coastlines of the tropics and subtropics	96
8237478273	Estuaries	An area where a river flows into the ocean, mixing freshwater with salt water.	97
8237478274	Methane Hydrate	an ice-like solid consisting of molecules of methane embedded in a crystal lattice of water molecules. These are being investigated as a potential new source of energy from fossil fuels.	98
8237479910	Red tide	A harmful algal bloom consisting of algae that produce reddish pigments that discolor surface waters.	99
8237479911	By-catch	that portion of commercial fishing consisting of animals caught unintentionally.	100
8237482142	Marine Protected Areas	An area of ocean set aside to protect marine life from fishing pressures. This area may be protected from some human activities but be open to others.	101
8237484277	Marine Reserves	An area of the ocean designated as a "no-fishing" zone, allow no extra activities.	102
8370993440	Troposphere	the bottom most layer of the atmosphere	103
8411872176	Stratosphere	the layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere and below the mesosphere	104
8411876684	Ozone Layer	a portion of the stratosphere, responsible for absorbing UV rays	105
8411885562	Atmospheric Pressure	the weight per unit area produced by a column of air.	106
8411891988	Relative Humidity	the ratio of water vapor contained in a given volume of air to the maximum amount the air could contain, for a given temperature	107
8411897537	Conductive Circulation	a circular current driven by temperature differences. In the atmosphere warm air rises into regions of lower atmospheric pressure, where it expands and cools and then descends and becomes denser, replacing warm air that is rising. the air picks up heat nad moisture near ground level and prepares to rise again, continuing the process.	108
8411932077	weather	the local physical properties of the troposphere such as temperature, pressure, humidity, cloudinessm and wind over a relatively short time period	109
8411940608	Warm front	the boundary where a mass of warm air displaces a mass of colder air	110
8411951779	Cold front	the boundary where a mass of cold air displaces a mass of warmer air	111
8411959176	high pressure system	an air mass with elevated atmospheric pressure contianing air that descents, typically bringin fair waeather	112
8411967314	low pressure system	an air mass in which the air moves toward the low atmospheric pressure at the center of the stustem and spirals upward typically bringin clouds and precipitation	113
8411978427	Inversion layer	in a temperature inversion, the band of air in which temperature rises with altitude	114
8411982724	Hadley Cells	one pair of cells of convection circulation between the equator and 30 degrees north and south latitude that influence global climate patterns	115
8412006904	Ferrel Cells	one pair of cells of convection circulation between 30 degrees and 60 degrees noth and south latitude that influence global climate patterns	116
8412014525	Polar Cells	one pair of cells of convection circulation between the poles and 60 degrees north and south latitude that influence global climate patterns.	117
8427925651	Coriolis Effect	the apparent deflection of north-south air currents to a partly east-west direction, caused by the faster spin of regions near the equator than of regions near the poles as a result of Earth's rotations	118
8427939231	Air pollution	the act of polluting the air, of the condition of being polluted by air pollutants	119
8427945600	Outdoor air pollution	air pollution that occurs outdoors	120
8427947208	Indoor air pollution	air pollution that occurs indoors	121
8427953337	Aerosols	very fine liquid droplets or solid particles alotft in the atmosphere	122
8427966291	Primary Pollutants	a hazardous substance, such as soot or carbon monoxide, that is emitted into the troposphere in a form that is directly harmful	123
8427980774	Secondary Pollutants	a hazardous substance produced through the reaction of substances added to the atmosphere with chemnicals normally found in the atmosphere.	124
8427992269	Clean Air Act of 1970	revision of prior congressional legislation that stengthened regulations pertaining to air qualitiy standards, imposed limits on emissions from new stationary and mobile sources, provided funds for pollution control research and enabled citizens to sue parties violating the standards.	125
8472802194	Clean Air Act of 1990	Congressional legislation that stengthened regulations pertaining to air quality standards, auto emissions, toxic air pollution, acific deposition, and depletion of the ozone layer, while introducing marke-based incentives to reduce pollution	126
8472808895	carbon monoxide	a colorless, odorlessgas oriduced orimarily by the incomplete combustion of fuel.	127
8472815266	Sulfur dioxide	a colorless, odorless gas resulting in part from the combustion of coal. In the atmospheer, it may react to form sulfuiric acid, which may return to Earth in acidic deposition	128
8472819332	Nitrogen dioxide	a foul smelling reddish brown gas that contributes to smog and acid deposition. It results when atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen react at the high tempertures created by combustion engines.	129
8472826574	Tropospheric Ozone	ozone that occurs in the troposphere, where it is a secondary pollutant created by the interaction of sunlight, heat, nitrogen oxides and VOC chemicals It can injure living tissues and cause respiratory problems.	130
8472832833	particulate matter	solid or liquid particles small enough to be suspended in the atmosphere and able to damage respiratory tissues when inhaled. examples include dust and soot as well as some secondary pollutants such as sulfates and nitrates.	131
8472837669	Lead	a heavy metal that may be ingested through water or paint, of that, may enter the atmosphere as a particulate pollutant through combustion of leaded gasoline or other processes. Atmospheric lead deposited on land and water can enter the food chain, accumulate within body tissues, and cause lead poisoning in animals and people.	132
8472847920	Volatile Organic Compound	one of a large group of potentially harmful organic chemicals used in industrial processes.	133
8472855810	Scrubbers	technology to chemically treat gases produced in combustion to remove hazardous components and neutralize acidic gases such as sulfur dioxide and hydrochloric acid, turning them into water and salt, in order to reduce smokestack emissions	134
8472863639	Toxic Air Pollutant	air pollutant that is known to cause cancer, reproductive defects, or neurological, developmental, immune system, or respiratory problems in humans, and/or to cause substantial ecological harm by affecting the health of nonhuman animals and plants	135
8472869975	Industrial Smog	gray air smog caused by the incomplete combustion of coal or oil when burned.	136
8472873238	Photochemical Smog	Brown-air smog caused by light driven reactions of primary pollutants with normal atmospheric compounds that produce a mix of over 100 different chemicals, ground-level ozone often being the most abundant among them	137
8472881691	Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)	One of a group of human-made organic compounds derived from simple hydrocarbons, such as ethane and methane, that are responsible for the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer.	138
8472886538	Montreal Protocol	International Treaty in which 180 signatory nations agreed to restrict production CFCs in order to forestall stratospheric ozone depletion. Because of its effectiveness in decreasing global CFC emission, it is considered the most successful effort to date in addressing a global environmental problem.	139
8472898448	Acidic Deposition	the settling of acidic or acid-forming pollutants from the atmosphere onto Earth's surface. This can take place by precipitation, fog, gases, or the deposition of dry particles	140
8472903875	Atmospheric deposition	the wet or dry deposotion on land of a wide variety of pollutants, including mercury, nitrates, organochlorines, and others	141
8472907829	Indoor Air Pollutant	Pollution that occurs indoors	142
8475689429	Global Climate Change	Any change in aspects of Earth's climate, such as temperature, precipitation, and storm intensity	143
8475716448	Global Warming	An increase in Earth's average surface temperature. The term is most frequently used in reference to the pronounced warming trend of recent years and decades.	144
8475732823	Greenhouse gas	a gas that absorbs infrared radiation released by Earth's surface and then warms the surface and troposphere by emitted energy, thus giving rise to the greenhouse effect. Examples include carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone, nitrous oxide, halocarbon gases and methane.	145
8475784498	Radiative Forcing	the amount of change in energy that a given factor (such as aerosols, albedo, or greenhouse gases) exerts over Earth's energy balance. Positive radiative forcing warms the surface, whereas negative radiative forcing cools it.	146
8478145132	Milankovitch Cycles	One of three types of variations in Earth's rotation and orbit around the sun that result in slight changes in the relative amount of solar radiation reaching Earth's surface at different latitudes.	147
8478174883	El Nino	the exceptionally strong warming of the easter Pacific Ocean that occurs every 2 to 7 years and depresses local fish and bird populations by altering the marine food web in the area.	148
8478194980	El Nino- Southern Oscillation (ENSO)	A systematic shift in atmospheric pressure, sea-surface temperatrue, and ocean circulation in the tropical Pacific Ocean	149
8478199357	la Nina	An exceptionally strong cooling of surface water in the equatorial Pacific Ocean that occurs every 2 to 7 years and has widespread climatic consequences	150
8478215621	thermohaline circulation	a worldwide system of ocean currents in which warmer, fresher water moves along the surface and colder, saltier water (which is more dense) moves deep beneath the surface.	151
8478224904	Proxy indicator	a type of indirect evidence that serves as a proxy for substitute for direct measurement, and that sheds light on conditions of the past.	152
8478232795	Kyoto Protocol	An agreement draft in 1997 that calls for reducing emissions of six greenhouse gases to levels lowers. US did not sign in agreement.	153
8478247030	Carbon offset	a voluntary payment to another entity intended to enable that entity to reduce the greenhouse gas emission that one is unable or unwilling to reduce oneself.	154
8478253579	Carbon footprint	the cumulative amount of carvon, or carbon dioxide, that a person or institution emits, and is indirectly responsible for emiting into the atmosphere contributing to global climate change.	155

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APES Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems Flashcards

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7612810343	Temperate Deciduous Forest	-Cool Winters, Warm Summers (Seasonal Variation) -Precipitation is relatively evenly spread throughout the year -Deciduous Trees (Oak, Beech) -Europe, China, Eastern North America -Northern Hemisphere -Good Soils	0
7612810344	Temperate Grassland	-Cool Winters, Warm Summers (seasonal variation is more extreme than temperate deciduous forests) -Limited amount of precipitation -Frequent fires (no trees) -Also called prairie or steppe -Northern Hemisphere -North America, Middle East, Europe, Asia -Very fertile soils (used for agriculture)	1
7612810345	Temperate Rainforest	-Cool Winters, Warm Summers (Seasonal Variation) -Large amount of precipitation (Less rain in winters) -Coniferous Trees -Provide lumber and paper -Northern Hemisphere -East coast of North America and Canada -Fertile soils that are susceptible to land slides and erosion if forests are cleared	2
7612810346	Tropical Rainforest	-Warm all year round -Very high amount of precipitation (300-500 mm per month) -Southern Hemisphere -Central America, Africa, South America, Southeast Asia -Great Biodiversity -Poor, thin soils	3
7612810347	Tropical Dry Forest/Tropical Deciduous Forest	-Warm all year round -Extreme wet and dry seasons -Wet summer (October to April) and dry winter (May, June, July, August, September) -Southern Hemisphere -India, Africa, South America, northern Australia -Erosion-prone soils	4
7612810348	Savanna (Tropical Grasslands)	-Slight seasonal variation (warmer in summer) -Extreme wet and dry seasons -Wet Summer (not as wet as tropical dry forest) -Southern Hemisphere -Isolated Trees -Africa, South America, India, Australia -Zebras, Giraffes, Gazelles	5
7612810349	Desert	-Driest Biome -Barely an rainfall -Slight seasonal variation -Saline soils -Little Vegetation -Temperatures drop at night -Northern Hemisphere -Africa, Mexico, Middle East, Asia	6
7612810350	Tundra	-Coldest Biome -Warmer in summers, but still cold (5 degrees celsius) -Freezing in winters (-20 degrees celsius) -Northern Hemisphere -Dry -Slightly wet summers -Soil is permanently frozen (permafrost) -Also occurs as alpine tundra at the tops of mountains -Northern Europe, Northern Canada, Northern Asia, Greenland	7
7612810351	Boreal Forest/Taiga/Coniferous Forest	-Largest Biome -Northern Hemisphere -Coniferous Trees (Pinecones) -Cold. Cooler in summers (never above 20 degrees Celsius) -Moderate Precipitation -More wet in summer than winter -Poor soils -Moose, Wolves, Lynx, Bears -Northern Europe, Canada, Northern Asia	8
7612810352	Chaparral	-Densely thicketed -Highly seasonal -Cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers -Induced by oceanic influences -Northern Hemisphere -California, Chile, Australia -Frequent fires	9
7612810353	Polar grassland	Another name for the tundra	10
7612810354	Deer	Animal common in the temperate deciduous forest	11
7612826454	Wetlands	Areas flooded with water for at least part of the year.	12
7612829271	Upwelling	The flow of cold nutrient rich water to the surface	13
7612834772	Coral reef	A mass of calcium carbonate composed of skeletons of marine animals.	14
7612840291	Lakes and Ponds	Open standing water that collects in depressions of the earth.	15
7612849204	Benthic Zone	The bottom of a body of water.	16
7612858340	Euphotic Zone	Uppermost layer in the ocean has enough light for photosynthesis.	17
7612877872	smalest herbivore in ocean	Zooplankton	18
7612885760	littoral, benthic zone	lake/pond, shallow zone in freshwater, light reaches bottom region near bottom of pond	19
7612889079	Eutrophication	increase in nutrients such as nitrates, in an aquatic ecosystem, especially from fertilizers, encourages algae growth.	20
7612913592	How nutrients affect lakes	Increased Algae Growth → Bacteria/Decay → Less O2 → Fish Kills Eutrophication can be accelerated by runoff, such as rain, that can carry sewage, fertilizers, or animal wastes from land into bodies of water	21
7612917157	Marshes and Swamps	Two types of wetlands	22
7612921669	Environmental Functions of Wetlands	Act like filters or sponges that absorb and remove pollutants from the water Controlling flooding Provides habitat for many species Recreational activities	23
7612926263	Mangrove swamps	are tropical or subtropical marine swamp, mangrove trees have stilt-like roots, help protect the coastline from erosion	24
7612961762	Latitude	Close to equator=hot Close to poles=cold	25
7612964237	Altitude	Higher up= Colder Lower= Warmer	26
7612969273	Climate	The average, year- after- year conditions in an area (usually temperature and precipitation)	27
7612985801	Coastal zones	The ocean water closest to the land. Between the shore and the continental shelf. High npp	28

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AP Biochemistry Flashcards

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7367265189	covalent bonding	bonding resulting from the sharing of electrons	0
7367271578	hydrogen bonding	bonding resulting from the attraction of hydrogen in one molecule to atoms like oxygen or nitrogen in another molecule	1
7367282603	nonpolar	a molecule in which the electrons are shared equally	2
7367318336	polar	a molecule in which the molecules are shared unequally	3
7367332131	isomer	organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas	4
7367341844	monosaccharide	C6H12O6 simple sugars	5
7367344196	disaccharide	two monosaccharides joined; C12H22O11	6
7367363881	dehydration synthesis	condensation; joining compounds with the release of water	7
7367372652	hydrolysis	breakdown on a compound by addition of water	8
7367375590	polysaccharide	carbohydrate composed of three or more simple sugars	9
7367383112	cellulose	structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls	10
7367387786	starch	storage polysaccharide found in plants	11
7367424536	chitin	polysaccharide found in exoskeletons in arthropods	12
7367428454	glycogen	polysacchride found in animals; stored in liver and muscle	13
7367438323	glycerol	alcohol portion of a lipid	14
7367440582	fatty acid	hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end	15
7367446580	saturated	fats having no double or triple bonds	16
7367450466	unsaturated	fats have double bonds	17
7367453599	steroid	lipid with four fused ring structures; cholesterol and testosterone	18
7367459785	peptide bond	bonds that creates a chain of amino acids	19
7367469210	conformation	refers to a protein's unique shape that determines its function	20
7367479691	primary structure	linear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds	21
7367482056	secondary structure	protein formed with hydrogen bonds	22
7367489570	tertiary structure	3D conformation formed; disulfide bridges	23
7367494096	quaternary structure	protein with more than one polypeptide chain	24
7367499152	alpha helix	secondary coiling of a protein	25
7367505218	beta pleating	secondary folding in a protein	26
7367516597	functional groups	collection of atoms that give molecules specific properties	27
7367522194	metabolism	sum of chemical reactions that take place in a cell	28
7367528631	catabolism	reaction that breaks molecules down	29
7367531413	anabolism	reactions that build large molecules	30
7367586127	cohesion	attraction of water molecules for other water molecules	31
7367606534	adhesion	attraction of water to a different substance	32
7367634025	surface tension	measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	33
7367644578	evaporative cooling	property of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules	34
7367654969	disulfide bridge	tertiary structure; strong covalent bonds between cysteine amino acids	35
7367670982	glycosidic linkange	covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis	36
7367676237	nucleotide	building block of a nucleic acid	37
7367680690	pyramidine	cytosine, thymine; uracil; single rings	38
7367689057	purine	adenine and guanine; two rings	39
7367693803	triose	three carbon sugar	40
7367696072	pentose	five carbon sugar	41
7367699420	hexose	six carbon sugar	42
7367705689	hydroxyl	-OH; alcohol, polar	43
7367810051	sulfhydryl	sulfur bonded to hydrogen; cysteine	44
7367818544	methyl	carbon bonded to three hydrogens	45
7367867184	insulin	regulates glucose levels in blood stream	46
7367870704	hemoglobin	protein that carries oxygen; RBC's	47
7367897841	hydrophobic	water fearing; nonpolar	48
7367901094	hydrophilic	water loving; polar	49
7367935319	denaturation	a change in the original structure of a protein	50
7367960928	cholesterol	lipid steroid that serves as molecular foundation for other lipids made by the human body; found in cell membrane of animal cells	51
7368044396	triglyceride	three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule; a fat	52
7368059628	phospholipid	two fatty acids, one glycerol, a choline and phosphate group; cell membranes	53
7368124155	glucose, fructose, galactose	monosaccharides	54
7368129033	lactose, maltose, sucrose	disaccharides	55
7368155814	A-T; G-C	base pairing rule in DNA	56
7368161067	A-U; G-C	base pairing rule in RNA	57
14907382369	ribose	sugar in RNA	58
14907382370	deoxyribose	sugar in DNA	59

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AP Unit 6 Vocab Flashcards

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9146259533	agglomeration	A progress involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. Ex: manufacturing plants Connection: Capitalism	0
9146259534	Alfred Weber	The economic geographer who devised the least cost theory	1
9146259535	Asian Tigers	Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan	2
9146259536	break-of-bulk	A location where a transfer is possible to form one mode of transportation to another Ex:	3
9146259537	BRICs	Major emerging economic powers: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa Ex: Brazil and Russia provide raw materials Connection:	4
9146259538	bulk-gaining industries	An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs Ex: Located close to market Connection: Antonym is Bulk- reducing industry	5
9146259539	bulk-reducing industries	An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs Ex: Needs to be close to inputs (Copper Industry)	6
9146259540	capitalist world economy	Profit-oriented global economy based on production for sale Ex: U.S. Connection: Capitalism	7
9146259541	compressed modernity	A civilizational condition in which economic, political, social and/or cultural changes occur in an extremely condensed manner in respect to both time and space Ex: South Korea Connection: Demographic Transition Model	8
9146259542	conglomerate corporations	A conglomerate is the combination of two or more corporations engaged in entirely different businesses that fall under one corporate group, usually involving a parent company and many subsidiaries. Ex: Johnson and Johnson or General Electric Connection: Capitalism	9
9146259543	cottage industry	Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, most common to the Industrial Revolution Ex: Making scarves at home and selling them at the market Connection: Industrial Revolution	10
9146259544	deglomeration	The process of industrial deconstruction in response to technological advances and/or increasing costs due to the congestion and competition Ex: Not needing as many factories due to the fact new tech makes production faster Connection: Industrial Revolution	11
9146259545	deindustrialization	A decline in industrial activity in a region or economy Ex: Declining industrial activity in some regions of PA in the East Coast Connection: Deglomeration	12
9146259546	dependency theory	A structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model. Based on the certain types of political and economic relations between counties and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop Ex: Colonization of Africa hindered the development of the region Connection: Modernization Model	13
9146259547	economic development	The process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people Ex: Providing health care, food stamps Connection: Economic Development is increased as a country progresses along the DTM	14
9146259548	economic geography	the study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the world Ex: Economic activities are situated along coastines Connection: Five Themes Georgraphy	15
9146259549	economic sectors	Sectors of an economy broken down by population engaged and the activity in the sector Ex: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary Connection: Economic Geography	16
9146259550	Immanuel Wallerstein	an American sociologist, historical social scientist, and world-systems analyst, arguably best known for his development of the general approach in sociology which led to the emergence of his world-systems approach Ex: World Systems Theory	17
9146259551	export processing zones (EPZs)	Zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favourable tax, regulatory and trade agreements to attract foreign trade and investment	18
9146259552	export-oriented industrialization	Economic development strategy which emphasizes production for export Ex: Hong Kong	19
9146259553	fair trade	trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries and provides greater equality and justice to the workers Ex: Fair Trade Coffee from Starbucks	20
9146259554	FDI	An investment made by a foreign company into the economy of another country Ex: Johnson and Johnson investing in India Connection: World Bank	21
9146259555	female labor force participation rate	The percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home Ex: Women working as full-time engineers Connection: Mirocredit Program	22
9146259556	footloose industry	Industry not bound by locational constraints and able to choose to locate wherever it wants. Ex: Moving factories where ever the company wants Connection: Capitalist Economy	23
9146259557	Fordist Production	A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly. Example: Assembly Line production	24
9146259558	formal economy	the legal economy that governments tax and monitor Ex: going to the grocery store or mall for clothes Connection: Informal economy	25
9146259559	friction of distance	The increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance Ex: Transportaion cost Connection: Von Thunen Model	26
9146259560	GDP	Gross Domestic Product or the total value of all final goods and services produced in a country during a single year Ex: all of the watermelons sold Connection: formal economy	27
9146259561	GII	Gender Inequality Index. A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality. Ex: Men are more likely to hold jobs outside the home Connection: United Nations	28
9146259562	GNI	GDP plus the net income earned from investments abroad Ex: all of the watermelons sold abroad plus those sold at home Connection: Formal economy	29
9146259563	greenhouse effect	The warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere Ex: Carbon Dioxide Connection: Millenium Development Goals	30
9146259564	growth pole	The concentration of businesses that spurs economic development in the surrounding areas. Ex: Several businesses relocating their headquarters to Chicago Connection: Agglomeration	31
9146259565	HDI	Huma Development index is a measure of a country's standard of living, including health and education Ex: 0.920 for the US Connection: Demographic Transition Model	32
9146259566	Industrial Revolution	The transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation that was a period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. Ex: Utilizing steam power Connection: Green Revolution	33
9146259567	industrialization	Development of a system which supports machine production of goods Ex: Factory farming Connection: moderization model	34
9146259568	informal economy	The part of the economy in which goods and services are exchanged outside of government control Ex: Owning a private garden, drug trade Connection: Formal Economy	35
9146259569	Infrastructure	Underlying foundation on which a community or nation depends Ex: Roads and highways	36
9146259570	international division of labor	The spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries Ex: Moving businuesses from Us to Mexico Connection: Caplitalizim	37
9146259571	island of development	Place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment Ex: A city that has riches	38
9146259572	James Watt	Improved steam engine Ex: Took the Newcomen steam engine and made improvements to make it his Watt steam engine	39
9146259573	Kanto Plain	The largest lowland of Japan, which extends from the Japanese Alps east to the Pacific. Ex: flats plains in central Honshu	40
9146259574	labor intensive industries	An industry in which intensive labor is needed to produce a final product Ex: Coffee insdudtry	41
9146259575	LDC	A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development Ex: Yemen Connection: Deveoping Transition Model	42
9146259576	least cost theory	The theory that argues firms seek a site of minimum transport and labour cost Ex: Moving production to places where labor is cheaper Connection: Labor intensive industries	43
9146259577	location theory	Predicting where businesses will or should be located Ex: Moving businesses to places where they should flourish Connection: Least Cost Theory	44
9146259578	locational interdependence theory	the influence on a firm's locational decision by locations chosen by its competitors Ex: Locating In another part of town awat from competators Connection: Least Cost Theory	45
9146259579	maquiladora district	A district in northern Mexico that import good from the US and then ships them back Ex: Moving my manufacturing businuess to the maquiladora district to make use fo the cheap labor Connection: Labor Intensive	46
9146259580	MDC	A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development (More Developed Countries) Ex: United Staes Connection: LDC	47
9146259581	Meiji Restoration	The modernization and industrialization of Japan in the 1800's Ex: an event that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji Connection: Industrial Revoltion	48
9146259582	Micro Finanace	Type of banking service that is provided to unemployed or low-income individuals or groups who otherwise have no other access to financial services Ex: Taking out a loan to help start a business Connection: LDC	49
9146259583	modernization model	Model of economic development maintains that all countries go through five stages of development created by Walter Rostow Ex: Stage 1 is traditional society	50
9146259584	NAFTA	North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada Ex: Not putting tariffs on Canadian steel	51
9146259585	new international division of labor	A recent phenomenon in which the production process transcends international boundaries Ex: skilled jobs being moved to LDC Connection: International division of labor	52
9146259586	NIC	Newly Industrialized Country Ex: A country that goes along the modernization model in the fourth stage Connection: Modernization Model	53
9146259587	Northeast District (China)	Manchuria, centered on the region's coal and iron deposits near the city of Shenyang Ex: coal is fuel for the world Connection: maquiladora district	54
9146259588	Oligarchs (Japan)	Meiji oligarchy during the Meiji Revolution Ex: extraconstitutional oligarchy that dominated the Japanese government from the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution (1889) to the early 1930s Connection: Meiji Revoltuion	55
9146259589	outsourcing	hiring workers in other countries to do a set of jobs Ex: hiring workers in India to make cloths Connection: maquiladora district	56
9146259590	Pacific Rim	an economic and social region including the country's surrounding the pacific ocean Ex: Japan, China Connection: Asian Tigers	57
9146259591	post-fordist production	Adoption by companies of flexible work rules ex: not working in lines performing the same monotonous task over and over	58
9146259592	post-industrial societies	Societies where technology supports a Service-and-Information based economy ex: Working as a Lawyer Conneciont: Modernization Model	59
9146259593	potential reserve	The amount of a resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist Ex: There were potential oil reserves in Alaska Connetion: Proven reserve	60
9146259594	proven reserve	The amount of a resource available in discovered deposits Ex: thousands of gallons in reserve Connection: Potential reserve	61
9146259595	Rostow's Stages	1.Traditional Stage 2. Take-off Stage 3. Drive to Technological Maturity 4. High Mass Consumption Ex: hunting and gathering Connection: Modernization Model	62
9146259596	Rust Belt	Northeastern and midwestern states of US in which heavy industry has declined Ex: Detroit	63
9146259597	secondary industrial region	Where agglomeration is somewhat less, but still significant and makes products that are more likely to be consumed by individuals Ex: creating clothes Connection: Industrial Sector	64
9146259598	single market manufacturers	located near the market--save money on transportation, aka products sold primary in one location Ex: Farmer's Market Connection: Von Thunen City Model	65
9146259599	site factors	Particular to a geographic location and focus on varying costs of land, labor, and capital Ex: Land quality Connection: industry	66
9146259600	situation factors	location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory Ex: producing overseas and using ships to ship materials Connection: Site Factors, Von Thunen Model	67
9146259601	Special Economic Zones	Zones designed to attract foreign companies and investment to areas of China Ex: Xiamen in Fujian Province Connection: Asian Tigers	68
9146259602	substitution principle	The idea that you can overcome transportation costs if you decrease land rents or labor costs Ex: relocate shop to a place where you can pay people less for the same work Connection: Least Cost Theory	69
9146259603	Sun Belt	The South and Southwest regions of the United States Ex: Florida	70
9146259604	sustainable development	Economic development that is conducted without depletion of natural resources Ex: planting a tree for everyone that you cut down Connection: sustainable agriculture	71
9146259605	technopole	Areas devoted to research, development, and sale of high technology products Ex: Silone Valley	72
9146259606	trading blocs	Groups of countries with formalized systems of trading agreements Ex: NATO Connection: NAFTA	73
9146259607	transnational corporations	Business corporations located in two or more countries Ex: Vodaphone Connection: technopole	74
9146259608	value added productivity	The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy Ex: costs you $2 to make product and you seel it for $5 Connection: Profit	75
9146259609	variable revenue analysis	Firm's ability to capture a market that will earn it more customers and money than its competitors Ex: marketing techques Conneciont: value added productivity	76

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AP Vocab Flashcards

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8153428763	acostumbrase a	to get used to	0
8153429804	apresurarse a	to hurry	1
8153430771	arriesgar a	to risk	2
8153430772	asistir a	to attend	3
8153431662	atreverse a	to dare	4
8153431663	ayudar a	to help	5
8153431706	condenar a	to condemn to	6
8153432839	dar a	to face (toward) to look out on	7
8153434032	jugar a	to play	8
8153434033	negarse a	to refuse to	9
8153435537	oler a	to smell of, like	10
8153435538	ponerse a	to begin	11
8153436712	saber a	to taste of, like	12
8153437844	volver a	(to do something) again	13
8153439125	acabar de	to have just	14
8153439126	acordarse de	to remember	15
8153440345	alegrarse de	to be glad	16
8153440346	arrepentirse de	to regret	17
8153441626	avergonzarse de	to be ashamed	18
8153441627	burlarse de	to make fun of	19
8153442775	cambiar de	to change	20
8153442776	carecer de	to lack	21
8153444319	cesar de	to cease to	22
8153444320	dejar de	to cease to, to stop doing	23
8153445239	constar de	to consist of	24
8153446285	darse cuenta de	to realize	25
8153446286	depender de	to depend on	26
8153447073	despidirse de	to say goodbye	27
8153448378	disfrutar de	to enjoy	28
8153448379	enamorarse de	to fall in love with	29
8153449278	encargarse de	to take charge, care of	30
8153450243	enterarse de	to hear about, find out about	31
8153451179	jactarse de	to boast about	32
8153451180	llenar de	to fill with	33
8153451994	no dejar de	to not fail to	34
8153452925	olvidarse de	to forget	35
8153452926	quejarse de	to complain	36
8153454317	servir de	to serve as	37
8153454318	sospechar de	to suspect	38
8153455722	tratar de	to try	39
8153455723	vestirse de	to dress as, to be dressed as, in	40
8153457542	confiar en	to trust, to confide in	41
8153458537	consentir en	to consent to	42
8153459309	convertirse en	to turn into	43
8153460097	empeñarse en	to insist on	44
8153461221	insistir en	to insist on	45
8153462149	entrar en	to enter	46
8153462150	fijarse en	to notice	47
8153462151	influir en	to influence	48
8153462996	ingresar en	to join (an association, university)	49
8153464215	molestarse en	to take the trouble to, bother to	50
8153465771	pensar en	to think about, to meditate	51
8153466370	quedar en	to agree to, to decide on	52
8153468901	tardar + (time) + en	to take (somebody or something)	53

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AP Psychology Biology of Psychology Flashcards

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6277521889	Acetylcholine (ach)	A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction.	0
6277521890	Action potential	A neural impulse: a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon, The action potential is generated by the movement of positively changed atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane.	1
6277521891	Adrenal glands	A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress.	2
6277521892	Agonist	Excite neurons by mimicking natural neurotransmitters or blocking their reuptake to keep more of them in your system. (pretends to be something else)	3
6277521894	Amygdala	Two lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to fear and aggression.	4
6277521895	Antagonist	Inhibit neural impulses by blocking receptor sites or diminishing their release.	5
6277521896	Aphasia	Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).	6
6277521898	Autonomic nervous system	The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses: its parasympathetic division calms.	7
6277521899	Axon	The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons of to muscles or glands.	8
6277521902	Brainstem	The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull: the brain-stem is responsible for automatic survival functions.	9
6277521903	Central nervous system (CNS)	The brain and spinal cord.	10
6277521904	Cerebellum	The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brain-stem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.	11
6277521906	Corpus callosum	The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.	12
6277521907	Dendrites	The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.	13
6277521908	Electroencephalogram (EEG)	An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.	14
6277521909	Endocrine system	The body's 'slow" chemical communication system:set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.	15
6277521910	Endorphins	"Morphine within"-natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to plain control and to pleasure.	16
6277521914	Hormones	Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and effect another.	17
6277521915	Hypothalamus	A neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus: is directs several maintenance activities (eating,drinking,body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion.	18
6277521916	Interneurons	Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.	19
6277521917	Lesioning	Tissue destruction, a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.	20
6277521918	Limbic system	A doughnut-shaped system of neuronal structures at the border of the brain-stem and cerebral hemispheres: associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and dives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.	21
6277521919	(MRI) Magnetic resonance imaging	A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissues: allows us to see structures within the brain.	22
6277521920	Medulla	The base of the brain-stem: controls heartbeat and breathing.	23
6277521921	fMRI-Functional MRI	A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain actity by comparing successive MRI scans. MRI scans show brain anatomy: FMRI scans show brain function.	24
6277521923	Myelin sheath	A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers pf many neurons: enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.	25
6277521926	Neuron	A nerve cell: the basic building block of the nervous system	26
6277521927	Neurotransmitters	Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing weather that neuron will generate a neural impulse.	27
6277521928	Parasympathetic nervous system	The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.	28
6277521929	Peripheral nervous system (PNS)	The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.	29
6277521930	Pituitary gland	The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. Master gland	30
6277521931	Plasticity	The brain's capacity for modification, s evidence in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experiments on brain development.	31
6277521932	(PET) Positron emission tomography	A visual display of the brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.	32
6277521934	Resting potential	Neuron is in its normal, resting state. Ions within the cell give the axon a small negative charge, fluid outside is positive charged.	33
6277521935	Reticular Formation	A nerve network in the brain-stem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.	34
6277521936	Somatic nervous system	The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.	35
6277521937	Sympathetic nervous system	The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.	36
6277521938	Synapse	The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.	37
6277521939	Synapse cleft	The gap at the junction of the synapse.	38
6277521940	Terminal buttons	Enlarged area at the end of the axon; contains the synaptic vesicle.	39
6277521941	Thalamus	The brains sensory switchboard, located on the top of the brain-stem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.	40
6277521942	Threshold	The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.	41
6277521943	Motor Neurons	Efferent Neurons; a nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland.	42
6277521944	Broca's Area	part of the brain that is responsible for speech production	43
6277521945	Wernicke's area	part of the brain that is responsible for understanding spoken language	44
6277521946	split brain patients	Corpus Collosum is severed, two hemispheres of the brain don't communicate	45
6277521947	Afferent Neurons	Sensory Neurons; carry nerve impulses from sensory receptors or sense organs toward the central nervous system.	46
6277521948	Efferent neurons	Motor Neurons that send impulses from the central nervous system to your limbs and organs	47
6277521949	neuron firing order	dendrite--soma---axon--terminal bulb	48
6277521950	occipital lobe	The occiptial lobe is important to being able to correctly understand what your eyes are seeing.	49
6277521951	temporal lobe	mainly revolves around hearing and selective listening.	50
6277521952	frontal lobe	decision making	51
6277521953	parietal lobe	processes sensory information	52
6277521954	absolute refractory period	the period immediately following the firing of a nerve fiber when it cannot be stimulated no matter how great a stimulus is applied	53
6277521956	all or none principle	states that the strength of a response of a neuron or muscle fiber is not dependent upon the strength of the stimulus. If a stimulus is above a certain threshold, a neuron or muscle fiber will fire.	54

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AP Midterm Vocab Flashcards

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5847667526	STANCE	A speaker's attitude toward the audience (differing from tone, the speaker's attitude toward the subject).	0
5847667531	RHETORIC	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	1
5847667537	EXIGENCE	Real life situation that indicates a need to act in response to controversy; often what motivates the author to write.	2
5847667538	KAIROS	The rhetorical art of seizing the occasion. It covers both timing and the appropriate medium.	3
5847667539	LOGOS	A Greek term that means "word;" an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals.	4
5847667540	ETHOS	A Greek term referring to/appealing to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals.	5
5847667545	SYNTAX	The way words are arranged to form phrases, clauses and sentences.	6
5847667547	FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE	Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.	7
5847667553	SYLLOGISM	A form of reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them.	8
5847667556	concession	A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding.	9
5847667557	connotation	All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests	10
5847667563	pathos	Greek for "suffering." Emotional plays for hope, value, fear, or prejudice.	11
5847667565	polemic	Greek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that ignores all other opinions.	12
5847667568	refutation	a denial of the validity of an opposing argument	13
5847667570	rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).	14
5847667575	sanguine	ruddy; cheerfully optimistic	15
5847667576	deferential	respectful and polite in a submissive way	16
5847667578	bemused	confused; bewildered	17
5847667579	fervent	(adj.) very earnest, emotional, passionate; extremely hot	18
5847667580	infallible	free from error; absolutely dependable	19
5847667585	imprudent	lacking wise self-restraint	20
5847667591	rapt	Deeply engrossed or absorbed	21
5847667592	didactic	Excessively instructive	22
5847667593	laudatory	Containing or expressing praise	23
5847667594	derisive	Expressing contempt or ridicule, mocking	24
5847667595	placid	Calm, peaceful	25
5847667596	effusive	Emotionally unrestrained; gushy; demonstrative	26
5847667597	epistrophe	repetition of a word or expression at the end of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect (as Lincoln's "of the people, by the people, for the people") Compare to anaphora.	27
5847667602	polysyndeton	Deliberate use of many conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted. Hemingway and the Bible both use extensively. Ex. "he ran and jumped and laughed for joy"	28
5847667605	colloquialism	A word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing (y'all, ain't)	29
5847667606	adage	A proverb, wise saying	30
5847667607	Ad Populum	Appealing to the prejudices of the audience and inviting them on the bandwagon	31
5847667608	Appeal to False Authority	a claim that uses as evidence the testimony of someone who is not an expert on the topic	32
5847667610	Backing	In Toulmin Arguments, offering background information or evidence to support a warrant.	33
5847667611	Begging the Question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt.	34
5847667612	Circular Reasoning	A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence.	35
5847667613	The Classical Oration	Five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. The five parts are: introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, and conclusion.	36
5847667614	Narration	the second section of an oration- the facts are set forth	37
5847667615	Confirmation	Third section of an oration- major part of text which includes proof to make the case.	38
5847667617	Deduction	A form of reasoning that begins with a generalization, then applies the generalization to a specific case or cases.	39
5847667619	Induction	A method of reasoning by which a rhetor collects a number of instances and forms a generalization that is meant to apply to all instances.	40
5847667620	Qualifier	In the Toulmin model; uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim a bit, making it less absolute.	41
5847667621	Quantitative Evidence	Info that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers (surveys, census information, polls, statistics, etc.)	42
5847667622	Rebuttal	Part of the Toulmin Model- gives voice to objections, providing the conditions that might refute.	43
5847667623	Reservation	In the Toulmin model- explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier.	44
5847667625	Warrant	Part of the Toulmin Model- expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.	45
5847667626	Grounds	In Toulmin Argument-This is the evidence that functions as the foundation and support for the claim.	46
5847667628	Rogerian Argument	Argument based on negotiation, compromise and cooperation; essential understanding of opposing views is important to refute them.	47
5847667630	Claim of Fact	Asserts that something is true or not true	48
5847667631	Claim of Value	A claim maintaining that something is good or bad, beneficial or detrimental, or another evaluative criterion	49
5847667632	Claim of Policy	An argument that validates or calls for a change of an existing condition.	50
5847667633	Closed Thesis	A statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make	51
5847667634	Open Thesis	A statement of main idea that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay.	52
5847667637	Counterargument Thesis	A mix of closed and open thesis in which a summary of a counterargument usually qualified by although or but precedes the writer's opinion	53
5847667638	Logical Fallacies	An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid.	54
5847667639	Red Herring	A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion	55
5847667640	Ad hominem Fallacy	(Latin for "to the man") a fallacy of logic in which a person's character or motive is attacked instead of that person's argument	56
5847667641	Faulty Analogy	Relying only on comparisons to prove a point rather than arguing deductively and inductively.	57
5847667642	Straw Man Fallacy	a writer creates an oversimplified, easy-to-refute argument, places it in the mouth of his opponent, and then tries to "win" the debate by knocking down that empty or trivial argument.	58
5847667643	False Dilemma	A limited number of options is given, while in reality there are other options	59
5847667644	Hasty Generalization	A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.	60
5847667645	Circular Reasoning	An assertion that restates the point just made. Such an assertion "begs the question" by drawing as a conclusion a point stated in the premise.	61
5847667646	alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds	62
5847667647	allusion	A reference to another work of literature, person, or event	63
5847667653	cumulative sentence	A sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases (main clause is at the beginning)	64
5847667654	hortative sentence	sentence that exhorts, advises, calls to action	65
5847667655	imperative sentence	A sentence that requests or commands	66
5847667656	inversion	the reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase.	67
5847667661	periodic sentence	A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. The independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect is to add emphasis and structural variety.	68
5847667665	zeugma	Artfully using a single verb to refer to two different objects in an ungrammatical but striking way, or artfully using an adjective to refer to two separate nouns, even though the adjective would logically only be appropriate for one of the two.	69
5847667671	Analogy	A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way Ex: Just as a caterpillar comes out of its cocoon, so we must come out of our comfort zone.	70
5847667672	Anaphora	The same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences. Ex: "Of all the gin joints in all the towns in all the world, she walks into mine."	71
5847667673	Anecdote	a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person. Ex: "In Emerson's later years his memory began increasingly to fail..."	72
5847667676	Antimetabole	Repeating words in reverse order for surprise and emphasis Ex: And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country" (JFK).	73
5847667689	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	74
5847667690	Hyperbole	An extreme exaggeration Ex: She talked on the phone forever	75
5847667692	Irony	A contrast between expectation and reality	76
5847667693	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	77
5847667699	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. Ex: "alone together", "bitter sweet"	78
5847667700	Paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. Ex: "Nobody goes to that restaurant, it's too crowded."	79
5847667706	Rhetorical Question	A question asked merely for effect with no answer expected. Ex: "Marriage is a wonderful institution, but who would want to live in an institution?"	80
5847667708	Satire	A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals.	81
5847667710	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part is substituted for the whole. Ex: ABCS for alphabet, England won the World Cup	82
5847667712	Zeugma	A general term describing when one part of speech (most often the main verb, but sometimes a noun) governs two or more other parts of a sentence (often in a series). Ex: "You held your breath and the door for me."	83
5847667733	wry	satiric; bitter	84
5847667735	indignant	marked by anger; aroused by justice	85
5847667737	vexed	annoyed; irritated; distressed	86
5847667740	jocund	cheery, joyful, and happy	87
5847667741	whimsical	playful; humorous or fanciful; unpredictable	88
5847667745	belligerent	aggressively hostile; warlike	89
5847667747	apprehensive	uneasy about the future	90
5847667749	fatalistic	in the belief that everything is predetermined and out of our hands	91
5847667754	picturesque	strikingly expressive or vivid	92
5847667760	cogent	convincing; reasonable	93
5847667763	erudite	learned; scholarly	94
5847667765	urbane	sophisticated	95
5847667778	insolent	rude; not showing proper respect; arrogant	96
5847667784	strident	loud, harsh, and unpleasantly noisy	97
5847667785	aloof	indifferent, disinterested	98
5847667792	ambiguous	doubtful, uncertain from obscurity or indistinctiveness	99
5847667793	incredulous	unbelieving	100
5847667798	pedantic	concerned with unimportant details	101
5847667799	austere	stern; strict; frugal	102
5847667807	lucid	easily understood; clear	103
5847667826	zealous	highly motivated; fervent	104
5847667829	Debauch	Corrupt	105
5847667836	Stoic	No emotion	106
5847667839	Melee	Disorganized combat	107
5847667843	Poignant	Sharp or Sad & Painful	108
5847667851	Facetious	Witty, playfully mocking	109
5847667856	Respite	Relief	110
5847667861	Trepidation	Alarm, anxiety at what is to come	111
5847667867	sublime	Awe inspiring nobility	112
5847667875	Despondent	Hopeless	113
5847667879	Ominous	Sinister, threatening	114
5847667883	Mused	Thought about	115
5847667885	Impetus	Driving force	116
5847667887	Ardor	Enthusiasm	117
5847667888	Stealthy	Secretive	118
5847667890	Edifice	a large, usually impressive building.	119
5847667902	Infamy	evil reputation brought about by something grossly criminal, shocking, or brutal.	120
5847667908	Countenances	looks; expressions.	121
5847667909	Abate	put an end to.	122
5847667914	Amenable	willing to yield or submit: agreeable.	123
5847667919	Plebeian	one of the common people.	124
5847667920	Commiseration	to feel or express sympathy: condole.	125
5847667922	Efficacy	effective as a means of remedy.	126
5847667923	Imbued	inspired as with feelings, opinions, etc.	127
5847667925	Caprice	a sudden, impulsive change: whim.	128
5847667928	Eminence	position of prominence or superiority.	129
5847667929	Intrinsic	originating or situated within the body or part acted on.	130
5847667935	Expatiating	enlarging in discourse or writing.	131
5847667936	Antiquated	obsolete.	132
5847667937	Benevolence	desiring to do good to others.	133
5847667938	Pious	of or pertaining to religious devotion.	134
5847667939	Emaciated	very thin, as to lack of nutrition or to disease.	135
5847667940	Vehemence	forceful or violent.	136
5847667944	Sanctity	Godliness or sacredness.	137
5847667945	Solace	alleviation of grief or anxiety.	138
5847667950	Assented	to agree to something.	139
5847667954	Latent	present and capable of becoming though not now visible or active: dormant.	140
5847667958	Veneration	respect because of great age or associated dignity.	141
5847667960	Defunct	dead or inactive.	142
5847667962	Malevolence	arising from intense or vicious ill will, spite, or hatred.	143
5847667964	Semblance	outward and often specious appearance or show.	144
5847667966	Acquiesce	to accept or comply tacitly or passively.	145
5847667970	Usurp	to seize and hold (a position, power, etc.) by force or without legal right.	146
5847667982	Loquacity	exceedingly talkative.	147
5847667990	Subjugated	to bring under dominion: conquer.	148
5849159971	parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.	149

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Quantitative Skills for AP Biology Flashcards

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6895204463	hypothesis	A plausible and testable explanation for observed phenomena.	0
6895204464	independent variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	1
6895204465	dependent variable	The variable that responds to manipulations of the independent variable. The data.	2
6895204466	confounding variable	Any extraneous variable that affects the variables being studied so that the results do not reflect an actual relationship between the variables under investigation.	3
6895204467	quantitative data	Data based on quantities (numerical data).	4
6895204468	qualitative data	Data based on qualities (non-numerical data).	5
6895204469	continuous data	Data that can be any value on a range.	6
6895204470	discrete data	Data that is capable of assuming only particular values. Usually the result of counting or grouping.	7
6895204471	control group	The empirical group that does not receive the independent variable. Serves as a basis for comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	8
6895204472	experimental group	The empirical group that is exposed to the independent variable.	9
6895204473	correlational study	A research method that can determine the degree to which two variables are related, but cannot show which variable caused a change in the other variable.	10
6895204474	pseudoscience	A body of ideas clothed in the jargon and outward appearance of science but was not created with the standards required of the scientific method.	11
6895204475	extrapolation	Estimating a value outside the range of measured data.	12
6895204476	statistics	The study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.	13
6895204477	population (N)	A complete set of items (people, animals, etc.) that have at least one thing in common and are the subject of the statistical analysis.	14
6895204478	sample (n)	A subset of individuals selected from the population.	15
6895204479	descriptive statistics	Statistics that quantitatively describe the main features of a data set, especially measures of central tendency and dispersion.	16
6895204480	inferential statistics	Statistics that draw conclusions from sample data. Used to test hypotheses and make estimations about the population.	17
6895204481	sampling bias	A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.	18
6895204482	normal distribution	A unimodal, symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution of data.	19
6895204483	parametric data	Data that show an approximate normal distribution on a histogram.	20
6895204484	nonparametric data	Data that do not show an approximate normal distribution on a histogram. Can be qualitative data.	21
6895204485	frequency or count data	Recordings of discrete, or qualitative, data. Generated by counting.	22
6895204486	comparative statistics	Statistics that compare variables.	23
6895204487	association statistics	Statistics that look for correlations between variables.	24
6895204488	standard deviation	A measurement measures the amount of variation or dispersion from the mean.	25
6895204489	standard error	A statistic used to make an inference about how well the sample mean matches up to the true population mean.	26
6895204490	linear regression	Defines a line of best fit for correlational data that can be used as a prediction of the relationship between two variables.	27
6895204491	histogram	A graphical representation of tabulated frequencies.	28
6895204492	scatterplot	A graph of plotted points that show the relationship between two sets of data.	29
6895204493	bar graph	A graph drawn using rectangular bars to show how large each value is.	30
6895204494	box-and-whisker plots	A way of graphically depicting groups of numerical data through their quartiles.	31
6895204495	bins	Ranges of numerical values into which data are sorted in statistical analysis.	32
6895204496	mean	A measure of central tendency determined by adding all scores together and dividing by the number of scores. Often referred to as the statistical average.	33
6895204497	sampling	The selection of a subset of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.	34
6895204498	68-95-99.7 Rule	In a normal distribution, about 68% of values fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean, about 95% fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean, and about 99.7% fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean.	35
6895204499	error bars	A graphical representation of the variability of data and are used on graphs to indicate the error, or uncertainty in a reported measurement.	36
6895204500	median	A measure of central tendency, represented by the score that separates the upper half of the scores in a distribution from the lower half.	37
6895204501	mode	Measure of central tendency that refers to the most frequently occurring scores.	38
6895204502	Chi-square test	A statistical hypothesis test that measures the difference between observed frequencies and expected frequencies.	39
6895204503	null hypothesis	Hypothesis that predicts NO relationship between variables.	40
6895204504	alternative hypothesis	Hypothesis that predicts a relationship DOES EXIST between variables.	41
6895204505	degrees freedom	The number of ways by which a dynamic system can move without violating any constraint imposed on it. (n-1)	42
6895204506	critical value	A cutoff value corresponding to a given significance level.	43
6895204507	p-value	A predetermined choice of test certainty. The smaller the p-value, the more confidence can be claimed.	44
6895204508	mathematical modelling	A description of a system using mathematical concepts and language.	45
6895204509	r-value	The correlation coefficient that ranges from -1.0 to +1.0. The closer it is to 0, the less two variables are related.	46
6895204510	hypothesis testing	A method of statistical inference that determines if a result is statistically significant or if it is likely to have occurred by chance alone.	47
6895204511	Occam's razor	A principle that states that among competing hypotheses, the one with the fewest assumptions should be selected.	48
6895204512	type I error	False positive. Mistakenly reject the null hypothesis.	49
6895204513	type II error	False negative. Mistakenly reject the null hypothesis.	50