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Flashcards

Unit 1 AP Vocab Flashcards

6675423191	absolute location	The exact position of an object or place, measured within the spatial coordinates of a grid system.	0
6675426298	cartography	science or art of making maps	1
6675428898	circular pattern	objects that circle another object; also known as centralized pattern	2
6675431352	cultural landscapes	The products of complex interactions between humans and their environments.	3
6675431353	daylight savings time	the practice of temporarily advancing clocks during the summertime so that afternoons have more daylight and mornings have less	4
6675432619	distortion	a change in the shape, size, or position of a place when it is shown on a map	5
6675435534	environmental geography	The formal study of human-environment relations.	6
6675435535	equator	An imaginary circle around the middle of the earth, halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole	7
6675438182	Eratosthenes	one of the first cartographers. Performed a remarkably accurate computation of the earth's circumference. He is also credited with coining the term "geography."	8
6675438183	formal regions	Areas that have common cultural or physical features	9
6675441334	functional regions	(nodal) can be defined around a certain point or node	10
6675441335	GIS	computer system that captures, stores, analyzes, and displays data	11
6675443251	globalization	Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.	12
6675444910	Greenwich Mean Time	The time in that time zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0° longitude. used to referance all time	13
6675444911	GPS	A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.	14
6675444912	grid pattern	intersecting lines of longitude and latitude that determine absolute location on a map	15
6675448213	Hecataeus	a greek scientist, who wrote a book about geography and illustrated a map of the countries and inhabitants of the known world.	16
6675450414	human geography	a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction	17
6675450415	Idrisi	An 11th century Arab geographer that worked for the king of Sicily to collect geographical information into a remarkably accurate representation of the world. Under his direction, an academy of geographers gathered maps and went out on their own scientific expeditions.	18
6675453928	Kant, Immanuel	German philosopher and geographer who defined geography as the study of interrelated spatial patterns	19
6675453929	landscapes	The overall appearance of an area that is shaped by both human and natural influences	20
6675455990	latitude	An imaginary line around the Earth parallel to the equator	21
6675683786	linear pattern	A pattern of land use which develops along a line, such as a highway or river.	22
6675683787	local time	The standard time in the region that a person lives in	23
6675683788	location	The position of anything on Earth's surface.	24
6675686933	longitude	The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian (0°).	25
6675691579	Marsh, George Perkins	American geographer who focused on the impact of human actions on the natural environment	26
6675693746	Mercator projection	A true conformal cylindrical map projection, the Mercator projection is particularly useful for navigation because it maintains accurate direction. Mercator projections are famous for their distortion in area that makes landmasses at the poles appear oversized.	27
6675693747	meridian	A line of longitude that runs north-south. All lines of longitude are equal in length and intersect at the poles.	28
6675696257	multi-national corporations	an organization that owns or controls productions of goods or services in one or more countries other than the home country.	29
6675696258	parallel	A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.	30
6675698273	pattern	geometric arrangement of objects in space	31
6675700157	perceptual regions	(vernacular) Conceptual regions such as the Midwest or the South that people recognize but cannot be clearly delineated on a map	32
6675859043	periphery	the outside edge of a region	33
6675859044	Peters projection	An equal-area projection purposely centered on Africa in an attempt to treat all regions of Earth equally. Caused distortion of land shapes	34
6675860822	place	A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic	35
6675860823	physical geography	the study of physical features of the earth's surface	36
6675863440	physical site charcteristics	climate, topography, soil, water sources, vegetation, elevation	37
6675863441	prime meridian	The meridian, designated at 0° longitude, which passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.	38
6675866268	Ptolemy	Greek scholar who recalculated the circumference of earth to be 9,000 miles shorter which was incorrect	39
6675868483	random pattern	a pattern with no specific order or logic behind its arrangement	40
6675868484	regionalization	The organization of earth's surface into distinct areas that are viewed as different from other areas	41
6675871219	Robinson projection	Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each. Poles are highly distorted but quickly reform	42
6675873880	Sauer, Carl	Geographer that argued that cultural landscapes should be the focus of geographic study	43
6675873881	scale	Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.	44
6675873882	site	The physical character of a place.	45
6675875469	situation	relative location of an object	46
6675875470	solar time	time based on the position of the sun in the sky as the day progresses	47
6675875471	space	The physical gap or interval between two objects.	48
6675877938	space time compression	the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems	49
6675877939	spatial organization	the location of places, people, and events, and the connections among places and landscapes	50
6675880076	spatial perspective	way that things are arranged and organized on the surface of the earth	51
6675880077	time zone	24, 15 degree sections that each represent a different hour of the day	52
6675880078	topography	Refers to the shape and elevation of land in a region.	53
6675882242	toponym	The name given to a portion of Earth's surface.	54
6675884782	US Census Bureau	a region of the government who counts the total population of an area	55

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Ap government Flashcards

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6684620502	Realism	A theory of international relations that focuses on the tendency of anions to operate from self-interest.	0
6684627729	Idealism	A theory of international relations that focus on the hope that nations will act together to solve international problems and promote peace.	1
6684635675	Isolationism	The desire to avoid international engagement altogether.	2
6684640945	Internationalism	U.S. must be engaged in international affairs to protect its own interest. Citizens of the world not only the United States.	3
6684646051	Unilateralism	A philosophy that encourages individual nations to act on their own when facing threats from other nations.	4
6684653581	Bush Doctrine	A policy adopted by the Bush administration in 2001 that asserts America's right to attack any nation that has weapons of mass destruction that may be used against the U.S. interests at home or abroad.	5
6684659855	Multilateralism	A philosophy that encourages individual nations to act together to solve international problems	6
6684664033	Preemption	A policy of taking action before the U.S. is attacked rather than waiting for provocation.	7
6684667685	Weapons of Mass Destruction	Biological, chemical, or nuclear weapons that can cause a massive number of deaths in a single use.	8
6684673374	Hard Power	Reliance on economic and military strength to solve international problems.	9
6684690861	Soft Power	Reliance on diplomacy and negotiation to solve international problems.	10
6684676691	theory of deterrence	A theory that is based on creating enough military strength to persuade other nations not to attack first.	11
6686703278	Normal Trade Relations	Trade status granted as part of an international trade policy that gives a nation the same favorable trade concessions and tariffs that the best trading partners receive.	12
6686748134	All-volunteer force	The replacement for the draft (Conscription) for recruiting members of the armed services.	13
6684682900	Mutual assured destruction (MAD)	Doctrine of reciprocal deterrence resting on the U.S. and Soviet Union each being able to inflict unacceptable damage on the other in retaliation for a nuclear attack.	14
6686758396	Economic Sanctions	Denial of export, import, or financial relations with a target country in an effort to change that nations' polices.	15

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Ap Flashcards

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8284652486	Alacrity	Cheerful willingness	0
8284652572	Aplomb	Self confident assurance	1
8284657084	Barrage	An overwhelming outpour of requests	2
8284665086	Cognizant	Fully informed	3
8284673051	Collusion	A secret action to achieve an illegal purpose	4
8284676633	Deleterious	Having a harmful effect	5
8284681484	Hegemony	The predominance of one group over others	6
8284685076	Paradigm	An example of a pattern or model	7
8284689528	Unctuous	Insincerely earnest	8
8284693485	Urbane	Polite, refined, elegant	9

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Flashcards

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AP Voc. 13 Flashcards

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8530305317	la conferencia	lecture	0
8530307344	el cuaderno	notebook	1
8530309492	el curso	course	2
8530311848	dibujar	to draw	3
8530313888	el director	principal	4
8530318117	el ejercicio	exercise	5
8530320239	enseñar	to teach	6
8530321844	aprender	to learn	7
8530325177	la escuela/el colegio	school	8
8530327092	la universidad	college/university	9
8530333996	el examen/la prueba	test	10
8530337671	la goma de borrar	rubber eraser	11
8530339896	el lápiz	pencil	12
8530343536	la lectura	reading	13
8530349731	el libro	book	14
8530352436	la nota/la calificación	grade	15
8530354176	calificar	to grade	16
8530356964	el papel	paper	17
8530361335	la pizarra	chalkboard	18
8530363884	el pupitre	student's desk	19
8530366248	la regla	ruler	20
8530367712	la tarea	homework	21
8530372148	la tinta	ink	22
8530373952	la computadora	computer	23
8530375910	el teclado	keyboard	24
8530377852	la pantalla	screen	25
8530379989	el ratón	mouse	26
8530383197	la computadora portátil/el laptop	laptop	27
8530384814	bajar	to down load	28
8530388560	guardar	to save	29
8530390724	imprimir	to print	30
8530394089	escanear	to scan	31
12144054365	la tiza	chalk	32

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AP-Gases Flashcards

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5243268941	Gas Pressure	the force that a gas exerts on the walls of its container.	0
5243274129	Boyle's Law	If the number of moles of a gas and temperature are held constant, the pressure and volume of an ideal gas have an inverse relationship. PV = k and P1V1 = P2V2 (Units of volume and pressure must be the same, k is a proportionality constant.)	1
5243286444	Charles's Law	If the number of moles of a gas and pressure are held constant, the volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to temperature. V/T = b and V1/T1 = V2/T2 (Temp in Kelvin, b is a proportionality constant.)	2
5243298571	Avogadro's Law	At constant temperature and and pressure, the volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas. V/n = a and V1/n1 = V2/n2 (n is equal to the number of moles, a is a proportionality constant.)	3
5243310845	Universal gas constant	0.08206 (Latm)/(Kmol) The gas constant will change based on the unit of pressure.	4
5243315714	Ideal Gas Law	PV = nRT An equation of state for a gas at a given period of time. This is a limiting law, as it is not always true for all gases.	5
5243319259	Ideal Gas	A gas that follows the ideal gas law. An ideal gas is a hypothetical substance. Real gases behave "ideally" at low pressures (below 1 atm) and high temperatures.	6
5243331976	Molar Volume of an Ideal Gas	22.4L	7
5243335197	STP	Standard Temperature and pressure, 1atm and 0C	8
5243337841	Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure	For a mixture of gases in a container, the total pressure exerted is the sum of the pressure that each gas would exert if it were alone. Total Pressure = P1 + P2 + P3 + ....Pn	9
5243340625	Partial Pressure	The pressure that a particular gas would exert if it were alone in the container.	10
5243345506	Mole Fraction	The ratio of the number of moles of a given component in a mixture to the total number of moles in the mixture.	11
5243350567	Kinetic Molecular Theory	A simple model that attempts to explain the properties of an ideal gas.	12
5243352482	Diffusion	term used to describe the mixing of gases	13
5243355100	Graham's Law of Effusion	(Rate of Effusion for gas 1)/(Rate of effusion for gas 2) = (Square root of the molar mass of gas 2)/(Square root of the molar mass of gas 2)	14
5243360212	Effusion	term used to describe the passage of gas through a tiny orifice into an evacuated chamber.	15
5243364373	Real gas	A gas that does not follow the ideal gas law.	16

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ap biology microevolution Flashcards

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6212211571	evolution	a change in the genetic competition of a population from generation to generation	0
6212211572	use and disuse	how body parts of organisms can develop with increased usage, while unused parts weaken.	1
6212211573	homologous structures	body parts that resemble one another in different species because they are evolved from a common ancestor	2
6212211574	analogous structures	body parts that resemble one another in different species due to similar adaptations in different environments	3
6212211575	molecular biology	examines the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of DNA and proteins from different species	4
6212211576	natural selection	individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits	5
6212211577	adaptation	a trait/feature that becomes common in a population because it offers an advantage	6
6212211578	fitness	an individual's relative ability to survive and leave offspring	7
6212211579	stabilizing selection	eliminates individuals with extreme or unusual traits, and individuals with the most common trait are the best adapted	8
6212211580	directional selection	favors traits that are at one extreme or a range of traits, while traits at the opposite extreme are selected against	9
6212211581	disruptive selection	when the environment favors extreme or unusual traits, while selecting against common traits	10
6212211582	sexual selection	individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates	11
6212211583	intrasexual selection	individuals of one sex competing directly for mates of the opposite sex	12
6212211584	intersexual selection	"mate choice" individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex	13
6212211585	sexual dimorphism	differences in the appearances of males and females	14
6212211586	artificial selection	when humans manipulate a gene pool for desirable traits	15
6212211587	mutations	provide the raw material for new varitation	16
6212211588	sexual reproduction	creates individuals with new combinations of alleles called genetic recombination	17
6212211589	diploidy	the presence of two copies of each chromosome in a cell	18
6212211590	balanced polymorphism	the maintenance of different phenotypes in a population	19
6212211591	heterozygote advantage	when heterozygous individuals have a greater fitness than do both homozygotes	20
6212211592	frequency-dependent selection	when the least common phenotypes have the selective advantage	21
6212211593	neutral variation	differences in DNA sequence that do not offer a selective advantage (ex. human fingerprints)	22
6212211594	natural selection	increase or decrease in allele frequencies due to the impact of the environment	23
6212211595	mutations	introduce new alleles that may provide a selective advantage, though most are deleterious	24
6212211596	gene flow	the introduction or removal of alleles from the population when individuals leave (emigration) or enter (immigration) the population	25
6212211597	genetic drift		26

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AP Psychology Flashcards

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8813579917	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
8813579918	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
8813579919	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
8813579920	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
8813579921	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
8813579922	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
8813579923	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
8813579924	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
8813579925	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
8813579926	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
8813579927	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
8813579928	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
8813579929	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
8813579930	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
8813579931	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
8813579932	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
8813579933	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
8813579934	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
8813579935	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
8813579936	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
8813579937	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
8813579938	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
8813579939	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
8813579940	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
8813579941	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
8813579942	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
8813579943	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
8813579944	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
8813579945	theory	general idea being tested	28
8813579946	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
8813579947	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
8813579948	mode	appears the most	31
8813579949	mean	average	32
8813579950	median	middle	33
8813579951	range	highest - lowest	34
8813579952	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
8813579953	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
8813579954	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
8813579955	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
8813579956	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
8813579957	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
8813579958	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
8813579959	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
8813579960	neuron		43
8813579961	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
8813579962	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
8813579963	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
8813579964	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
8813579965	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
8813579966	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
8813579967	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
8813579968	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
8813579969	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
8813579970	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
8813579971	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
8813579972	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
8813579973	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
8813579974	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
8813579975	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
8813579976	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
8813579977	master gland	pituitary gland	60
8813579978	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
8813579979	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
8813579980	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
8813579981	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
8813579982	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
8813579983	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
8813579984	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
8813579985	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
8813579986	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
8813579987	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
8813579988	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
8813579989	hippocampus	process new memory	72
8813579990	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
8813579991	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
8813579992	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
8813579993	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
8813579994	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
8813579995	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
8813579996	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
8813579997	occipital lobe	vision	80
8813579998	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
8813579999	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
8813580000	Broca's area	speaking words	83
8813580001	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
8813580002	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
8813580003	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
8813580004	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
8813580005	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
8813580006	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
8813580007	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
8813580008	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
8813580009	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
8813580010	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
8813580011	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
8813580012	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
8813580013	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
8813580014	rods	night time	97
8813580015	cones	color	98
8813580016	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
8813580017	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
8813580018	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
8813580019	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
8813580020	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
8813580021	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
8813580022	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
8813580023	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
8813580024	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
8813580025	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
8813580026	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
8813580027	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
8813580028	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
8813580029	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
8813580030	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
8813580031	perception =	mood + motivation	114
8813580032	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
8813580033	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
8813580034	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
8813580035	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
8813580036	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
8813580037	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
8813580038	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
8813580039	insomnia	can't sleep	122
8813580040	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
8813580041	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
8813580042	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
8813580043	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
8813580044	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
8813580045	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
8813580046	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
8813580047	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
8813580048	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
8813580049	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
8813580050	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
8813580051	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
8813580052	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
8813580053	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
8813580054	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
8813580055	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
8813580056	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
8813580057	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
8813580058	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
8813580059	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
8813580060	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
8813580061	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
8813580062	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
8813580063	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
8813580064	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
8813580065	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
8813580066	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
8813580067	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
8813580068	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
8813580069	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
8813580070	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
8813580071	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
8813580072	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
8813580073	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
8813580074	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
8813580075	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
8813580076	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
8813580077	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
8813580078	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
8813580079	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
8813580080	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
8813580081	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
8813580082	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
8813580083	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
8813580084	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
8813580085	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
8813580086	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
8813580087	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
8813580088	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
8813580089	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
8813580090	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
8813580091	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
8813580092	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
8813580093	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
8813580094	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
8813580095	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
8813580096	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
8813580097	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
8813580098	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
8813580099	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
8813580100	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
8813580101	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
8813580102	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
8813580103	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
8813580104	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
8813580105	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
8813580106	encoding	information going in	189
8813580107	storage	keeping information in	190
8813580108	retrieval	taking information out	191
8813580109	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
8813580110	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
8813580111	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
8813580112	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
8813580113	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
8813580114	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
8813580115	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
8813580116	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
8813580117	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
8813580118	implicit memory	naturally do	201
8813580119	explicit memory	need to explain	202
8813580120	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
8813580121	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
8813580122	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
8813580123	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
8813580124	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
8813580125	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
8813580126	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
8813580127	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
8813580128	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
8813580129	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
8813580130	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
8813580131	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
8813580132	priming	association (setting you up)	215
8813580133	context	environment helps with memory	216
8813580134	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
8813580135	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
8813580136	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
8813580137	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
8813580138	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
8813580139	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
8813580140	children can't remember before age __	3	223
8813580141	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
8813580142	prototypes	generalize	225
8813580143	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
8813580144	against problem-solving	fixation	227
8813580145	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
8813580146	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
8813580147	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
8813580148	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
8813580149	grammar is _________	universal	232
8813580150	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
8813580151	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Biology- Immune Response Flashcards

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5968596494	Helper T Cell	Stimulates and activates killer T cells and B cells; interacts with antigens	0
5968596495	Killer T Cell	T cell clone that destroys pathogens either by punching holes in cell membranes or secreting lymphokines.	1
5968596496	Plasma B Cell	Produce antibodies to fight pathogens	2
5968596497	Memory B Cell	B cell clones that remember pathogen allowing for faster response in event of second exposure to same antigen.	3
5968596498	Antigen	Part of a pathogen that activates an immune response	4
5968596499	Antibody	An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response.	5
5968596500	Pathogen	Disease-causing organism or virus; Examples: Viruses - cold, flu; Bacteria - pneumonia; Fungi - yeast; Protists - amoeba	6
5968596501	1st Line of Defense in Immune Response	Nonspecific/innate barriers -Barrier: skin -Traps: mucous membranes, cilia, hair, earwax -Elimination: coughing, sneezing, urination, diarrhea -Unfavorable pH: stomach acid, sweat, saliva, urine -Lysozyme enzymes	7
5968596502	2nd Line of Defense in Immune Response	Nonspecific/innate patrols -Patrolling cells and proteins: attack pathogens, but don't remember them	8
5968596503	3rd Line of Defense in Immune Response	Acquired immunity -Specific defense with memory: lymphocytes (B and T cells) and antibodies (immunoglobulins) -Responds to antigens: cellular name tags (macrophages)	9
5968596504	Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)	Virus infects & destroys helper T cells, so they can't activate rest of immune systems (killer T and B cells)	10
5968596505	Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)	disease caused by HIV infection; allows infection by opportunistic diseases, leads to death (cancers, pneumonia)	11
5968596506	Immune System Malfunctions	Auto-Immune diseases -lupus -rheumatoid arthritis -diabetes -multiple sclerosis Allergies -over-reaction to environmental antigens -allergens: proteins on pollens, dust mites, in animal saliva -stimulates release of histamine	12
5968610886	Macrophage	Amoeboid cells that roam connective tissue and engulf foreign particles and debris of dead cells.	13
5968688893	Humoral Immunity	specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids	14
5968693689	Cell-Mediated Immunity	type of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells	15
5969413288	Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)	a group of "self-antigens" located in the plasma membranes of body cells that are unique for each person	16
5969755828	Cytokine	substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, that are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells	17