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AP Words Flashcards

8724813244	Mongolian Empire	Largest empire in world history	0
8724814531	Khans	Leaders of the Mongol Empire	1
8724858143	Aztecs	Advanced Civilization in modern day Mexico that fell to the Conquistadors	2
8724863094	Conquistadors	Spanish and Portuguese soldiers who invaded the new world (The Americas)	3
8724904985	Small Pox	The disease brought from Europe that devestated indigenous communities in the Americas	4
8724913277	Deforestation	One cause of the fall of the Maya Civilization	5
8724919624	Astronomy	Highly advanced knowledge of the Mayan Empire	6
8724952298	Shamanism	Belief in good and evil spirits that can be heard by priests. Polytheistic beliefs of the Mongols.	7
8724962349	Religious Tolerance	Practiced by Mongols when they conquered new regions.	8
8725003255	The Yuan Dynasty	The only dynasty in China where foreigners ruled. China was taken over by the Mongols for one dynasty.	9
8725016686	Nomadic	Moving from place to place	10
8747841765	Disease Immunity	Indigenous Americans lacked this which made them suseptible to European illnesses	11
9013305460	Columbian Exchange	A period of cultural, economic, and biological exchanges between the "New World" and "Old World"	12
9013318395	Encomienda System	The legal system which required Indigenous Americans to work for the Spanish.	13
9013337032	Mita System	Mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire, where citizens helped to build roads and important infrastructure.	14
9013365074	Pre-Columbian	The Americas before the arrival of Europeans (Columbus).	15
9013370999	Forced Conversion	When Europeans forced Indigenous people and enslaved Africans to convert to Christianity.	16
9013380251	European Pack Animals	Used to carry supplies over long distances (Camels, Horses, Mules)	17
9013404312	African Diaspora	The spreading of African people and culture around the world. This included the forced removal of people from West Africa due to the African Slave Trade.	18
9013439377	Pax Mongolica	The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire due to safe trade routes.	19
9013452871	Inca Road System	20,000 mile road created by the Inca Empire, which allowed for trade down the entire continent.	20
9013485600	Casta System	17th and 18th century Spanish and Portugal system of class based on race which included over 16 different racial categories.	21
9013492457	Syncretism	A blend of two or more cultures or cultural traditions. Often a form of resistance to a dominant culture.	22
9013518010	Latin America	Spanish or Portuguese-speaking nations south of the U.S.	23
9013530279	New World Cash Crops	A crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower. Examples: Tobacco, Sugarcane, and Coffee.	24
9013551738	Potosi	Largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia. Made Spain wildly wealthy. Allowed Spain to trade with China. Brutally exploited millions of indigenous people to obtain silver.	25
9013596099	Floating Gardens	An agricultural invention of the Aztecs which enabled the society to support cities of millions of people.	26

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AP Macroeconomics and AP Microeconomics, Chapter 4 Flashcards

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7275770574	market	A group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service	0
7275773236	competitive market	a market in which there are many buyers and sellers of the same good or service	1
7275776760	quantity demanded	amount of the good that buyers are willing and able to purchase	2
7275780495	law of demand	consumers buy more of a good when its price decreases and less when its price increases	3
7275789241	demand curve	A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.	4
7275793720	normal good	a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand	5
7367826972	inferior good	a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand	6
7275795762	substitutes	goods used in place of each other; an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other	7
7275805712	complements	two goods that are bought and used together; an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other	8
7275814609	quantity supplied	the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell	9
7275816253	law of supply	producers offer more of a good as its price increases and less as its price falls	10
7275820602	supply curve	a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied	11
7275822875	equilibrium	The point at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal	12
7275826243	surplus	A situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded	13
7275830138	shortage	A situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied	14
7275832500	law of supply and demand	the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance	15

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APES - Chapter 9 Flashcards

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5527952246	Aquifers	Permeable layers of rock and sediment that contain groundwater in many small spaces.	0
5527952247	Unconfined Aquifer	Water can flow easily in and out of the aquifer. Porous rock covered by soil	1
5527952248	Confined Aquifer	Aquifers covered by an impermeable and confining layer impeding water flow in or out.	2
5527952249	Water Table	Uppermost aquifer layer where water fully saturates the rock or soil.	3
5527952250	Groundwater Recharge	Water from precipitation percolates through soil and into aquifer. If confined, can't recharge.	4
5527952251	Springs	Water from some aquifers naturally comes up, natural source of freshwater	5
5527952252	Artesian Wells	Drilled hole in a confined aquifer releases pressure and pushes water up.	6
5527952253	Cone of Depression	Area where there's no longer any groundwater, caused by well overuse, eventually will go dry.	7
5527952254	Saltwater intrusion	Lessened pressure from over-pumping so salt water infiltrates and makes well water salty.	8
5527952255	Floodplain	Land adjacent to river where excess water spreads onto.	9
5527952256	Oligotrophic	Lakes with low productivity because of little nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen.	10
5527952257	Mesotrophic	Lakes with moderate levels of productivity	11
5527952258	Eutrophic	Lakes with high levels of productivity	12
5527952259	Impermeable Surfaces	Pavement, buildings, etc. Doesn't allow water penetration, water then runs into sewers and streams. Excess water causes floods.	13
5527952260	Levee	Enlarged bank on each side of river to prevent flooding	14
5527952261	Dikes	Similar to levees but to prevent ocean waters from flooding coasts that are under sea level.	15
5527952262	Dam	Barrier that runs across a river/stream to control water flow	16
5527952263	Reservoir	Large body of water stored behind a dam. Held for consumption, generating electricity, flood control, or recreation.	17
5527952264	Fish Ladders	Sets of stairs with water flowing over them to have fish migrate despite dams.	18
5527952265	Aqueducts	Canals or ditches used to carry water between locations. Transports water to dry areas.	19
5527952266	Desalination	Removes salt from salt water to make fresh water.	20
5527952267	Distillation	Desalination method. Seawater flows in, heated to create steam, cool seawater in condensing coil causes steam to condense. Brine and fresh water then flows out.	21
5527952268	Reverse Osmosis	Desalination method. Seawater flows in, pressure applied, water goes through semipermeable membrane, salt can't. Water and brine flows out.	22
5527952269	Hydroponic Agriculture	Cultivation under greenhouse conditions with roots in nutrient rich solution, and not soil.	23

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AP World History Final Flashcards

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3548937686	Janapadas	Small kingdoms	0
3548942567	Gandahar	Modern state of pakistan	1
3548946620	Sind	Southern pakistan	2
3548946621	Punjab	Within the rain shadow and Harappan society. Had terrace farming.	3
3548946622	Deccan Plateu	Southern India / Peninsula	4
3548955360	Magadha	Most important North East state	5
3548955361	Lanka	Modern day Sri Lanka	6
3548964343	Vanga	Delta of Ganges River	7
3548964344	Persian Occupation		8
3548968242	Nanda Dynasty	Dynasty that faced off Alexander the Great	9
3548968243	Taxila	Chief political and commercial center	10
3548970804	Alexander the Great	Crushed states across the indus and promoted interaction	11
3548970805	Siddhartha Guatama	Buddha (hundreds of past buddhas) miracle->birth->devitional. Going beyond body	12
3548974372	Bodhi-Gaya	where buddha received enlightenment (under a tree) it's a holy place	13
3548978044	"The Four Noble Truths"	Desire, renounce attachment, opens you up to all things, follow the 8 fold path	14
3548978045	"The Eight Fold Path"	Right view, Right Intention,Right Speech, Right action, Right livelihood, Right effort, Right mindfulness, and Right concentration	15
3548981011	Chandragupta Maurya	Laid the foundation for the Mauryan empire (the first state to bring centralized and unified government. Brought northwestern India under his control.	16
3548990353	Kautilya	minister of Chandragupta Maurya, advisor, wrote the handbook "arthasastra"	17
3548990354	Artha-sastra	code of law with government	18
3548992591	Law of the Fishes	big fish eats little fish	19
3548992592	Maha-janapadas		20
3548995400	Asoka	promoted buddhism, born in magadha. Missionary, responsable for universalizing buddhism	21
3548995401	Kalinga	Kingdom independant from the Mauryan empire wihile Ashoka was ruler	22
3548999254	Lion Pillars	Basically a "how to" for buddhism and teachings	23
3548999255	Rock Edicts	hammurabi rules	24
3549001875	Mahavira	A great Jainism teacher "the great hero"	25
3549004293	Jainism	A lot of inspiration from the Upanishads, too difficult to practice, but it didn't have tight social classes	26
3549004294	Ahimsa	non violence to other living things or souls	27
3549007793	Stupas		28
3549007794	Milinda	Greek ruler, converted to Buddhism	29
3549017830	Kushans	Nomadic conquerors that attacked Bactria	30
3549017831	Kanishka	Ruler of the kushans	31
3549023366	Bhagavad Gita	"song of the lord" expectations that Hinduism made of individuals and the promise of salvation	32
3549027874	Yoga		33
3549033040	Knowledge, action, devotion		34
3549033041	Arjun	Hero of Mahabarata	35
3549033042	Mahabarata	The story of Arjun and Krishna that God can be embodied. The body can be anything	36
3549035834	Ramayana	Guide for men and women to live a Hindu existence	37
3549035836	Sita		38
3549040816	Hanuman	Money king, assisting an avatar	39
3549042955	Danda Niti	the enemy of my enemy is my friend, exposed the law of fishes	40
3549045064	Big Stick Policy	speak softly and carry a big stick	41
3549045065	Sasanian Empire		42
3549047387	Kalidasa	poet	43
3549050648	Salutation to the dawn	written by kalidasa	44
3549050649	seasonal poems	written by kalidasa	45
3549053050	Panini	Created sanskrit grammar and established the sanskrit language	46
3549055769	Pentangeli	put together all the important yogas	47
3549055770	Meghaduta	written by Pentangeli?	48
3549060957	Yoga Suttras	written by Pentangeli?	49
3549064068	Hunas (White huns)	Brought dynasties to a conclusion	50
3549067508	Xuangzang/Faxian	Travelers searching for knowledge in India	51
3549070302	Bodhisattva	people who seek enlightenment	52
3549075527	Arab Conquests (sind)		53
3549075528	Angor Wat	One of the great Hindu architecture sites. National treasure.	54
3549078135	Puranas	Folk tales of dravidians	55
3549078136	Hindu Pantheon		56
3549081284	Brahmin	The universal soul, all is Brahmin. Upanishads taught that appearances are deceiving and that individual human beings in fact are not separate creatures.	57
3549081285	Ganesh	The headed god, bringer of good luck	58
3549081286	Kali	Shiva's force consort, the goddess of death is shown as fearsome, blood-drinking, four armed black woman	59
3549083968	Rama	The personification of virtue, reason, and chivalry with his consort Sita, revered for her loyalty	60
3549083969	Krisna	The eighth incarnation of vishnu, depicted with blue or black skin. Honored for his skills as a leaver and a warrior. His consort was Radha	61
3549086368	Ravana	Demon king	62
3549086369	Shiva	God of destruction, symbolizes the eternal cycle of creation and destruction	63
3549086370	Vishnu	The preserver, the kindly god who protects those who worship him. Banishes bad luck and restores good luck.	64
3549088855	Lakshmi	The goddess of wealth (a consort to Vishnu)	65
3549089824	Saraswati	The goddess of wisdom (another consort to Vishnu)	66

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AP Psychology: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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6394315064	sensation	the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment	0
6394315065	perception	the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events	1
6394315066	bottom up processing	analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information	2
6394315067	top down processing	information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations	3
6394315068	psychophysics	the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them it can concern how sensitive we are to changing stimulation	4
6394315069	absolute threshold	the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time; illustrated by our awareness of faint stimuli such as seeing a candle flame atop another mountain 30 miles away or smelling a single drop of perfume in a three-room apartment	5
6394315070	signal detection theory	a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus ("signal") amid background stimulation ("noise"); assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue	6
6394315071	subliminal	below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness	7
6394315072	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response	8
6394315073	difference threshold	the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time; we experience this as a just noticeable difference	9
6394315074	Weber's law	the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) For example, you are more likely to notice the cost of a cheeseburger going from $5 to $6 rather than the price of a car going from $20,000 to $20,001 because the cost of the cheeseburger has a lower difference threshold.	10
6394315075	sensory adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation Ex. Enter an unfamiliar room and it smells weird. Spend five minutes in there and you won't be able to smell anything weird. Ex. Enter a cold pool. Five minutes later you're "used to" the water.	11
6394315076	transduction	conversion of one form of energy into another; in sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret	12
6394315077	wavelength	the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next; electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission	13
6394315078	hue	the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, etc.	14
6394315079	intensity	the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude	15
6394315080	pupil	the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters	16
6394315081	iris	a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening	17
6394315082	lens	the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina	18
6394315083	accommodation	the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina	19
6394315084	retina	the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information	20
6394315085	acuity	the sharpness of vision	21
6394315086	nearsightedness	a condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina	22
6394315087	farsightedness	a condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina	23
6394315088	rods	retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond -helps with seeing in the dark -120 million of them in the eye -location in retina: periphery -not color sensitive -not detail sensitive	24
6394315089	cones	retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions; the cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations -fovea contains only these -helps with seeing in light -6 million of them in the eye -location in retina: center -color sensitive -detail sensitive	25
6394315090	optic nerve	the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain	26
6394315091	blind spot	the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there	27
6394315092	fovea	the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster	28
6394315093	feature detectors	nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement	29
6394315094	parallel processing	the processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions including vision; contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving	30
6394315095	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-- which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color	31
6394315096	opponent process theory	the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision; for example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red (and vice versa)	32
6394315097	color constancy	perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object	33
6394315098	audition	the sense or act of hearing	34
6394315099	frequency	the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second)	35
6394315100	pitch	a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency	36
6394315101	decibel	the measuring unit for sound energy	37
6394315102	outer ear	the visible part of the ear that channels the sound waves through the auditory canal to the eardrum	38
6394315103	eardrum	a tight membrane in the inner ear that vibrates with the sound waves	39
6394315104	middle ear	the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window	40
6394315105	cochlea	a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses	41
6394315106	inner ear	the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs	42
6394315107	basilar membrane	a structure separating two liquid-filled tubes that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells	43
6394315108	hair cells	the hairlike sensory receptors for sound, which are embedded in the basilar membrane of the cochlea damage to these accounts for most hearing loss	44
6394315109	place theory	in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated presumes that we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea's basilar membrane	45
6394315110	frequency theory	in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch	46
6394315111	volley principle	the principle that groups of neural cells respond to a sound by firkin slightly out of sync; by firing in rapid succession, they can achieve a combined frequency above 1000 times per second	47
6394315112	conduction hearing loss	hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea If the eardrum is punctured of if the tiny bones of the middle ear lose their ability to vibrate, the ear's ability to conduct vibrations diminishes.	48
6394315113	sensorineural hearing loss	hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness causes include: disease, heredity, aging, prolonged exposure, to ear-splitting noise or music	49
6394315114	cochlear implant	a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea	50
6394315115	gate control theory	the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain; the gate is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve gibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain	51
6394315116	sensory interaction	the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste	52
6394315117	kinesthesis	the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts	53
6394315118	vestibular sense	the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance	54
6394315119	selective attention		55
6394315120	cocktail party effect		56
6394315121	inattentional blindness		57
6394315122	pop out phenomenon		58
6394315123	visual capture		59
6394315124	Gestalt		60
6394315125	figure ground		61
6394315126	grouping		62
6394315127	depth perception		63
6394315128	visual cliff		64
6394315129	binocular cues		65
6394315130	retinal disparity		66
6394315131	convergence		67
6394315132	monocular cues		68
6394315133	Phi phenomenon		69
6394315134	perceptual constancy		70
6394315135	shape constancy		71
6394315136	size constancy		72
6394315137	lightness constancy		73
6394315138	relative luminance		74
6394315139	perceptual adaptation		75
6394315140	perceptual set		76
6394315141	human factors psychology		77
6394315142	extrasensory perception		78
6394315143	parapsychology		79

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AP Flashcards

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9272933122	compact camera	point and shoot camera	0
9272942213	power button	used to turn on and off a camera	1
9285506231	photo essay	collection of pictures arranged in specific order to tell progression of events,emotions and concepts	2
9285516774	pattern	repeating an element	3
9285520699	balance	arranging elements	4
9285524109	emphasis	principle of art	5
9285533411	intaglio printing	printing from stone	6
9285537160	silkscreen printing	uses stencil	7
9285543754	intaglio printing	the image is incised into a surface	8
9285545383	print making	transferring an image from a source into another material	9
9285548651	contrast	using complementary colors	10

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9655146941	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9655146942	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9655146943	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9655146944	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9655146945	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9655146946	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9655146947	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9655146948	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9655146949	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9655146950	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9655146951	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9655146952	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9655146953	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9655146954	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9655146955	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9655146956	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9655146957	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9655146958	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9655146959	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9655146960	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9655146961	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9655146962	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9655146963	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9655146964	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9655146965	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9655146966	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9655146967	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9655146968	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9655146969	theory	general idea being tested	28
9655146970	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9655146971	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9655146972	mode	appears the most	31
9655146973	mean	average	32
9655146974	median	middle	33
9655146975	range	highest - lowest	34
9655146976	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9655146977	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9655146978	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9655146979	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9655146980	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9655146981	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9655146982	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9655146983	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9655147176	neuron		43
9655146984	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9655146985	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9655146986	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9655146987	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9655146988	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9655146989	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9655146990	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9655146991	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9655146992	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9655146993	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9655146994	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9655146995	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9655146996	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9655146997	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9655146998	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9655146999	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9655147000	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9655147001	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9655147002	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9655147003	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9655147004	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9655147005	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9655147006	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9655147007	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9655147008	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9655147009	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9655147010	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9655147011	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9655147012	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9655147013	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9655147014	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9655147015	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9655147016	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9655147017	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9655147018	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9655147019	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9655147020	occipital lobe	vision	80
9655147021	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9655147022	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9655147023	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9655147024	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9655147025	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9655147026	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9655147027	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9655147028	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9655147029	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9655147030	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9655147031	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9655147032	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9655147033	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9655147034	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9655147035	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9655147036	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9655147037	rods	night time	97
9655147038	cones	color	98
9655147039	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9655147040	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9655147041	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9655147042	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9655147043	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9655147044	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9655147045	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9655147046	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9655147047	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9655147048	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9655147049	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9655147050	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9655147051	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9655147052	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9655147053	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9655147054	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9655147055	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9655147056	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9655147057	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9655147058	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9655147059	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9655147060	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9655147061	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9655147062	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9655147063	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9655147064	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9655147065	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9655147066	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9655147067	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9655147068	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9655147069	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9655147070	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9655147071	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9655147072	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9655147073	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9655147074	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9655147075	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9655147076	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9655147077	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9655147078	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9655147079	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9655147080	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9655147081	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9655147082	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9655147083	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9655147084	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9655147085	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9655147086	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9655147087	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9655147088	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9655147089	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9655147090	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9655147091	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9655147092	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9655147093	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9655147094	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9655147095	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9655147096	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9655147097	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9655147098	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9655147099	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9655147100	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9655147101	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9655147102	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9655147103	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9655147104	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9655147105	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9655147106	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9655147107	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9655147108	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9655147109	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9655147110	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9655147111	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9655147112	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9655147113	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9655147114	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9655147115	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9655147116	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9655147117	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9655147118	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9655147119	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9655147120	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9655147121	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9655147122	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9655147123	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9655147124	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9655147125	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9655147126	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9655147127	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9655147128	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9655147129	encoding	information going in	189
9655147130	storage	keeping information in	190
9655147131	retrieval	taking information out	191
9655147132	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9655147133	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9655147134	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9655147135	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9655147136	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9655147137	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9655147138	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9655147139	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9655147140	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9655147141	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9655147142	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9655147143	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9655147144	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9655147145	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9655147146	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9655147147	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9655147148	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9655147149	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9655147150	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9655147151	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9655147152	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9655147153	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9655147154	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9655147155	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9655147156	context	environment helps with memory	216
9655147157	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9655147158	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9655147159	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9655147160	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9655147161	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9655147162	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9655147163	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9655147164	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9655147165	prototypes	generalize	225
9655147166	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9655147167	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9655147168	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9655147169	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9655147170	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9655147171	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9655147172	grammar is _________	universal	232
9655147173	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9655147174	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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