AP Psychology-Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
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| 5777172627 | sources of motivation | biological factors, emotional factors, cognitive factors, social factors | 0 | |
| 5777172628 | motivation | need or desire that energizes a behavior and directs it towards a goal | 1 | |
| 5777172629 | Instinct Theory | complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned, this theory on motivation states certain genes of species predispose them toward certain behaviors, like birds flying south. This theory doesn't apply to humans | 2 | |
| 5777172630 | drive-reduction theory | idea that physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce a need | 3 | |
| 5777172631 | arousal theory | The theory stating that we are motivated by our innate desire to maintain an optimal level of arousal | 4 | |
| 5777172632 | incentive theory | positive or negative stimuli that lure or repel us, A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli. | 5 | |
| 5777172633 | homeostasis | tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; regulation of any aspect of body chemistry | 6 | |
| 5777172634 | hierarchy of needs | once lower needs are met we are prompted to satisfy higher needs; physiological, safety, love, esteem, self actualization |  | 7 |
| 5777172635 | Maslow | Humanist psychologist who developed a pyramid representing heirarchy of human needs. | 8 | |
| 5777172636 | glucose | the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger | 9 | |
| 5777172637 | leptin | hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used | 10 | |
| 5777172638 | Peptide YY (PYY) | digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain | 11 | |
| 5777172639 | ghrelin | a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach | 12 | |
| 5777172640 | orexin | hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus | 13 | |
| 5777172641 | insulin | Hormone produced by the pancreas that is released when stimulated by elevated glucose levels. This hormone decreases blood sugar levels by accelerating the transport of glucose into the body cells where it is oxidized for energy or converted to glycogen or fat for storage. | 14 | |
| 5777172642 | set point | the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. | 15 | |
| 5777172643 | basal metabolic rate | the body's resting rate of energy expenditure | 16 | |
| 5777172644 | hypothalamus | a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion | 17 | |
| 5777172645 | lateral hypothalamus | The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals | 18 | |
| 5777172646 | ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus | part of the hypothalamus involved in suppressing hunger | 19 | |
| 5777172647 | anorexia nervosa | an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve | 20 | |
| 5777172648 | bulimia nervosa | an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise | 21 | |
| 5777172649 | sexual response cycle | the four stages of sexual responding described by Matsters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution | 22 | |
| 5777172650 | self-eficacy | The degree to which a person is convinced of his or her ability to effectively meet the demands of a particular situation. | 23 | |
| 5777172651 | masters and johnson | among the first to use laboratory experimentation and observation to study the sexual response cycle (1950s-60s); levels include excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution | 24 | |
| 5777172652 | refractory period | a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm | 25 | |
| 5777172653 | levay | Gay scientist that discovered that part of hypothalamus is larger in straight men than in gay men and women | 26 | |
| 5777172654 | sexual disorder | a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning | 27 | |
| 5777172655 | estrogen | a general term for female steroid sex hormones that are secreted by the ovary and responsible for typical female sexual characteristics | 28 | |
| 5777172656 | testosterone | the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty | 29 | |
| 5777172657 | sexual orientation | an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex or the other sex | 30 | |
| 5777172658 | self actualization | Defined by Maslow as a person's "full-use and exploration of talents, capacities and potentialities." | 31 | |
| 5777172659 | gender | in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female | 32 | |
| 5777172660 | achievement motivation | a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard | 33 | |
| 5777172661 | need to belong | a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions | 34 | |
| 5777172662 | Facial Feedback Theory | The view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion. | 35 | |
| 5777172663 | Yerkes-Dodson Law | evidences arousal theory; the more complex a task, the lower level of arousal that can be tolerated without interference before the performance deteriorates; ex. used in class-driving to school, driving angry, finding a new location, boiling an egg | 36 | |
| 5777172664 | James-Lange theory | the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. | 37 | |
| 5777172665 | Cannon-Bard theory | the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers 1)physiological responses and 2) the subjective experience of emotion.` | 38 | |
| 5777172666 | two-factor theory | Schachter-Singer's theory that to experience emotion one must 1) be physically aroused 2) cognitively label the arousal. | 39 | |
| 5777172667 | universal emotions | Ekman's Neurocultural theory of emotion: there is a distinctive facial expression associated with each basic feeling state. this is culturally universal (Happiness, Disgust, Anger, Fear, Surprise, Sadness, Contempt ) | 40 | |
| 5777172668 | defining emotions | Emotions are subjective experiences involving physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and changes in cognition | 41 | |
| 5777172669 | amygdala | an almond-shaped neural structure in the anterior part of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum, limbic system component associated with emotion, particularly fear and anger | 42 | |
| 5777172670 | hemispheric contributions | left- linked to more positive moods, more cheerful, higher level of dopamine right- tend to have negative personalities and are prone to depression | 43 | |
| 5777172671 | facial expressions | The most universally understood way of expressing emotion is through | 44 | |
| 5777172672 | autonomic nervous system | in an emotional activation, the autonomic nervous system causes adrenal glands to release epinephrine and non-epinephrine. This causes blood sugar to increase, increases heart rate, muscles become tense, liver pours extra sugar into blood stream, breathing rate increases, digestion slows, pupils dilate, blood clots more rapidly, skin perspires | 45 | |
| 5777172673 | Communicating emotions | facial expressions are the same across cultures, gestures are not - individualistic cultures- intense and prolonged emotions - collectivist cultures, hide their emotions -Women are better at detecting emotion, have higher emotional literacy, better at conveying happinessMen are better at conveying anger. | 46 | |
| 5777172674 | intrinsic motivation | A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake | 47 | |
| 5777172675 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment | 48 | |
| 5777172676 | industrial organizational psychology | the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces | 49 | |
| 5777172677 | theory x | assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money and, thus, should be directed from above. | 50 | |
| 5777172678 | theory y | assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity. | 51 | |
| 5777172679 | Task leadership | Task leaders generally have a directive style, goal oriented, keep group focuses on mission. | 52 | |
| 5777212288 | Social leadership | Social have democratic style, delegates authority, prevent group think, members more satisfied. | 53 | |
| 5777172680 | sex roles | Societal expectations for men and women among members of a cultural group | 54 | |
| 5777172681 | sexual identity | our awareness of ourselves as male or female and the ways in which we express our sexual values, attitudes, feelings, and beliefs | 55 | |
| 5777172682 | obesity | weighing twenty percent or more above desirable weight for height; in an adult, obesity is defined as a body mass index of 30 or more | 56 | |
| 5777172683 | motivations of hunger | personal factors, social factors, cultural factors | 57 | |
| 5777172684 | Social and Cultural factors in sexuality | sex is viewed differently depending on the generation and culture; teen pregnancy in the US ignorance, guilt reaction, sex education, alcohol use, mass media of unprotected promiscuity | 58 | |
| 5777202581 | Human Sexual Response Cycle | - Excitement - Plateau - Orgasm - Resolution | 59 | |
| 5777203682 | Refractory Period occurs in ... | Men | 60 |
