APES Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 4731047027 | Affluenza | Is a term used to describe the unattainable addiction to overconsumption and materialism of many other developed countries and the rising middle class and country such as China and India | 0 | |
| 4731047028 | Aldo Leopold | Stated that the role of human species should be to protect nature, not conquer. Through writing became one of the founders of the leaders of conversation and environmental movement of the 20th century. In doing this he layed important groundwork for the field of environmental ethics | 1 | |
| 4731047029 | Anthropogenic | Human activity | 2 | |
| 4731047030 | Biodiversity | Variety of life forms in the places or habitats where they live | 3 | |
| 4731047031 | Common property | Property open to the public such as a public park or a shopping mall | 4 | |
| 4731047032 | Developed countries | With 1.2 billion people they include the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and most European countries. | 5 | |
| 4731047033 | Developing country | Most of them in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Some are middle income, moderately developed countries such as China, India, Brazil, and Mexico and others are low income countries. | 6 | |
| 4731047034 | Early conservation era | (1832-1870), during which the people became alarmed at the scope of resource depletion and degration in the United States. They urged that part of the unspoiled wilderness on public lands owned by jointly by all people be protected as a legal legality to future generations. | 7 | |
| 4731047035 | Ecological footprint | Is the amount of biologically productive land and water needs to supply an area with resources and to absorb the waste and pollution produced by such resources use. | 8 | |
| 4731047036 | Ecology | A biological science that studies the relationships between living organisms and their environment. | 9 | |
| 4731047037 | Economic development | Is the improvement of human living standards by economic growth. | 10 | |
| 4731047038 | Economic growth | Is an increase in the capacity of a country to provide people with goods and services. | 11 | |
| 4731047039 | Environment | Is the sum total of all living and nonliving things that affect any living organism. | 12 | |
| 4731047040 | Environmental degradation | When we exceed a resource is natural replacement rate, the available supply begins to shrink. | 13 | |
| 4731047041 | Free access resources | individuals do not own these resources, and they are available to users at little or no charge. Examples include clean air, the open ocean and it's fish, migratory birds, and gases of the lower atmosphere | 14 | |
| 4731047042 | Globalization | Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. | 15 | |
| 4731064060 | Natural capital | The natural resources in the natural services that keep us another species alive and support our economies. | 16 | |
| 4731064061 | Rule of 70 | The rule of 70 states that in order to estimate the number of years for a variable to double, take the number 70 and divide it by the growth rate of the variable. | 17 | |
| 4731047044 | Sustainability | Or durability, is the ability of earths various systems, including human cultural systems and economies, to survive in adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely. | 18 | |
| 4731047045 | Sustainable yield | The highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply. | 19 | |
| 4731047046 | Tragedy of commons | In 1968, biologist Garrett Hardin called the degration of renewable free access resources the ___________ | 20 | |
| 4731064062 | Nonpoint sources | Sources of pollutants are larger, disbursed, and often difficult to identify. | 21 | |
| 4731064063 | Nonrenewable resources | Exists in a fixed quantity or stock in the earths crust | 22 | |
| 4731064064 | Per capita | for each person; in relation to people taken individually. | 23 | |
| 4731064065 | Perpetual resources | on a human time scale it is renewed continuously | 24 | |
| 4731064066 | Point sources | Pollutants are single identifiable sources | 25 | |
| 4731064067 | Renewable resources | Can be replenished fairly rapidly through natural processes as long as it is not used up faster than it is replaced. | 26 | |
| 4731064068 | Resource | Is anything obtain from the environment to meet our needs and wants. | 27 |
AP English Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9221951000 | alliteration | The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables | 0 | |
| 9221951001 | allusion | An indirect reference, often to another text or a historic event | 1 | |
| 9221951002 | analogy | An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things | 2 | |
| 9221951003 | anaphora | The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses | 3 | |
| 9221951004 | ancedote | A short account of an interesting event | 4 | |
| 9221951005 | annotation | Explanatory or critical notes added to the text | 5 | |
| 9221951006 | antecedent | The noun to which a later pronoun refers | 6 | |
| 9221951007 | antimetabole | The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast | 7 | |
| 9221951008 | antithesis | Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas | 8 | |
| 9221951009 | aphorism | A short, astute statement of a general truth | 9 | |
| 9221951010 | appositive | A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun | 10 | |
| 9221951011 | archaic diction | The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language | 11 | |
| 9221951012 | argument | A statement put forth and supported by evidence | 12 | |
| 9221951013 | Aristotelian triangle | A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle) |  | 13 |
| 9221951014 | assertion | An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes argument | 14 | |
| 9221951015 | assumption | A belief or statement taken for granted without proof | 15 | |
| 9221951016 | asyndeton | Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses | 16 | |
| 9221951017 | attitude | The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone | 17 | |
| 9221951018 | audience | One's listener or readership' those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed | 18 | |
| 9221951019 | authority | A reliable, respected source - someone with knowledge | 19 | |
| 9221951020 | bias | Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue | 20 | |
| 9221951021 | cite | Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source | 21 | |
| 9221951022 | claim | An assertion, usually supported by evidence | 22 | |
| 9221951023 | close reading | A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text | 23 | |
| 9221951024 | colloquial/ism | An informal or conversational use of language | 24 | |
| 9221951025 | common ground | Shared beliefs, values, or positions | 25 | |
| 9221951026 | complex sentence | A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause | 26 | |
| 9221951027 | concession | A reluctant acknowledgement or yielding | 27 | |
| 9221951028 | connotation | That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation) | 28 | |
| 9221951029 | context | Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning | 29 | |
| 9221951030 | coordination | Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but | 30 | |
| 9221951031 | counterargument | A challenge to a position; an opposing argument | 31 | |
| 9221951032 | credible | Worthy of belief; trustworthy | 32 | |
| 9221951033 | cumulative sentence | An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail | 33 | |
| 9221951034 | declarative sentence | A sentence that makes a statement | 34 | |
| 9221951035 | deduction | Reasoning from general to specific | 35 | |
| 9221951036 | denotation | The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition | 36 | |
| 9221951037 | dialectal journal | A double-column journal in which one writes a quotation in one column and reflections on that quotation in the other column | 37 | |
| 9221951038 | diction | Word choice | 38 | |
| 9221951039 | documentation | Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing | 39 | |
| 9221951040 | elegiac | Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone | 40 | |
| 9221951041 | epigram | A brief witty statement | 41 | |
| 9221951042 | ethos | A Greek term referring to the character of a person on of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos) | 42 | |
| 9221951043 | explication of text | Explanation of a text's meaning through an analysis of all of its constituent parts, including the literary devices used; also called close reading | 43 | |
| 9221951044 | facts | Information that is true or demonstrable | 44 | |
| 9221951045 | figurative language | The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect | 45 | |
| 9221951046 | figure of speech | An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning | 46 | |
| 9221951047 | fragment | A word, phrase, or clause that does not form a full sentence | 47 | |
| 9221951048 | hortatory | Urging, or strongly encouraging | 48 | |
| 9221951049 | hyperbole | Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis | 49 | |
| 9221951050 | imagery | Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing) | 50 | |
| 9221951051 | imperative sentences | A sentence that requests or commands | 51 | |
| 9221951052 | induction | Reasoning from specific to general | 52 | |
| 9221951053 | inversion | A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject | 53 | |
| 9221951054 | irony | A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result | 54 | |
| 9221951055 | juxtaposition | Placement of two things side by side for emphasis | 55 | |
| 9221951056 | logos | A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos) | 56 | |
| 9221951057 | metaphor | A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison | 57 | |
| 9221951058 | metonymy | Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole | 58 | |
| 9221951059 | modifier | A word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause | 59 | |
| 9221951060 | narration | Retelling an event or series of events | 60 | |
| 9221951061 | nominalization | Turning a verb or adjective into a noun | 61 | |
| 9221951062 | occasion | An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing | 62 | |
| 9221951063 | omniscient narrator | An all-knowing, usually third-person narrator | 63 | |
| 9221951064 | oxymoron | A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms | 64 | |
| 9221951065 | pacing | The relative speed or slowness with which a story is told or an idea is presented | 65 | |
| 9221951066 | paradox | A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true | 66 | |
| 9221951067 | parallelism | The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns | 67 | |
| 9221951068 | parody | A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridcule | 68 | |
| 9221951069 | pathos | A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos) | 69 | |
| 9221951070 | periodic sentence | A sentence that builds toward and ends with the main clause | 70 | |
| 9221951071 | persona | The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing | 71 | |
| 9221951072 | personification | Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects | 72 | |
| 9221951073 | polemic | An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion | 73 | |
| 9221951074 | polysyndeton | The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions | 74 | |
| 9221951075 | premise; major, minor | Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded Minor premise: All horses are mammals Conclusion: All horses are warm blooded (see syllogism) | 75 | |
| 9221951076 | pronoun | A word used to replace a noun or noun phrase | 76 | |
| 9221951077 | propaganda | A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information | 77 | |
| 9221951078 | purpose | One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing | 78 | |
| 9221951079 | refute | To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument | 79 | |
| 9221951080 | rhetoric | The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion" | 80 | |
| 9221951081 | rhetorical modes | Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation | 81 | |
| 9221951082 | rhetorical question | A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer | 82 | |
| 9221951083 | rhetorical triangle | A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle) |  | 83 |
| 9221951084 | satire | An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it | 84 | |
| 9221951085 | scheme | A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect | 85 | |
| 9221951086 | sentence patterns | The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions -- such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex | 86 | |
| 9221951087 | sentence variety | Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect | 87 | |
| 9221951088 | simile | A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things | 88 | |
| 9221951089 | simple sentence | A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause | 89 | |
| 9221951090 | source | A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information | 90 | |
| 9221951091 | speaker | A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing | 91 | |
| 9221951092 | straw man | A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position | 92 | |
| 9221951093 | style | The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech | 93 | |
| 9221951094 | subject | In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing | 94 | |
| 9221951095 | subordinate clause | Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause | 95 | |
| 9221951096 | subordination | The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence | 96 | |
| 9221951097 | syllogism | A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor) | 97 | |
| 9221951098 | syntax | Sentence structure | 98 | |
| 9221951099 | synthesize | Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex | 99 | |
| 9221951100 | thesis | The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer | 100 | |
| 9221951101 | thesis statement | A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit | 101 | |
| 9221951102 | tone | The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience | 102 | |
| 9221951103 | topic sentence | A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraphs's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis | 103 | |
| 9221951104 | trope | Artful diction; the use of language in a non-literal way also called a figure of speech | 104 | |
| 9221951105 | understatement | Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect | 105 | |
| 9221951106 | voice | In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing | 106 | |
| 9221951107 | zeugma | A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs-- often in different, sometimes incongruent ways-- two or more words in a sentence | 107 |
AP Latin Grammar - Definitions Flashcards
Definitions of all Latin grammar terms listed in the AP Latin Course and Exam Description (plus a few more). Definitions are taken from Bolchazy's Excelability in Advanced Latin and from http://thelatinlibrary.com/101/index.html
Terms : Hide Images
| 6241627823 | gerund | The gerund is a *verbal noun*, always *active* in force, which only appears in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. It is formed by adding *-nd-* to the present stem of the verb (-iend- for i-stem and 4th conj.) plus the neuter singular endings of the second declension. The gerund expresses purpose when used with "ad" (+ ACC) or "causa" (+ GEN). e.g. "ad legendum" = "for the purpose of reading" | 0 | |
| 6241627824 | gerundive | The gerundive is a *verbal adjective*, always *passive* in force, which appears in all cases and both numbers. It is formed by adding *-ndus, -a, -um* (-iendus, -a, um for i-stem and 4th conj.) to the stem of a verb, and carries the notion of *necessity, obligation, or propriety*. Like the gerund, the gerundive can be used with "ad" + ACC or GEN + "causa" to express purpose. | 1 | |
| 6241627825 | passive periphrastic | The Future Passive Periphrastic is comprised of the *gerundive* and a form of *"sum,"* with the gerundive agreeing with the subject of the sentence in number, case and gender. The construction is passive and always conveys a notion of *obligation, necessity, or propriety*. The agent of the action (if expressed) is in the *dative* case. ex: "Carthago delenda est" = "Carthage must be destroyed" | 2 | |
| 6241627826 | supine | The supine is a *verbal noun of the fourth declension* and appears only in the accusative and ablative singulars. The supine in *-um* may be used after verbs of motion *to express purpose*, or with the passive infinitive "iri" (from "eo") *to form the rare future passive infinitive*. The supine in -u is used with a few adjectives and nouns *to express an ablative of respect or specification*. | 3 | |
| 6241627827 | indirect statement | Indirect statement ("oratio obliqua") is introduced by verbs of thinking, perceiving, knowing, saying, etc. and takes *an accusative subject + an infinitive*. If the subject of indirect statement is identical to the subject of the main verb, the accusative reflexive pronoun is used as the subject. Indirect statements follow ordinary sequence of tenses - a *present* infinitive expresses the *same time* as the main verb, a *perfect* infinitive expresses *time before*, a *future* infinitive expresses *time after*. | 4 | |
| 6241627828 | indirect question | An indirect question is in a dependent clause *introduced by a "question" word*. The verb in an indirect question is always *subjunctive*, but the main verb of the sentence may be either indicative or subjunctive. Indirect questions follow sequence of tenses. | 5 | |
| 6241627829 | indirect command | An indirect command is an "ut" (or "ne") clause that expresses a *command, wish, hope,* etc. The verb in an indirect command is always *subjunctive*, though it is often translated like an infinitive. | 6 | |
| 6241627830 | ut clause | An ut-clause is a subordinate clause introduced by the conjunction *"ut"* with the verb of the subordinate clause in the *subjunctive* mood. The negative of "ut" is "ne". | 7 | |
| 6241627831 | fearing clause | Fearing clauses are ut-clauses signaled by a main verb of "fearing". Note that if the speaker fears something *will* happen, *"ne"* is used; if the speaker fears something *will not* happen, *"ut"* is used. | 8 | |
| 6241627832 | result clause | Result clauses are ut-clauses that *express the result of an action* ("ut" is translated "that"). They are often signaled by words that carry some adverbial meaning of "so," such as tam, ita, sic, adeo, tot, tantus -a - um, etc. | 9 | |
| 6241627833 | purpose clause | Purpose clauses are ut-clauses that *express the purpose of an action* ("ut" is translated "in order to" or "for the purpose of"). Note that "quo" is used instead of "ut" if the purpose clause contains a comparative adjective or adverb. | 10 | |
| 6241627834 | jussive/hortatory subjunctive | The subjunctive is often used to *express a command or exhortation*. This construction is called *"jussive"* when occurring in the *third person*, and *"hortatory"* when occurring in the *first person*. | 11 | |
| 6241627835 | potential subjunctive | The subjunctive can be used as a main verb to *express a possibility*. This is called the potential subjunctive and is translated "would (verb)" or "may (verb)". | 12 | |
| 6241627836 | deliberative subjunctive | The subjunctive can be used, generally with the first person singular, when a speaker is *deliberating* or *expressing doubt/disbelief*. The deliberative subjunctive often takes the form of a rhetorical question. | 13 | |
| 6241627837 | optative subjunctive | The optative subjunctive is used in wishes and usually translates with the English words "if only". The *present* subjunctive accompanied by "utinam" or "ut" expresses a future wish *capable of fulfillment*. Contrary-to-fact wishes use the *imperfect* subjunctive for *present* time and the *pluperfect* subjunctive for *past* time. | 14 | |
| 6241627838 | simple conditionals | If the author is making a *plain statement of fact*, conditionals appear with the *indicative*. These can take three forms: "simple present," "simple past," and "future more vivid". | 15 | |
| 6241627839 | future less vivid conditional | Future less vivid conditionals express a *possible* condition for the future, either with *two present subjunctives* or *a present and a perfect subjunctive*. The two verbs are often translated "should" and "would," respectively. | 16 | |
| 6241627840 | contrary to fact conditionals | Contrary to fact conditionals express something that either could not happen or did not happen. *Present* contrafactual statements use *two imperfect subjunctives* (translated "were to...would"), and *past* contrafactual statements use *two pluperfect subjunctives* (translated "had...would have") | 17 | |
| 6241627841 | conditionals in indirect statement | If a "si" clause is in indirect speech, the verbs are subjunctive but do not carry any contrafactual implications. | 18 | |
| 6241627842 | relative clause | A relative clause is introduced by a *relative pronoun*, which agrees with its antecedent in *gender* and *number*, but varies in *case* depending upon its use in its own clause. | 19 | |
| 6241627843 | relative clause of characteristic | A relative clause of characteristic uses the subjunctive to refer to the *sort of person* or *kind of thing* doing something. These clauses frequently follow indefinite or negative words. | 20 | |
| 6241627844 | relative clause of purpose | In a clause of purpose, "ut" can replaced by a relative pronoun when the antecedent of the relative pronoun is expressed. | 21 | |
| 6241627845 | partitive genitive | Also called "genitive of the whole," the partitive genitive expresses the whole to which a part belongs. | 22 | |
| 6241627846 | genitive with impersonal verbs | Some impersonal verbs, such as miseret ("to have pity on") take a complement in the genitive case. | 23 | |
| 6241627847 | genitive with certain adjectives | Certain adjectives appear with the genitive case, most notably: dignus ("worthy"), plenus ("full"), avidus ("desirous"), immemor ("forgetful"), peritus ("experienced"). | 24 | |
| 6241627848 | genitive with verbs of remembering/forgetting | Verbs of remembering and forgetting, such as memini ("remember"), obliviscor ("forget"), and reminiscor ("recollect") all take direct objects in the genitive case. | 25 | |
| 6241627849 | dative of possession | The dative can be used with forms of "sum" to indicate possession. It is usually literally translated "there is to me.." or something similar. | 26 | |
| 6241627850 | dative of purpose | The dative of purpose is used to show what role something fulfills or what purpose it serves. It is often translated with "as" e.g. "Caesar auxilio venit" = "Caesar came as an aid" | 27 | |
| 6241627851 | dative of agent | The agent of the action in a passive periphrastic is expressed in the dative case. | 28 | |
| 6241627852 | dative of reference | The dative of reference shows to whom or for whose sake something is done. | 29 | |
| 6241627853 | dative direct object | Certain verbs take a direct object in the dative case. Dative direct objects are commonly found with *compound verbs* (esp. verbs compounded with ad, ante, circum, cum, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, and super) and with certain *intransitive verbs*, such as persuado, placeo, impero, resisteo, parceo, credeo, noceo, etc. | 30 | |
| 6241627854 | double dative | The *dative of reference* and the *dative of purpose* often appear together in a construction called the double dative. One dative describes the people for whom the action described by the other dative is done. e.g. "Caesar auxilio militibus venit" = "Caesar came as an aid for the soldiers" | 31 | |
| 6241627855 | accusative of duration of time | "Duration of time and extent of space are expressed in Latin by the accusative case!" | 32 | |
| 6241627856 | accusative of respect | A Greek construction that expresses *with respect to what* the action of the verb is related. | 33 | |
| 6241627857 | ablative absolute | Ablative absolutes usually consist of a (pro)noun + a participle, both in the ablative case and state the circumstances under which the action of the main verb took place. They can be *temporal*, *causal*, or *concessive* in force. | 34 | |
| 6241627858 | ablative of separation | The ablative (with or without a preposition) is used to express from what someone or something will be separated or freed. Signal verbs are libero, separo, defendo, prohibeo, and divido. | 35 | |
| 6241627859 | ablative of comparison | The ablative without a preposition can be used for the second term of a comparison, instead of quam + noun in same case as first noun. | 36 | |
| 6241627860 | ablative of respect/specification | The ablative can specify *with respect to what* something is true. | 37 | |
| 6241627861 | ablative of cause | The ablative can show the cause of something, usually with verbs of emotion. | 38 | |
| 6241627862 | ablative of description | The ablative can be used to describe the qualities of someone or something. Note that the ablative of description is interchangeable with the genitive of description. | 39 | |
| 6241627863 | ablative of degree of difference | This ablative usually occurs with a *comparative adjective* and expresses the extent to which the first noun differs from the second . | 40 | |
| 6241627864 | ablative with special verbs | The ablative functions as the direct object of certain verbs. These verbs usually either show plenty or want, e.g. careo ("lack"), or are deponent, e.g. utor ("use"), vescor ("eat"), potior ("take possession of") | 41 | |
| 6241627865 | ablative of time | The ablative of time tells the *time when* or *time within which* something occurs. | 42 |
AP Psychology All Vocab Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5993366475 | Absolute Threshold | the minimally effective stimulus that will elicit a sensation on 50% of the trials |  | 0 |
| 5993366476 | Action Potential | the change in electrical potential associated with the activity of the nerves and muscles |  | 1 |
| 5993366477 | Aggression | Any behavior directed towards another that is intended to cause harm. |  | 2 |
| 5993366478 | Anxiety | An unpleasant state that is associated with feelings of uneasiness, apprehension, and heightened psychological arousal. |  | 3 |
| 5993366479 | Anxiety Disorder | A psychological disorder characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. |  | 4 |
| 5993366480 | Artificial Intelligence | Created intelligence (i.e. Computers) |  | 5 |
| 5993366481 | Associationism | The psychological theory that says our understanding of the world occurs through ideas associated with similar sensory experiences and perceptions |  | 6 |
| 5993366482 | Attachment | A close fundamental emotional bond that develops between the infant and his or her parent or caregiver. |  | 7 |
| 5993366483 | Attitude Change | Attitude is a person's general evaluation of an object while Attitude Change involves changing the way a person thinks about something. |  | 8 |
| 5993366484 | Attitudes and Behavior | Feelings and beliefs that predispose responses and are observable. |  | 9 |
| 5993366485 | Attribution Theory | the position that without necessarily doing so, individuals employ a number of tests to determine whether another person's words and deeds reflect his underlying characteristics or are merely forced responses to a given situation |  | 10 |
| 5993366486 | Avoidance Learning | Also known as escape learning- response to avoid unpleasant situations. |  | 11 |
| 5993366487 | Binocular Depth Cues | three-dimensional vision that depend on the movement of both eyes. |  | 12 |
| 5993366488 | Central Nervous System | Neurons in the brain and spinal cord. carries information back and forth between the brain and body. |  | 13 |
| 5993366489 | Cerebellum | Part of the hindbrain involved in coordinating movements but not in initiating voluntary movements. Also involved in cognitive functions, such as short-term memory. |  | 14 |
| 5993366490 | Cerebral Cortex | Outer layer of the cerebrum. Consists of the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. |  | 15 |
| 5993366491 | Cerebral Hemispheres | The two halves of the cerebrum. They are connected by the corpus callosum. |  | 16 |
| 5993366492 | Childhood | girls begin puberty between 8-10, boys 9-16 |  | 17 |
| 5993366493 | Classical Conditioning | Kind of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a response originally produced by a different stimulus. |  | 18 |
| 5993366494 | Cognitive Development | How a person perceives, thinks, and gains an understanding of their world through the interaction and influence of genetic and learned factors. |  | 19 |
| 6047535419 | Cognitive Dissonance Theory | A state of unpleasant psychological tension that motivates us to reduce our cognitive inconsistencies by making our beliefs more consistent with one another. | 20 | |
| 6047535420 | Conditioned Stimulus | the neutral or indifferent stimulus that through conditioning becomes effective in eliciting the conditioned response | 21 | |
| 6047535421 | Conditioned Reflex | the learned responses to an indifferent stimulus that has been attached to it by repeatedly pairing the stimulus with a reinforcer | 22 | |
| 6047535422 | Conformity | a tendency to allow one's behavior to be governed by prevailing attitudes and opinions | 23 | |
| 6047535423 | Consciousness | An individual's different levels of awareness of his or her thoughts and feelings. Creating images in the mind, following thought processes, and having unique emotional experiences are all part of the consciousness. | 24 | |
| 6047535424 | Contrast | the effect a visual stimulus has on another; when one stimulus is present, it affects the other | 25 | |
| 6047535425 | Control Group | Subjects who undergo all the same procedures as the experimental subjects do, except that the control subjects do not receive the treatment. | 26 | |
| 6047535426 | Correlation Coefficient | A number that indicates the strength of a relationship between two or more events. The closer the number is to -1.00 or +1.00, the greater is the relationship. | 27 | |
| 6047535427 | Correlation Method | A research method used to establish the degree of relationship (correlation) between two characteristics, events, or behaviors. | 28 | |
| 6047535428 | Dendrite | the fiber(s) of a neuron conveying impulses toward the cell body | 29 | |
| 6112222923 | Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | Molecule that carries genetic instructions used in growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms. | 30 | |
| 6112222924 | Dependent Varaible | One or more of the subjects' behaviors that are used to measure the potential effects of the treatment or independent variable. | 31 | |
| 6112222925 | Depression | A mood disorder marked by at least two weeks of continually being in a bad mood, having no interest in anything, and getting no pleasure from activities. | 32 | |
| 6112222926 | Depth Perception | awareness of the distance between an observer an an object | 33 | |
| 6112222927 | Determinism | The doctrine that all events, including human action, are ultimately determined by causes external to the will. | 34 | |
| 6112222928 | Developmental Stages | Different stages of a person's biological, emotional, cognitive, personal, and social development across their life span. | 35 | |
| 6112222929 | Distance Cues | deal with how we perceive how close or far away something is | 36 | |
| 6112222930 | Ego | Freud's second division of the mind, which develops from the id from infancy; it's goal is to find safe and socially acceptable ways of satisfying the id's desires and to negotiate between the id's wants and the superego's prohibitions. | 37 | |
| 6112222931 | Electroencephalograph (EEG) | Records the frequency (speed) and amplitude (height) of brain waves. | 38 | |
| 6112222932 | Empiricism | derived from naturalistic observation or from experimental procedures | 39 | |
| 6223903956 | Etiology | the investigation of casual relations in diseases | 40 | |
| 6223903957 | Evolution and Functionalism | a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage); a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function -- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish | 41 | |
| 6223903958 | Experimental Group | In an experiment, the subjects who receive the treatment. | 42 | |
| 6223903959 | Extinction | In classical conditioning, the reduction in a response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus. | 43 | |
| 6223903960 | Forgetting Curve | A graph measuring the amount of previously learned information that subjects recall or recognize across time. | 44 | |
| 6223903961 | Free Association | A Freudian technique in which clients are encouraged to talk about any thoughts or images that enter their heads; the assumption is that this kind of free-flowing, uncensored talking will provide clues to unconscious material. | 45 | |
| 6223903962 | Free Recall | A basic paradigm in the psychological study of memory. In this paradigm, participants study a list of items on each trial, and then are prompted to recall the items in any order | 46 | |
| 6223903963 | Frequency (audition) | The number of sound waves that occur within a given period of time. | 47 | |
| 6223903964 | Gestalt Principals of Organization | The organizing principles of perception proposed by the Gestalt psychologists. These principles include the laws of proximity, similarity, closure, continuation, and common fate. | 48 | |
| 6223903965 | Gestalt Psychology | Branch of Psychology that emphasized the idea that perception is more than the sum of it's parts. | 49 | |
| 6294489292 | Hypothesis Testing | A procedure, based on sample evidence and probability theory, used to determine whether the hypothesis is a reasonable statement and should not be rejected or is unreasonable and should be rejected. | 50 | |
| 6294489293 | Id | Freud's first division of the mind, which contains two biological drives: sex and aggression. It's goal is to pursue pleasure. | 51 | |
| 6294489294 | Independent Varaible | In an experiment, a treatment or something else that the researcher controls or manipulates. | 52 | |
| 6294489295 | Infant-Mother Attachement | The way that an infant reacts when the mother leaves the room and then returns later | 53 | |
| 6294489296 | Information-Processing Approach | The theory is based on the idea that humans process the information they receive, rather than merely responding to stimuli. | 54 | |
| 6294489297 | Instrumental behavior | An action performed to reach a goal, such as to obtain a food item, achieve some other kind of reward, or remove a punishment; the behavior causes the desired outcome. | 55 | |
| 6294489298 | Intelligence | Refers to intellectual functioning. Is usually said to involve mental capabilities such as the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn. | 56 | |
| 6294489299 | Intelligence Quotient | A measure of intelligence computed by dividing a child's mental age, as measured in an intelligence test, by the child's chronological age and multiplying by 100. | 57 | |
| 6294489300 | Introversion-Extroversion | A personality trait that signifies that one finds energy from internal sources rather than external ones;Personality style where the individual prefers outward and group activity as opposed to inward and individual activity. | 58 | |
| 6294489301 | Just Noticeable Difference | The smallest increase or decrease in the intensity of a stimulus that a person can manage to detect. | 59 | |
| 6353549990 | Law of Effect | Created by Edward Thorndlike. Says that behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened (and thus more likely to occur in the future). | 60 | |
| 6353549991 | Long Term Memory | Permanent memory or memory that endures for long periods, possibly for life. | 61 | |
| 6353549992 | Longitudinal Research | A technique in which changes in the same individual are studied over a long period of time or over the entire span of development. | 62 | |
| 6353549993 | Meaning | That which is intended. That which is a given term or symbol stands for or designates. | 63 | |
| 6353549994 | Mental Illness | Any behavioral disorder, whether functional or organic, such as a degree of severity as to require professional help or hospitalization. | 64 | |
| 6353549995 | Mental Imagery | A conscious representation of something that is not present to the senses. | 65 | |
| 6353549996 | Milgram's Obedience Experiment | Was a series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram, which measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience. | 66 | |
| 6353549997 | Nature-Nurture Controversy | The problem of deciding the relative contribution of heredity and environment to the development of individual differences. | 67 | |
| 6353549998 | Neocortex | The dorsal region of the cerebral cortex, especially large in higher mammals and the most recently evolved part of the brain. | 68 | |
| 6353549999 | Neurotransmitters | Are endogenous chemicals which relay, amplify, and modulate signals between a neuron and another cell. | 69 | |
| 6404160873 | Normal Distribution | A frequency distribution in which the values or scores group around the mean, with the greatest number of cases near the mean and with the frequency of cases trailing off on either side of the mean. | 70 | |
| 6404160874 | Operant Conditioning | A type of conditioning where the reinforcement is made contingent upon the human/animal's responses. | 71 | |
| 6404160875 | Origins of Species | Is a seminal word of scientific literature, considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. | 72 | |
| 6404160876 | Personality | The dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought. | 73 | |
| 6404160877 | Phobia | A strong, persistent, and irrational fear elicited by a specific stimulus or situation. | 74 | |
| 6404160878 | Placebo Effect | The beneficial effect in a patient following a particular treatment that arises from the patient's expectations concerning the treatment rather than from the treatment itself. | 75 | |
| 6404160879 | Positive Reinforcement | Is the specialist term in operant conditioning for the "stamping-in" of stimulus associations and response habits that follows the experience of reward. Such reinforcement is defined to occur when an event following a response causes an increase in the probability of that response occurring in the future. | 76 | |
| 6404160880 | Prejudice | An attitude, either positive or negative, formulated in advance of sufficient evidence and help with emotional tendency. | 77 | |
| 6404160881 | Prosocial Behavior | The disposition to act in behalf of others for unselfish reasons. | 78 | |
| 6404160882 | Psychoanalytic Theory | A dynamic system of psychology that seeks the roots of human behavior in unconscious motivation and conflict. | 79 | |
| 6459198235 | Psychosis | A severe mental disorder characterized by disorganization of the thought processes, disturbances in emotionality, disorientation as to time, space, and person, and in some cases, hallucinations and delusions. | 80 | |
| 6459198236 | Psychosomatic Disorder | A disorder caused by a combination of organic and psychological factors. There may be tissue changes, as with peptic ulcers. | 81 | |
| 6459198237 | Psychotherapy | The application of specialized techniques to the treatment of mental disorders or to the problems of everyday adjustment. | 82 | |
| 6459198238 | Rehearsal | A review of already learned material. | 83 | |
| 6459198239 | Reinforcement | The strengthening of a response by adding an increment of habit strength. Increasing the probability of a response. Strengthening of one reflex activity by the simultaneous elicitation of another. | 84 | |
| 6459198240 | Right Hemishphere | Controls the left side of your body. Dominant of nonverbal, spatial, and holistic aspects. Also dominant for most aspects of visual-spatial perceptual functioning, the recognition of faces including friend's, loved ones, and one's own face in the mirror. | 85 | |
| 6459198241 | Sample | A selected part representative of the whole. | 86 | |
| 6459198242 | Semantic Memory | Memory of generic, context-free knowledge. | 87 | |
| 6459198243 | Serial Position Function | The predictable patterns of memory and forgetting of lists of stimuli. Occurs due to three factors: distinctiveness, constraints of short-term memory, and inhibition. | 88 | |
| 6459198244 | Short-term Memory | Also called working memory, is the form of memory we use to hold digits, words, names, or other items in memory for a brief period of time. Memory that has short duration; typically a few seconds and is of limited capacity, usually 5-9 items. | 89 | |
| 6685367771 | Significance Level | In hypothesis testing, the significance level is the criterion used for rejecting the null hypothesis. | 90 | |
| 6685367772 | Significant Difference | The degree to which an obtained value will not occur by chance and can therefore be attributed to another factor. The degree of significance is typically stated in terms of some level. Thus, that the difference between two means is significant at the 0.01 level means that out of 100 samplings, the obtained difference could occur only once by chance alone. | 91 | |
| 6685367773 | Social Influence | Society can influence the behavior of its members in many ways. It can pass laws through its governmental institutions, creating severe punishments for particular antisocial behaviors. It can develop a strong desire for ethics and morals, usually through its religious institutions. It can hold its professionals to strong ethical codes of conduct. It can educate and inform through its school systems and media outlets. But the primary reasons why a society can control the behavior of most of its citizens is our inherent psychological need for psychic growth and maturity. Whether we call it self-actualization or individuation, there seems to be a natural inclination within the human psyche to behave in a moral or ethical manner. | 92 | |
| 6685367774 | Socialization | The process of learning the customs, habits, folkways, and mores of a given culture. | 93 | |
| 6685367775 | Socioeconomic Status | The individual's relative position in the community. Some of the factor's contributing to socioeconomic status are profession, income, place, and cost of residence and relatives. | 94 | |
| 6685367776 | Traits | A relatively persistent and consistent behavior pattern manifested in a wide range of circumstances. A biological characteristic. | 95 | |
| 6685367777 | Unconscious | Characterizing an activity for which the individual does not know the reason or motive for the act. Pertaining to the state of an individual who has suffered a loss of consciousness, such as a person in a faint or coma. The region of the mind that is the seat of the id and of repression. | 96 | |
| 6685367778 | Unconscious Motivation | Motivation of which the individual is unaware. For example, the individual may forget and unpleasant appointment, convinced that it was a mere accident. The depth psychologist believes that it is revealing of a wish to forget. | 97 | |
| 6685367779 | Visual Angle | The angle formed by lines from opposite extreme points of an object to the modal point of the eye. | 98 | |
| 6685367780 | Visual Depth Perception | Is the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions. It is a trait common to many higher animals. Depth perception allows the beholder to accurately gauge the distance to an object. | 99 |
AP Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7197341989 | Kontemporaryo | Ang mga pangyayari sa panahong ito ay sinasabing naaalala pa ng mga tao sa ngayon | 0 | |
| 7197341990 | Isyu | Paksa o suliraning nakaaapekto sa lipunan. Napaguusapan. | 1 | |
| 7197341991 | Kontemporaryong isyu | Pangyayari o ilang suliraning bumabagabag o gumagambala at nagpapabago sa kalagayan ng ating pamayanan sa kasalukuyang panahon | 2 | |
| 7197341992 | Mahalaga sa lipunan May malinaw na epekto sa lipunan Nagaganap sa kasalukuyang panahon Maaaring may magandang epekto sa lipunan | Ang Kontemporaryong isyu ay: | 3 | |
| 7197341993 | Pinagmulan Ibat ibang pananaw Mga pagkakaugnay Kahalagahan Epekto Personal na damdamin Mga maaaring gawin | Kontemporaryong isyu | 4 | |
| 7197341994 | Primaryang sanggunian | O pinagkukunan ng impormasyon ay mga orihinal na tala ng mga pangyayaring isinulat o ginawa ng mga taong nakararanas ng mga ito | 5 | |
| 7197341995 | Sekundaryang sanggunian | Ay mga impormasyon o interpretasyon o sanggunian na inihanda o isinulat ng mga taong walang kinalaman sa mga pangyayaring itinala | 6 | |
| 7197341996 | Dokumento Ulat ng saksi Larawan Accounts Pahayagan Talambuhay Talumpati Sulat Guhit | Primaryang pinagkukunan | 7 | |
| 7197341997 | Aklat Biography Articles Komentaryo Encyclopedias Political catoons | Sekundaryang sanggunian | 8 | |
| 7197341998 | Katotohanan | Mga totoong pahayag o kaganapan na pinatutunayan sa tulong ng mga aktwal na datos | 9 | |
| 7197341999 | Pagtukoy sa pagkiling | Ang mga paglalahad ay dapat balanse | 10 | |
| 7197342000 | Pahayagan | Mahalagang sanggunian tungkol sa mga kontemporaryong isyu sa loob ng mahigit sa 200 taon na | 11 | |
| 7197342001 | Hinuha | Isang pinagiisipang hula o educated guess | 12 | |
| 7197342002 | Paglalahat | Hakbang kung saan binubuo ang mga ugnayan ng mga hindi magkakaugnay na impormasyon | 13 | |
| 7197342003 | Kongklusyon | Desisyon, kaalaman o ideyang nabuo pagkatapos ng pag aaral obserbasyon at pagsusuri | 14 | |
| 7197342004 | Kalamidad | Pangyayaring nagdudulot ng malaking pinsala sa kapaligiran, ari arian kausugan at buhay ng mga taobsa lipunan | 15 | |
| 7197342005 | El nino | Tagtuyot | 16 | |
| 7197342006 | La nina | Tag ulan | 17 | |
| 7197342007 | 19-30 | Ilang bagyo ang dumadaan sa ating bansa taon taon | 18 | |
| 7197342008 | Mayo-oktubre | Anong buwan kadalasang nagaganap ang mga bagyo | 19 | |
| 7197342009 | Ang pilipinas ay nasa daanan ng mga bagyong nanggagaling sa rehiyon ng MARIANAS at mga PULO NG CAROLINE sa KARAGATANG PASIPIKO | 20 | ||
| 7197342010 | PAKANLURAN ang madalas natinatahak na dereksiyon ng bagyo | 21 | ||
| 7197342011 | 50% | Ilang porsyento ng mga pilipino ang dumedepende sa agrikultura | 22 | |
| 7197342012 | Tsunami | Pagkakaroon ng malaking hagupit nang alon mula sa baybaying dagat dala ng pagyanig ng lupa sa isang bahagi ng karagatan | 23 | |
| 7197342013 | Flash flood | Nararanasan sa ating bansa tulad ng malubhang pinsala ng bagyong ondoy | 24 | |
| 7197342014 | Landslide | Pagguho ng lupa na nagaganap sa ibat ibang bahagi ng ating bansa | 25 | |
| 7197342015 | Pagmimina | Pagputol ng mga puno sa kagubatan dahil nawawala na ang mga ugat nito na pumipigil sa lupa | 26 | |
| 7197342016 | Sa halos 200 na bulkan sa pilipinas 24 ang active dito | 27 | ||
| 7197342017 | Richter scale | May lakas na 1-7 | 28 | |
| 7197342018 | Geohazard map | Upang matukoy ang mga lugar na madaling tamaan ng mga sakuna o kalamidad | 29 | |
| 7197342019 | Geohazard map | Ginawa upang mabawasan ang masamang epekto ng mga sakuna o kalamidad | 30 | |
| 7197342020 | Sulu at tawi tawi | Pangunahing lugar na maaaring makaranas ng tsunami | 31 | |
| 7197342021 | Yolanda | Isa sa pinakamalakas na bagyong naitala sa buong daigdig | 32 | |
| 7197342022 | Nov. 8 2013 | Yolanda | 33 | |
| 7197342023 | Sept 26 2009 | Ondoy | 34 | |
| 7197342024 | 5,100 | Ilan ang kinitil na buhay ng bagyong uring | 35 | |
| 7197342025 | Nov 2-7 1991 | Uring | 36 | |
| 7197342026 | Pinatubo | Nasa iterseksyon ng lalawigan ng taac at zambales at pamp | 37 | |
| 7197342027 | July 15 1991 | Pinatubo mula sa pagkakahimbing ng 600 yrs | 38 | |
| 7197342028 | July 16 1990 | Lindol sa luz na umabot sa lakas na 7.7 | 39 | |
| 7197342029 | Psws 1 | 30-60 km; manaka nakang pag ulan | 40 | |
| 7197342030 | Psws 2 | 24 hrs Hanging may lakas na 61-100 kph; maaaring mabali ang mga sanga ng mga puno | 41 | |
| 7197342031 | Psws 3 | 12-18 hrs hanging may lakas na 121-170 kailangang manatili sa loob ng bahay | 42 | |
| 7197342032 | Psws 4 | 12 or < may lakas na 171-220 lubhang mapanganib kailangang lumikas | 43 | |
| 7197342033 | Psws 5 | 12 < may lakas na 220kph o ^ kailangang lumikas may nakaambang storm surge | 44 | |
| 7197342034 | Yellow | 7.5 mm-15mm alert | 45 | |
| 7197342035 | Orange | 15mm-30mm baha | 46 | |
| 7197342036 | Red | Lumikas PAGASA | 47 | |
| 7197342037 | Judy taguiwalo | DSWD | 48 | |
| 7197342038 | Mike suelo | DILG | 49 | |
| 7197342039 | Tim orbos | MMDA | 50 | |
| 7197342040 | Leonor briones | DEPED | 51 | |
| 7197342041 | Paulyn jean rosell ubial | DOH | 52 | |
| 7197342042 | Mark villar | DPWH | 53 | |
| 7197342043 | Delfin florenzana | DND | 54 | |
| 7197342044 | Ramon paje | DENR | 55 | |
| 7197342045 | Fortunato dela pena | PAGASA | 56 | |
| 7197342046 | Dswd | Paglilingkod sa lipunan lalo na sa mahihirap | 57 | |
| 7197342047 | Dilg | Namamahala sa Lokal na pamahalaan at nagbibigay ng badyet | 58 | |
| 7197342048 | Dnd | Kapayapaan at kaayusan sa ating bansa | 59 | |
| 7197342049 | Heatwave | Nagdudulot ang climate change ng kalamidad tulad ng | 60 | |
| 7197342050 | Greenhouse gases | Ang tawag sa mga gas na nagpapainit sa daigdig tulad ng carbon dio, methane, nitrous ox, hydrofluorocarbons etc | 61 | |
| 7197342051 | Water vapor | Pinakamari ito sa ating atmospera na dahilan ng pagkakaraoon ng mga ulap | 62 | |
| 7197342052 | Carbon mono at carbon dio | Mula sa paghinga at pagsabog ng mga bulkan Nabubuo rin ito tuwing sinusunog ang mga fossil fuel | 63 | |
| 7197342053 | Langis coal at natural gas | Fossil fuel | 64 | |
| 7197342054 | Cfcs | Kemikal na nakakasira sa ozone | 65 | |
| 7197342055 | Methane | Natural na proseso sa kapligiran tulad ng mga basura dumi ng mga hayop | 66 | |
| 7197342056 | Nitrous oxide | Organikong pataba | 67 |
AP Statistics - Vocab Flashcards
Sampling and Surveys
Terms : Hide Images
| 9348522062 | Bias | This occurs when the design of a statistical study consistently underestimates or consistently overestimates the value you want to know. | 0 | |
| 9348522063 | Census | A study that attempts to collect data from every individual in the population. | 1 | |
| 9348522064 | Cluster sample | First divide the population into smaller groups. Ideally, these groups should mirror the characteristics of the population. Then choose an SRS of the groups. All individuals in the chosen groups are included in the sample. | 2 | |
| 9348522065 | Convenience sample | A sample selected by taking the members of the population that are easiest to reach; particularly prone to large bias. | 3 | |
| 9348522066 | Double-blind | An experiment in which neither the subjects nor those who interact with them and measure the response variable know which treatment a subject received. | 4 | |
| 9348522067 | Margin of error | A numerical estimate of how far the sample result is likely to be from the truth about the population due to sampling variability. | 5 | |
| 9348522068 | Nonresponse | Occurs when a selected individual cannot be contacted or refuses to cooperate. | 6 | |
| 9348522070 | Population | The entire group of individuals about which we want information. | 7 | |
| 9348522071 | Random sampling | The use of chance to select a sample; is the central principle of statistical sampling. | 8 | |
| 9348522072 | Response bias | In survey sampling, this refers to the bias that results from problems in the measurement process. | 9 | |
| 9348522073 | Sample | The part of the population from which we actually collect information. We use information from this group to draw conclusions about the entire population. | 10 | |
| 9348522074 | Sample survey | A study that uses an organized plan to choose a sample that represents some specific population. We base conclusions about the population on data from the sample. You must first say exactly what population you want to describe and second say exactly what you want to measure. | 11 | |
| 9348522075 | Sampling frame | The list, i.e. the subset of the population from which a sample is actually chosen. | 12 | |
| 9348522076 | Simple random sample (SRS) | A random sampling method. The method gives every possible sample of a given size the same chance to be chosen. | 13 | |
| 9348522077 | Strata | Groups of individuals in a population that are similar in some way that might affect their responses. | 14 | |
| 9348522078 | Stratified random sample | To select this sample, first classify the population into groups of similar individuals. Then choose a separate simple random sample from each group to form the full sample. | 15 | |
| 9348522079 | Table of random digits | A long string of the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 with these properties: • Each entry in the table is equally likely to be any of the 10 digits 0 through 9. • The entries are independent of each other. That is, knowledge of one part of the table gives no information about any other part. | 16 | |
| 9348522080 | Undercoverage | Occurs when some members of the population are left out of the sampling frame; a type of sampling error. | 17 | |
| 9348522081 | Voluntary response samples | People decide whether to join a sample based on an open invitation; particularly prone to large bias. | 18 | |
| 9348522083 | Block | A group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments. | 19 | |
| 9348522084 | Completely randomized design | When the treatments are assigned to all the experimental units completely by chance. | 20 | |
| 9348522085 | Confounding | When two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other. | 21 | |
| 9348522086 | Control group | An experimental group whose primary purpose is to provide a baseline for comparing the effects of the other treatments. Depending on the purpose of the experiment, this group may be given a placebo or an active treatment. | 22 | |
| 9348522087 | Double-blind | An experiment in which neither the subjects nor those who interact with them and measure the response variable know which treatment a subject received. | 23 | |
| 9348522088 | Experiment | Deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses. | 24 | |
| 9348522089 | Experimental units | The smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied. | 25 | |
| 9348522090 | Explanatory variable | A variable that helps explain or influences changes in a response variable. Also called factors. | 26 | |
| 9348522091 | Level | A specific value of an explanatory variable or factor in an experiment. For example, if we were studying effects of advertising an explanatory variable might be lengths of commercials and we could have commercials of varying lengths. Thirty, Forty-five and Sixty minute commercials would make three values of that one explanatory variable. | 27 | |
| 9348522092 | Matched pair | A common form of blocking for comparing just two treatments. In some such designs, each subject receives both treatments in a random order. In others, the subjects are paired with another as closely as possible, and each subject in a pair is randomly assigned to receive one of the treatments. | 28 | |
| 9348522093 | Observational study | Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses. | 29 | |
| 9348522094 | Placebo | An inactive (fake) treatment. | 30 | |
| 9348522095 | Placebo effect | Describes the fact that some subjects respond favorably to any treatment, even an inactive one (placebo). | 31 | |
| 9348522096 | Random assignment | An important experimental design principle. Use some chance process to assign experimental units to treatments. This helps create roughly equivalent groups of experimental units at the start of the experiment. | 32 | |
| 9348522097 | Randomized block design | Start by forming groups consisting of individuals that are similar in some way that is important to the response. Random assignment of treatments is then carried out separately within each group. | 33 | |
| 9348522098 | Replication | An important experimental design principle. Use enough experimental units in each group so that any differences in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished from chance differences between the groups. | 34 | |
| 9348522099 | Response variable | A variable that measures an outcome of a study. | 35 | |
| 9348522100 | Single-blind | An experiment in which either the subjects or those who interact with them and measure the response variable, but not both, know which treatment a subject received. | 36 | |
| 9348522101 | Statistically significant | An observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chance. | 37 | |
| 9348522102 | Subjects | Experimental units that are human beings. | 38 | |
| 9348522103 | Treatment | A specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment. If an experiment has several explanatory variables, a this would be a combination of specific values of these variables. | 39 | |
| 9348522104 | Inference about cause and effect | Using the results of an experiment to conclude that the treatments caused the difference in responses. Requires a well-designed experiment in which the treatments are randomly assigned to the experimental units. | 40 | |
| 9348522105 | Inference about the population | Using information from a sample to draw conclusions about the larger population. Requires that the individuals taking part in a study be randomly selected from the population of interest. | 41 | |
| 9348522106 | Lack of realism | When the treatments, the subjects, or the environment of an experiment are not realistic. This can limit researchers' ability to apply the conclusions of an experiment to the settings of greatest interest. | 42 | |
| 9348522107 | Basic Principle for Designing Experiments | 1. Comparison - Use a design that compares two or more treatments. 2. Random Assignment - Use chance to assign experimental units. Create roughly equivalent groups of experimental units at the start of the experiment to balance the effects of other variables among the treatment groups. 3. Control - Keep other variables that might affect the response the same for all groups. (This is not the same as control group.) 4. Replication - Use enough experimental units in each group so the differences can be distinguished from chance. | 43 | |
| 9348522108 | Criteria for establishing causation when we can't do an experiment. | 1. The association is strong. 2. The association is consistent. 3. Larger values of the explanatory variable are associated with stronger responses. 4. The alleged cause precedes the effect in time. 5. The alleged cause is plausible. | 44 | |
| 9348522109 | Scope of Inference | 1. Inferences about populations are possible when individuals are randomly selected. 2. Inferences about cause and effect are possible when individuals are randomly assigned to groups. |  | 45 |
APES Flashcards
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| 6143262028 | biome | regional ecosystem characterized by distinctive climate and soil conditions and a distinctive kind of biological community adapted to those conditions. | 0 | |
| 6143263922 | limiting factors | The single requirement for growth available in the least supply in comparison to the need of an organism. Originally applied to crops but now often applied to any species. | 1 | |
| 6143268383 | Dissolved Oxygen Content | Aeration, atmosphere, and photosynthesis. The amount of oxygen freely available in water and necessary for aquatic life and the oxidation of organic materials. | 2 | |
| 6143273187 | Ecological Efficiency | 3 | ||
| 6143273186 | Trophic Level | In an ecological community, all the organisms that are the same number of food-chain steps from the primary source of energy. | 4 | |
| 6143313633 | Ecological Niche | The general concept is that the niche is a species' "profession"—what it does to make a living. The term is also used to refer to a set of environmental conditions within which a species is able to persist. | 5 | |
| 6143484624 | Habitat | Where an individual, population, or species exists or can exist. | 6 | |
| 6143484625 | Fundamental Niche | The full potential range of the physical, chemical, and biological factors a species can use if there is no competition from other species. | 7 | |
| 6143486484 | Realized Niche | Parts of the fundamental niche of a species that are actually used by that species | 8 | |
| 6143489225 | Background Extinction | The continuous, low-level extinction of species that has occurred throughout much of history. | 9 | |
| 6143489226 | Adaptive Radiations | Process in which numerous new species evolve to fill vacant and new ecological niches in changed environments, usually after a mass extinction. Typically takes millions of years. | 10 | |
| 6143495079 | Biomagnification | The tendency for some substances to concentrate with each trophic level. Organisms preferentially store certain chemicals and excrete others. | 11 | |
| 6143495080 | Bioaccumulation | A process by which chemical substances are ingested and retained by organisms, either from the environment directly or through consumption of food containing the substances. | 12 | |
| 6143496883 | Primary Succession | The initial establishment and development of an ecosystem that includes the process of creating soil. | 13 | |
| 6143496884 | Secondary Succession | The reestablishment of an ecosystem where there are remnants of a previous biological community. | 14 | |
| 6143498787 | Biopharming | Use of genetically engineered animals to act as bio-factories for producing drugs, vaccines, antibodies, hormones, industrial chemicals such as plastics and detergents, and human body organs | 15 | |
| 6143500426 | Upwelling | The movement of nutrient rich waters from the bottom of the ocean to the surface. | 16 | |
| 6143501597 | Greenhouse Gas | Gases that increase the temperature of the earth's surface. | 17 | |
| 6143501598 | Rain Shadow Effect | Precipitation falls on the windward side of a mountain range, resulting in lush vegetation & a warm, moist climate on one side, but a desert area on the leeward side. | 18 | |
| 6143506305 | Deciduous Trees | Loose/drop/shed their leaves | 19 | |
| 6143506306 | Euphotic Zone | The SHORE of the ocean. The depth of the water in a lake or ocean that is exposed to such intensity of sunlight | 20 | |
| 6143507704 | Estuary | Freshwater and Saltwater mix | 21 | |
| 6143507705 | Watershed | An area of land that forms the drainage of a stream or river. | 22 | |
| 6143512461 | Indicator Species | A species whose status provides information on the overall condition of the ecosystem and of other species in that ecosystem. They reflect the quality and changes in environmental conditions as well as aspects of community composition. | 23 | |
| 6143512462 | Keystone Species | a species that has a large effect on its community or ecosystem so that its removal or addition to the community leads to major changes in the abundances of many or all other species. | 24 | |
| 6143514396 | Carrying Capacity | The maximum abundance of a population or species that can be maintained by a habitat or ecosystem without degrading the ability of that habitat or ecosystem. | 25 | |
| 6143515537 | K Selected Species | relatively stable populations and tend to produce relatively low numbers of offspring; however, individual offspring | 26 | |
| 6143516732 | R Selected Species | a high growth rate, and, typically exploit less-crowded ecological niches, and produce many offspring, each of which has a relatively low probability of surviving to adulthood | 27 | |
| 6143516733 | Metapopulations | a group of populations that are separated by space but consist of the same species. | 28 | |
| 6143518787 | Crude Birth Rate | The annual number of live births per 1000 population, without regard to age or sex composition. | 29 | |
| 6143518788 | Crude Death Rate | The annual number of deaths per 1000 population, without regard to age or sex composition. | 30 | |
| 6143520719 | Total Fertility Rate | Average number of children expected to be born to a woman during her lifetime. | 31 | |
| 6143522067 | Infant Mortality Rate | The probability of dying between birth and exactly one year of age, expressed per 1,000 live births. | 32 |
Flashcards
AP Respiration Flashcards
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| 7761675800 | NADH | Takes electrons to the ETC. Electrons have more energy. | 0 | |
| 7761679563 | FADH2 | Takes electrons to the ETC. Electrons have less energy. | 1 | |
| 7761682619 | ATP Synthase | Enzyme that allows H+ to cross the membrane. Makes ATP. | 2 | |
| 7761688320 | Glycolysis | Process in which Glucose is broken down into pyruvate. | 3 | |
| 7761690561 | Kreb's Cycle | Cyclic pathway in which Acetyl-CoA is broken down into CO2. Makes NADH, FADH2, and ATP | 4 | |
| 7761704866 | ETC | Actively transports H+ ions across the membrane using energy from electrons. Results in the production of ATP by ATP Synthase. | 5 | |
| 7761711052 | Aerobic Respiration | Type of respiration that requires oxygen. Runs glycolysis, kreb's cycle, and the ETC | 6 | |
| 7761718745 | Anaerobic Respiration | Type of respiration that runs without oxygen. Runs Glycolysis only. | 7 | |
| 7761730152 | Lactic Acid Fermentation | Type of anaerobic respiration in which Pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid. Run by mammals. | 8 | |
| 7761737261 | Alcoholic Fermentation | Type of anaerobic respiration in which Pyruvate is reduced to ethanol. Run by bacteria and yeast. | 9 | |
| 7761752291 | Oxygen | Final Electron acceptor of the ETC | 10 | |
| 7761758594 | Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36-38 ATP | 11 | |
| 7761768002 | Products of Aerobic Respiration | Carbon dioxide, water, ATP | 12 | |
| 7761772946 | Reactants of Aerobic Respiration | Sugar and Oxygen | 13 | |
| 7761775818 | Products of Lactic Acid Fermentation | Lactic Acid and ATP | 14 | |
| 7761781135 | Products of Alcoholic Fermentation | Ethanol and ATP | 15 |
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